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Negóciosestrangeiros Fevereiro 2010 NegóciosEstrangeiros 16 Fevereiro 2010 Especial publicação semestral do Instituto Diplomático Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros Trinta Anos de relações diplomáticas luso-chinesas e Dez Anos sobre a transferência da administração de Macau para a China N e g ó c i o s E s t r a preço n g e i r o 10 I nstituto diplomático s Revista NegóciosEstrangeiros N.º 16 Especial Revista NegóciosEstrangeiros Publicação do Instituto Diplomático, Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros Director Embaixador Carlos Neves Ferreira (Presidente do Instituto Diplomático) Directora Executiva Maria Madalena Requixa Design Gráfico Risco – Projectistas e Consultores de Design, S.A. Pré-impressão e Impressão Europress Tiragem 1 000 exemplares Periodicidade Semestral Preço de capa 10 Anotação/ICS N.º de Depósito Legal 176965/02 ISSN 1645‑1244 Edição Instituto Diplomático do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (MNE) Rua das Necessidades, n.º 19 – 1350‑218 Lisboa Tel. 351 21 393 20 40 – Fax 351 21 393 20 49 – e‑mail: [email protected] Número 16 Especial . Fevereiro 2010 Trinta Anos de relações diplomáticas luso‑chinesas e Dez Anos sobre a transferência da administração de Macau para a China Índice 7 Nota do Director 11 As relações bilaterais entre Portugal e a República Popular da China Luís Amado Seminário: Trinta Anos de Relações Diplomáticas entre Portugal e a República Popular da China – Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 24 e 25 de Março de 2009 15-21 Abertura 15 Luís Aires-Barros 17 Vasco Valente 19 Gao Kexiang 23 Contextualização das negociações de Paris sobre a normalização das relações luso-chinesas, 1974-1979 Moisés Silva Fernandes 123 Relações luso-chinesas: “sinopse parisiense” António Coimbra Martins 141-170 Mesa-redonda com os antigos Embaixadores de Portugal em Pequim 141 José Manuel Duarte de Jesus 144 João de Deus Ramos 155 António Ressano Garcia 160 António da Costa Lobo 162 Pedro Catarino 171 As relações económicas e comerciais entre Portugal e a área económica chinesa: do ciclo de Macau à entrada da China na OMC Maria Fernanda Ilhéu 185 A internacionalização da Hovione na China Guy Villax 209 Hong Kong e Macau como portas para o mercado chinês António Simões Pinheiro 221 Encerramento Pedro Carneiro 227 China: a peaceful and non-confrontational foreign policy – a Portuguese perspective José Manuel Duarte de Jesus 231 A diplomacia pública chinesa Luís Cunha 259 The past and present of Sino-Japanese relations: revisiting the roles of the U.S. policy and historical legacies Yinan He NOTAS DE LEITURA 283 La segunda revolución China. Las claves sobre el país más importante del siglo XXI, de Eugenio Bregolat Luís Cunha 287 Recordações de cinco continentes, memórias de Chen Ziying José Manuel Duarte de Jesus CADERNOS DE ARQUIVO 291 Documento n.º 3, anexo ao Ofício n.º 15 de José Rodrigues Coelho do Amaral, Governador de Macau, para o Duque de Loulé, Ministro e Secretário de Estado dos Negócios Estrangeiros 1864, 24 Agosto, Macau José-Sigismundo Saldanha 292 Comunicação à imprensa, de 6 de Janeiro de 1975 293-296 Acta das conversações sobre a questão de Macau, de 8 de Fevereiro de 1979 (versões portuguesa e chinesa) 297-298 Comunicado conjunto sobre o estabelecimento de relações diplomáticas formais entre a China e Portugal, de 8 de Fevereiro de 1979 (em português e chinês) 299-300 Declaração do Primeiro-Ministro, Mota Pinto, sobre o estabelecimento de relações luso-chinesas, de 8 de Fevereiro de 1979 301-305 Declaração conjunta luso-chinesa sobre Macau, de 13 de Abril de 1987 306-313 Declaração conjunta luso-chinesa referente ao estabelecimento da parceria estratégica global entre os dois países, de 9 de Dezembro de 2005 Moisés Silva Fernandes Linhas de Orientação Os artigos reflectem apenas a opinião dos seus autores. E em nenhumas circunstâncias poderão ser invocados para comentar ou como traduzindo posições oficiais dos responsáveis pela política externa portuguesa. Nos nomes próprios e nos topónimos foi utilizada a grafia reconhecida internacionalmente pelas Nações Unidas. Qualquer lapso de edição, ou de autoria que tenha escapado à revisão feita foi fortuito e não intencional. Nota do Director 7 COMO SE SABE, a política externa não é ditada por sentimentos – pelo que é irrelevante considerá‑la generosa ou cínica –, é suposta defender o interesse nacional, que não deixa de o ser por estar articulado com o de um agrupamento de países. Apenas é desejável que seja realista. A diplomacia pública, depois, encarrega‑se de a adornar com boas intenções. Estas são, o mais das vezes, um reflexo do debate político interno e querem‑se compatíveis com as escolhas da maioria dos cidadãos ou de um grupo que domine legitimamente, de forma tão democrática quanto possível. Fora da sua concepção deverão ficar causas subjectivas como os sentimentos de natureza pessoal (raivas, ódios, vinganças, solidariedades ou nostalgias), as manifestações excessivas das culturas nacionais ou regionais, ou os sinais