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Constantin Von Monakow Constantin von Monakow ConstantinConstantinConstantin vonvon vonMonakow Monakow Monakow Pionier und Wegweiser der Zürcher PionierPionier Pionierund Wegweiserund und Wegweiser Wegweiser der der Zürcher Zürcher NeurowissenschaftenNeurowissenschaften der ZürcherNeurowissenschaften Neurowissenschaften von von AntonAnton Valavanis Valavanis und Alexander und Alexander Borbély Borbély von Anton Valavanis und Alexander Borbély von Anton Valavanis und Alexander Borbély Klinisches Klinisches Neurozentrum Neurozentrum 2019 2019 Klinisches Neurozentrum 2019 Impressum Herausgeber Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich Copyright Copyright© 2019 Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Schweiz Gestaltung Susanna Sigg, Klinisches Neurozentrum, Universitätsspital Zürich Text Anton Valavanis, Alexander Borbély Druck N+E Print AG, Bahnhofstrasse 23, 8854 Siebnen Auflage 200 Adresse Klinisches Neurozentrum Zentrumsadministration Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich Telefon +41 44 255 56 20 [email protected], [email protected] Korrespondenz Prof. emeritus Dr. med. Anton Valavanis Klinisches Neurozentrum USZ Frauenklinikstrasse 10 CH-8091 Zürich E-Mail: [email protected] Website www.neurozentrum.usz.ch Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Die Vorgänger der Zürcher Neurowissenschaft Seite 4 2. Von Monakows erste Wirkungsphase in Zürich Seite 6 3. Von Monakow und die Zürcher Medizinische Fakultät Seite 8 4. Von Monakow und die Neurologie als Lehrfach Seite 9 5. Von Monakows Förderung der Interdisziplinarität in den Neurowissenschaften und seine Interaktion mit Walter Rudolf Hess Seite 10 6. Die von Monakowsche Hirnforschung und von Monakows neurowissenschafliche Meisterwerke Seite 18 7. Internationale Anerkennung des von Monakowschen Hirnanatomischen Institutes Seite 23 8. Von Monakow und die Verselbständigung der Neurologie Seite 23 9. Von Monakow und seine Hirnsammlung Seite 25 10. Von Monakows letzte Jahre: von der Hirnforschung zur Neurophilosophie Seite 25 11. Von Monakows letztes Manuskript Seite 27 12. Die Nachfolger von Monakows Seite 29 13. Von Monakows Autobiographie: Vita mea Seite 29 14. Die Hinterlassenschaft von Monakows Seite 31 15. Neurophobie Seite 31 3 C. von Monakow: Pionier und Wegweiser der Zürcher Neurowissenschaften Constantin von Monakow: Pionier und Wegweiser der Zürcher Neurowissenschaften Anton Valavanis und Alexander Borbély «Nur wenn der Ausgangspunkt bekannt ist, kann der zurückgelegte Weg ermessen und können seine Mühsale richtig gewürdigt werden». Wilhelm Löffler, 1951 Diese Aussage von Wilhelm Löffler, Di- pflegen, aber auch mit Blick auf die junge rektor der Medizinischen Klinik des Uni- Generation der Neurowissenschaftler und versitätsspitals Zürich von 1937-1957, Neurowissenschaftlerinnen, also unseren festgehalten im Band 2 der Zürcher Spi- Schülern und Schülerinnen, sollen hier talgeschichte (1951), trifft voll auf die Ent- Leben, Persönlichkeit, Leistungen und wicklung der theoretischen und klinischen Hinterlassenschaft dieses Pioniers und Neurowissenschaften an der Universität Protagonisten der theoretisch und kli- und dem Universitätsspital Zürich zu. Aus- nisch orientierten Hirnforschung skizziert gangspunkt dieser von immer wiederkeh- werden. renden Mühsalen, ja Hürden geprägten Entwicklung, die Hervorragendes hervor- Um dem ereignisreichen Leben und viel- gebracht hat, ist Constantin von Monakow, fältigen Wirken von Monakows gerecht zu der unbestrittene Begründer der Zürcher werden, wurde dieser Beitrag, in weitge- Neurowissenschaften und Wegweiser ih- hend chronologischer Reihenfolge, in 15 rer weiteren Entwicklung. Angesichts des Abschnitte gegliedert: in der neueren Zeit wahrnehmbar schwin- denden Interesses für die geschichtliche siehe Inhaltsverzeichnis Entwicklung der Neurowissenschaft, wäh- rend welcher heute noch gültige Paradig- 1. Die Vorgänger der Zürcher Neu- mata der Hirnforschung hervorgebracht wurden, schien es den Verfassern dieses rowissenschaft Beitrags als angebracht auf diesen her- Die Anfänge der Entwicklung der Neuro- ausragenden Hirnforscher aufmerksam zu wissenschaft in Zürich gehen zurück auf machen. Um die lange Zürcher Tradition die Zeit um die Gründung der Zürcher Uni- auf dem Gebiet der Neurowissenschaft zu versität im Jahr 1833. Mit der Unterstüt- 4 Klinisches Neurozentrum USZ zung der damaligen, liberalen Regierung der Hirnforschung begeisterte, Wilhelm Zürichs begann eine Blütezeit der jun- Griesinger (in Zürich 1860-1864), Profes- gen, aufstrebenden Zürcher Universität, sor für Innere Medizin an der Universität was einen Zustrom begeisterter Wissen- Zürich, Begründer der Neuropsychiatrie schaftler vorwiegend aus dem benach- beruhend auf seinem Konzept «Geistes- barten Deutschland auslöste. Der bald krankheiten sind Hirnkrankheiten» und erreichte