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PUBLISHED MONTHLY Iry Ery.GlSt{, FRENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND cHlNEsE BY THE cHtNA WELFARE rNsnrurE (sooNc c'xtr.ro uno, cuninu[nj vot. xxtx No. 10 ocToBER 1980 Articles of the Month CONTENTS Out ol the Ruint Tongshon Report

After World's Worst Quake-Tangshan Rises Anew 2 Tongshon, one of Chi- A Power Plant no's most importont in- Restored, A Family Beborn I dustriol cities, wos Builders of the New City 11 leveled in the greot 1976 eorthquoke. A 1,700 Paraplegics 13 f ive-port report on its Sun Xiuqing's New Life IJ revivol, by o teom of reporters who spent two Notionolities weeks there. Present Policies for Tibet (lnterview) tb Poge 2 Economics

Xue Muqiao lnnovative Economist 21 Present Policies lor Tibet 'Rare - Earths' Abound 56 A responsible codre Miedicine of the Stote Notion- olities Affoirs Commil. New Hands for Accident Victims 54 sion exploins the re. Culture cent dhonges in po- ond Art licy for Tibet, where New Plays About Taiwan 28 post mistokes hod Performers lrom Abroad produced economit 42 choos ond resentmenl The'Guqin'-Age-old Musical lnstrument 52 omong the people. Poge Peasant Paintings from Shanghai,s Outskirts 64 t6 Annols of Friendship lnnovotive Economist Xue Muqioo Frank Coe Ma Haide.(Dr George Hatem) 30 Across His new best.sellinq book the Lond onolyzes unsolved-orob- Dragon Boat Festival 24 lems of Grino's s6ciol- ist economy Cities of China: Chengdu 34 ond offers guidelines for the future. China's Wildlife Yesterday - and Today 49 Poge 2t History Gunpowder and Ancient Rockets 58 Fronk Coe, Deyoted Friend of Chino History Series - XXV: Ming Dynasty Culture and Science 6l Columns & Speciols Our Postbag 33 Chinese Cookery: 'Carrying pole' Noodles 41 Sports: World Alpinists Head lor China,s Hills 45 Children: Xiao Hui and His 'Army, 70 Jinshon Peosont Pointings Language Corner:' Liulichang Street 71

Front Cover PeosonB ty n the post o l Harvesting Sugarcane by peasant painter Chen Dehua (See style ol on story p. 64) fheir leo uide

Editoriol Office: Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino, Coble: "CHIRECON,'Beiling. Generol Dittributon GUOJI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Beijing,. Chino. e *-1,&

flfter the llorld's Worst Earthquake

TANGS}IAI{ RISES ATTEW

The first of five on-the-spot reports in this issue prepared by "China Eeconstructs" statf.

semi- T F ONCE the world's idea o[ a electric power was so vital to the during the semi-colonial, I urban earthquake rest of China's economy, recon- feudal period, and very raPidIY devastating great was Lisbon in 1755, San Francisco struction in those areas took pre- after liberation in 1949. The in 1906, or Tokyo in 1923, the cedence over housing. Since tr"978, quake destroYed the work of a symbol in our time is Tangshan, horvever, the emphasis has shifted, century at one feit swoop" Of July 28, 1976. In 23 seconds. a and more than 100,000 worker.s the pitheads, bridges, factories, great industrial city of 1.1 million sent by other cities in }Iebei prov- administratlve buildings, hospitais, persons was wiped off the face of ince are now putting uP aPart- schools, houses and aPartment the earth, and those observers ments at the rate of 140 Per daY, buildings, onlY a few rernained could abroad who did not liken Tangshan while the city's Permanent resi- standing, and most of those to Pompeii said it r,vould be twentY dents operate the mines, steel not be used or lived in. on the years or more before the citY could mills, power plants. and building The quake, registering ?.2 when be restored. materials industries on rvhich Richter scale, struck at 3 a"m. today Tangshan is fullY north China depends. most PeoPle were asleeP. For the But oP- functioning, and rebuilding should Tangshan's rise as an industrial miners, it was the Poignant virtually completed in another center dates from 1878, when the posite of the usual shaPe of a Pit be at years. Because Tangshan's first coalshaft was sunk in a Pre- disaster, with women waiting two men' production of coking coal and viously rural area. It grew sIowIY the hoist for news of their

2 CIIINA BECONSTRUCTS Within one and half years, the been inconceivable in China's old great Kailuan mines, China's major society. Some 1.3 billion yuan has producers of coking coal and been spent so far cin Tangshan's thlerefore vital to her entire metal- reconstruction, most of it coming lurgical industry, r,vere supplying from the city's own production, more {uel than before. Tangshan's which now' amounts to about 500 power-generating , capacity! a million yuan anrlually. (In China, major element in the entire north Iarge-scale state enterprises turn China grid rn hich supplies the in thein profits to the national capltal, (population A temporary shack built of discarded Beijing eight treasury, but those in Tangshan saggers (clay boxes in which ceramics million), the port and industrial have been turned back there to are fired) antl held up by roariside trees. complex of Tianjin (population six finanee the rebuilding.) Zhang Shuicheng million) and many other important Tociay, 1.2 million people live in Birtl's-eye view of a n€w residential centers ail the way to Inner Tangshan. Few are newcomers yao area, Dong Mongolia, had also increased * as from other regions. Almost all are had the output of steel and survivors in the city, or recruits cement, Even Tangshan's pot- from its traditional sources of Nearly all of the underground tdries, producing from Iabor in surrounding villages (also night-shift everything miners survived; be- industrial and builders' ceramics in the quake area), or peopie born cause geological of a quirk, there to household crockery and firre and bred in Tangshan who insisted were no cave-ins. But when they porcelain, had revived and werrc on returning from many other came the to surface, many found thriving. parts of the country. And virtual- their entire familles dead in the Iy no one abandoned the area. rubble of their homes. Help from Outside The people have rebuilt their Rescue work began immediately lives along with their industries. and was extraordinarily effective. The rescue, clearing and rrajor This is exemplified by the large While aftershocks completed the rebuilding rvere rlone with help number of new families formed quake's devastation, Chairman from outside the area, first by through marriages between men Mao Zedong sent an inspection the PLA and medical workers'and and women who had lost their team under Premier (now Chair= then by construciion forces rrrobi- original partners and, in many man) Hua Guofeng to the scene lized countryw"ide under a general cases, some or.all of their children. and the army was mobilized. plan mounted in the first three New streets and modern apart- The PLA airdropped food and months and nationally financed. ment houses are mushrooming clothing, trucked in water, dug out But the restored prociuction is amid a forest power cranes survivors, began evacuating of the being carried on by Tangshan's whose swinging arms, lifting pre- wounded and the orphans, an'd own sturdy and confident people. fabricated sections into place, are built temporary shelters. Some "Socialism saved Tangshan," is now the most striking feature of 40,000 medical were workers the way they commonly sum up the 100,000 rushed skyline. The construc- to the city, and it is a both aspects. It is a sober conclu- tion workers (a third of them tribute to their skill and organiza- sion from what has been ac- women) from other cities in Hebei tion that after a quake of such complished since 1976. And province, in which Tangshan is magnitude there were no out- from what, through bitter mem- located, are using more than 2,000 breaks of epidemic disease. ory, they know rvould have major pieces of equipment. When their job is done they will go back

Model worker and earthquake hero Gui Liansheng (lcft) antl colleagues with the first wagonload of coal after the quake. Sun Ming Pumping water out of the Kailiran nrines after the earthquake. Yao Dong home. Tangshan's own. working decessor which, in the old colonial smoke control that made Tangshan people, concentrating on produc- pattern of industrial growth, was one of the worst-polluted places tion, are moving into these new simply an agglomeration of crowd- in China, with a choking paII of dwellings as they are built. Thus ed, ramshackle slums around the black and dirty-yellow fumes far, 40,000 families have been re- mine and factories, with a few hanging in the sky, and the river housed, and by 1982 everyone outer islets of luxurY - tree- discolored and devoid of fish. should be in a new home. The shaded homes, clubs, and other As called for by Hua Guofeng, again in current rate of progress, averaging facilities for senior company who came to Tangshan - new city is being erected 140 new housing units each day, men and administrative and tech- 1978, the material, new techni- shows the schedule is realistic. nical staff (most of whom, before with "new the liberation, were foreign). AIso ques, new structure, and new de- not to be repeated is the maze of signs." More than a hundred ex- A City Reshaped rail lines running to the industries perts from seven major design- Tangshan is not simply being and dangerously and noisily inter- ing institutions of the country had rebuilt. It is emerging as one of secting the streets right in the earlier worked out not onIY the China's most rationally laid-out heart of the city, and the irrational general plan but detailed ones for cities opposite of its pre- placement of plants and lack of streets (with bicYcle Paths along - the Former site of the casting workshop of the Tangshan Rolling Stock Factory. Zhang Shuicheng

.d # *,c;* Girl operator ofone of the hundreds ofcranes building modern housing in quake-stricken Tangshan. Chinaware, as well as industrial ce- ramics ate an important product here.

Wang Cengshi, engineer of a construction force sent by Hebei prov- ince, designs new residential housing.

Liu Laichen. earthquake orphan, has joined the 6,ir.-^l^:- a^^r^*., .-,L^-^ L:- lf^fha, n-aa.-nrl-ad Underground, Tangshan miners produce more coal with new equipment. City stadium still awails reconstruc- tion; student athletes train outside.

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Zhcng Rongxiang, vice head of Tangshan's Douhe Power Pjaut and a hcro in the earthquake and the Farnilies are rebuilt too. Zheng and his wife, both of whom lost their reconstruction. original spouses and children in the quake, with their small daughter.

".1-"

Photo\ ll\ 7,ltttn.q Slttrititcttll ttttd Sttn \littg all the main ones and some reserv- ed for bikes only- a pilot experi- Tongshon ment in China), water, electricity, piped gas and "lungs" of greenery. For the city as a whole, there will be two hectares of park for every 40,000 inhabitants and, altogether, 6.8 square meters of green for A Power Plant Restored, every man, woman and child well above the present national- goal. Tangshan's new buildings must A'Family Reborn meet strict standards of quake- resistance. Ordinary structures are required to have frames that can withstand shocks measuring eight rfHE great earthquake engen- ordered the switches 'on all the " degrees on the Richter scale, and r dered many staggering sta- generators thrown. Then he public buildings up to nine degrees. tistics, and one of the most appal- ordered the building evacuated. Apartment houses are generally ling is that 7,000 husbands lost Zheng, however, didn't leave. of five stories with kitchen, toilet, their wives and 8,000 wives lost Using a flashlight, he searched the gas outlets, built-in cupboards, their husbands. Now, with the offices for wounded comrades. In balconies and other amenities in city re-emerging from its ruins, the one room he found a man and a each family unit. The exteriors are wrecked lives are also being re- woman trapped under a cement pleasing. Pre-earthquake struc- paired. Zheng Rongxiang, 43, and slab. Unable to lift it himself, he tures of several stories in Tang- Chen Xiujuan, 42, both workers in ran out for help. His colleagues shan were usually of brick with the Douhe Power Plant, are part managed to free the woman but concrete slabs dividing the floors. of the humanity the statistics the young man died before he These collapsed like folding accor- stand for. could be extricated. Zheng gathered dions as the walls fell outward. The 750,000-kilowatt Douhe the shift leaders and determined Hence, the new ones wiII have re- plant, 16 miles north of Tangshan that 17 of the 50 night-shift intorced concrete frames with proper, is one of China's biggest workers could not be accounted light, non-structural walls. Some coal-fired units. It's completely for. The tremors were continuing designs absorb lessons from other computerized. The two 180-meter at one- to two-minute intervals. seismically aetive countries, such smokestacks and the 4O-meter-high With each shock, parts of the as Yugoslavia and Japan. workshop are flanked by lush weakened workshop and living Geological fault lines are be to green gardens planted after the quarteis collapsed. Zheng checked kept free of ail buildings, with quake pines and Japanese every work position but could find only open spaces above them. One with cherry trees that are watered by no one. (Later, the 17 workers former built-up area south of the automatic sprinklers. No reminder were discovered crushed on a railway will not be rebuitt at al1, of staircase that had been squeezed as under it lie rich seams is left of the dreadful dawn of coal into fantastic pleats.) to be mined; its new surface July 28, 1976. will flashed through Zheng's mind be parkland and vegetable gardens. It the hydrogen in the The reborn city is far less that Plant's concen- Puts Revolution First could exPlode if trated than the old. Industrial, cooling system residential, and administrative- ignited, blowing up what remained Zheng Rongxiang, a shift super- the plant and its equiPment. cultural centers are separated. visor, room of was in the control rushed into the rocking build- Neighborhoods are arranged in that morning nine other He with for third time and oPened satellite patterns with their own workers. Suddenly the earth ing a the release valve. shopg schools, nurseries, creches started to rumble and heave, and medical and recreational rocking back and forth from south facilities. to north. The lights went out. More Victims Found New industries are coming into Realizing this was an earthquake Tangshan, including textile, elec- of exceptional force, Zheng stag- Soon the surviving leaders tronics and Plant synthetic rubber - gered toward the switch control- arrived. Zheng and the night- some with the most modern equip- Iing the battery-powered emer- shift workers were assigned to ment, domestic or imported. But gency iights, dodging chunks of rescue people in the residential all chemical and other plants pro- cement that fell from the ceiling. area. The four apartment build- ducing pollution are being re- He couldn't get through to the ings for plant personnel had col- located downwind, with various plant's leaders or to Beijing cen- lapsed into a heap of debris about control devices mandatory. tral control by telephone, but a ten feet high. They had been four- - Ai. Pei decision had to be made and he story buildings. Cries and groans ocroBEB 1980 could be heard from under the they had gotten along well rubber soles of his shoes. On rubble. It was 3 p.m. before any together. And now she was gone. another occasion, a heavy rain of the survivors could be gotten One night he awoke weeping from flooded the pump house; Zheng out" a dream in which she had called jumped into the greasy, waist-high By nightfall, a hard rain and to him, "Rongxiang, come home water, drained it, and got the another strong tremor settled the quickly!" pumps working again. debris into an even more compact His wife's family helped a great The same rainstorm caused mass, and the sounds of agony deal" Her father visited once a problems at home, too. When ceased. Next morning, Zheng re- month from his home several kilo- Zheng got there from the pump- turned to the site, poking about meters out in the county. Her house emergency, he found Chen in the ruins on the off-chance that three sisters urged Zheng to find a Xiujuan in despair. Their shed someone might have survived. The new wife, someone like himself had leaked sound of a radio playing startled badly and all the who had iost her entire family. bedding him. He called for a crane recently rnade for'their to lift Eventually, Zheng agreed that this wedding away the cement blocks and by was good advice and allowed his had been thoroughly soaked. afternoon one more man had been friends to do some matchmaking. Zheng dragged the drip- ping rescued. But he laid down some conditions: quilts outside and hung thern Many of the rescue workers left The woman, he said, should not on wires, but the wet material for home on the first bus back to be the widow of a high-ranking was too heavy and the lines the city. But Zheng stayed on site government official; she should snapped, thus compounding the for two days and nights, even not be too young, or too old, or problem with mud. The couple though his family was in Tang- too frivolous. "What I need is a stayed home the next day washing shan. He says that what was in plain, honest woman who will not and re-sewing the quilts. his mind was that he was a Com- stand in the way of the work,'n he In April 1978, at the same time munist Party member and a leader told them. two nelv generators were install- in the power plant, and his first Chen Xiujuan fit the bill ed at Douhe, six earthquake- responsibility was to the country exactly. A lathe operator in a proof apartment buildings were and the Party; many of his co- mining machinery faetory,'she had completed and Zheng and his wife were still buried the been on the night shift when the moved "vorkers in into one of them. She rubble, and he couldn't abandon quake hit. Her lathe propped up soon became pregnant, and since them. the fallen ceiling and saved her Chinese women stay confined for When Zheng did at last go home; life. But her mother, husband, and about a month after giving birth, perished he was stunned to find that his l1-year-old son had in Zheng found himself responsible mother and father, his wife and their home. Chen Xiujuan and for running a household that now Zheng Rongxiang were married in three children, his younger brother included a baby gir1, where once and two nieces were all dead. January 1977, four months after he had had his parents, his first they were introduced. wife, and his older children to take While nearly all the widows and care of things home. A New Beginning widowers of Tangshan remarried, at Early 1980, many choose as wisely in Zheng was cited Returning to the plant, Zheng did not Zheng Rongxiang and Chen as a national model worker and plunged into the most dangerous as About 30 percent of the was elected to the Fifth Nati6nal tasks of recovery and repair: He Xiujuan. remarriages have ended in divorce Political Consultative Conference. was a guide for the army relief He must now .travel to Beijing troops, crawling sometimes because the couples in and out of col- - frequently for meetings, but each lapsed had too little in common, some- buildings; he helped re- time brings something move times because their children he back and identify corpses that special for his daughter, now two had decomposed quickly couldn't get a1ong. in the years old. The little girl gets all sumrher heat. Most of the plant the affection her mother and leaders were either dead or badly Plunges into Work hurt, and Zheng volunteered to father once showered on four children. quake, Zheng direct the construction of tem- The plant began generating Before the porary dwellings. He himself power again a year after the Rongxiang and Chen Xiujuan slept under a blanket propped up quake. Zheng was appointed chief supported large families; now on poles. of operations, replacing a man who between them they have 170 yuan But Zheng's grief could not be had been killed" He is a tifeless a month for their family of three, dispelled by hard work. At night, troubleshooter, almost daredevil and can afford things like an im- alone, he thought often of his in his disregard for his own com- ported television set so their wife and children. His wife had fort and safety. Once he crawled daughter can start learning at an been a junior leader in a ceramics into a coal cruSher to remove iron early age. They have given away factory. She was intelligent, scrap that had fouled the machine; or sold their old furniture and capable, straightforward; his was the heat inside buckled his plastic other household items, which re-. a more relaxed personality, but safety helmet and hardened the minded them so painfully of

10 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS their previous lives and have Douhe will soon have four moie station, but are now giving way to equipped their home anew. 200,O00-kilowatt generators, bring- new apartment houses. Tangshan, Last year, Chen Xiujuan was ing its total capacity to 1.55 in fact, is being rebuilt, or more transferred to Douhe Power plant megawatts another statistic, precisely, totaliy renewed accord- as a warehouse keeper. As a along with- the 19 new five-story ing to a master plan. newcomer she's been learning apartment buildings that have re- The planning on paper began from veterans on the job about cently been added to the plant's very early. Immediately after the the man51 kinds of spare machine housing supply. They indicate quake, the national government parts and equipment in stock and that the plant and Tangshan city mobilized more than a hundred she visits workshops to familiarize are recovering well from the architects from seven construction herself with their use. One of the disaster. design institutes in different parts marks the earthquake left on her And Zheng Rongxi.ang and Chen of China. 'Ihen, in 1978, after two is impaired memory, but she tries Xiujuan's rebuilt family is doing years in which the main effort was to compensate by spending more just fine' on the rebuilding of the city's iime on the job. Liu Hongla mines and other industries, 35 con- - struction units nicknamed the "hundred-thousand-man- army" were brought in from ten cities- and regions within Hebei province, where Tangshan is located. Their task: to build new homes for the people of Tangshan. I spent some time with one of the construction units which had come with all its members and equipment from the city of Handan in southern Hebei. It was assigned to put up six of the 135 new residential areas in Tang- shan. This meant building 150 apartment buildings with a total floor space of 400,000 sq. meters, tq accommodate 8,000 families. Last year, as a result of their work, 1,700 families moved into new homes. Their plan this year is to build up to twiee as many units. well-known architects and designers from all over china study a scale model of the projected new Tangshan, yao Dong Cadres Take the Lead When the building company accepted the Tangshan assignment Tongshon manager Zhu Linsheng put off scheduled surgery and immediate- ly set out with a 20-man vanguard of cadres, technicians, workers and a cook. On November 4, 1978, they arrived at the site carrying their own provisions noodles Builders ol the Jlew Gity and salted vegetables- and began pitching tents and preparing- for work. There was neither electricity nor water on the empty From up aboue one sees a tarred felt weighted down by suburban site, and no roads. They belt, bricks and stones, that were had to carry water in buekets slung Of bricks and stones on rapidly built to house the sur:vi- on shoulder-poles from a ditch tar-soaked fel,t. vors of the Tangshan earthquake some three hundred m€ters away. as they got the wheels turning Building materials had to be QO goes a popular rhyme that again in the devaStated city" These trundled by handcarts across mud- \J describes the simple wooden structur€s still dominate the scene dy fields. That was how they put shacks, roofed with strips of as one comes from the railway up the first bdrracks 'and work- oCTOBER 1980 11 shops 54 in all for the con- struction- workers- arriving after them. They also set up an open- air factory capable of producing 40,000 cubic meters of Pre-f ab sections a year. With no electric- ity at first,' they mixed concrete for the foundations by hand. Be- fore the cranes arriv'ed, theY im- provised manual hoists. Soon several auxiliary workshoPs were operating. Manager Zhu, nou'in his fifties, is a former mason who knows the work from the ground uP. He is always on the construction site and apart from production manage- ment mgetings once everY ten daYs Manager Zhu Linsheng, Team leader Ji Liangchun. he is rarely seen in his office. Photos by Zhang Shuichertgl When things go smoothlY one can see him joking and laughing with the workers, but if snags turn uP Their attractive coloring - egg- under him, most of them aPPren- in the work his seriousness and shell white Walls, cream wind

CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Tongshan soies, urinary infections and mus- cular degeneration. There are training and care routines to lessen all these difficulties. Based on clinical experience, the hospital staff has devised a regimen that includes pressing on the bladder 1,700 Faraplegics at specified times, tapping on the sacrum, deep diaphragm breathing to bring on urination, and mild laxatives and abdominal massage to get the bowels to evacuate at S result of the quake Tang- fLA " regular hours. Within two months slan has more than 1,700 W' d,,'i:"'*,'h' #-:"i" ff,;:i of such training, nine-tenths of the paraplegics with severed or badly attached to one of the Kailuan patients had achieved the desired torn spinal cords which have mines, at Tangjiazhuang some control. paralyzed various de- them to 25 kilometers from the city For bed sores, pads and cushions grees. They came back to Tang- center. It is a new, integrated of different shapes have been de- shan June year from in this medical institution built after signed for patients lying in differ- hospitals in other cities which to the quake. The ward is housed ent positions, preven- they had been evacuated im- along with in single-story buildings for tive medication using both Chinese mediately disaster. after the ease of access. Walking through and western preparations. Among them 859 are mine, factory, the wide corridor of one ward we To prevent muscie atrophy and or office workers, 399 are workers' saw two large metal frames 'the joints dependents, 42 are other towns- on stiffening of Dr. Zheng which'paraplegics exercise a ex- people, and 427 are members of and has worked out six sets of row of hand-propelled wheelchairs. ercises done These nearby rural communes. The to be in bed. Four patients sat in such chairs Tangshan Municipal People's also help the patients train under Government is looking after all of an awning that opened to a thernselves to sit, stand and move them under a system of treatment courtyard, playing cards. Others about. Now, 85 percent of the and care at several levels. AIl were practicing walki.ng on patients are able to get out of bed their medical fees afe borne by crutches. One was leaning against and walk on crutches, their legs the state. Provisions vary with a wall and soaking up the stiffened with braces, some as the circumstances, sunshine. This ward has 26 in- much as 400 meters at a stretch. Industrial and office workers (or patients, 6 of them women. Looking after them are three their dependents) are under the T N THE women's ward, the girls care of their work units of doctors, 16 nurses and an orderly. r in two beds were sitting up and which the Kailuan rnines are- the Dr. Zheng, a graduate of the doing arm exercises. Wang Cuihua Iargest. While many are in hospi- Tangshan Mines Medical Institute is a Z[-year-old middle school tals or clinics, some have returned who specializes in paraplegics, graduate, the daughter of a miner. to their homes. In such cases, told us that, being paralyzed and She said she was dug out of the besides the pensions received by incontinent, they are prone to bed rubble of her home after the the disabled workers under the Iabor protection code, family members may be given time off Dr. Zheng Laiqiu leads exercises for patients in his ward. with no reduction in pay to look after them as necessary. Commune members and towns- people among the victims mainly go home (though some communes and neighborhoods have set up wards); for them, home hospital beds are provided, with medical visits arranged. Finally, people with no place of employment, or a unit too small to provide facilities, or no surviving families, are accommodated indefi- nitely in medical institutions, or have attendants assigned to them at public expense. ocToBER 1980 which was approved by the rnine leadership, and put into effect with good results. Now Sun is writing a book Ho'w to Discern and .P.xi Verifg the QualctA of Ti,mber Used y,. for Mine Pitprops in North Chi.na.

A NOTHER patient there, Song ft gengllrng, is a young miner. Having tost both his wife and his mother in the quake, he was deeP- ly depressed when brought back to Tangshan and just lay brooding all day in bed. Seeing no interest or hope in life he stopped eating several times, wanting to die. The Song tlongliang repairs a radio for persuaded him another patient. doctors and nurses to eat. "The hospital is Your home and we are your familY," theY quake, in which all other members said. Patiently they helPed him of her familY died. ArmY medics learn to turn over in bed, then to who arrived in Tangshan within sit up and finally to stand. Within a few hours rushed her bY Plane three months he could get around to a military hospital in northeast on crutches. Last summer, in the China. Six months later she was ward's paraplegic sPorts contest, able to sit up. Now, with some Song was one of the best in doing help from the nurses, she is able push-ups, Iifting dumbbells, and to dress, and to a certairi extent walking on crutches. After this take care of herself. "I and manY he became a different Person, other.s like me would have died if cheerful and talkative. His old it hadn't been for the socialist hobby was repairing radios, and system and the PLA," she said' he acquired new skills. Now With further rehabilitation, she when hospital appliances blood Chen Xinping on the way to recovery some suitable job - after surgery on his damagetl spinal hopes to fit into pressur€ gauges, phlegm aspirators cord, in China's socialist construction. and so on are out of order, he In one of the rnale wards, we fixes them.- Patients Bractice walking with the aid saw a middle-aged man with a We left the ward lighter at of crutches. healthy-looking complexion, busily heart than when we had come. Photos bg Zhang Shuicheng writing at a small tabl6o4 his bed. Although paralyzed below their He was Sun Huibin, 43, once a spinal injuries, these PeoPle have leader of the supplY dePartment strong arms and shoulders, of the Tangjiazhuang Mine. Com- and strong and resilient minds. ing to this hospital in MaY 1977, The gates of life are once he began to practice with his more open to them and theY know crutches. He recalls that, the first the common future is also theirs' time, he could not manage his The physical rehabilitation of legs, and every step forward threw these patients, within their Pos- him into a sweat. But even then, sibilities, has been done well. he says, the exercise gave him an Still to come is their training or appetite, and strengthened his retraining for appropriate work in muscles. soeiety. His disability has ndt stoPPed Is it possible to restore nerve his keen interest in the work at function below a severance of the the mines. Hearing about short- spinal cord? The hosPital is doing ages of materials at the PitProP research with laboratorY animals depot, he wheeled himself there on repair and reconnection of the twice to look into matters. The spinal cord a quest that is going problem, he found, was in adminis- on all over- the world and the tration. Back in the hospital he staff hope to make some- con- drafted a set of regulations for tribution. , better management of PitProPs, _ S.Z.

t4 CTIINA BECONSTRUCTS Tangshan scar, but also noticed her earnest and responsible attitude toward her work and life in general. After seeing each other for half a year, their love for each other was firmly established and they $un Xiuqing's Lile decided, to marry. ilew In the two and a half years since, their life has been a happy one, unmarred by quarrels, or anY unpleasantness over trivial mat- Early in 1978, when many peo- ters. Sun Xiuqing gave her child ple who had lost husbands or the surname of the new father. wives in it were marrying and Liu Zhenguo deeply appreciates setting up new households, a this mark of trust by his wife, and friend introduced Sun Xiuqing Ioves the child, as well as the to Liu Zhenguo, an office worker mother, all the more. two years her senior employed The teachers at the nursery have at another office under the told Xiuqing that when she is Ceramics Company. Sun Xiuqing away on business, her husband is soon noticed that he not only so considerate to the child that sympathized with her, but tried to one would never dream he was a turn her attention to the future step-father. They tell her she is and take her mind off things Iucky to have found such a good irrevocably past and gone. What man, pleased her especially was his af- Today the pair still live in a 25- fection for her child. sq. meter temporary shack the Liu, too, had been mdrried company built for Sun Xiuqing before the quake, but for lack of after the earthquake, to which common understanding and in- they themselves have added on a terests the match had.soon ended little kitchen. Soon all such shel- in divorce. For this reason he, ters wiII disappear and they will Sun Xiuqing and her daughter. too, was careful about choosing a move into'one of the well-designed new partner. He realized that Sun and equipped flats of Tangshan's Xiuqing's personal tragedy might new housing. Ieave an inCelible psychological S,Z. frUN Xiuqing is another of the - D fifteen thiusand who lost their mates during the earthquake. Twelve days after the death of her Sun Xiuqing and her hushand entertain visitors. Photos bg Zhang Shuicheng husband, she gave birth to their only ehild. As a rnark of gratitude to the medical units of the PLA who helped her, she named the Iittle girl Xiejun, or "Thank the Army". Four months later she entrusted the care of the in-fant to her elder sister and went back to her job at the Tangshan Ceramics Company, refusing her co,Jleagues' advice that she stay away a bit longer. She worked hard all day, feeling more at ease than if she had been alone at home with her baby. But the evenings with her sister's family one of the few that had suffered- no casualties during the quake awakened old longings in her.- Gradually, however, she was able to cope with her grief. ocToBER 1980 15 Present Folicies for Tibet

Last April and May the Chinese Communist Partg Central three years. But during the ten- Csmmittee published "The Summary of a Discussi.on on Work year turmoil Lin Biao and the in Tibet" whi.ch set forth the polictS and tasks intsolued in gang of four pushed an ultra-teft build,ing up Tibet under neut histarical conditions. The Partg Iine and carried out a series of reactionary policies toward na- anil state leaders Hu Yaobang and Wan Li made an inspection tionalities, which brought misery tour there. Si.nce then there haue b""n mong news reports to the people in Tibet as they did that nero policies haue been implernented in that region. ALI to people in other parts of the this has aroused great interest among people both at home and country. abroad. For authoritatioe infonnatzon our reporter called an Q: Why did Tibet fail to recover a responsible cadre of the State Nationalities Aftairs Com,mis- in the past few years? sion last August. A: In the four years since the downfall of the gang of feiur there Q: What is the present situation set up, so the emancipated serfs have been some achievements, but in Tibet? could have time to recuperate on the whole the region is still poverty-stricken. Agriculture, animal husbandry and industry develop at a slow pace, culture and education remain backward and the people's standard of living is not much improved. This is due democratic reforms in 1959 the Tibetan and Han nationalities partly to Tibet's traditionaliy abolished the extremely backward was strengthened greatly. weak economic base and the feudal serfdom, enabling the Take Zhag'ya county in the disruption caused by the ten-year one million serfs to start a new life Qamdo area as an example. Be- turmoil. The main reason, how- under a basically changed social tween 1959 and 1966 average per- ever, lies in the erroneous ideo- system. On this basis policies capita annual consumption was logical line pursued by some for steady development were 200 kilograms of grain, ?.b kg of Ieaders of the Tibet Autonomous carried out. For a period of five butter and 15-25 kg of meat. Peo- Region. Under the influence, of years, no co-operatives were to be ple got a fur or woolen coat every the ultra-Left Iine of Lin Biao and

A traditional Tibetan opera-greater efforts will be made to plesen,e Tibet's own rich cultural heritage.

,, i. ijf

16 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS We must finally l.urn Tibet, systematicaily and in a pianned way, into a flourishi.ng and pros- perous reglon. The policies and tasks have been worked out on the basis of the hard conditions that exist in Tibet. As the Ieaders of the PartY Central Committee have Pointed out. all the tasks in Tibet aim at unity between the Tibetan and Han nationalities and improving economic development, raising the people's living standard. carrving out Ilexible, specific and unlc'str ict- ed policies in economic problems, nnd giving the peasants and herdsmen time f or recuperiition' thus putting an end to the poverly in Tibet within two or three years. achieving record prr:rsperity in five or si.x years and making trulY signif icant improvements within l)uring his \,isrt to fibet, IIu Yaobang (risht). General Secretary of the Central ten years. In a w'rrt d. rve must Clommitte(,ol thr,('hinese Communist Party, talks with Tibetan personages. Ngapo Ngawang-Jigme, Vice-Chairhan of th€ Standing Committee of the Na- wor{< hard to build r-tp a united, tional People's Congress, is second right and Yin Fatang Acting First Secretary. prosperous and cultuled Tibel of the 'Iibetr Autonomous Region Communist Party Committee. second left. Q: Could you put these Polit'io.s and tasks in a m()l (\ ('oll( l('l(' the garg ol' four they were the local people do not Iike 1o eat way ? divorced from lhe reality of Tibet at all, and the neglect of animal and fi'om its people. They busbandry and qingke barley A: There are three major rlsllt't't's. mechanically copied everything brought the people difficulties and First, full play must be givc'n to from other parts oli the country new problems. The legion is still the righf of ethnic regional au- without I.eg:rrd to specific local hard up and nearly half the popu- tonom;, under the unified leader- underestimated lation is in difficult straits. ship of the Party Central Con-r- conditions and letting the harm tl'ris could. do to the In a word, "Lef t" influences mittee. Autonomy means 'tl're regional authorities take the people. For instance. they develop- exist on practically all fronts - ed sonte Lrnneeessary industries political, economic, agricultural, initiative. Without regional au- and neglected handicrafts. which ethnic and religious as well as tonomy, without fuII minoril Y had produced goods that met the in the poiicy toward -the people- control in the autonomous rcgions. there will be no great unity of the the people, such what are the pri:sent tasks s' butter buckets e: various nationalities and no possi- Jnd policies in the building up of bility of suiting policy to local , thq policy of Tibet? conditions and bringing into IulI "taking grain as the key link," A: Generally speaking, they boil play the vitalitv of the Tibetzrn emphasized at the expense of down to the f ollowing aspects. people. animal husbandry and sideline In accordance with the Party Secondly, efforts should be made production, disrupted the original Central Committee's directive, to develop the economy so as to economic structure a combina- efforts should be made to strength- effect a rise in the living .standard tion of. agriculture- and animal en unity between the cadres and and the level of science and husbandry. It went against the the people of varioru nationalities, culture of the various nationalilies economic and natural laws as well taking the fibetan cadres and in Tibet. We adhere to the basic as the wiII of the people. people as the main force so as to stand of common development and The diet of the Tibetan people bring all active factors into full prosperity of the various nation- mainly consists of zanba (roasted play. Every effort should be made alities. To this end we have to first qtngke barley), butter, beef and to heal the wounds caused by the of all help the Tibetan people to mutton. Their clothing and gang of four during the cultural end their present difficult situa- articles of daily use are aII revolution, to develop the regional tion so that the real equality of livestock products. But these economy and to raise living various natiorralities in economy leaders' one-sided stress on the standards, as well as the scientific and culture can be realized step by planting of winter wheat, wfrictr and cultural level of the people. step.

CCTOBER T98O L7 Thirdly, in drawing up plans. line. the goal was not reached. organs, in exchanging documents tasks and policies i1 is necessary Now great changes have taken and letters, should use the Tibetan to give due consideration to the place and af.ter 29 years a large and Han languages simultaneously, region's special needs, economic number of capable Tibetan cadres taking the Tibetan language as structures, ideological conscious- with close ties to the- masses the major one. ness and living conditions. have emerged. For example there Thirdly, specific and flexiblc are more than 40,000 Party policies suitable to the conditions What exactly do you mean Q: members of minority nationalities of the Tibetan Autonomous Region you play be when say "full must in Tibet, and aboul a thousand of The given should be carried out. to the right of ethnic regional them have taken up the leading autonomous region has the right autonomy under the unif ied posts at the county level or above. to reiect or modif y orders :rnd Ieadership of the Parly Central In accordance with the decision regulations of the central authority Committee," "f ulI minorit5r and of the Central Government, the that do not suit its locril condi- control in the autonomous People's Governmenl, of the Tibet- tions. But in some ca.ses the regions" ? an Autonornous Region has de- regional government has L,o ask cided that part-time cadres should The main thing about it i.s for instructions in advance and to A: all be of Tibetan nationalitY. make a explaining its that minority people should have make up more report Tibetans should actions. the power to manilge thc internal than two-thirds of the full-time affairs of their regions. It consists cadres, and the Tibetan cadres Can you give us some exam- of the follo',ving aspects: Q: should take up ail the posts ples this? organ self-govern- of Firit,'the of at the district, Ievel, and B0 ment should be composed mainly percent of the cadre Posts at the A: We have already mentirlned of cadres of t,he nationality which county level. This will play a the mistakes made in Tibet as a exercises the regional autonomy. decisive part in fully mobilizing result of applying policies me- Eor example jn Tibet the Tibetan the enthusiasm of the Tibetan chanically. To further expiain this cadres shouid be the main torce cadres and masses and , rapidly point we want to give more of its regional government. changing the face of poverty and examples. The Tibetan peoPle As early as the 1950s, Comrades backwaldness in Tibet. were under the rule of feudal Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai said Secondly. the autonomous region serf dom bef ore the Democratic that the Tibetan cadres should of any nationality should adoPt Reform, so it was impossible that account for 60 percent of all its own language as its first there couLd exist a class of rich cadres in Tibet. Because ihe Ianguage. For example, the Tibet- peasants. Between 1959 and 1960, training and development ol cadles an Autonomous Region's first during the Democratic Reform, no takes time and becuu.se of the language is Tibetan, Local schools peasants were classif ied as rich interf erenccr oi t l're "ultra-Lefi " and tl-re Party and administrative peasants But in the ten years of

Hand-loomed multieolored woolen aprons worn by Tibetan Selling butter on the free markei in Lhasa. women - onc of the traditionat hanrlie rafts that is reviving. Pholos by Xinhua

18 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS turmoil, methods in other parts of torical task. With the readjust- trucks used for farming and China were copied mechanically, ment of the cadre structure in animal husbandry are no longer and some peasants were classified Tibet, a majority of the Han per- assessed for road maintenance. as rich peasants, thus hurting sonnel, including cadres, workers Communes, brigades and com- some people. After the turmoil, and their families, will be trans- mune members are no longer taxed the leaders of the autonomous ferred back to the interior in when they sell their goods or use batches and jobs. region were not thoroughgoing in assigned to new them for exchange. In the past, This process starts this year and redressing the injustices thus outputs were estimated too high, will be basically finished in 1982. . inflicted. Recently the Party Com- and state purchases were scaled What are the specifics of mittee of the Tibetan Autonomous Q: placing ' the special and flexible policies of accordingly, excessive bur- Region has rectified these mistakes. dens on the people. guidance rehabilitation? Under the of the To ease the local people of general principles of the Constitu- A: The People's Government of their burden, all kinds of com- tion and law; the Tibetan Autono- the Tibetan Autonomous Region pulsory services are abolished. mous Region has the right to draw on June 20 proclaimed eight pro- Eunds and mateiials owned by up rules and regulations as well production judicial visions to ensure the recovery of teams, work groups or as decrees to meet its Tibet. The main points are: commune members are protected specific needs. The places exer- Relaxing the policies on eco- by law. No unit or individual is autonomy have greater cising nomics. The right of production allowed to encroach on them. financial responsibility than or- brigades, work groups and com- Rational payment must go to the dinary places the same level. at mune members to make their own cornmunes, brigades They have the right to work out or commune decisions is to be fully respected. members their various plans and develop when their draught Production brigades have the right economic programs under animals are used by other units or their to establish any system of produc- individuals. the unified leadership of the tion responsibility that meets local central authority. the distribu- In conditions, It can contract with a Q: How are these policies being tion of income and rrlanagement of work group for a job or for fixed carried out at present? grasslands the mines, and forests output. This method can also be these places enjoy more authority applied to contracting with in- A: All these policies are being put practice than others. The autonomous dividual households tar from a into step by step. In regions also enjoy the right to community. Policies for guaran- animal husbandry, for instance, a develop scientific, cultural and teeing commune members' private new system of raising goats, educational undertakings for their plots, animals and trees must be suggested by the people, has been own nationalities. In normal con- implemented. Handicrafts of adopted in Jiangda county. Name- ditions, Tibet also has the right minority nationalities and sideline ly, the collective entrusts three to trade across the border area. work by communes, production goats to each member. After years r'happen brigades or commune members three the members are asked Q: What will to the to return four goats to the collec- cadres of Han nationality if the should be supported and en- couraged. Communes and bri- tive. After turning over to the Tibetan cadres are now to be the collective a fixed amount of wool mainstay there? gades can contract with other uhits for processing or transporta- and droppings from each goat, the member After the peaceful liberation tion. They can also build houses, can keep the rest of the A: products of Tibet, quite a number of Han and run inns, hotels and repair from the animal, includ- personnel were sent there by the shops. In addition, free markets ing the extra lambs. In the farm- Party and government. Working are opened and the traditional ex- ing areas, part of the brigades' grain together with the Tibetan cadres change between the peasants and reserves has been allocated and people, most of them have herdsmen is to be restored and to help those households short of done their share for the socialist developed. Pedlars are allowed to food. Side-occupations and handi- construction in the region. But a do their business from village to crafts such as weaving, tanning small number of Han cadres vio- village. Trading along the fron- and collecting medicinal herbs have lated the policies concerning na- tier is actively promoted. begun to revive. Ali regulations tional minorities, and harmed the This year and next, agriculture, impeding trade across the border unity of nationalities. They took animal husbandry, and industry have been canceled. As of June 20, advantage of their power to secure and commerce are tax-free. Com- people from neighboring countries positions for their own people and pulsory sale of goods to the state Iiving near the border can come to to enjoy special privileges for is abolished, although production our border markets to trade with themselves. This is wrong, and brigades and communes are en- the local people, and the Tibetans should be changed. As the Tibetan couraged to sell their surplus to there can also cross the frontier to cadres have become mature the state on a voluntary basis. exchange goods with them. The today, the Han cadres working The purchase price of qingke implementation of these policies there have completed their his- barley is also raised. Tractors and greatly delights the Tibetans.