espúrios do chamado inconsciente colectivo. A definição da melhor geopolítica e geoestratégia possíveis num momento concreto é um exercício incontornável para os grandes e para os pequenos países, para as potências mundiais ou regionais. A RPC tem uma particular responsabilidade, agora que atingiu o nível de intervenção internacional que a sua história, demografia e riqueza justificam. Há cinco anos atrás, o actual chairman da Reserva Federal dos EUA1 recordava a crise financeira asiática de 1997‑98 e como as economias emergentes haviam financiado o seu desenvolvimento: a aplicação dos saldos acumulados dos maciços excedentes das suas balanças comerciais, na aquisição de activos nas economias desenvolvidas, polí‑ ticas económicas que equivaleram a uma exportação de capital para o exterior no montante das aplicações feitas. Estas, quando em títulos do Tesouro americano, finan‑ ciaram o crescente défice da balança comercial dos EUA. Esta prudente gestão de recursos, destinada em primeira linha a defender, em contra ciclo, as economias asiá‑ ticas de novas crises financeiras, ancorou a economia chinesa na economia global sem 1 Ben Bernanke, The Global Savings glut and the US current account deficit – remarks at the Virginia Association of Economics, Richmond 10.04.05. NegóciosEstrangeiros . N.º 16 Especial Fevereiro de 2010 pp. 7-9 8 discussão relevante, na altura, dos seus fundamentos. Espera‑se que a opção pragmá‑ tica pela economia de mercado dê que pensar aos donos do pensamento politica‑ mente correcto, “alternativos”, “alter‑mundialistas” ou outras espécies mais ou menos “verdes”, e bem‑pensantes. Houve uma deslocação e um reequilíbrio de poder? Houve. Inverteu‑se a relação de forças? Talvez não. Valerá a pena notar, como o fez recentemente o correspondente do Financial Times em Beijing2, que o verdadeiro poder não reside no país que mais acumula reservas cambiais, mas sim no país que pode recorrer ao crédito externo sem dificuldades, porque contrai empréstimos na sua própria moeda. Daí que o círculo do défice possa ser virtuoso e não vicioso, porque reintroduz nos circuitos económicos globais os excedentes que o seu funcionamento gera. Será este o principal mérito da visão da modernização decidida pela direcção política da RPC, ao utilizar para o financiamento do desenvolvimento do país os lucros da globalização. Este número especial da NE é, em grande parte, dedicado à China. O pretexto – se pretexto houvesse que invocar –, são duas efemérides, e é sabido quanto a cultura chinesa presta atenção aos números, ao seu significado e àqueles que são, como se cos‑ tuma dizer, redondos. Em 2009, houve diversas festividades passíveis de comemoração para além dos 60 anos da fundação da RPC. Não deverá esquecer‑se aliás, um outro facto maior para a realidade política internacional, que foi a contemporânea refundação da Alemanha ou, entre muitas outras comemorações possíveis, agora num registo mais mundano e musical os 200 anos de Haydn, Haendel, Mendelsshon e Purcell. No que a nós mais interessa, assinalaram‑se também os 30 anos que marcaram o restabelecimento das relações diplomáticas com a China, e os 10 anos da passagem para a RPC da soberania sobre Macau. O conteúdo de um número especial como este é potencialmente imenso se o quisermos consistente com a importância da RPC e a relevância das suas relações com Portugal. Publicam‑se as comunicações feitas numa sessão especial comemorativa na Sociedade de Geografia, a quem se agradece a colaboração, tal como ao Instituto Confúcio da Universidade de Lisboa. É um registo útil, pelo inédito e pelo detalhe, 2 Geoff Dyer, FT 27.09.09. NegóciosEstrangeiros . N.º 16 Especial Fevereiro de 2010 pp. 7-9 da visão portuguesa do handover e da actividade diplomática bilateral que o precedeu e 9 se lhe seguiu3; do mesmo modo são publicadas comunicações centradas nas relações económicas a nível empresarial. Incluem‑se também artigos, de pendor mais académico sobre temáticas chinesas e outros, ainda, com temas de actualidade. Acrescem notas de leitura e a habitual secção dos inéditos do Arquivo Diplomático, desta vez com o registo de alguns dos documentos seminais das relações luso‑chinesas, retomadas em 19794. Países com a dimensão económica e demográfica de Portugal e de matriz política e cultural europeia terão muito a esperar, nomeadamente na área económica e dos negócios, de uma RPC assumidamente integrada no mundo global. Não é este o local e o momento para se abordarem assuntos que é defensável que podem ser vistos como conjunturais ou como pertencentes ao estrito foro interno do país, embora instalados no longo prazo e com consequências potenciais que podem ir para além do espaço geográfico no qual se exerce a soberania do Estado chinês. Carlos Neves Ferreira Embaixador Presidente do Instituto Diplomático 3 Valerá a pena aqui recordar que os pontos de vista dos autores os responsabilizam em exclusivo e não poderão retirar‑se dos textos publicados quaisquer ilações quanto às posições do Governo português em questões de política externa.
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