gute Ruf der Universität und die Vorbereiter der psychiatrischen Universi- Anziehungskraft, die sie auslöste, führte tätsklinik Burghölzli. Bernhard von Gud- auch dazu, dass sie als Sprungbrett der den (in Zürich 1869-1872) wurde 1869 zugezogenen Wissenschaftler für spätere auf den neuen Lehrstuhl für Psychiatrie Berufungen in die Heimat diente. Darunter und als Direktor der nach den Griesinger- befand sich auch eine Reihe von brillan- schen Plänen errichteten Klinik Burghölzli ten, an der Hirnforschung interessierten berufen, dessen Student Constantin von Ärzten und Wissenschaftlern (Anatomen, Monakow war, und August Forel (in Zürich Physiologen, Neurologen und Psychia- 1879-1897), Professor für Psychiatrie an tern), die mit ihren Beiträgen und Entde- der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universi- ckungen als die Vorläufer der Entwicklung tät Zürich, welcher als erster lückenlose der Neurowissenschaften an der Universi- Schnittserien am menschlichen Gehirn tät Zürich gelten. Zu nennen sind: Fried- verfertigte (3, 4, 16, 21, 33). Es ist für die- rich Arnold (in Zürich 1835-1840), der se frühe Phase bezeichnend, dass sich erste Ordinarius für Anatomie und Physio- mit der formell noch nicht existierenden logie an der Universität Zürich, Albert Köl- Neurologie Psychiater, Internisten, allge- liker (in Zürich 1844-1847), Professor für meine Anatomen und Physiologen neben- Physiologie und vergleichende Anatomie bei zu ihrem Hauptfach befassten bzw. an der Universität Zürich, Friedrich Goll die Neurologie als Teil ihres Hauptfaches (in Zürich 1885-1901), praktischer Arzt, betrachteten. Neuroanatom und Professor für Pharma- kologie, der sich vor allem der mikros- Das Wirken dieser Persönlichkeiten fiel in kopischen Anatomie des Rückenmarks eine Zeit des Umbruchs der Medizin, der widmete und als erster den Fasciculus zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts einsetzte gracilis in seinem Buch über «Feinere und über dessen Mitte fortdauerte. Dieser Anatomie des Rückenmarks» beschrieb, Umbruch betraf zwar die gesamte Medi- Carl Ludwig (in Zürich 1849-1855), Pro- zin aber in besonderer Weise das zent- fessor für Anatomie und Physiologie, Ludi- rale Nervensystem, welches trotz einigen mar Hermann (in Zürich 1868-1884), Pro- Fortschritten, die seit dem 17. Jahrhun- fessor für Physiologie an der Universität dert erzielt worden waren, weiterhin und Zürich, der u.a. den damaligen Studenten mehrheitlich als terra incognita galt. Die von Monakow für die exakten Grundlagen Analyse dieses Wirkens lässt eine lang- 5 C. von Monakow: Pionier und Wegweiser der Zürcher Neurowissenschaften sam einsetzende Änderung des Denkstils gemeinsam mit Gustav Theodor Fritsch in in der Betrachtungsweise des Gehirns er- Berlin 1870 den motorischen Cortex ent- kennen, die das Feld für die eigentliche deckt hatte, durfte er von 1876-1877 eine Entstehung der forschenden und der kli- kleine Abteilung leiten. Hitzig erkannte die nisch praktizierten Neurowissenschaften Fähigkeiten und das aufkeimende Interes- vorbereitet hat. se von Monakows für die Hirnforschung und förderte ihn auf manche Weise. So ge- stattete er ihm einen kurzen Aufenthalt in 2. Von Monakows erste Wirkungs- München im Laboratorium von Guddens, phase in Zürich wo er auch August Forel, den späteren Es kann von einem Glücksfall gespro- Professor für Psychiatrie an der Medizi- chen werden, dass zu jener Zeit ein aus nischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich Russland eingewanderter Student namens und neben Wilhelm His und Ramon y Ca- Constantin Nikolajewitsch von Monakow jal Mitbegründer der Neuronenlehre, ken- (4.11.1853-19.10.1930) an der Universität nen lernte (3, 68). Er kehrte zurück nach Zürich Medizin studierte und später der Zürich mit unauslöschlichen Eindrücken eigentliche Begründer der neurologischen von den für die damalige Zeit innovativen Wissenschaften in Zürich werden sollte. Methoden der Hirnforschung. Nach dem Der aus dem Dorf Bobrezowo im Gouver- Staatsexamen war er von 1878-1885 As- nement Wologda, im nördlichen Russland sistenzarzt an der Irrenanstalt St. Pirmins- stammende Sohn eines Gutsbesitzers berg (Pfäfers) ob Bad Ragaz (17). 1880 und Juristen emigrierte 1863 mit seinem erhielt er aufgrund seiner Dissertationsar- Vater aus politischen Gründen zunächst beit mit dem Titel «Beitrag zur Localisation nach Dresden und 1866 nach Zürich- von Hirnrindentumoren», erschienen im Oberstrass, wo er seine Schulzeit an der Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrank- Zürcher Kantonsschule verbrachte und heiten. Bd. 11, H. 3 (Oktober 1881), pp. anschliessend von 1872-1877 das Medi- 613–635, (Dissertation, Universität Zü- zinstudium an der Universität Zürich ab- rich, 1881) den Titel Dr. med. Dem damals solvierte. Das Medizinstudium absolvierte 27-jährigen von Monakow lag es sehr da- er
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