ocToBER 1980 19 Q: What new measures have right of people to believe in anY science, religion. But before the fall of the been adopted concerning Coming Soon in English culture and education? gang of four, this PolicY was seri- ously distorted. In Tibet, manY A: The Tibetans have a long monasteries were in ruins. includ- history and a splendid culture. ing the Gadan MonasterY, famous GHlllA's There is a rich lode of Tibetan- for the Tibetan style dagoba rvhere language material.s on agriculture, the ashes of TsongkhaPa, founder' soclAHsT livestock, historY, astronomY, of the Yellow Hat Sect of Lama- medicine, Iinguistics, Iiterature, art ism were kept. EColl0MY and Buddhism. There is also an Now we must carry out the aimanac. But bef ore Iiberation. and absolutelY: policy correctlY By XUE MUQIAO cultural develoPment in Tibet was Every citizen enioys the freedom retarded becar-tse ol thc imperialist to believe in anY religion aL any t>f t-ratiorral not to rnvasion, the systenr time, and also the freedom A veteron Chinese eco- oppression and the rule of the enjoy the right believe; people also nomist exomines Chino's ex- feudal nobles and monk.s. During to believe in any sect of a religion' perience in sociolist revolu- the ten years of tnt t.uoil many In recent Years, we have reno- tion ond construction over materials, unlortun:r1clY. were vated and re-opened some mon- the post three decodes ond ransacked and badly damaged. asteries, such as Zuglakar-rg, Dre- oddresses himself to some Now the People's Gcrvet-nment of pung and Sera. This activitY has unsolved or not whollY solved the Tibet Autonomous Regiorr has been appreciated by the believers' economic problems, both been taking some measures to de- theoreticcl ond Procticol' velop the region's science, culture Q: Reports from abroad saY that and educatitin. the Dalai Lama is going to return questions the book On education: Tibetan children to China. What is the PolicY re- Mojor are given priority to g-o to schools; garding such former toP leaders? deols with: the stress is on primary and sec- And what of othei Tibetans ondary education. Most schools abroad ? * Commodities ond money are run by the state and most of under sociolism important asPect of the the students are boarding students A: An * policy minority nationali- "To eqch occording to on stipends. As o{ JuIY the state toward uP a national united his work" also began to subsidize teachers' ties is to set with religious upper circles' * woge salaries and other costs of primary front Reform of the In the past, under the influence of system schools run bY the local PeoPle. many patriotic 60 of the stu- the ultra-Left line, * under More than Percent re- The low of volue enrolled this bY the Ieaders of minority-nationality ond dents Year persecuted. Now we sociolism Price universities and colleges in Iigions were policy four solving the the region are of Tibetan nation- are actively Problem' to imPlement the PartY's * fhe relotion between ality. The age iimit fol enrollment We have policies conscientiouslY, bring investment ond stond- been extended to 30. has positive factor into play and ord of living science and culture: An every On with all the forces that can * academy of social sciences has unite Plsnned economy: How been established. And another be united. much Plonning? Our princiPle is, "AII Patriots university specializing in Tibetan the system belong to one big familY, whether '' Reforming culture will be established. Cul- economic to the common cause ol notionol artif acts will be gathered they rally tural or late." If the Dalai and monogement and protected. On this basis a early Tibetans abroad wish to * use of the lobor Tibetan culture with more social: other Better come back to China, theY wili be force ist content will be develoPed. welcomed. We'II warmlY receive those who come as tourists or to Q: Most of the Tibetan PeoPIe Published bY Foreign Lon- Buddhism. visit their relatives in China. They believe in Tibetan go' guoges Press, Beijing, What is the on religious have the freedom to come and PolicY wilL suffer no Chino. belief? Their relatives here discrimination. ActuallY, as You Generol Distributor: GUOJI A: This goes back a Iong time, know, we have alreadY received SHUDIAN (Chino Publico- and Lamaism still has great influ- some delegations sent bY Dalai tions Center), P.O. Box 399, ence among the masses. Our Lama and also manY individuals Beijing, Chino. government have who came back to visit their Party and T-t , always had a PolicY resPecting the relatives. CHINA RDCbi{STRUCTS 20 Xue f{luqiao: lnnovotive Economfst

QIU JIAN

A BEST-SELLER in China and Commerce Delegation, an ,(r a quarter a million copies- American economist, impressed were sold in six months is not with his book, asked him which a thriller nor an "inside- story", university he graduated from. but an academic work entitled "Prison university," Xue quipped- Chtna's Socialist Economg by the Xue was born into an im- noted economist Xue IVluqiao first poverished landlord family in published earlier this year. While Wuxi county, Jiangsu province in still being snapped up in. China, 1904. Lack of funds forced him it is to be issued in English, to leave junior normal school after Japanese and Spanish to meet three years and go to work as an demands for it from abroad. Xue Illuqiao at his d€sk ai home. apprentice in a small railway The author analyzes the ex- station near Hangzhou, ihe provincial perience and lessons of three capital of Zheiiang. turbulent decades oI socialisl economic con- icraf t production, commbrce, Swept up in the Great Revolution (1924-1927), Xue struction in China and in his restaurants and services free private joined [he Communist Party and 200.000-ch:rlacter wor.k goes into a scope; and allowing railway number of unsolved or not wholiy businesses that do not hire labor to became a leader of the workers' movement in Hangzhou, solved economic problems. His exist and perform theil services. 7927 Chiang Kai-shek conclusions indicate some guide- AII these, criticized as a levision In April Marxist-Ler-rir-ris1 political eco- went back on the revolution and lines f oI or national economic of planning. nomics during the cultural revolu- launched a nationwide massacre communists and other revolu- Keeping in mind China's poor tion, are being given a second look the tionaries. Xue was arrested in economic f oundation today and being tested with and large June and put in the Kuomintang populalion and .lo.a, pro- idea that there is a place fot'such Ievel of armv prison in Hangzhou. It was duction. he advocates things in .socialist economics. the follow- there that he met Zhang Qiuren, ing measures: the rafe of ac- His "University" Party secretary for Zhejiang proV- cumulation be kept tLeninism, and have been "Why do you keep on studying so in the city through allowing directed at the f ormulation of hard if you know you're going to urban collectively-owned hand- actual policies since liberation. be executed?" When Xue Muqiao visited the "We communists must work for day our QIU JIAN is a staft rcporler for China United States in October 1979 as the revolution every of Reconstructs. an adviser to the China Industry lives. Here in prison we can't work

OCTOBER I98O 27 but at least we can study and not about Marxism-Leninism and the the State Planning Commission, just sit around waiting to ilie," Communist Party's policy of Director of the State Statistics Zhang replied. A few days later he creating a national united front Bureau and Director of the Na- was executed, but his words were for resistance to Japan, tional Commission for Commodity not lost on Xue Muqiao. From then Prices. But, busy as he vu'as, he on Xue would begin studying as Economic Work never stopped theoretical studY. soon as the day was light enough. In the 17 years between libera- In the evenings, he would read During the Japanese invasion tion and the cultural revolution he standing up, to catch the rays (1937-1945) Xue Muqiao worked published about 30 papers and from the dim light. first in the liberated areas led by gave a dozen lectures on economics. Most of the 300 prisoners were the Communist Party in central jntellectuals. The guards, hold- China and later concurrently held Under Fire overs from the warlord period, the post of secretary-general of the cultural revolution didn't watch them very closely so the Shandong provincial govern- After 1966 Muqiao's they managed to get quite a few ment in a liberated area and began in Xue views were calied into question bY progressive books from outside. director of its bureau of industry some, and he was attacked as Before was arrested, Xue and commerce. In 1943, he made he adviser to China's Muqiao had read only Sun Yat- use of his knowledge of economic "economic laws to defeat the Kuomintang Khrushchov" (meaning Liu Shaoqi) sen's Three Peopl,e's Principles ar.d and the "No. 1 counter-revolu- Bukharin's tLre ABC of Commu- blockade. Noting this seaside province's rich salt resources, he tionary academic authority in the nism. The first two books he read put initiated a system by which the economic field." He was in .prison, Political Economy by under house arrest at his office. Bogdanov and Deueloyting Hi,storg liberated area sold salt to the Kuomintang areas and used the In 1956 he had been entrusted by oJ ldeas on Capitalist Econom.y by to money goods from them. the Party Central Committee Hajime Kawakami, triggered his to buy political In this way the Kuomintang write a book on socialist interest in economics. He managed economy but he had been too busy to read several works on politics economic blockade was rendered ineffective and the difference in then. He used this time under and history and to learn English, three the rate of currency exchange detention, which lasted Japanese and Esperanto. It was years, draft. between the areas was cut down. to write a first this study in prison that pro- was This struggle was important in Toward the end of 1969 he vided him with the foundation for . cadre Muqiao learn to transferred to his office's further explorationi political helping Xue in utilize economic laws. school in Hubei to do manual economy. assigned to patrol In 1938 he was sent to direct a labor. He was In 1931 he was released and the peanut fields at night in the got job training unit of the New Fourth a in a research institute Army in southern Anhui province. late autumn and the threshing investigating China's rural There he taught political economy ground whdre grain was stored economy. In Wuxi he wrote his for four years and rvrote the through the snowstorms of the first thesis, "The Epitome of the popular textbook Pol,itical Eco- winter. It gave him time to think Declining Rural Area South of the nomA. It was published in Hong- and at the end of shift he would Changjiang". It was published in kong in 1942. He wrote a revised rush back to write down his ideas the first issue of Neou Creation draft of the book between or formuiations for fear he should magazine and reprinted in a battles and during breaks on the forget. In this way he made a Japanese magazine. From then march while fighting Japanese second draft of the book. Though on he unceasingly investigated and attacks on the north Jiangsu base ill in bed in t972, he revised the wrote about the countryside to after he was transferred there to book four more times. The result expose how imperialism and ex- be in charge of training at the is his China's Socialist Economy, ploitation speeded up the bank- Anti-Japanese Military and Poli- which has gone through altogether ruptcy of China's rural economy. tical College. This version became seven revisions. As a teacher in Guangxi Tea- the first textbook on political Like the true scientist he is, he chers' College in 1933-34 he often economy published after liberation poured all his energy into his took his students to study in the in 1949. undertaking. Once while standing countryside during their vacation. After the people's rePublic was by the stove cooking pig mash he With economists Chen Hansheng, set up, Xue Muqiao assisted state was so absorbed in his readfng Qian Junrui and Jiang Junchen he leaders like Chen Yun, Li Fuchun that he didn't realize his trousers initiated the Society for the Study and Bo Yibo on national economic had caught fire until he felt the of China's Rural Economy and in matters in his capacity as Secre- burn. He picked up a fan to beat 1934 they published a monthly tary-General of the State Com- out the flames, but that only made magazine China's Rural Areai. mittee of Economy and Finance, them worse. FortunateiY friends Through its articles, many young and Director of the State In- came to help him put the fire out' people then living under Kuomin- dustrial and Commercial Bureau. Some of his friends in the cadre tang rule came to know something Later he became Vice-Minister of school advised him against writing,

22 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS saying it was only asking f or trouble. Xue Muqiao cited the story of the Ming dynasty phi- losopher Li Zhi who died in prison because he had written books banned by the imperial court. "I'm about the same age as he was then he died when he was in his 70s,"- Xue Muqiao replied. "Cer- tainly I, a communist, should be able to equal the record of this feudal scholar." "But even if you do fini.sh your book, nobody will publish it," one friend said. "I hope you will keep it safe for me. I believe that it wili be published some day, even if it's after my death."

Two Controversial Ideas Today, Xue Muqiao is against the form of economic management known as "everybody eating out Xue Dluqiao and his wite, Luo Qiong (cent€r), being interviewed by the author. of the same pot," that is, a.state- Photos by Liu Chen owned enterprise turns in all its income to the government and have the freedom to decide developed applies it for all its pxpendi- what capitalist countries have to kind of people they want working much useful experience for our tures. He says this is not, as some for them, and the right to demote, reference." Then he went to claim, a manifestation of the or, with consenl of the trade Shanghai and to Anhui, Shandong, "superiority of socialism" but a union, dismi.ss Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces to remnant of the supply system from therr. In the latter case the labor would help institute reforms on a trial revoluti.onary war days hampering department find them a new job or they have basis and study problems of the the initiative of the enterprise to the right to find one them- market and merging of economic modernize as it could do if it for selves. He stresses that proper uni.ts f or greater efficiency and kept some -funds for its own use. arrangements should be made: wrote several articles on his find- Under the old system, he says, a "They must not be set adrift, ings. On his return to Beijing he new enterprise often tries to get destitute and homeless in investigated matters of foreign as much investment as possible as capitalist society." trade, materials supply, commerce from the state and does not care These ideas, offered in an in- and prices. if the funds pile up or lie idle, terview in the Beijing Daily Tast My most recent visit to this while old enterprises have dif- spring, brought a response of more veteran economist and his wife ficulty getting the approval needed than 400 letters in a few days, Luo Qiong was on a Sunday f or major additional equipment both pro and con. Some were from morning in early summer. He was for technical innovation or ex- collectively-owned factories which immersed in an article he was panding production. said their production had gone up writing. Another of his ideas is that no after carrying out his proposals. "Himl He's never finished with one is entitled to an "iron rice An ancient Chinese poem goes, his research and his articles," Luo bowl", that is, once one is employ- "Even though old, a thoroughbred Qiong observed as she brought me ed can neither nor he be fired horse has the will to travel a a cup of tea. demoted no matter he hbw badly thousand Ii." Xue Muqiao is 76, "It's inescapable," Xue said with does his work. Xue Muqiao points but he presses ahead with his a smile. "Some of my friends out that China's socialist constitu- work and studies. At present he advise me to work only part time tion states that every citizen with holds the position of Director of because of my age. But I have tle ability to work has the right the Economic Research Institute of so many articles and lectures to and obligation to do so, so in the State Planning Commission. write, and the leaders keep raising principle labor power is handled Last year he made a one-month new problems. I wouldn't be by the siate in a unified way. study tour in the United States. finished even if I .did two , days' However, people do not have the "With respect to highly socialized work in one. How could I think same ability. Enterprises should mass production," he says "the of resting on Sunday?" l)

OCTOBER 1980 ta ail directrons to watch folk Per- Dragon Boot Festival formances. The main attraction was the gaotai performances staged by 6- and 7-year-olds at.op square RONG LIE platforms carried about town on the shoulders of 6 tr-r B men. The children pose as historical charae- ters balancing on beams mtide tD rlrtlE l)r'rrgrrn [Jtrat Festi.va[. one units lor building dragon boats. look like broadswr-rrds, urnbrellas. f, ,rf (jhin.r'.* [rrsgcsl tladitional When we arrived on the eve of the or musical instruments festivals, l'itll-s lrr the 5th day of festival every f amilY was busY The race was held on the river of zongzi, sewing new clothes, t[rr. 5[h lr,rrrirl' rrroLrIh irt nremory making in the afternoon Thousands r-rf Qtr Yrri.rn (310..2?B B.C ), a great and preparing special dishes and people in their holiday best flock- most excited, putr r(rlrc poct of ttre Chu State (in wine. People were ed to the river.sicie tt'het'e ten of the Hr-rbei arrd Hunan provinces) dur- however, by the building dragon boats painted in red, ing period (475- dragon boats. In the GuiYi ing thc Wulr States Pro- yellow, white, green, or blue w-ere 221 tsC Orr this day the Chinese duction brigade where we staYed, ). waiting to start. More than 500 pcople hold the dragon-boat race a 23-meter-long boat that carries oarsmen transport wc.'rkers Pr and ea[ zongzt. (made of glutinous 45 oarsmen had taken two months - commune members in everYdaY usually wrapped in'bamboo to build. At the traditional launch- rice Iife wore tank-top shirts nlatch- leaves) a custom that derives ing ceremony, an oarsman jumPed - - ing the colors of their boats flom thc story of the peoPle's ef- into ihe river amidst the sound of With a crash of gongs and dr:ums. forts to retrieve Qu Yuan's body firecrac!.rers, rolled over, and put the 2000-meter laue began. On flonr thc Miluo River. The the oragon head, draPed in red Poet these boats the coxswain's Ir-inc- dr r)wned lrinrself allr:r' leart:ing silk, on the boat, symboliziSrg the tions are divided between a that the Chu capilal had lallen to dragorr jumping out of the water'. tillerman who keeps it ctn course the enemy. People threw manY Before the festival all the rnonu- and a man who signals the .stroke zongzi into the rivet' to teed the merits to Qu Yuan in Miluo countY waving red tlag SPtlctators tish and turtles so they wouldn't hari l:r,:en renovated to greet visi- by a cheered on their favorites, but the eat Qu Yuan's body. tor:. The biggest is a temPle con- Drrring the culLutal revolution taining 1? stone tablets on which race was clearly a contest between (1966-1976), these fcstiviIies were scenes from Qu Yuan's life and the yellov', boat of lLre Jinsha the boat banned as "backwald custom," and excerpts from his writings have production brigade and r'ed it was nol" until lhis year that they been engraved. of the Guiyi brigade. GuiYi won were rcsurncd rrn the Miluo. The Early in the morning on testival a closely-f ought victorY with a governnrent trl Milurt countY day (on June 17 this Year), PeoPle ti.me of 9 minutes, 15 2 .seconds, to allotted 15,000 yuan to ten work began to stream into town from great applartse from the crr.iwd il

A lamily prepares "zongzi", ihe traditional delicacl' of the oarsnlen ptrarde to their boats carrying the ilragon heads' Dragon Boat Festival, Pltolos by Zhortg 1-o nql

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ocToBER 1980 27 Jlew Plays About Taiwan

XIU TANG

THE "flesh and blood" ties be- There is actually a Banpingshan and Fujian province stations from I tween the people on Taiwan on Taiwan 20 kilometers north of the novel of the same name" The and the mainland are amply Gaoxiong (Kaohsiung). It looks book written by two young men demonstrated in a number of new iike a round steamed roll which Li Dong and Wang Yungao was theatrical works and songs. They has been cut in ha]f. commended as one of the 25 are part of the effort in iiterature The scenario for the dance dra- outstanding novels of 19?9" and art circles to prepare for the ma waS written by Liu Run, a The novel takes its name from reunification of Taiwan with the young dance enthusiast who works that of a valuable Sichuan province rest of China. Most were done at the Shanghai Bulb Plant. The medicinal herb. In their youth in since January 197S when the choreography draws on the Chi- Sichuan, Dr. Huang Weizhi and Standing Committee of the Na- nese classical dance, but has move- his wife were amateur musicians, tional People's Congress issued its ments from dances of Taiwan's he on the qin (like a lute) and she "Message to Compatriots on Tai- Gaoshan nationality and the on the flute. He had composed wan" manifesting the basic policy local opera of Fujian, the mainland the music and she the words to and attitude on this question. province just across from Taiwan. a song by this name. Best-loved among the new works The 200 performances played by When the story begins Huang is the soprano solo "With Feeling the Dance Troupe of the Shanghai has been on Taiwan for more than Deep as the Ocean." It runs: Opera Theater in Shanghai, Bei- 20 years. Though he had always T aiusan, beautilul treasur e island jing and Tianjin were enthusias- considered himself above politics Dag and night I gaze at you, tically received. Striking stage and worldly considerations, out of Ah! With feeling deep as the sets and lighting heighten the im- a sense of justice and feelings of ocean aginative effect of the whole. patriotism, he is drawn to a group I think of our compatriots on of Kuomintang army officers and Taiusan. "Caiyungui" government officials who share The song goes on to observe hopes for reunification of Taiwan that when reunification becomes a The television drama "Caiyun- with the mainland. reality "together we shall sing this gui" about a former Kuomintang One of them is Zbong Lihan, reunion song." army doctor who returns from Huang's old classmate, brother of Taiwan has been shown to millions Huang's wife. She has remained in Legend in Dance over the Central Television Station. Sichuan and he has not seen her A full-length dance drama, It was co-produced by the central all this time. For his activity, "Banpingshan" (Mountain Cut in Halves) is based on a Taiwan The girl Shipins (right) and hcr lover in the dance drama "BanpiDgshan". legend about the island's union Wang Hui with the mainland in ancient times and its separation. The girl Shi- ping lives at the foot of a moun- tain by the sea. On the day of her marriage to fisherman Shui- gen the evil god of the sea sends many shrimp soldiers and crab generals who cavort about in opera-1ike- acrobatics-to seize her and take her to his Dragon Palace. The sea god casts a spell to cut the mountain in two, separated by the sea, with Shiping's family and lover on the other side. Shiping, who is ]ater rescued from- the Dra- gon Palace stands by the seaside Iooking across the strait, year after year. She finally becorhes a woman of stone.

28 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Dr. Huang ancl his wife, as portrayed in "The Lute and the "The Sailboat Returns": One of Cai Mengyuan's wedding Flute under the Moon". Wang Hui presents is a sailboat. Cao Xilin

Zhong loses his army post. He Loved One" and a fiLm entitled suspicion but are won over bY Cai goes into business which frequent- "Caiyungui" to be released soon by Chenghua. Iy takes him to Hongkong. He the Changchun Film Studio. The At the end of the plaY, as theY helps Huang get in touch with his song "Caiyungui" from the opera are being married by the sea, a wife. Zhong is later murdered in version is in fact heard on the returning saiiboat (Taiwan) glides Taiwan. mainland today. into sight across the backdrop. Huang tries to use an army in- Both the returned Kuomintang vestigation trip as a pretext to go The Sailboat general and Cai, whose actions to Hongkong to meet his wife, illustrate the policy of the Com- but the Taiwan authorities find In the modern drama "The Sail- munist Party get a big hand from out. He flees to another city where boat Returns" produced by the the audience. he works incognito as a doctor for China Youth Art Theater, Luo Two artists of Taiwan origin took several years. His adopted son, Shikui comes back after 30 years part in the creation of this pJ.aY. Z}:,u Yi, trying to swim to the to a city on the southeast China The music was written by Wei Li, mainland, is caught and thrown coast where he had once been a musician born in Taiwan who is into prison. To save him Huang Kuomintang garrison commander. now conductor of the China Raii- comes out into the open and goes From there he had withdrawn to way Art Troupe. The role of the to the oflice of Garrison Comman- Taiwan in 1949, but soon afterward daughter Cai Mengyuan is PIaYed der Zeng Geng. He is surprised had left the army and gone to by the young actress Lin Lifang, to f ind that Zeng was a close friend live in the United States, He is who left Taiwan with her Parents in school days. Zeng, although he received by one of the city heads, at the age of six and has since has always regarded himself as a only to find that it js Cai Cheng- Iived on the mainland. Four of model armyman, has gradually hua, who had been born in Tai- the ten plays she has been in over learned something from reality wan and had come to the area be- the past three years as a member and at the risk of his own life fore the liberation to lead the Com- of the China Youth Art Theatre decides to protect Huang, Zhu Yi munist underground. As garrison deal with the theme of reunifica- and the latter's fiancee, daughter cornmander Luo had otfered a big tion. Motivated by the thought of of the late Zhong Lihan. reward for his capture. her own younger brother and As the play ends, with new hope, Luo is even more surprised to sister who are still in Taiwan, she the three go down to the sea. The find that the man he had viewed gives a very moving Perfornance. melody of "Caiyungui" floats as his enemy before liberation Other stage works on the Taiwan through the air. Someone is listen- helps him to find his wife whom theme in the past two Years ing to a radio broadcast from the he had not seen for 30 years - include: mainland, where the song has be- killed in the war, he had thought. The opera "The Fisherwoman" come popular. After their reunion, the couple showing how people on the main- The novel has also been adapted also locate their long-lost daugh- iand miss their compatriots in as an opera entitled "Qinxiaoyue" ter, and are surprised to find that Taiwan; the modern drama "Song (The Lute and the Flute under the unknowingly, Cai Chenghua has of Reunion"; anci documentarY Moon) by a theater group under adopted this "orphan" as his films t'Ah, Taiwan," "The Native the naval branch of the People's daughter. The young woman and Land of A Zu," "Flesh and Blood Liberation Army; as the modern the man she is about to marry at Kin" and "Patriots Are All One drama "Waiting Reunion with a first view Luo with hatred and Family." D ocToBER 1980 29 Frank Coe -Devoted u.S. Friend of China MA HAIDE (Dr. George Hatem)

which had enlisted his sympathy Monetary Research under Dr. since his youth. Harry Dexter White. During As an adviser to the new China World War II, he helped set uP on international economic matters, the Foreign Funds Control, an es- in which he had exceptional ex- sential financial weaPon against perience and expertise, he worked fascist powers, and held such Posts Iiterally until his last breath. I as deputy head of the U.S. Board saw him in the hospital the day of Economic Warfare and execu- before he died. His bedside table tive secretary of the Joint War was still piled with books, papers, Production Committee of the U.S. and journals from many lands, of and Canada in the victorious war which he was a tireless reader. effort. His interest in everything going After the war, Frank Par- on in China was undimmed. ticipated in discussions of the "How's production.in Guangxi?" draft plans for a new monetarY he asked me. (I had just come system drafted by Harry Dexter from a medical trip there.) White and the British economist Frank Coe (r90?-r980). J.M. Keynes. He became technical Fighter Against Fascism secretary-general of the United Nations International MonetarY in Progressive causes had attracted T;\RANK Coe was born Conference at Bretton Woods. In .f Richmond, Virginia, in since his. student days at USA Frank 1964, he was named first execu- 1907 and died Beijing where January in the University of Chicago, tive secretary of the International June 1980. He was one of the most in he was one of the brilliant Monetary Fund. galaxy of forward-looking Ameri- graduates in 1927, and where he cans whom the Chinese people Iater taught and did research. Target of Reaction remember with respect and love as There he found his Marxism and their true friends. He saw hope met his first Chinese friends. It What followed was the "cold for the world in China's revolu- was at the time of China's First war". Because Frank, in his Public tion, and in Chinese-American Revolutionary Civil War (1924-27) career, had shown himseif a friendship based on the new with its great victories and bitter staunch New Dealer and anti- groundwork of equality and the reverses. From then on, he felt fascist he inevitably became a commbn interest of the two peo- personally close to the struggle for target of the McCarthYiie witch- ples. For these aims he worked Iiberation of one-fifth of mankind. hunt. CaIIed before innumerable unremittingly. and courageously. So it was no accident that he chose grand juries and congressional An internationally known econom- China as the place to work in the committees specializing in the per- ist, a man of principle and deter- last decades of his life. secution of whatever'they chose to mination, a modest and warm In between came a varied and call "communist" or "communist- human being, he was one of those distinguished academic and public front" or ttun-American", he was unsung heroeS who strive. all their career. In 1934, while on the forced to resign from the Interna- lives to make our earth a better economics faculty of the Univer- tional Monetary Fund in 1953. place for the generations to come. sity of Toronto, he was called in The upshot was that from 1953 As such, he of course had to bear to assist the'New Deal administra- to 1958 this accomplished econo- the stresses and strains of our tion of U.S. President Franklin D. mist and public servant had to eke unquiet times - and he stood the Roosevelt. At first it was on a out a tiving in odd jobs that test. part-time basis, as monetary con- included carpentry and house His last 22 yearc were spent in sultant to the Treasury DePart- painting, selling brushes, and, China. Here he made notable con- ment. Then, in 1940, he was made serving as cashier in a small tributions to its people's cause, assistant director of its Division of restaurant. His savings were eaten

30 CEINA BECONSTRUCTS up by legal expenses. Many 1958 that he was able to leave the soon appointed a special research former acquaintances lacked the U.S.A. for England, where a pro- fellow of the Chinese Academy of courage to keep in contact with fessorship in money and banking Social Sciences, attached to its him. His first marriage broke up. awaited him. He chose, however, institutes of economics and of Some persons, under far Iess pres- to go on to China, a country so world economics. His incisive sure, compromised their con- long in his thoughts. His advocacy analyses of the economic back- sciences to keep position, income, of U.S. recognition of the newborn grounds of political developments or what then passed for reputation. people's republic, indeed, had been abroad were valued by China's But Frank Coe did not budge" one of the reasons for the leaders Chairman Mao Zedong, Though a man gentle in speech McCarthyite hue and cry against Premier- Zhou Enlai and others and manner, when it came to prin- him in the early 1950s. talked with him repeatedly. ciple he was a rock. Chairman Mao praised him as one Another disabiiity imposed on Work in China of the "revolutionaries from the him was the denial of a passport Arriving in Beijing with his wife West who come to help the revolu- and the right to travel abroad, Ruth and,their infant daughter tion of the East." where he had been offered ap- Katy, he was received with honor Frank, in his turn, had a long- standing growing pointments in universities and as an eminent progressive victim and respect for the leaders central banks. It was not until of political persecution and was of China's revolution. He considered Mao Zedong the foremost Marxist-Leninist of our coe_ (sejond_ from right), receivcd by chairman Mao 1964, day, For Zhou Enlai his feeling ..Selccted in with others involved in the English translation of the Works of Mao Zedong,,. was such that he wept when he heard the late premier, already shockingly worn with illness, addressing a National Day celebra- tion in the Great Hall of the Peo- ple in October 1974 his last public appearance. - Over several years, besides his economic studies, Frank made valued contributions to the shaping of the English translation of the Selected Works of Mao Zed.ong. All who worked with him remem- ber his meticulous and responsible attitude. His first concern was to convey the full meaning to this effort he brought all his analytical- capacity and erudition in Marxism. To the form, too, he made a notable contribution his writing style was as lucid as -his mind. He constantly urged that the transla-

Witb Premier Zhou Enlai iu 1972. With Chairman Hua Guofeng in lg??,

ocToBER 1980 31 w

Vice-Chairman Soong Ching Ling with Butb Ihe memorial meeting, with Vice-Premier Ji Pengfei speaking. Evans Coe, Frank's wife and co-worker, at the memorial meeting on June 14, 1980. tion of Chairman Mao's works supported genuinely Proletarian to the Chinese peoPle in their should be so done as to be easily revolutionary struggles abroad socialist revolution and construc- understood by ordinary people, and struggles for national libera- tion, and in promoting friendshiP especially those of the Third tion. But it has not sought to and understanding between the World, and that difficult words control. The people of each Chinese and American peoples, he and over-technical terms be kept country have to decide where theY added, "He lived and fought to a minimum. want to go. If they decide to take together with us, sharing our joYs After the death of Chairman the road of socialism, it is right and sorrows, as one of us and not Mao, Frank wrote in a moving for a socialist country to helP as a bystander." tribute: them, but wrong for it to , try to "It is correct now to call our dictate." Inspiring Qualitios Marxism-Leninism-Mao assessment, Frank Coe science In this One of his oldest and closest as- Zedong Thought. This science is gave expression to his own also sociates wrote: "We were on the complex, consisting philosophy views on the proper of strongly-held same side in man;{ fights in which and the various social sciences policy for a socialist country. and resourceful political. patriot well he was a valiant such as science (which As an American as elder Endowed of ally and brother. includes military science and in- as an internationalist supporter great and excePtional gifts, political Frank rejoiced in with ternational relations), the new China, he enjoyed nothing So much as economy and history. the advancing rapprochement be- unstiniingly putting them to'the philoso- countries since "Let us speak only of tween the two best use in the service of the phy. Chairman Mao's compara- 19?2, and particularly since the progressive causes he so ardentlY tively short philosophical essays normalization of diplomatic ties in believed was alwaYs a rich became the clearest and most 1978. Before normalization, he had in. It be in his comPanY accurate analysis dialectical done much to enlighten American experience to of work or when materialism we have. various asPects of whether at visitors on relaxing." "The foreign policy he stood for China. With increasing exchanges, how, Frank, a was elucidated by Premier Zhou he was able to do much more in Another told in and penetrating intellect was Enlai in the Bandung Conference this respect sharp heart and 1955 and thereafter and memorial meeting for combined with a warm of At the Frank latterly in 7974 when Comrade Frank Coe in Beijing, floral great compassion. "seeing Deng Xiaoping set forth fully tributes were sent by Chairman with friends who had been wrong- China's three-world analysis of Hua Guofeng, Vice-Chairman ed or suffered during the cultural the international situation in the Soong Ching Ling, Vice-Premier revolution gave us a glimPse of U.N. General Assembly. The Deng Xiaoping, and many other how emotionally and sensitivelY foreign poliry of China, set by leading individuals and organiza- he felt for others." Chairman Mao over a long period, tions, as well as a host of Personal A third recalled that, after has succeeded. China has made friends. Speakers included Vice- Frank's cancer was diagnosed, progress. It did not succumb to Premier Ji Pengfei, who also friends urged him to write his U.S. imperialism nor to Soviet heads the Intqrnational Liaison memoirs. "But Frank said that if social-imperialism. As he himself Department of the Chinese Com- there 'was time left he would said, 'China has friends all over munist Party, Vice-Foreign rather devot-e it to China's mod- the world,' and now this is evident. Minister Han Nianlong, and €rnization. A few daYs before he "As to proletarian international- friends both foreign and Chinese' Bassed away, he was still dis- ism, the record is that China, led Han Nianlong summed it uP. oussing economic and monetary by Chairman Mao, has always After lauding Coe's valuable heIP problems with our comrades."

RECONSTRUCTS 32 CHINA Many spoke and wrotq of his they are, by a curtain of fear and selfless, unassuming spirit. Though represslon- he had spent so many years at , Daniel Nardini Elmhurst, high levels of government, he had U.S.A, no trace of "official airs.', Though Wants More on Buddhism his scholarship was great, intel- lectual conceit was alien to him. I appreciated very much the articles about your He was unconcerned with material On Population Article Buddhism in China in July 1980 issue. Would it be possible to pub- gain, even though, elsewhere, he Iish more often articles subject Allow rie to congratulate you on on this could have commanded with photos sites a huge the excellent article ,,Solving China's of and buildings?, I hope some day I be able to salary or made a private fortune. Population Problem", not only for the will visit China to know better your great I myself recall how he would straightforward, to-the-point writing of and magnificent country. the author, but also for the way thai work deep into the night. Once . Jean A. Dumez China is attacking a problem that is I asked him if he was f ast Amougies, Belgium a not only her own, but that of the reader. "Not as fast as I woutd whole world if we are to maintain any like," he replied. "There is so quality of lite tor our descendants. Good Cover Picture much I have passed the book on many to keep up with, so much to to The photo for the front cover of the to read, and who knows one day the do." And he always wanted to do July issue (of .bicycles on a street rest of us may follow where you are - more. When, in the final months Ieading. Ed.) is well done. Just as your.articles More articles of this kind become of his Iif appointed please,. more and more interesting, so e, he was and also on the measures you your photos. are protect do What progress! adviser to the Administrative taking to the environment the Canton and combat pollution At fair I saw some Chi- Commission for Import and Ex- in the areas cI nese photo equipment. I would like to port close settlement and heavy industry. Affairs he was happy and set , see an article on this subject. There John Staples is still much done sphere about studying these matters and Terara, Australia to be in the framing recommendations. of postcards and views from the air. times Fabienne George In of rapid and sometimes Many Americans Love China Strasbourg, France perplexing' change, a common Your goal of question among those who know friendship and under- Children Articles Too Short standing could easily be achieved him was, "What does Frank say?,, through greater distribution of Qhina I hope you can describe more on the for he had so often proved - been Reconsttucts. It is excellent reading. topic about children for I think they right. Yet he never delivered pro- "Language Corner" certainly is dif- are rather short. I was really moved nouncements, was quick to warn ferent and appreciated. ,,Chinese by the article "I Go to School Too" tlistory" very informative. This writer in your January 1980 issue. I certainly that his judgments might be , fleeting temporary, would like to read more concerning agree with the child, Wen Hongmei or readily Sun Yat-sen. Great Man! Culture, art, that despite her legs being paralyzed, acknowledged any error that he travel, aII these themes have world- there is no reason why she shouldn't made, and was generous with the wide appeal. Perhaps we could read go to school. I am glad to know that errors of others. more concerning Xi'an and background there are so many friends and teachers of articles unearthed (for Modest though he was, nothing therein who are willing to help her. This example, tombs of the family oI shows how people of China feel for could make Frank accept, from Empress Wu). "Stamps of New China,, their country. I would like to wish any quarter, things that he him- - superb. As a stamp collector on the Hongmei a very speedy recovery and self, after study, found to be People's Republic of China I find it best of luck in her studies- is a favorite. dubious or wrong. For example, Ong Chin Bee The article on Agnes Smedley was London; England he refused to take part in the appropriate and familiar to me. Are editing of some pamphlets you au/are of the fact that the Ameri- I wish to suggest that the Chiidren's Page be enlarged. All you deal with "authoritatively" put out in cans who Iove China are legion? It is true! in this column seems not yet finished. English in the so-called "criticism This gives the impression that it Anne Nowak " will of Lin Biao and Confucius," continued isssue, which Sadd,le Riuer, U .S .A. be in the next but was in fact an unprincipled attack ftrere are no more. Subjects are always on Premier Zhou Enlai. And when varied from one issue to the other, Yuan Dynasty Article Fills Gaps you point the gang Could improve on this in of four, which promoted the future issues? that and so many similar distor- I very much appreciated the article, Nyemb Ilunga "The Yuan Dynasty: tions, was finally toppled no one 3-Foreign Rela- Karnina, Zadre was - tions, Science and Culture,, in the JuIy happier than Frank. issue of your magazine. It helped fill Frank Coe, a great American in some gaps I had on this aspect of Not Enough About Music and devoted internationalist, will history quite significant to both China My criticism is that your magazine be sorely missed. By his own last and the West. Also I think that is just publishes too little about music. Many wish, his ashes have been scattered as a significant Iesson in history is non-professional music lovers like me your article, English Fighter a over the soil of socialist China. "An in are interested in the development of Chinese Peasant War,'. No boundaries' Among its people, music and its utilization. his memory will are too great to prevent the friendship Bernd Rautenberg live. tr of two peoples, wherever and whoever Diisseldor!, West Germony

OCTOBEB I98O 33 "cluster of silkworms", proof that silkworm raising was already done at that time. Chengdu became famous for its brocades in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220). The part of town where the silk-weaving shops were con- centrated was made into a special enclave under state management. City of Brocade became one of the names for Chengdu. We can still see the exquisite colors and designs from one thou- sand years ago in shoes and fabrics with floral and bird brocade designs unearthed at the TurPan oasis in Xinjiang. To add lustre to their fabrics, the silk weavers used to wash them in the river Ihe Jinjiang River hugs the city on the south. 'which flows by the citY on the south, to this day called the Jin- jiang (Brocade River). The name is also preserved in a modern nine- story Jinjiang Hotel beside the Chengdu: river. When you come across the name Jinjiang, or Chinchiang, on a Chinese restaurant, hotel or shoP Gultural Shrines, Famous Food anywhere in the world, it general- Iy has something to do with TAN MANNI Chengdu or Sichuan. During the Han dYnastY, the citY center for highlY- thousand two hundred Surrounded on all sides by high also became a WO It had a years ago Li Bing, governor of mountains, the Sichuan basin was developed handicrafts. silversmiths the province of Shu, thhind the often a place of refuge for thor:sand gold and mountains far up the Changjiang emperors fleeing their capitals in and lacquerware craftsmen. Cheng- (Yangtze) River, with his son led central, China during the chaotic du was also a hub of trade. Marco Iocal laborers to tame the turbu- wars of ancient times. With them Polo, visiting Chengdu in the late lent Min River with embankments to Chengdu on the basin's 13th century, rePorted that "the of bamboo baskets filled with northwestern edge came nobles number of boats moving uP and stones. Chiseling a canal through and scholars. down the river was so great that a mountain of rock to lead the Chengdu was also a prize to be no one would believe it unless theY water to the altuvial plain formed seized as a place for setting uP a saw it." in the Sichuan basin, they kingdom out of reach of the central Most of the citY was burned created the richest agricultural government. Most famous of these during a peasant uPrising at the area in Chiaa. Chengdu, biggest was Liu Bei in the third centur;1, end of the Ming dYnastY (1368- city of the plain, became a prbsper- who declared himself emperor of L{44) and, rebuilt during the Qing ous place. Today this ancient the Kingdom of Shu. His rivalry dynasty (1644-191.1). It remained engineering marvel, the Dujiang- with two other kingdoms has given basically the Qing city until libera- yan irrigation system,* is stili in its name to the Three Kingdoms tion. Now it has trebled in size. service providing water for 6.6? period in Chinese history (A.D. A 30-meter central thoroughfare million hectares of land, and 220-280) and is celebrated in the bisecting the citY from north to Chengdu, capitil of Sichuan prov- classic novel Romanee of the south is flanked bY multi-storied ince, is the center of political, Three li,.i,ngdoms. offices, department stores, economic and cultural life in theatres and workers' housing. China's southwest. Today it has City of Brocade Viewed from above, the citY is a a population of 1.2 million and sea of old-style low wooden covers an area of 60 square The first to rule in Chengdu structures in which the 4-5 storY Can kilometers. was the legendary figure apartments stand out prominently' Chong, chieftain of the local Shu eighth TAN MANNI Is a staff reporler for tribe sometime before the * See China Reconstructs, February China Rcconstructs. century B.C. His name means 1973.

34 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS The hibiscus for which the city of Chengdu is famous. ('lttttg l)t'lort.q

Peppery "dandanmian" noodles get their name {rom the street vendor's carrying Pole' E'ntci Filnt ,stttlitt

Ihe Pavilion Overlooking the River, a Chengdu landmark. Ituo ./iunt itrg Peddlers of bamboo-basketware at a street market' lTtirt 'liuttt'tng a

Chengdu handicrafts: Huo Jianling Silver filigree (top) and lacquerware.

Pavilion on the site where the great Tang dynasty poet Du Fu lived in a thatched cottage. Huo Jiant,ing dedicated : memory of the great str Liang, NQ bf Wu. Prime Minister , of Shu t4o Jiqfi'yin's. p *4 '

*t.. li:.

The main thoroughf,are South People's Road. Most Huo,lianttng of its buildings were truilt after the liberation. Chengdu a5r.d the Sichuan basin faculty of Chinese language and The local people cling to their are no longer an impenetrable Iiterature. feudal prejudices as well as their stronghold reached only by travers- Chengdu still upholds its title as ancient culture. ing almost impassable mountains, the City of Brocade. In the Cheng- One teahouse in bustling Dong- sometimes on a narrow plank walk du Brocade Factory, with fang Street is the ground for battle above a sheer cliff so that the electronically-controlled power over the numerous chess boards great Tang dynasti poet.Li Bai looms, one thousand workers and the room is packed with b00 (70L-762) said, "The road to Si- produce L.4 million meters. of concentrating contenders and chuan is more difficult than the brocade and satin a year, some of enthusiastic kibitzers. The tap of road to Heaven." Now many rail them in the ancient designs. But the chessmen on the boards can Iines have been cut through the the factory keeps a wooden hand be heard even in the street. They mountains and from other cities loom for weaving complicated pay 10 fen f.or a cup of tea that is one can reach Chengdu by air in a designs with more colors than the continually refilled, bring from few hours. power loom can handle. A piece home something to eat and spend of such brocade, with gold thread the whole day there. The local Southwest Industrial Center in the design, sells for thirty times sports commission arranges for master players Modern communications have as much as machine-made ones. of Chinese chess, (Chinese accelerated the building of Cheng- Silver filigree is another tneiqi draughts, or go in du into a mighty industrial base Chengdu speeialty. Silver wire of Japanese) and international chess for southwest China. The number from 3 mm. to half the thickness to hold exhibition matches and of factories has gone up from the of a human hair is made into give pointers. original 10 to 1,900. Main indus- designs of pines, bamboos, flowers At night the teahouses offer trial products include aircraft, and human figures for use on wall storytelling performances in the plaques, vases, ornamental pagodas yangqin style narration and steel tubing, measuring and cutting - tools and electronic instruments. and jewelry. Chengdu lacquer- singing by two persons to the ac- Natural gas abounds on the plain ware and pottery encased in woven companiment of the yangqi.n (a and is piped to the city from fields bamboo are also well-known. Art stringed instrument played with 250 kilometers away. wares are produced not only in two small bamboo hammers) and But, "Chengdu is one of the large workshops but by home ottler instruments. The audience seated few Chinese cities to have a craftsmen in the small lanes and at the small tables consists cultural heritage of 2,000 years and outlying villages. of mostly old people, the men often we don't want to build a modern with long beards or smoking tin;r city at the expense of the ancient Leisurely Atmo5phere long stemmed pipes. They sit back with eyes closed, nodding one," a member of the city plan- an Living as they do in their heads to the rhythm, shout ning department told me. No atmosphere permeated with an- bravos at a good rendition, wipe more heavy industries are to be cient culture, perhaps it is not their eyes at a moving incident built there. Instead, stress will be surprising conversa- that in their and in between great given to science and educatlon. people, sip tea with tion the local well-educated satisfaction. Historically Chengdu was a or not, frequently cite a line from magnet for men of letters. Many an ancient poet to substantiate immortal works now valued as their views. In manner, they are Famous Food gems among the Chinese classics polite and unhurried. Even at rush Sichuan dishes were and Chengdu's written by Han and Tang hours one can hardly find any snacks are considered the high dynasty poets sojourning while eager elbowers in the calm, orderly point among the many Chinese re- there. The first state-run school flow on the street. gional cuisines. Sichuan style in- was founded there the second in The teahouse is an inseparable cludes more than 20 different types century Weng, part B.C. by Wen of local life. In those in the of tastes. Best known is "home governor of the province of Shu. center of town one can find pro- style", salty, hot and slightly sour, It has continued down to today in fessors chatting on academic Iike the famous Sichuan dandan- Chengdu Middle School No. 4. matters, retired oldsters coming rn ian (carcying-pole noodles), They There one can see a stone tablet together for company, lovers get their name from noodles sold with the school'S first name "Wen talkin! in murmrrrs and others by a vendor from two pots on Weng's Stone House." conducting private deals in whis- either end of a carrying pole. Then Chengdu has many industrial pers. In teahouses in the suburbs there is the "strange taste" a pi- and scientific research institutes, one meets peasants who have sold quant combination of peppery hot, with a total of,, 19,000 scientists their wares in the market and sweet, salty and sour, as in doing work in such advanced fields have come in for a rest or a short Strange-taste Chicken (guaiueiji,l, as satellite communications and nap. But, e1as, there is no place "peppery and hot" as in Pockmark- Iasers. There are 14 universities for an unaccompanied woman. In ed Grandma Chen's Beancurd and colleges. Sichuan University, no time she will be frowned out (Chenmapo doufu) which is fne- founded in 1927, is known for its by disapproving male customers. quently found on the menu of ocToBEB 1980 39 In 759 the great Chinese poet Du Fu resigned his position as a petty official in the'Tang court in Chang'an and finally took refuge from war and unrest in Chengdu. With help from fr.iends and rela- tives he built a thatched cottage in a desolate area on the outskirts of the city and tived there for more than three years. The 240 poems he wrote during that time are an important part of the 1,400 which have come down to us. r ! _6{_4, His greatness The half-kilometer suspension bridge spanning the rlividing of the waters at thec" lies not only in that ancient Dujiangyan irrigation project" he was a master of Ianguage and romantic expression, but also in his lntense love for the people and his famous Chinese restaurants aa sliced beef and tripe with chili and anxiety over the fate of the coun- home and abroad and is even ex- wild pepper). try. The wind blowing the straw ported from Japan in plastic thatch from his roof one autumn packages. Flowory Names night brought forth one of his This world-famed dish is of Chengdu was once known as the greatest expressions of feeling for modest origin. In 1860 the pock- City of Hibiscus. In the tenth the poor, "Song of the Autumn marked hostess of very small a century Meng Chang, a local lord, Wind and the Thatched Cottage.,, restaurant in Chengdu used to took a fancy for flower and the , . dozing tousard flLorn- cook beancurd with minced beef had hibiscus trees planted all along peddlers who ing I sato i.n a dream in chili sauce for the streets and atop the 20- paid An immense building her with cooking oil they had kilometer-long city wall. There raith to is thousanils rooms brought the city to sell. It very are few hibiscus trees today, so of peppery Where all needed i,t and the soft beancurd re- one does not see many flowers but uho tains its shape in cubes. The fame could take the name ftnong still shows up in of her dish spread far and wide girls' names and shop signs. Welcome shelter, a man- and her method was handed down Previously, during the Song si,on as solid as a hill only to the family's daughters-in- dynasty (960-1279) Chengdu had Nor fearing uind or rain; law. The daughter-in-Iaw of the been noted for plum blossoms. They and raaking, thought, fifth generation has just retired Hous absrnd are described in the famous lin€s - uhen could from the shop. Today this dish is by the Song poet Lu You: "Riding I eoer see such a cooked in many ways all over the once west of the City of Brocade, house? world, but one can find the au- I was intoxicated by the plum Yet could such thing come thentic flavor only by sitting at blossoms. For twenty li their to ptass, one of the unpainted wooden fragrahce prevailed . ." The idea Euen though this poor hut tables in this humble-looking shop, of Chengdu as a flowdrry city has us er e tor e cked entir elg Chenmapo Doufu Dian, in the been kept alive by the annual And I frozen to (leath, I heart of Chengdu, eating the pep- flower festival held since the Tang would be content. pery concoction and sweating dynasty on the birthday of the Mansions, including alongside the most discerning founder of Taoism, the fifteenth a shrine and memorial halls did come gourmets of the dish, the local day of February on the lunar ca- to be built peasant peddlers. lendar. Then, in the Taoist Tem- in memory of Du Fu a thousand- years Chengdu boasts 200 varieties of ple of Black Goats plum blossoms afier his death. snacks, some of them famous for and other blooms are displayed in Though he received little recogni- a century. To sample seven or competition and also for sale. The tion' during his lifetime, he was eight of them in shops on the other great day is the Lantern Ioved and honored in succeeding market street costs only one to Festival dating back 1,300 years ages. First, in the tenth century, two yuan and takes two hours. One (according to the lunar calendar) the poet Wei Zhuang located the can savor Chef Lai's sweet glutin- and celebrated in January or Feb- foundation" of Du F-u's house and ous rice dumplings (Laitangyuan), ruary. In the 1978 festival 20,000 built a cottage on it. In centuries Qhef Zhong's boiled meat dump- elaborately designed lanterns were that followed a delightfutr garden Iings (Zhongsltuijiao), ilandan- displayed. One was a fascinating was laid out around the site with mtan and husband-and-wife beef arrangement of swan and fish exquisite temple and pavilions, but tripe (fuqifeipian the shop was Ianterns floating on a pond arnid the name Thatched Cottage re- first opened by a -couple who sold Iighted "Iotus blossoms". mained.

40 CHINA BECONSIBUCTS After liberation the PeoPIe's River outside the city's east gate government restored the ae- is another cultural shrine. The Place Chinese Cookery cording to plans carved on stone stately four-story tower (also caII- tablets from the Ming and Qing ed Pavilion of LoftY BeautY) and dynasties. Efforts have been made several other pavilions and halls QOarrying Po,Ie' to reconstruct the garden with were built in 1880 to commemorate trees and flowers as described bY the Tang dynastY Poetess Xue Tao Noodles Du Fu in his poems. A museum in (?68-831). It is said that here she (IDandanmian) the park has a col.lection of 29,000 used to go down to the river to editions of Du Fu's Poems from fetch water for making the Pink- t/, (250 g.) noodles block-Printed paper on which she lb. hand-copied and colored note 4 oz. (100 g.) pork (two-thirds lean) ones of ancient times to modern wrote her poems. This beautiful editions and translations from paper known afterward as Xue For frying pork: other countries. It also contains Tao paper, is still sold, imPrinted 2 tablespoons oil (or sherrY) historical data for research on the verse, Chengdu todaY. % tablespoon rice wine with a in 2 tablespoons soy sauce poet's works. An association for Famous for her gift for PoetrY, Du Fu research was set uP this Xue Tao had manY friends and Sauce: year. admirers among the great Poets 3 tablespoons soy sauce and scholars of her times, includ- 2 teaspoons vinegar 4 teaspoons sesame Paste Strategist and Poetess as For ing those who held Positions % teaspoon hua iiao (a mild Chinese Another famous resident of prime minister, governor and gen- red pepper) verse. in 1- Chengdu was Zhuge Liang (181- eral. They corresPonded in 1% tablespoons scallions chopped 234), prime minister to EmPeror Her plaintive poems reflect the centimeter lengths sorrowful life she led. It is said 2 teaspoons taste powder (monosodium Liu Bei and his son. He was a glutamate) she lived in povertY and was view- celebrated statesman and strategist 1 tablespoon hot red PePPer as a and his name has become the ed by self-righteous feudalists 2 tablespoons oil synonym for one with great wis- loose woman. 1 tablespoon minced Sichuan gacai ot dom. In the Tang dYnastY a Because Xue Tao loved barnboo dongcai (salted cabbage) or Sichuan memory she praised it as being humble zhacai (a hot Pickled vegetable) temple was built in his (optional) gate. -dnd upright after her death the outside Chengdu's southern stock people planted- bamboo here. Now l2 tablespoons Zhuge Liang had the title Marquis pork into I cm. cubes. Heat 2 bamboo, Cut of Zhong Wu conferred on him the park is a world of tablespoons oil in skillet until it posthumously so the Place is over 130 varieties. Among the smokes. Add pork and rice wine, stir- known as the Temple of the Mar- rare types are Fairyland (the sur- fry over low flame two minutes, add 3 minutes more or quis of Wu. face between two joints Protrudes soy sauce. Stir-fry sauce has dried. Remove pork' green outlines resembling a human until Under the dark cypresses in Heat 2 tablespoons oil in skillet until stands a tablet erected in 809 in face), Chinese Violin (dark PurPle it smokes. Turn off fire. When oil praise of Zhuge Liang's contribu- in color, it makes a clear-toned, cools (about 50 degrees C) add 1 table- tions. The temple itself has been resonant neck for stringed instru- spoon hot red PePPer (tot hua iiao) rebuilt several times. West of the ments and needs no Paint), So1id and mix, Stem (with a very small hollow In f our small bowls Place sauce temple is the tomb of EmPeror Liu pepper-oil mixture, soy Fernleaf Hedge (with long ingredients: Bei and his two consorts. inside), sauce, vinegar, sesame paste, hua jiao Pavilion-Overlooking-th e-River leaves and slim stem no taller than powder, scallions, taste powder, gacai Park on the bank of the Brocade one foot, it is used iir miniature or d,ongcai or zhacai. Add 3 table- spoons stock to each bowl: Cook noodles until soft but not Color TV prorluction line at Xiong Ruqing sticky- drain and place in bowls with sauce. Add Pork on top of noodles' Serve two to four. tr

landscapes) and Golden Brilliant (golden trunk with emerald stripes). The groves and clusters of bam- boo provide a quiet shadY Place for study to students from nearby Sichuan University. Students of foreign languages there like to strike up conversations with tourists from abroad. tr

41 rFHE CHINESE STAGE was I brightened by the appearance Performers of thirteen groups or individual performers from eight-countries in the first half of this year. o The Stuttgart Ballet from from Abrood the Federal Republic of Germany headed by Marcia Haydee per- formed ballets based on Pushkin's TAN AIQING "Eugene Onegin" and Shakes-

TAN AIQING is a staff reporter for China Reconstructs.

Dance from "Eugen€ Onegin" as presented by the Stuttgart From "Cinderella" by the Boston Ballet. Ballet. Wu Chuping Zhang Shuicheng

Mme. Lycette Darsonval, choreographer-director of L,Opera Scene from the Australian Ballet's ',Don Quixote,,. tle Paris, coaches young balleriaa Zhang Dandan and others Zhou Youmq for "Sylvia". Yang Yalun

42 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS peare's "Romeo and Juliet". Chi- first performing group from that nese ballet circles were particu- country to visit since the establish- Iarly impressed by the way the ment of diplomatic relations be- dances revealed the inner world tween it and China. The orchestra of the characters. played works by Dutch composers r The Boston Ballet from the C.E. Graaf and J.B. Van Bree and United States presented the pieces by Haydn, Mozart and modern ballet "Aureole", and the Tchaikovsky. Their exquisite, classical ballets "Cinderella" and well-knit performance enabled the "La Fille Mal Gard6e". Twelve Chinese audience to appreciate first-year pupils from the Beijing the high attainment of European Dance Academy played the clock chamber music, The guest musi- dwarfs in "Cinderella". cians also impressed the audience o The Australian Ballet, a new company that has risen quickly to ioin the world's finest, selected f or presentation in China "Don Quixote" f rom its repertory of some 60 works. Their third act of "Wedding Ceremony", whose long pas de deut is viewed one The "Khattak" dance by Pakistan's as of pucar the high achievements of ballet Sons and Dance rrlf,rlo.,znorrin, art, won round after round of applause. Pascal Vincent and 'the famous o The French ballet 'Sylvia' was French scenery designer Bernard. performed in Beijing by China's o The Pucar Song and Dance Central Ballet Troupe last June. Troupe of Pakistan offered ,Chi- The Sino-French Cultural Ex- nese audiences vivid scenes of change Agreement had granted to country life, work and a wedding. China rights to performance of In these, and in scenes from a the work which has been the prop- dance drama and Pakistan clas- erty of L'Opera de Paris f or sical and folk dances, the bo1d, more than a century. The Beijing unrestrained and straightforward production was directed by Mme. character of the Pakistani people Lycette Darsonval, choreographer- came through. Jean-Jacques Kantorow, violinist rvith director of L'Opera, with the help o the Netherlands Chamber Orchestra The Netherlands Chamber bows to applause from a Chinese of its grand master of ballet Orchestra of 29 members was the audience. Sima Xioomeng

The VVelsh Orpheus Male Choir in Shanghai. Liu Dinochuatr

ocToBER 1980 43 with their serious attitude toward Music. A student of the Piano in Chinese music, for in a very short France since childhood, in 1975 time they had learned to PlaY the she took part in the concert for Chinese composition "The Moon the 100th anniversarY of Ravel's Reflected in the Second Fountain'" birth. On the recommendation of o The Welsh Orpheus MaIe her grandfather Miao Yuntai, a Choir sang more than 30 songs in member of the Standing Com- Shanghai. Their Welsh folk songs mittee of the Chinese PeoPIe's and hymns were especiallY wel- Political Consultative Conference, comed by the audiences. This she was invited to lecture at the in amateur group spent two Years conservatory on Piano music preparing for the China tour and France. their fine performance did credit to o Prof. Si-Hon Ma, the well- their effort. known violinist, and his Pianist o Jean Perison, first-prize win- wife, Kwong-Kwong Ma, from the Noted French conductor Jean Perison ner at the International Young United States PlaYed Brahms' rlirects China's Central Philharmonic Major, Andreae Orchestra. Yan Zhonggi Conductor Competition held in Thun Sonata in A Besangon, France, worked with Volkman's Sonata in D Major and Philharmonic the Kreutzer Sonata in A Major China's Central same three as part of the S.ino- by Beethoven, the Orchestra in Shanghai cultural exchange. During pieces they Performed French was the first time conducted in 1945. That his stay in China he worked together' This orchestra, they had three concerts by that year's performance in June was in leading it in playing some difficult Beijing at the invitation of the works by the French composers Central Philharmonic Orchbstra. Debcessy, Ravel and Bizet. "He is o The Youth EnvoY Song and not only an outstanding conductor, Dance Ensemble of Brigham but also an experienced teacher," Young UniversitY in the U'S' the well-known Chinese conductor came to China on a vacation- Li Delun observed. performance tour in MaY. Their o Daniel Pollack, the American numbers included an American pianist, gave solo concerts in Indian dance and one PoPuiar in Beijing and Shanghai in JanuarY. the Rocky Mountains. A fourth- He performed Sonata bY the generation Chinese-American, who modern American composer sang a Chinese folk song "In That Samuel Barber and works bY Faraway Place There Is a Fine Chopin, Schumann and Liszt' Girl" in a long gown. got a big o Fan Siao-Ping, the French hand. The grouP also Presented pianist, performed works bY another aspect of Arnerican cul- Schumann, Chopin and Ravel in ture with the mask characters of of Mouse and other'DisneY- French pianist Fan Siao-Ping lectures May in the concert auditorium Minnie at the Central Conservatory of Music, the Central ConservatorY of land personalities. D Li Shengheng The Youtb Envoy Song and Dance Ensemble of Brigham Young University in the u.s. Sima XiaomenQ

CHINA EECONSTRUCTS was a world record in women's mountaineering. The Japanese, German and U.S. teams were the first privately- supported foreigners permitted to ciimb in China since 1949. , The eight peaks opened to mountaineers are Qomolangma (8,848 meters above sea level), on the Chinese-Nepalese border; Xixabangma (8,012 meters) in Tibet; Kongur (Kungur, 7,719 meters), Kongur Tiubie (7,595 meters), Muztagata (7,546 meters) and Bogda (Bogdo-ola, 5,445 me- ters), all in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Gongga (Minya Konka, 7,556 meters) in Sichuan; and A'nyemaqen (Am4e Machin, 6,282 meters) in Qinghai. Of these, Kongur and Bogda are virgin peaks which no climbers have yet reached.

Chinese Mountain Peaks Of the world's 14 mountains taller than 8.00C meters, eight stand on China's western border and one is inside Tibet. In western China, where the Himalaya, the Altai, the Karakorum, and other ranges punctuate the Iandscape, there are many peaks taller than 6,000 meters. Interest in them is not only scientific and recrea- tional: some have religious sig- nificance as well. Mt. Musur in the Tengger mountains, for example, QtNCe rhe announcement early Japanese alpinists, Ozake Takashi once attracted pilgrims because \-.' this year that eight mountains and Shigehiro Tsuneo, successively Xuan Zang (602-644), a Tang in western China would be opened reached the peak at 20:50 and dynasty high monk, reached its to the internationaL mountaineer- 2l:02 on May 10; they were the peak on his way to India in search ing community, alpinists have first in the world to have scaled of Buddhist scriptures. beaten a path to China's door. the difficult north wall. A British team made seven at- Qomolangma (Mt. Everest), of At the same time, two teams tempts on Qomolangma's north course, is the most sought-after from the Federal Republic of slope between 1921 and 1938. They climb and is already booked solid Germany \rzere climbing Xixa- climbed to 8,600 meters an through 1985. bangma (Gosainthan). The first astonishing achievement under- the A Japanese mountaineer, Kato team Gunter Sturm, Fritz ZintL, circumstances; even the south Yasuo, reached the summit of Michael- Dacher and Wolfgang slope was not conquered until Qomoiangma via its northeast Schaffert - reached the summit HiIIary and Tenzing reached the ridge at 20:55 (Beijing time) on on May '7, and the second peak in 1953 and left a great May 3. He thus became the first Siegfried Hupfauer and Manfred- deal of valuable- data foi their person to have conquered Qomo- Sturm on May 20. successors. Iangma from both its north and On July 21, three Americans China did not develop moun- south slopes, the latter in lgT3 accomplished the historic feat oJ taineering as a sport until 1956, through Nepal. Two other climbing Muztagata (Muz Tagh when a Sino:Soviet expedition Ata) on skis and then skiing climbed Muztagata. The Chinese SHI ZIIANCHUN, vice-chairman of the downhill. The team included Ned Association was Chinese Mountaineering Association, Mountaineering led two expeditions to Qomolangma in Gillette, Galan Rowell, and Janet founded two years later. Between 1960 and l9?5. Reynolds. Reynolds's achievement 1960 and 1975, Chinese expeditions ocToBER 1980 45 Chinese Mountaineering Associa- tion they could not have suc- ceeded. The C.M.A. sent its secretary-general, Wang Fuzhou, as the liaison officer. with the Japanese. (Wang was one of the '9n,, three Chinese alpinists who con- .....:ri,irt quered Qomolangma in 1960.) A 22-member support PartY Par- ticipated in the transPortation along the two routes uP the north wall and eight carriers b'rought three tons of equiPment and suP- plies up to the 7,700-meter camP' ""3 For the West German exPedi- tion, Xu Jing, 53, vice-chairman Ihe first team of the West German expedition Ieaves camp at 5,800 meters for of the C.M.A. and a Pioneer of the summit of Xixabangma. Yu LiangPtt Chinese mountaineering, was the Iiaison officer. The support party helped the climbers set uP campsites at 5,800, 6,400, 6,900 and ?,300 meters. To acclimate themselves, the climbers sPent four days in Lhasa, Tibet, an exotic place in the Westerners' eyes, where they visited the Potala Palace, the Zuglakang Monastery and other sights. The Sport in Full Swing Reinhold Messner, the f amous Italian mountaineer, is at this writing climbing Qomolangma alone. If he succeeds, he wiil be the first person to reach the roof of the world in the rainY season. This fall quite a few foreign mountaineering Parties will be in The Japanese alpinists antl their Chinese assistants cooking at 6,000 meters' China. A team from the Austrian Song Zigi Friends of Naiure Club is going to climb Xixabangma, two U.S. teams will make exPeditions to twice reached the summit of which the difficulty of the aP- Gongga, and an Austrian team Qomoiangma from its north sloPe proach is paramount. That China will attempt the difficult Bogda and made several successful as- has opened eight peaks to climbers climb over the Tianshan saults on other peaks. This activity is therefore welcome news to mountains. drew attention from abroad and alpinists around the world. It's expected that 1981 wlll see in the past two decades a hundred The Chinese Mountaineering even more foreign alpinist organi- mountaineering organizations from Association actively cooPerates zations in China. A JaPanese China, bY 30 countries sought .permission to with foreign alpinists in women's expedition headed climb in China. sending its members as liaison of- Junko Tai, the first woman con- ficers; offering interpreters, as- queror of Qomolangma, will come The Sport's New Era sistants, carriers, cooks and to climb Xixabangma. campsite attendants; Providing Between March and JulY of this In mountaineering history, 1786- drivers and truckq; renting out year, the Chinese Mountaineering 1872 was the golden age of the radio sets; helping hire horse Association signed agreements AIps; and aII 14 of the mountains carts, yaks and camels; contracting with two dozen foreign alpinist greater than 8,000 meters were for overland transportation; and organizations. Qomolangma is conquered between 1950 and 1964. providing other needed facilities. booked through 1985. Given this With the great peaks thus van- Members of the recent Japanese interest, it's Iikely that more quished, the sPort has in recent expedition said several times that mountains wili soon be oPen for years developed to a new stage, in without the coopdration of the climbing. tr CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 46 0hima's Hildli .

Ymsterday and Today

WEN HUANRAN and HE,YEIIENG

V/ITH only 6.5 percent of the vv world's land area, China is the home of between 12 and 14 percent of the world's wildlife species, some of them rare and ex- tremely vaiuable. Examples are the black gibbons on Hainan Island, one of six such species in the world; the savage South China tiger in the Nanling Mountains; the Yarrgtze alligator, found exclusively along the Chang- iiang River: and the Northeast China tiger and sika deer in the virgin forests of the Chang- bai Mountains. Moose weighing 500 kg., but able to run acrcss

WEN HUANRAN is an assistant re- searcher in the Institute of Geography under the Chinese Academy of Sci- ences. HE YIrIENG is a lerrturer in the f)epartment of Geography in Hunan Teachers College. Otler in thc. Changbai lllountains. L,ang Qi

Dolphin in t,he Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Li Yifanq marshland and swim rivers, in- habit the Greater Hinggan and Lesser Hinggan ranges. In southwestern and western China there are the wild elephants, peacocks, yaks and other highland animals as well as the world- famous giant panda. In the arid northwest dwell such rare animals as the wild ass and wiid horse. Changes in Habitaf The distribution of China's rare wildlife has undergone enormous changes over the centuries. Its history is a fascinating subject for investigators. Between 1,000,000 and 100,000 years ago the giant panda roamed broad sections of the Changjiang River basin and provinces south of it. Small pockets of them were also to be found to the north in

OCT'(IDEB I9'JO 49 today's Shanxi, Henan and Hebei considerable numbers in Sichuan, provinces. Since then. however, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei prov- their numbers and natural habitats inces aiong the Changjiang Rj-ver. have dwindled to the point where But by the late 19th or early 20th they exist only on the fringes of century, the last of China's wild the Sichuan basin, and in isolated rhinoceroses died out in the south- spots in Gansu and Shaanxi western part of Yunnan province. provrnces. People in the north China plains For the past six or seven began to domesticate wild ele- thousand years the Yangtze aili- phants 3.000 years ago, according gators inhabited the middle and to historical studies. Significant is lower reaches of the Changjiang the fact that the character "Yu", River. But their numkrs rapidly another name for Henan province, diminished in the latter part of the in its original pictographic form 19th century, and now these sau- consisted of a man leading an ele- rians are confined to a narrow area phant. In the Yin dYnastY (c. at the juncture of Anhui, Jiangsu 16th-11th centuries B.C.) they and Zhejiang provinces. were first used in warfare, as far In the Tang dynasty (618-907), as we know. In the Tang and Malay alligators in the vicinity of Song (960-1279) dynasties ele- Guangzhou were known to attack phants were used to plow farmland horses and oxen on dry land. Two in some parts of south and south- hundred years ago they could still west China. Tang accounts also be found in Guangdong and mention that elephant trunks were Guangxi and the Penghu Islands. much sought after as a gastrono- Bal'n owl (nronke1 -laced lla$,k) ll'om Today they are extinct in China. the Wuyi Mountains Nature Preserve. mical treat by the inhabitants of About 3,000 to 4,000 years ago Li Kai.guan what is now Guangdong Province wild elephants, rhinoceroses, Ma- and the Leizhou Peninsula Iay tapirs, wild water buffaloes, which shows the prevalence -of David's deer, bamboo rats, racoon these pachyderms in those days. dogs, bears, tigers, leopards, hares Today, only limited numbers sur- and water deer proliferated in the vive in the southwestern part of lower reaches of the Huanghe Yunnan province. River. Rhinoceroses, in particular, that as were so numerous Why the Changes? historians tell us hunting expe-- ditions would round- them up by For one thing, a changing en- the scores. or even a hundred or vironment. more at a time. Even in the Tang Animal remains discovered at dynasty, rhinoceroses still Iived in the Yin dynasty ruins at Anyang

Illarten in the Changbai Mountains, Jilin province, Lang Qi

Yak on the 'fibet Plateau. Liu Chen

,n

CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Whitre musk deer, Whi(e chamois" White bear. Li Delu Li DeLu

flare Uhite Animals in $hennongjia

White chevrotains, white chamois and white usual color of these animals, the exact reason bears have been discovered recently by members for their change in color is a matter of much of a surveying team in the Shennongjia Moun- interest and scientific significance. tains in northwestern Hubei province. The white bear living in Shennongjia at an The existence of these unusual white altitude of 1,700 meters above sea level is animals, scientists believe, probably has' some- unrelated to the polar bear of the Arctic Ocean; thing to do with the area's geological conditions, its habits are much the same as those of the climate and environment. Since brown is the black bear.

in northern Henan province indi- former times hunting \ zas the of carnassial teeth, and devolution cate an environment entirely dif- primary occupation of the human of offensive organs. ferent from what it is today. population, and wildlife their main Since the founding of the new Unearthed bones of wild elephants, source of meat. Hunters managed China in 1949, the people's govern- rhinoceroses and Malay tapirs to kill large numbers of wild ani- ment has paid much attention to all tropical fauna show that the- mals with their crude hunting the country's wildlif e. A State climate there was- a good deal tools, even such big game as the Council directive in 1962 called for warmer 3,000 years ago. And also active protection of wildlife re- much wetter, making possible the rhinoceros. Later, the use of rhi- sources and laid down policies for growth of large tracts of lush grass noceros horns in medicine hasten- their management. Measures were and swampland flora, as indicated ed the decimation of these luckless stipulated for such aspects as re- by th6 skeletons of such marsh the beasts. In areas south of production, domestication, hunt- animals as wild water buffalo, Da- local peo- Nanling Mountains the ing and rational utilization. vid's deer and Malay tapir. Re- ple used to pickle parrots in salt mains tigers, Ieopards, bears, Such work came to a virtual of and cure the flesh of.peacocks for badgers and bamboo rats point to standstill during the decade of the presence of vast forests and their tables, with disastrous conse- turmoil brought about by the gang bamboo thickets. quences for these species. of four. It was resumed again in Environmental changes came Lastly, certain declining species late seventies when the Chinese about as a result of a general drop were no longer ab,le to adapt to government prornulgated the in temperature in China over the new eonditions. Examples are the Forestry Law and Law on Envi- past 2,500 years, added to the bulky rhinoceros which has a low ronmental Protection and set up felling of forests and reclamation reproduction rate and a gestation more than sixty nature preserves. of swampland by expanding period as long as 400 to 500 days; But, China being such a large populations in the Huanghe River and the giant pandas who give country, the existing preserves are basin since the Western Zhou year, small. Gov- dynasty (c. 11th century-?71 B.C.). birth to at most two cubs a still too few and too Wild animals that could not adapt few of which survive. Other causes ernment institutions are now study- to the changes moved away or are the mature giant panda's large ing further means by which the died out. food requirement 15 to 20 kg. natural ecosystem and the wild- Another reason was the whole- of bamboo shoots- daily, loss of life therein can be effectively sale slaughter of wildlife. In cutting ability due to degeneration protected. tr ocToBER 1980 51 The Guqin

- ()ld -AUe Musical lnstrument LI XIANGTING

A NYONE interested in Chinese lutanist of the Spring and Autumn the HistoriaLr. about a very intelli- A music clr ancienl Chinese cul- period (770-416 B.C.), attracted a gent and learned young woman, ture will soon encounter the guqin; crowd of black cranes that whoop- Zhuo Wenjun, who was so moved and no one familiar with it can ed and danced to his music. His- by qin melodies played by the remain untouched by its unique torical records say that Ji Kang, a scholar Sima Xiangru that she fell capabilities, its position in the Iutanist of the 3rd century, Iearned in love with him. Enthralled by histclry of music, and its indelible to play "Guanglingsan" (a 2,000- his music she went to him one inflnence on ancient and modern year-old qiz melody, the world's night. They eloped and got cul t u re. oldest extant musical composition) married. A seven-stringed plucked instru- by the inspiration he got from the There are also tragic stories re- ment once known as the qi,n, the souls of. other ancient lutanists. lated to lhe guqin. Accor,ding to guqin (literally, ancient qin) is rich the book Stories About Qin Sorzgs, in tone color. elegant in form, and Romantic History "Guanglingsan" was first known impressive in conception. It origi- as "Nie Zheng Kills the King of nated 3.000 years ago, and nearly Innumerable touching stories Han." The story is that the king 1.000 musical compositions about the qin have been related by beheaded a skilled swordsmith dating from the first century-some B.C. poets, writers, historians, and who had made him a keen blade painters over the past 2,000 years. - have cone ,down to us. More- but failed to deiiver it at the pro- over) today's musicians are StiU Yu Boya and Zhong Ziqi, goes one per time. The detrd man's son, perfolming on guqin made in the account, were good friends. Their Nie Zheng, resolved to avenge his distant past, among them the understanding of and feelings for father. Going to the remote moun- earliest guqin unearthed, frorn the each other are vividly described tains. he met a fairy with whom Warring States period (5th century in the book Master Lti's Spri'ng he spent ten arduous years master- B.C.) found in Sui county, Hubei and Autumn Annals written in the ing the qirz. His fame as a musi- province, in recent years, and one 3rd century B.C. When Boya was cian spread, and the king sum- of the Western Han dynasty (lst thinking of high mountains while moned him to play at crrurt. When century B. C,) discovered at Ma- he played t!;,e qi.n, Ziqi would ex- the monarch, enchanted by the wangdui in Hunan province. claim: "Marvelous! I see lofty wonderful music, came closer, Nie Honored as the symbol of an- mountains before me!" When Bo- Zheng drew a sword concealed ya had ftowing water in mind, cient Chinr:se music, the guqin was u'WonderfuM beneath the instrument and slew played, in the old days, by nearly Ziqi would cry: him. Then he committed suicide. every intellectual to express his hear the flowing of water in the Ji Kang, a scholar and lutanist, feelings and hopes and to mold music!" Ziqi was known as Boya's was condemned to death for op- his personality and temperament. zhi !in, literally "the, one who posing the corrupt imperial court, So adored was it that the player understands his music," a term He asked permission to play was supposed to bathe and btrrn now referring to a bosom friend. "Guanglingsan" one l,ast time. incense before touching the instru- They became so attached to each With a sigh of grief and sorrow he ment, and to be decently dressed other that when Ziqi died Boya said, "From now on 'Guangling- and sitting straight while playing felt there was no longer anyone san' will be no more." He was it. The guqin was then regarded worth playing his qin for, so he only 40 years old. as something supernatural that broke his instrument and never transcended the realm art. played again. Characteristics and Melodies of guqin Out of this belief many myths The was also a means of 2,500 Strings the qin were once developed. The ancient philosopher expressing love. As early as for years ago The Book of Songs re- made of silk, but are now usuallY Han Fei wrote that Shi Kuang, a corded a story about a beautiful nylon and steel. The body is a woman being attracted by qin sound box with two holes at its LI XIANGTING is a leeturer on the music played by her lover. China's back. The front is made ol tung "guqin" a,t the National Music Depart- catalPa, ment of the Central Conservatory of great historian Sima Qian (c. 145- wood, the back of Chinese Music" 90 B.C.) wrote in his Records of and the entire instrument is lac-

52 CTIINA RECONSTRUCTS quered. The qin has a range of Song dynasty (1127-1279) in me- ship of the Phoenixes." Arrd g1 4 octaves, with a total of over- mory of lost northern territories: "Parting Song at the Yang Guan tones - 13 to each string. The qin "Ode to the PIum Blossoms," a Pass," developed from a farewell is placed horizontally on a table; Tang dynasty piece taken from a poem bv the great Tang dynasty the strings are plucked with the flute melody, extolling the staunch poet Wang Wei, is cherished by the right hand and fretted with the and hardy spirit of that flower; people. left, which may also glide to and "Eighteen Laments" written some- Besides the noted lutanists men- time fro to change the pitch and pro- before the Song dynasty, de- tioned above, there are also Con- duce a singing effect. There are scribing the misfortunes of the fucius' qin teacher, Xiang, and Cai talented poetess more than 200 finger positions. Cai Wenji of the Yong of the Eastern Han dynasty, Playing Eastern Han dynasty (25-220); and techniques are complex a famed scholar and lutanist who and richly expressive. Memory Friend," "In of an Old compiled Songs, a collection The system notation from the dynasty (1644-1911). Qin of for the Qing of 50-some songs popular in his qin is quite unusual. There are Singing to one's own accompani- day. Zhu Chang'wen of the Song no signs for the length and value ment, one of the main forms of dynasty wrote History, in of notes. The traditional notation qira performance, dates back to the Qin which many anecdotes about lu- consists of complicated signs which Spring and Autumn period (770- tanists from ancient times to the tell the location of note be 476 B.C.). It formed part of the the to Song dynasty were included, Zhu played, the finger to be used, and yueh music studies which was one manner Quan'.s The Mysterious Score, the in which the string of Confucius' compulsory courses published should be plucked. for his students. Later, with im- in 1425, records 40 or more qin melodies dating f rom Despite the upheavals and unrest provement in perf orming tech- the Han dynasty the Tang and throughout centuries of dynastic niques, more impressive themes to ehanges, 150 or so handwritten could be handled by the solo per- Song dynasties. This is the oldest and printed qin. melodies have sur- formers. But the form of singing and most important extant collec- tion of qiz music. vived from the Tang dynasty (618- to one's own accompaniment has 907) a rare legacy in the cul- always existed. Fifty per cent of tural- heritage of mankind. the thousand or so qizr. melodies Most of the music is written for extant have lyrics and can be sung. solo qin. The two most famous The oldest, "Lament for the Past," melodies are "Guanglingsan" and is by the famous poet Jiang Baishi "Flowing Water." Other impor- of the Song dynasty (960-1279). By tant ones are "The Floating Clouds means of allegory, it deplores the and Roaring Water of the Xiang decline of the state. River," written by the lutanist Another popular melody is the Guo Chuwang of the Southern passionate love song "The Court-

The author coaches a student on the notation and finger positions for the guqin. Wu Chupins The laie guqin expert Zha Fuxi. Liu Yu

The Lei Wei brothers oI the Tang dynasty were master qin makers whose instruments were highly prized by their contem- poraries. By the Song dynasty; every qin they made had become a rare treasure; one is now pre- served at the Palace Museum in Beijing. It is mentioned in his- torical records that the Lei Wei brothers' qin were made chiefly of pine instead of the usual tung wood. It's said that they went deep into the pi.ne forests during windstorms and chopped down any pines that produced unusual sounds. With these they made their marvelous qin. ocToBER 1980 53 Although the qin enjoyed great popularity in ancient times, its Iater development was left to the vagaries of fate. By the 19th cen. tury it was gradually declining. On the eve of China's liberation in 1949, surviving lutanists could barely make a living and their art was dying out. Shortly after the liberation. in the effort to salvage China's cul- tural heritage, cultural depart- ments of the people's government paid special attention to restoring the art of. the qin. The late qi.ru expert Zha Fuxi, vice-chairman of the Chinese Musicians' Associa- ',.;. tion, made a nationwide tour and collected quite a number of impor- Cia0 'fianshe before surgerl'. 1\rilh a reconstructed hand. tant historical records. His 24- volume Collection of Qin Melodies with photostatic copies o{ an- cient music is being published in Jlew Hands installments by the Zhong Hua Book Company. Melodies iike "Guanglingsan" and others that no one has been able to play for Ior Accident Uictims hundreds of years are being re- YU DACONG vived and transcribed into mo,dern notation. Qizl performances have Shanghai People's HosPital become popular in concerts, and D) ONE specialists in Shanghai No. 6 J-D such on radio and TV. Some writers have made a new right hand and his colleagues had seen for a patient who lost both hands cases before and for many are usi.ng qirz melodies as back- Years in an accident four years ago. The had considered the possibilitY of ground music f or dramas and pincer, reconstructing some sort of a hand films. hand, shaped like a eon- sists of a metal metacarpal bone on the stump of the forearm. In Scholars abroad are also showing and two of the patient's own toes. 1978 they decided to give it a trY. interest in the qin. The chamber out It can do most of the work done In three months they worked music adapted from a qin melody detailed plan, and on October 21 by a normal hand. The operation, a a Chinese-American composer, that same year built a new hand by the first of its kind in China, has Wen-chung, a for Gao Tianshe during a grueling, Prof. Chow is been pronounced successful after Manfred Dah- 12-hour operation assisted by col- striking example. more than a year's observation. mer, a graduate of the Frankfurt Ieagues from the departments of The patient, Gao Tianshe, a medicine, surgery and orthopedics. Conservatory of Music, learned to construction worker at a reservoir play the qin at the China Central Back in 1963 Chinese surgeons in Shaanxi province, had both ot had succeeded in reimplanting a Conservatory of Music. He is the his hands blown off by a blast- severed limb, and three years later, done first foreign student to have ing cap. For a time he wore a Pair a severed finger. But a hand could so. of artificial hands. But theY were not be reattached if it had been The q'in was introduced to Ja- uncomfortable hot an'd clammY separated from the rest of the arm pan as far back as the 5th centurY' in summer and- icy in the winter. too long, or if the palm were In the 1940s, people in EurbPe were And they did not help much. missing. already learning and studying the Subsequent advances in limb qin, notably the Dutchman, R.H. reimplantation and microsurgery van Gulik, whose'book Tbe Lore Breakthrough made it possible to perform more of the Chcnese Lute has won in- Dr. Yu Zhongjia, vice-director of complicated grafting surgery - for ternational recognition. The 3,000- the orthopedics department of the example, of large flaps of the sub- year-old qin will undoubtedly play ject's own skin. In 1966 Chinese an important role in the increas- medical workers reconstructed a YU DACONG is a science reporter lor a toe, with ing cultural exchanges between the Central P€ople's Broadcasting thumb by transplanting China and other countries. D Station. good results. LatelY, theY have

54 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS been simultaneously transplanting Following a period of growth, two toes to replace missing fingers. healing, functional exercises and But no one had tried yet to remake physiotherapy Gao Tianshe's re- a whole hand. constructed hand gradually ac- Dr. Yu's operation on Gao quired sensation and the ability to Tianshe was the f irst attempt. pinch and hook. In seven months Asked about details, he toLd me: neive recovery had reached the "Making a hand dif fers frorn stage where the hand could feel finger reconstruction. In the iatter pain and cold and heat, differen- case the palm still exists, and the tiate between hard and soft problem is simply to graft toes onto objects, and perspire. Gao Tianshe the metacarpal bone in the right can now write, hold a cup or a way. But when the entire hand is spoon, strike matches, and lift lost, the first thing to do is to objects weighing up to 5 kilo- make a new palm. Transplantation grams. He can also pick a thin of toes comes next. sheet of paper up from a table top or grain of millet out of a bowiful "Nature has built the palm over With This Issue a framework of metacarpal bones," of rice. he went on. "With assistance from Hope for the Handtess the Shanghai No. 6 Medicat Instru- ments Factory we made an artifi- Dr. Yu and his assistants have 'China Reconstructs' cial one in the shape of 4 Y, using subsequently performed two more a high-strength titanium alloy de- such operations on patients who veloped by the Shanghai Iron and lost both hands and wrists. Now in Ch inese Steel Research Institute. The lower each has a reconstructed right hand with two or section is inserted into the radius three transplanted toes serving as thumb and index (and In response to requests from of the forearm, and the f orked middle) fingers and capable of overseas, Chinese and Chinese section into the metatarsal bones doing 70 percent of the work a living in Hongkong and Macao, of two or three toes, them to hold normal hand does. Removal of one China Reconstructs will appear in place. in The angles of the artifi- or two toes from the feet does not a Chinese language edition. The cial palm bone have to be careful- cause any inconvenience in October issue is now available, ly planned, to enable the re- walking, running or jumping. The content of the Chinese implanted toes to move in apposi- These operations are still very edition will be mainly the same tion the way a normal thumb and new and need to be perfected. But as in other language editions: fingers do. The man-made bone is to those who suffer from the dis- vivid, factual reports on China's then surrounded and fixed in place abl,ing consequences of the loss of politics, social conditions, life of with muscles and soft tissues, and one or both hands, Doctor Yu and the people, progress in moderniza- the blood vessels, nerves, muscles his colleagues have brought hope tion, educaiion and the arts, and and sinews of the toes linked up of a more normal and productive special articles on historical with those in the forearm." Iife. tr subjects and China's splendid culture and famous scenic spots. chen Zhongwei, director of the orthopedics Department (first right), vice-director Special features the Chinese Yu Zhongjia (first left) and Dr. wang yan eiamine the {unctioning of the re- in eonstructed hand. Wano Zijin edition will be articles on the ancestral places of the overseas Chinese and a special column to help them locate their relatives. The Chinese edition will be printed in the original unsirnplified characters set vertically, in the style most familiar to overseas Chinese. For a sample copy or to sub- scribe, write our distributors,

GUOJI SHUDIAN. P. O. Box 399, Beijing or direct to: CHINA RECONSTRUCTS, Promo- tion Department, Beijing (37) (Rates are the same as for other !\;1' ""' language editions) ocToBER, 1980 55 J;s+;*

zite and the other minerals in rvhich the rare earths are found were thought to be in Scandinavia, Brazil, India, and the United States. The Chinese survey in- dicated, however, that China has more than half the world's re- serves of these minerals. In 1978, the Chinese Ministry of Metallurgy published R.are Eorths, noting several distinct characteris- tics of the country's reserves. 'Rare [arths' Abound First, the reserves are so vast that although 98 percent ol them are Iocated in Inner Mongolia, large WU .IIAYI lracts are found in more than half the provinces and autonomous \ rarc-earth sntelting plan(. regions, Second. China has the world's greatest variety of rare- THE "rare earlhs" have been oil from crude" Nearly all the rare earth-bearing nrinertrls. some of t the bane of beginning earths have applications in the them unknown elsewhere. And chemistrv students for a century. glass and ceramics industries, both third. these minerals contain They are not listed individually traditional and modern: Long nearly every important rare-earth in the short-form periodic table of used to impart characteristic colors element. the element-q, their names are to porceiain, they are now added The Bayan Obo Mine in the hardly household words, and" to picture-tube glass to produce Inner Mongolian prairie is China's their uses are arcane, so they are better color television. In agri- major producer of rare earths. usuaLly forgotten after the first- culture. small amounts of certain including scandium, which is semester exam. rare earths can raise yields of truly rare in nature. Southern But the rare earl.hs are not in wheat and vegetables by ten per- Jiangxi province abounds in rare- f act rare; they are of immense cent. Rare earths like dyspr:osium earth resources; its Ganzhou pre- imprtrtance in many industries and samarium form highly magne- fecture alone has seven proven f ronr porcelain to petrochemicals; tic compounds; small amounts deposits of good-quality ores in and more than half the world's mixed with cobalt and placed on tracts Iarge enolrgh to be strip- known reserves are in China. the body's acupuncture points im- mined. The invention of the ion- prove the treatment of arthritis, exchange techniqtre 30 years ago high blood pressure, and a dozen A New InduCtr;, enabled metaliurgists for the first other ailments, with no adverse time to investigate the particular side-effects observed so far. New China tregan to turn out its own propertie-s of each of the 17 metals uses have been found in the avia- rare-earth product-s only j.n 1958. called rare earths. Previously, tion and atomic energy industries, The country now manuf actures they had been difficult to separate and of course thorium and ceriutm more than 200 such products and from one another and from the are still used, as they have been applies rare earths widely in the complex minerals in which they for many years, to make flints f ields of metallurgy, machinery, are found because they behave and gas-lamp mantles. China's petrochemicals, glass and cera- almost identically in ordinary Wuxi Diesel Engine Factory mics, electronics, medicine, build- chemical reactions. They were makes its crankshafts of cast iron ing materials, light industry, and known and used principally in the alloyed with rare earths and re- national defense. Exports of rare- form of oxides and salts. Now, ports that they work better than earth products started in 1978. nearly 200 years after the first steel crankshafts. Chinese scientists have also re- rare earths were discovered in gistered some norable f eats in Sweden, their metallic charac- China's Reserves rare-earth chemistry. They have teristics can be used to advantage. caught up with the state of the They can be hammered into So far are the rare earths from art in using the one-step method sheets, extruded into wire, and being rare that, as a group, they to extract relatively pure yttrium alloyed with other metals, among are several hundred times more oxide, and in the extraction other things. abundant than such common method of separating lanthanum In petrochemistry, rare earths metals as lead, tin, zinc, or oxide. They have also been able are used as catalytic agents to tungsten. Until the results of a to produce 60-percent concentra- boost oil-refining capacity by 30 Chinese geological survey wer€ tion rare-earth oxides, greatly percent and to increase the re- known in the early 1950s, the simplifying and reducing the cost covery ratio of gasoline and diesel world's largest deposits of mona- of smelting. tr

56 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Inside a s'orkshop.

Using the ion-exchange technique to extract pure rare-earlh oxide. Separating the oxide from refined ore. Photos bll Sottg Xirttzht

OCTOBEB T98() A]

Gunpowder Incendiary arrows, ignited before firing. Rock hurler used for packages of explosives in tbe Song dynasty, and Ancient Rockets

XU HUILIN

HINA'S latest success in rock- inventors usually presented festive fireworks. True rockets C\-l their etry - the launching on May ideas to the government. In Au- were used in battle by KubLai 18 of her first carrier rocket to a gust of the year 1000 the naval Khan, first emperor of the Yuan destined area in the South Pacific commander Tang Fuxian was cited dynasty, in military expeditions was an occasion to recall her' against 7274 and 1281. - for using rockets and fire balls he Japan in long history in rocketry. . Rockets had'made himself. Two years la- A Japanese historical iecord says were first invented in China and ter the officer Shi Jin claimed that they "fell for a time like rain." true rockets were used there at improvements were he could make fire balls and Further Ieast as early as the Southern Song made rockets during the Ming rockets. Song dynasty Emperor to dynasty (1121-1279), and incen- dynasty (1368-1644). Tips of dif- Zhen Zong summoned him to the diary arrows much earlier. ferent shapes gave them names A weJl-known early instance of capital for a demonstration. like flying broadsword, flvGe the latter is from the third century A huge quantity of arrows load- spear, flying sword and swallow- Three Kingdoms period. On the ed with gunpowder - 17,000 in one tail. A volley of them fired simul- orders of Zhuge Liang, the famous day, records say - were used in taneously p-roved more effective. strategist of the Kingdom of Shu, L22L by Song dynasty generals in The book entitled Magic Fire- troops set up ladders and built a the 25-day defence of Qizhou in Dragon Tactics written in 1377 by "roof" to shield them from arrows today's Hubei province against the Jiao Yu notes that at the firing of when scaling the waII of a city of Jin lnvaders from the north. a signal gun 100 chambers released the Wei Kingdom. But incendiary 36 "firedragon" rockets each, arrows from 3,000 Wei detenders Powder Propulsion which inflicted heavy casualties on set fire to the ladders and cover the enemy troops. propulsion as by and wiped out the Shu troops. At- Rocket used A primitive missile invented the tached to the head of each arrow the ancients was essentially early in the Ming dynasty utilizing paper was a package of fast-burning same as today. A tube at- the principles of the rocket and Chinese mugwort, rosin and oil, tached to the arrow was packed the kite is cited in Records-.of War which was ignited before firing. tightly with powder. The con- Preparati,ons written in 1621 by Later, in the Northern Song tinuous jet of rapidly expanding Mao Yuanyi. One of the earliest dynasty (960-1127) such arrows giases propelled the projectile for- missiles, ' called the "Heaven- bore five ounces of gunpowder ward. The first rocket of this kind shaking thunder gun", was a ball near the tip. appeared late in the Southern woven of bamboo with paper past- Under Northern Song, invention Song period. Powder-propelled ed over the surface and wings on of weapons was encouraged and firecrackers were invented duiing either side. Inside was a paper XU HUILIN is a researcher for the the reign of Emperor Song Xiao tube packed with powder and a Chinese People's Liberation Army. Zong (1727-1194) and these led to fuse. A charge propello$ it toward

58 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS |fr' 1 €6*1.#{r /G'}\' l;1

i I ir

I L

Song-dynast)'"fire I'he "magic lire flying crow", "Fire-dragon emerging from Nling-dynasty mine. gun". An explo- Propelled by burning powder the water". a two-sfage rocket, sion propelled on the shafts, it exploded on arrows and pel- reaching target. lets, making ii the predecessor of the modern gun,

its target and it exploded as soon was a 160-centimeier tube of wood so the enemy couldn't be sure what as the charge burned out. It was or bamboo in the .st-rape of a dra- hit them. very useful in breaking up the gon. The first-stage rocket on the Gunpowder was of cr:urse the 'enemy's ranks or when attacking underside propelled the tubg for- prerequisite for the invention of a city. ward. When it burned out the rockets. The mixture used in Another early missile was the fuse in the dragon's mouth ignited ancient rockets was about 75 per- "magic fire flyi.ng crow". also of the second stage rocket. cent potassium nitrate, 10 percent bamboo and filled with powder. sulphur 15 percent The "flying sand tube" had two and charcoal. After flying a distance of some 300 The latter had been produced for rockets facing in different direc- meters it began its descent and an bronze-making as far back as the tions fastened bamboo poIe. attached firework ignited the pow- to a Yin dynasty (16ih-11th centuries One propelled pole der. It was used to set fire to the forward. B.C.). By Western Han times (206 enemy barracks or boats. Over enemy territory the tube of B.C.-A.D. 24) considerable quanti- sand exploded, scattering dust in ties of saltpeter and sulphur were the Carrier and Multi-Stage enemy's eyes. Meanwhile the being mined and ised. There were rocket pointing in the other direc- quite a number of natural sulphur In his 1962 book The History of tion would be ignited and drive deposits located in Hunan, Si- Inuentions in Chinese Mechanical the pole back to its point of origin, chuan, Shanxi and Henan prov- Engi,neering the well-known scien- tist Liu Xianzhou cites a story Bronze cannon made in 1332 (Yuan dynastv), otdest founil in the world. from the book Rockets anil Jets by Herbert S. Zim (New York, 1945). Zim gives credit for being the first to experiment with rocket power to Wan Hoo, a Chinese gentleman and scholar who lived at the turn of the 15th century. To a framework between two large kites Wan Hoo fixed a chair backed by 47 of the biggest rockets he could buy, but the experiment was not successful. As rocket technology improved, many kinds of primitive two-stage rockets made their appearance. "Fire-dragon emerging from the water" is one mentioned in Records of War Preparations. It

OCTOBER I98O In flight. Qiao Tianlu

Chinese vessels in the South Ready to be launched. Pacific for the launching, Zhong Tongsheng Liu Dong

Recent tocket $uccess

China launched her first carrier rocket to a destined area in the South Pacific on May 18, 1980.

Zhan91 Tonoshettr.l

LJ d! inces, and the extraction of salt- gold were carried on Such experi- Fo wrote the following PrescriP- peter was already known in north ments did not yield the desired tion f or making immortalitY Pills: China. results (five Tang dynasty emper- "Place two ounces of ground sul- For a long time the use of gun- ors died as a result of taking im- phur and two ounces of ground powder was linked with alchemy. mortality pills), but in the course saltpeter in a pan for frying. Ignite It was an experiment for longevity of it, discoveries of scientifie value three gleditsia pods and throw pills that produced China's first were made. The earliest book them in to make the mixture burst known formula for gunpowder. about alcherny extant today, into flame. When the flame dies From the Warring States period Zhou Yi, Can Tong Qi by the well- down add 3 jin (1.5 kilograms) of (475-221 B.C.) on there had been known third-century alchemist wood and the same quantity of great interest in eternal life. One Wei Boyang, contains much im- charcoal and fry again. Remove tack was to seek the elixir of life. portant scientific information. from fire when the charcoal has During ihe reign of Han Wu Di The Tang dynasty physician and been redtrced by one third." (140-87 B.C.) extensive researches pharmacologist Sun Simiao, in his It was, in fact, the world's first fclr it and for making silver and book Don Jing Nei Fu Liu Huang formula for gunpowder. tr

60 CHINA tsECONSTRUCTS Chinese History-)(}{Y The Ming Dynasty 3 - Gulture and Science JIAO JIAN

A S a commoditv economy and He began to collect and verify was the most complete and detail- A primitive capiialist production materials for a book of his own, ed classification anywhere at that developed after "the middle of the traveling far and wide through the Eme. Tra,nslated into Latin, Ming dynasty (1368-1644) China valleys of the Changjiang (Yang- French, Japanese, Korean, German continued in the front ranks of tze) and Huanghe (Yellow) rivers. and English after its publication, world science and technology. De- Wherever he went he sought the it became known throughout the generation of the feudal system advice of old peasants, woodcut- world. gave rise to democratic, anti-feu- ters, fishermen, hunters and me- dal ideas. These trends were re- dicinal herb growers, and collected Agricultural Lore flected in the cultural scene. folk remedies and samples of herbs. Dealing with a broad range of The Ming dynasty produced Twenty-seven years later, in f arming theory with notes and three works of particular value 1578, after the study of 600 refer- diagrams, the Com.plete Treatise summarizing scientific achieve- ences and countless hours of his on Agri,culture describes planting ments of the period. They were own investigation and notation, he methods for all kinds of crops, the Com.pendium of Materia Me- completed the Cornpendium of Ma- farm implement manufacture and di.ca by Li Shizhen, the Com.plete teria llledica. water conservation engineering. It Treatise on Agriculture by Xu This monumental work in 52 includes both China's own farming Guangqi and, The Erploitation ot volumes with 1.9 million characters Iore and that of the West. Its tlrc Works of Nature by Song Iists 1,800 medicines, 374 of. which author Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), a Yingxing. had not been written about pre- native of what is now the Shanghai Li Shizhen (1518-1593), the great viously. It includes the description area, was well-read in agricultural pharmacologist, was the son of a of color and smell and L,100 draw- science. His translations of scien- physician in Hubei province, and ings of the herbs, their various tific works brought to China by grew up to be one himself. Many local names, a note on the place the Italian missionary Matteo Ric- new drugs had been discovered where they are found, the method ci (1552-1610) stimuiated the de- since the last pharmacopoeia had of procurement and preparation velopment of China's science- From been published 400 years before, and ailments treated by them. The the Complete Treati.se we learn and the classification and analysis book also contains 11,000 ancient that cotton was already being was inaccurate in many places. prescriptions and folk remedies. It grown in both north and south

Li Shizhen at work on his "Compendium of Materia Medica", pupils. An illustration from the first edition of ,,The Exploita- with assistants anrl I Painting in tradilional stgle by Jiang Zhaohe tion of the Works of Nature',.

ocToBEB 1980 Xu Guangqi, author of "Complete Trea- Philosopber Li Zhi: He attacked neo- lVang Fuzhi, the matelialisi philosopher, tise on Agriculture". Conlucianism.

China, and the techniques for cot- Buddhism of his day, made his at- lived in seclusion in his home town ton growing, spinning, and weav- tacks from a fundamentally idealisl in Zhejiang province. and wrote ing are described in detail. It also position. many books iashing out relent- introduces water conservation The neo-Confucianists were, he lessly at the rotten feudal knowledge from Europe. maintained, hypocrites who used monarchism. The three-volume The Erploita- high-sounding words like "hu- A monarch, he said, cruelly tton of the Works of Nature by manity" and "morality" but who, slaughters the people when con- Song Yingxing who lived through deep in their hearts, craved high tending for the throne. After as- the late Ming and early Qing dy- posts and riches. Li Zhi iashed cending the throne, he brutallY Confucius nasties waS a scientist from Jiang- out at the teaehings of exploits them. The feudal rule of province. He gives extensive (557-479 B.C.) whose original ideas xi monarchism is the root of social on the processes of had been taken over by the neo- information instability. The people's hatred of handicraft producticin such as the Confucianists for their own pur- monarch is justified bY his in- rnaking of textiles, salt, sugar, poses, and Mencius (390-305 B.C.), the porcelain and armaments and ex- an adherent and promoter of Con- difference to their interests. plosives; he also gives details on fucianism. The feudal ethics they Officials, therefore, are not neces- oil extraction, coal mining and advocated should not be the cri- sarily bound by loyaltY to the copper and iron smelting. The terion of right and wrong. monarch. book deseribes the workshops and Li Zhi also promoted the idea of What the monarch considers the division of Iabor and has many equality of men and women. correct, he observed, EaY be in- illustrations. Song Yingxing T/fomen's ability to make iudg- correct; what he considers incor- spent long periods living and do- ments, he asserted, was ino less rect may not be so. The Public ing research for his booh among than that of men. should be the judge. The laws the the common people. Translated The Ming rulers abhorred Li monarch makes are not for the into Japanese, French and English, Zhi's ideas as "flood and wild benefit of the whole countrY but it was acclaimed abroad as an en- beasts." He went through several for himself and his tamilY. The cyciopedia of 17th-century Chinese rounds of persecution and finally Iaw should be made bY the Public handicrafts. at the age of 76 was driven to to serve the public interest. AIl suicide in prison. Huang Zongxi's political argu- Anti-Feudal Philosophers ments were aimed at establishing Anti-Manchu Stirnulus Neo*Confucianism had develop- a rule of "virtuous men," but of ed in the Song dynasty (960-1279) Huang Zongx\ (Huang Tsunghsi course in his time theY would still and remained the official philoso- 1610-1695) was one of the out- have been of the exploiting class' phy all through the latter period standing democratic political His ideas had some influence on of feudal rule. But by the Ming thinkers and historians in Chinese the democratic revolution. dynasty a number of well-known history. In his Youth he had Wang Fuzhi (Wang Fuchih philosophers had begun to attack fought the Manchus as they rnoved 1619-1692) in his youth organized it. One of these was the progres- down from the north capturing armed resistance to the Manehu sive thinker Li Zhi (Li Chih 152?- lands from Ming dynasty control. army in his native Hunan Prov- 1602), an ardent opponent of neo- After the Manchus established the ince. When it failed he secluded Confucianism and the feudal code Qing dynasty in L644 he was himself for many years at the foot of ethics, who, influenced by the hunted for a long time. Later he of the Shiehuanshan Mountains

62 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS near Hengyang in Hunan and de- period from the Yellow Turban for a long Storytell- voted time. himself to writing. peasant uprising in the last years ers' scripts of these were woven Wang Fuzhi continued in the of the Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. together into a novel, Water Mar- tradition materialism of of the 25-220) to the time when China gin (also known by the translation great Han dynasty philosopher was unified under Wang the Western Jin trtles Outlaws of the Marsh and Chong (27-c. 9Z). His dynasty (265-316), it shows the Men Are'tsrothers), philosophy fact All It relates in summed up the open clashes and secret feuds the beginning, prirnitive natural materialism development and of between different political groups, failure of the uprising, exposes the ancient China and raised it to new reflects the decaying feudal society conflicts the feudal society of heights. With it he attacked in neo- and the rulers' cruelty and people's the time and extols the fighting Confueianism. sufferings, all providing the great spirit of the peasants. The author He held that the world is impetus peasant for the uprising. makes the novel into the tragedy cornposed of matter and not creat- The novel contains wealth a of of how the main leader w1s ed by god. That conseiousness historical detail on the political bought off by the emperor. comes from matter and can not and military struggles, and is noted However, despite his admiration exist without it; atso that knowl- for the many distinctive char- for the rebels a edge comes from objective things acters described in it, among them the author retains strong sense and that these are indeperrdent the strategist Zhuge Liang; the of loyalty to the from subjective consciousness. One upright and daring geneials Zhang soverergn. Many legends grown cannot deny the existence of a Fei and Guan Yu of the Kingdom had up mountain just because he doesn,t of Shu; Zhou Yu, the shrewd and around the travels to India by the see it, Wang Fuzhi said, because intelligent general commander for Tang dynasty Buddhist monk the mountain really is there ob- Xuan Zang (Hsuan Tsang also jectively. the Kingdom of Wu; and Cao Cao; Knowledge comes from depicted as a cunning statesman of known as Tripitaka) and it had practice, but cannot replaie prac_ been the topic for novels and dra- tice: You can't learn to play 'mas before the Ming period. Wu chess by merely reading the chess Cheng'en (1500-1582), a native of manual; one has to play urith Jiangsu province, drawing on others and master it gradually. these, created the novel Pilgrimage to the West. In it the monk and Era of Great Novels his three disciples Sun Wukong (the Monkey King), Bajie Short Zhu stories had made their (Pigsy) and the Monk from Sandy appearance between the Brd and River, surmount unbelievable 6th centuries. By the Tang dynasty hardships and defeat many (618-907) they flourished and hai demons and spirits before they become very sophisticated. Script reach the Western Heaven and ob books for storytellers began to be tain the Buddhist scriptures. written down in the Song dynasty One very and later these were taken up famous episode is "The by Monkey writers in the late yuan (1221-136g) King Subdues the White- Bone The and early Ming dynasties as the Spirit." latter, whom the basis for novels. Many good short novel gives a female form, wants stories and novels were written in' to capture the monk. She succes- this pqriod. { sively takes on the forms of a Among the latter lti Water Margin , Rom,ance of the Buddhist devotee, an innocent- Three Kingdoms and pilgrimage i looking old lady, and an old man. to the West are the most out- 4 But the Monkey King sees through standing and are today known in, all her disguises and strikes her every household. The fighting monk Lu Zhishen proves with his magic golden cudgel to Basing his martial skill, an illustration from a return her himself on Tang and ..Ouflaws to her true form-a Ming ilynasty edition of of skeleton. Song dynasty storytellers, scripts, the lUarsh". Luo Guanzhong (c. 1830-1400) Although the novel contains wrote the historical novel Ro- some of the Buddhist ideas of rnance of the Three Ki.ngdoms.It is the Kingdom of Wei. Though re- preordained fate and retribution, set in the stirring and troubled 3rd search has shown that the novel,s and stresses the all-conquering century when Chiha was divided details and historical characters power of the Buddha, the struggles into three kingdoms. Covering the are not completely true to fact, it of the Monkey King against the has remained immensely popuiar. personification of the feudal forces Taies about the Song dynasty were in tune with the awakening peasant insurgents in the Liang- democratic aspirations of the peo- shan in Shandong province had ple. That is why he has been so circulated arnong the people Ioved down to today. tr

63 f AST spr.ng, at the invitation design stretch over creek.s. Tea- I-.l 61 Beijing's Chinese Art Gal- houses in the market towns are Iery, I brought 138 paintings by distinctively Jinshanese. artists in Jinshan county outside The peasants' homes are like Shanghai to the capital. When I small museums of tolk art with saw the paiatial building in which their robust, unstudied kitchen the works of my county's ordinary paintings, carved wooden beds, peasants were to be exhibited, my delicately designed dressing tables, eyes blurred, I was so happy and colorful lacquer trays, exquisite proud for them! teaspoons and hand-made indigo- print bed sheets. The carved A Great Sensation window lattices and beautiful roof designs, and the embroidery, cross- April 27 was the first preview. stitch work and trand-made cloth The gallery had sent invitations are all works of art. to Beijing's art organizations, but But the most attractive things in The author coaches peasant artists Cao rinying (right) and **ilil it poured that morning and not these houses are the paintings """ [,fjl]; many people came. The next day hanging on the walls. It is just was for the press, and though the this beautiful scenery of weather improved, only one group Jinshan and the fine tradition of of journalists came. I wondered local decorative art that have Peasant whether the city people's prejudice nurtured the new peasant artists. against the country people could I grew up in this environment. ever be overcome. As a child I developed an interest PaiimtInES But beginning on the third day, in the fine arts, and later I be- more and more people came to came a professional art worker. the exhibition. The numbers kept After my discharge from the fnomr increasing, until finally the big army, I went to work on fulfilling display hall seemed to become my dream of organizing the small. The audiences showed peasants to develop their talents Shangha['s great interest exhibit, in the ex- in the fine arts. First I organized pressing peasants surprise that some women who were good at could paint so well and praising OutslkInts embroidering and weaving into an the beauty and simplicity of their amateur painting group. They in- work. geniously applied embroidery WU TONGZHANG Many, including some foreign- their and weaving techniques to paint- ers, asked me questions about gradually an the artists and backgrounds. i.rg and created A work studio of the peasant artists in their seeing indigenous style" J in shan. Zhou Yugui After the reproductions in this issue of Ch.ina Reconstructs, our foreign readers might have 'Clever Girl' the same questions, so I'll try to answer them here. On a village street one day my eye was caught by some colorful Background in Folk Art things hanging under the eaves of a house. They were embroidered Situated on the north shore of pillowcases, mosquito-net bor- Hangzhou Bay, Jinshan county is ders, pouches and children's caps. a land of fish and rice. Its many Their designs, colors and style all Iakes and rivers make for picture- had strong local accents. I looked postcard scenery. Beautiful songs up their owner, a middle-aged are frequently heard from the woman named Cao Jinying, whom peasants working in the fields. the villagers call "Clever Gir1." She Arched bridges of typical Chinese told me they were her dowry and that she had embroidered them WU TONGZHANG, 46, who specializes herself. When she was young, her in seascapes and figure painting, is a member of the Chinese Artists' As- family was very poor, supported sociation and the Research Association only by her mother's embroidery. for Chinese Folk titerature and Art, work He is director of the Jinshan county Often, the mother had to peasant painters' program, Iate into the night to get a dowry

64 CHIN.A RECONSTRUCTS Making Hand-u,oven Cloth Chen Dehuo v{r

ry

l

Buffalo Fight Going to Night School Cao Xiuw,en

Triple Wedding Yao Zhenzhu \ \

)

Village Fish Market Cao Jinling

The Return of Spring Zhang Xitnirg - ::.5 ready for a bride from a rich portrays a girl collecting flowering family. At the age of 13, Cao herbs. Jinying began to learn to embroi- der and help support the family. 'buck Commander' Pointing to. the embroideries under the eaves, she said, "I like Chen Muyun, a young tractor to do things well, so some of the driver, has loved to paint since he patterns on them were my own was a child. He often paints pic- inventions." After our talk Cao tures for his villagers to put on Jinying joined our amateur paint- the walls above cooking stoves, ing group, applying her talent to where paintings of the kitchen patriotic themes. Her first work, god used to hang in the old days, derived from the traditional and also pa.ints on gla$s, a unique mosquitenet border, was entitled local form. During breaks at work "Celebrating the National Day." in the fields, he likes to watch the Against a red background, she ducks swim and peck at insects. Chen Muyun's younger sister painted many jubilant figures Ruan Sidi, 74, at ber easel. doing lantern, dragon, or boat has a good hand for embroidery. Zhou Yugui dances. The sharp contrast of Watching her choose various colors and the exaggerated dance colors of silk thread for her portrayed embroidery, he gradually develop- movements the holiday went unnoticed. Recently, with atmosphere weII. ed his own style of painting using colors without regard -to the development of Jinshan Her second work, "Fish Pond," peasant painting, her artistic is in the tradition of the local whether they represent reality. in- ,potential has been tapped. She is digo prints. Using only two colors, The villagers love his ducks, which are usually more gorgeous than superb at painting the flowers and blue and white, and patterned plants the area south of the designs, the real ones. So they affec- in it depicts rural life south Changjiang River. Her designs all (Yangtze) tionately call him "Duck Com- of the Changjiang come from the patterns on pillow- River. mander." cases, scarves, wrapping cloths, In 1974 he attended a training prints. She a con- class for peasant painters at the and indigo is Like Doing Embroidery noisseur of the various local Jinshan cultural center, where he paint learned to deal with a wider range flowers and can eight. dif- Cao Xiuwen, a bright and of subjects and the number of his ferent varieties of chrysanthemum cheerful girl, returned home quickly and to works increased. "In the Bamboo alone. She draws work in the fields after graduat- Groves," his painting after never corrects or changes a line. first great ing from senior middle school in joining the training class, was Ruan Sidi went through L977. Having acquitted herself well composed. In the picture the hardships in the old society. In painting, Blaze of well, she was elected leader of a colors and shapes- of the chickens her first "A young people's troublb-shooting have been exaggerated to resemble Color," her love for the new life brigade and became a first-aid those of the phoenix. When asked and socialism pouri out. Flowers worker in her production team. why, he said he thought the of many kinds bloom in the pic- She enrolled in the Jinshan cul- homely chickens ought to be as ture, which is fuII of charm and tural center's amateur painting beautiful as the phoenix. Among vitality. group. his recent works are "Spring *** Cao Xiuwen is quick to learn, Ducks," "The Bustling Morning," but the first time she put brush to and "Girl Duck Raiser." They'are Jinshan peasant painting has a canvas, she was timid. When she all full of Iife and local color. very short history. To develop painted, I told her, she could the art we often go to the coun- imagine she was doing embroi- A 74-year-old Artist tryside to collect information on She took advice and folk art and local customs. We dery. my People in Jianguo brigade, ease. have run 90 training classes, each felt more at Caojing commune, Jinshan county, painting, lasting 20 days and attended by , Her first "A. Brigade like to tell visitors t[e story of a Health W'orker," depicts her own 74-year-old woman, Ruan Sidi, 20 trainees. Three hundred life as a health worker. She used who learned how to paint in the peasants in our county have be- bright colors as she did on county's cultural center. Ten of come serious amateurs and have embroidery. Three years later, her paintings have been sold to created 2,000 paintings, 400 of her painting "Collecting Medicinal Americans. , which have been displayed either Herbs" showed distinct progress. At 13, Ruan Sidi began to do in China or abroad. The ones re- It is implicit and is done in the embroidery and cross-stitch work, produced elsewhere in this issue style of traditional lacquer paint- and became very skillful. But for of China Reconstracts are some of ing. On a black background, it more than 50 years her talent the best. tr

ocToBER, 1980 69 blossoms about to burst open on the forsythia bushes. Xiao Hui couldn't find anything new and felt ashamed of himself. He began to think that maybe he was spend- and His 'Army' ing too much time fighting and fooling around and wasn't learning enough. True Story tl.HE next time the class had a r science meeting each member IAO Hui di.dn't make it into Man Knowledge" was asked to bring a toy and ex- "Old of would plain scientific principle that fifth grade. He was eleven come and pose interesting ques- the made it work. One boy told why years old and would not pay at- tions to those who attended. Some his top spun when he whipped it. tention in class. If anybody made of the members of the class A girl showed why her roly-poly the suggestion, even ever so tact- started digging into science fully, that he start to settle down, pamphlets. toy couldn't be pushed over. Xiao Hui had decided he would he would shake his fist and say, What was this Old Man of give demonstration plate- "You'd better watch out or my Knowledge like, Xiao Hui won- a of spinning Like the acrobats" He army will get you!" dered. How would he get here so nervous he didn't do well One day when he didn't show by plane? Xiao Hui decided he'd- was and couldn't give an explanation, up some members of his class go and see. decided to go out and look for The day of the meeting finally but the class didn't laugh and gave him a big hand anyway. He ap- him. At a nearby construction site arrived. The children had been preciated recalled how they found him and his "army". expecting a man with a long white that. He on the march to the park the boy It was a gang of lower-grade beard. Instead, Teacher Lin, the who was leading the took a pupils he had gathered around natural science instructor, walked way had him and they stood theie at com- in. He hadn't come by plane, but wrong turn, but nobody scolded somebody his bat readiness bristling with he was carrying a model rocket in him. If in done Xiao Hui broomsticks and wooden pistols. his hand. "army" had that, thought, they would aLi be down Xiao Hui was posed atop a pile They played a game. Someone Things were different of rocks, his jacket unbuttoned beat a drum as they passed the on him. here. felt kind good be and flung open, the very figure rocket around. The one who had It of to part of the class. of the much-admired greenwoods the rocket in his hand when the While science meeting was outlaw-but what was his cause? beating stopped had to pick the a going on one of Xiao Hui's gang "We dare you to come any folded slip of paper out of the slipped in and told him that they closer!" they shouted and started rocket and answer the question on were in a fight with children from throwing rocks and sand. The it. Questions like: Why doesn't another raced class got angry. Xiao Hui,s gang a boat sink? What makes a plane school. Xiao Hui had often got into fights with flv? out and over to the "battiefield". But time he egg them other children after school. Some- Xiao Hui sat there wishing the this didn't times they would frighten the rocket would stop with him. But on, smaller ones with firecrackers. he was also afraid he wouldn't "Stop fighting," he shouted. be got our They called these their ,,time able to answer the question. "We've to stop having bombs". army. I'm not going to be com- mander-in-chief any longer. You'd Some suggested the class FTER the meeting the class A all better get back to organize a "self-defence corps', to fL marched to a park. They class." tr give Xiao Hui tit for tat. Just divided into four teams to see who then the teacher appeared on the could find the most signs of scene, spring.' "Our whole class is the 'corps',,' "W'e're still in our padded she laughed, "but it's not going jackets," Xiao Hui muttered. "How to fight any battles with Xiao Hui can you find signs of spring?" and his friends." But pretty soon he heard one Back at school she got them of his classmates call out, "Hey, talking. about how to have more I've found something!" Lookipg interesting after-school activities where the boy was pointing, Xiao to try to attract Xiao Hui. Hui saw willow twigs covered with small green buds. I few days later the class an- More reports came in some / r nounced that it would hold a had found plaees where the- grass "We Love Science" meeting. The was turning green. Others found

70 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Lesson 22 Liuliehang Street ( a"St ir + i'*';r+ w *r,l *-L ilh" (Ji6nAdA fing Hud liydutudn ldld$ro chii tn w6nwt. (Canada visit China tourist group come to archeological relics. tr"frr ) *fiilt, fi+x" j6 6 * tr,B fii" Liflichtng) B6llng: Tingshud h6i ydu. mil ctqi de. Liulichang) Brown: Hear tell still have (one that) sell porcelain' Az ff"fif *- ibfr +* -L: fi'" ;i-g fr4r E ,g 9 k Wdngl Lifliching shl BEijing -fryi tiAo gillo Wing: Ydu. Zhdli de clqi du6. shi Wang: Liulichang is Beijing one ancient Wang: Have. Here in porcelain most is k! ')'H, E v\ t E trfrfrl + v\L frl +rL" rle xi6ojiE, tE yi jingying zhEngui de vi-6l\f btri bdsht ni6n vishirng de glwAn' small street. it for dea)ing in valuable 180 years over cuflos. -# rn g 49. i*h +gt t%*,1z flfi 4 frfl' k + tlz trtt gnjil sh[jl. w6nwit zihui MtrIi: NA jid shdngdiirn shi mii shdnme de? old books, relics,calligraphyandpainting Marie: That shop is sell what? + ilA. ii.ft ffi rit -a: flr kb .E *Al d6ng ch[ mlng. Zh& ti6o " jie bfgud yi WAng: NA shl iln shl zhutrnkE etc. (is) well known. This street only one Wang: That is metal (and) stone seal carving A-E, E*d fr_ 4 il rF4,' + 11 Al E +" gdngll, yudnlAi y6u jin =EBrbli jie m6nshibir, zhudnm6n ka tuzhiing' kiionreter, originally have nearly 200 sales department, specializing (in) cut seals' i,,t fi-,rs" E* d E frle *hl L f tr ** t^ wCnhuir shiingdiirn. Hdulii ydu xi€ shdngdiirn ZhuinkC shi Zh6nggu6 g[l[o Yishil cultural shops. Afterwards have some shops Seal carving is China ancient arts ++ 1, tr X-l )L*" Z-:, (-,!4 4 Z+ ? h6bing le, kuddile yBwir. zhi yi, yijing ydu singiin dud combined (and) enlarged business. (of) one, already bave ' 3,000 more *- tr S'f s lE'l& ii. # :t* ifr- fi h + frl ftt *-. Shimisl: Ndnguiti zhC tidLo bdi chEngw6i lishi. iiE rs nidn de Smith: No wonder this street (is) called years' history. " " *-4LH" - f+4h G ET" o { ff 4rr' t\ Br,( + fie ,a+ "W6nhuirji6" "B6wirgudnji6". Shimisi: W6 xihuan ' gfhui'q h6 hinzi Cultural Street, (or) Museum Street. Smith: I like ancient painting and Han character ff fi.i.t F.t T # ,q v\ el , 4n +8" S6kcs!: ' Chrile shiihuh yiwii, hdi ydu shtf[. Sachs: Besides books (and) paintings still have calligraphy. * t+A fr1t At f]g,4'ff14'l " H* #" + hh mii sh6nme de? W6ng: Nir zdnmen dio "B6ogizhiii" qu kdnkan (to) sell what? Wang: Then we (to) Baoguzhai go takealook. J--z fif* l1r,-,, ii.&- "fEl ps! ( kF +g'l " E+ #" ) Wdng: Zhdngldi h6n du6, zhi shi "Zhdnggab ba! (Ddiin hidio "BiogrlzhEi") Wang: Kinds very many, this is China (Everyone arrives at Baoguzhai) fifu" , + * ++. €fi'n, tf ,tr ,\'fll ii;+ a le Lt? Shiidiin", zhuEn mii gishfl, Shduhuiryudn: QIng jin! W6men zhD ge huidiin yillng Bookstore. (It) specially sell old books, Salesman: Pleasecor?rein! We this painting shop already +9, rt6 ,ll 4 * 6 9 + fitn*-, llit g[hui. DuimiAn ni iie miLi ydu -6yibdi du6 ni4n de lishi, mdnqi6n ancient paintings. Opposite that (shop) sell have 100 more years' history. Door front

ocToBEB 1980 7l " E+ :t Smith: No wonder this street is called Cultural Street or tfr,w.t #" Museum Street. h6ngbEnshdng s6n ge "Biogizhdi" Sachs: Apart from books and paintings, what else do horizontal board on Baoguzhai three they jh sell? + i4. X_ ln x.r* Wang: Many kinds of .things. This is the China Book- zi Mi shi QlngchAo Guiingxir store specially selling ancient books and paintings. cliaracters even is Qing dynasty Guangxu The shop opposite sells archeological relics. ,fut Brown: I was told that there are also shops selling !ft 64r *)f q fi porcelain. hudngdi de liosht xi6 de ne! Wang: That's right. Most of the porcelain here is more Emperor's tutor write. than 180 years old. *.ffF.f3 4.i" A * +E 4+ Marie: What does that shop sell? Wang: That is a sales department specializing in carving Shlrnisl: Wd xilng mli -,hayi ft CthuA zud seals. Seal-carving China's ancient Smith: I want (to) buy one ancient painting as is one of arts with a history of more than 3000 years. /a A" Smith: I like ancient paintings and calligraphy. Wang: Then let's go to Baoguzhai for a look. Hl*;, (Everybody arrives at Baoguzhai) Salesman: Come in, please. painting € 1i' fi rt RA. Our shop has a his- ,tE it tory of over 100 years. The three characters Shduhu6yuAn:' Hudnylng xuingdu. Baoguzhai on the horizontat board over the door Salesman: Welcome select (and) bui. are said to have been written, by a tutor of +hlnz *I" ,ts * + tu* *Artfi Qing dynasty Emperor Guangxu. B6llng: W6 xiing mli lio huAtii Qt Misht de Smith: I would like to buy an ancient painting as a Brown: I want buy veteran painter Qi Baishi's souvenlr. Salesman: You are welcome to make your choice. ,lc.E E. Brown: I ' would like to buy an ink and wash by the veteran shulmdhui, painter Qi Baishi. ink and wash painting. Wang: You can get one here. We can also go to Rong- Az €.8- &.d. i6. T u( ,'l , baozhai to have a look. That is a 300-year- ' fi'fll old shop known for its woodblock prints. WAng: Zh0ll yE ydu. W6men hAi k6yi dAo ' Marie: This street is really rich We can Wang: Here in also have. We also may to and colorful. buy a great many souvenirs. I like it very much. "*E#" + frh, flF €+ "R6ngb6ozhEi" qu kinkan, nA shi ge Rongbaozhai go take a look. That is Notes zq , + fi * fb, v\ +'l l. The passive with it b6i. sEnbdi ilu6 yl niAn de ltro dh, zhi A sentence like Td nfz6ule zhioxidngji 4bt 300 more year old store, for make t 1 Xq *E in (He took away the camera) can t-llL lJr-rr @) *frf" be changed into a passive sentence with the char- mirbln shuiyin hudr zhilch6ng, acteryA bCi: Zhiloxiingji nAzdule,sfl woodblock prints painting well-known.- bditd *qind ,\*'l. &St I (The camera is taken away by him). ir + h k +E ,*t, When at is used, the person or thing perforSn- Mili: Zhi tilo zhEn shi f6neft dudcii' iiE ing the action can example, Marie: This street really is rich colorful, be omitted. For ^ the sentence Zhi, ti6o jiE bii chEngw6i W6nhudr JiE taA- T v\ ibWA iI ? 8" ;L*$*.*llj (This is called Cultural k6yi xulngdu xidud jinDnpln." i.-4LHr street (we) can select (and) buy many souvenirs. Street) means: Zhi ti6o jiE bii rdnmen ch6ngw6i + wcnhuil Ji6 ts##r*.llrt firh x-LL,.pt (This street E E r\ lk Er(. is called by the people Cultural Street), the * Wd hEn xlhuan. but L I very like(it.) doer of the action can be omitted. 4 a. Sometimes you will hear people speaking ffi Translation colloquially substitute ring n,f jiio ft iL 61 for at. E : (The Canadian China tour group arrives at 2. Passive without bdi. & = Liulichang) I Some sentences are passive in sense even if a[ )t, Wang: Liulichang is an ancient little street. "It is known is not used. Yifu xigflnjing le t{ffi-.*.+t-+l il for shops selling valqable old books, relics, (The clothes are washed clean). Y6u xiE shhng- works of calligraphy, paintings and other things. )t dian h6bing lu g (Some shops were /1 Although it is only a kilometer long, originally A 6 E b* T o combined). &XF- and are rec6ivers it had 200 cultural shops. Later some were E,,lt both of H eombined and enlarged the scope of businesg. the action. + N 72 (l', , cnrxe BEcoNsrRUCTs TR,AffGLE

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