MARCH 1955

ONE WORLDISM and the

Robert S. Byfield Chesly Manly John Chamberlain W. L. McGrath W. H. Chamberlin Frank S. Meyer W. M. Curtiss Raymond Maley John T. Flynn Edmund A. Opitz F. A. Harper Cy Peterman Frank E. Holman William H. Peterson Suzanne La Follette Dean Russell Charles Callan Tansill • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • "Now here's a • • • • • • difference I can feel I. .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• •• • • • •

• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • ~hat Full-time PO"'Ner Steering •• • this • • • I"~ • • does for me at the "'Nheel • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE FORIIVARD LOO~ does things for you

no other cars can do! For instance, power steering that works the instant you move your wheel! Even if you've tried other power steering, you'll feel the big difference at once! With other kinds, you have to exert 5 pounds of pressure before the power cuts in. Chrysler Corporation's exclusive Coaxial power steering requires less wheel motion ... fewer wheel turns ... and gives you unmatched control over rough roads, soft shoulders, tracks, ruts and sand. After a full day of driving and parking, you feel fresh as a daisy. Only Plymouth, Dodge, De Soto, Chrysler and Imperial have this and many other wonderful new features. See and drive THE FORWARD LOOK at your dealer's soon!

PLYMOUTH • DODGE • DE SOTO • CHRYSLER • IMPERIAL CHRYSLER CORPORATION "CHEAP" TOOLS SHACKLE INDUSTRY AND TRADE J~ , I~ ~~r~ '0'0J)

Use of "cheap" metal-cutting tools proves the adage of "Penny Wise, Pound Foolish." Their performance is unreliable and inconsistent.

Sound, durable cutting tools are worth the Kennametal* tools in their ability to reduce price. A few pennies additional cost will save over-all costs for tooling and production­ dollars of ultimate cost-in grinding, tool and do this consistently. Kennametal has an inventory, set-up time, and idle machine extra measure ofvalue. Exclusive processing, time, with the result that production is scientifically controlled, assures maintenance reliable and sustained. of a sound physical structure having trust­ Innumerable performance records con­ worthy properties of high hardness and great tinue to demonstrate the superior worth of strength.

Use of cheap money tools has likewise proved to be "Penny Wise, Pound Foolish." Their purchasing value is uncertain and erratic.

Sound money is a trustworthy tool of meas­ money tool and made it untrustworthy. A urement that serves to evaluate accurately return to the historic honest dollar will have the relative worth of goods and services in a stabilizing effect on our economic life. all sorts of exchange activities. With a The right to redeem currency for gold will help stabilized currency an knows keep America free ... ask your Senators and assuredly the worth of his earning and re­ Congressman to work and vote to restore the

serves-savings, insurance, pensions. A busi­ Gold Coin Standard. 5911 nessman is able to make firm, fair contracts, meet current and future obligations with certainty, and engage safely in creative ventures. Innumerable historic examples have proved that the convertible Gold Standard is the most useful money system ever de­ vised. Managed currency, initiated 22 years ago in the , has impaired our * Registered trademark While you are waiting for the return of 100 cent dollars, Kennametal tools, of premium value, are waiting for you. They are one technological development that can help mitigate the ill effects of inflation.

One of a series of advertisements published in the public interest ~~~ Q «l :J ®~ MINING, METAL AND WOODWORKING TOOLS ABRASION, CORROSION-RESISTANT PARTS ~ UiUti~1jjWJ ~~@n WEAR AND HEAT-RESISTANT PARTS PERCUSSION AND IMPACT PARTS THE A Monthly The Writers The names of most of the contributors to this For special issue of will be recognized by our readers, not only because they have reeman Libertarians previously appeared in our table of contents, but because they have graced the pages of other Editor publications as well as the flyleaves of books. Managing Editor MABEL WOOD The roster reads like a page from a Who's Who Business Manager JAMES M. ROGERS in . It was a pleasure to work with these authors. They took to their several assignments in the MARCH 1955 VOL. 5, NO.9 spirit of volunteers, putting aside other com­ Contents mitulents in order to do their bit in a worthy cause. Each essay was dO'ne con al11,Ore. Editorials Sometimes they overdid it, as when in their One Worldism 334 eagerness to nail down their arguments they Interventionism 18 War 336 made use of lengthy documentary evidence; space limitations made deletions necessary. A bigger problem was repetition-one writer us­ Articles ing facts to support his thesis which another How We Got Where We Are CHARLES CALLAN TANSILL 337 writer found necessary to support his. This was Alone In the UN ROBERT S. BYFIELD 342 unavoidable, for the "source book" of any criti­ Hist.ory's Greatest Breach of Promise CHESLY MANLY 345 cal analysis of the United Nations, from any The Wages of Hissism SUZANNE LA FOLLETTE 349 point of view, is the record of its activities. UNdermining the Free Economy RAYMOND MOLEY 352 Wherever possible, the repetitions were deleted, Stockpiles of Money FRANK CHODOROV 355 but sometimes the argument called for the reiterated facts, and the blue pencil could not To Save the Constitution FRANK E. HOLMAN 359 be used. The reader may accept these repeti­ Union by Freedom Only DEAN RUSSELL 363 tions with less annoyance than did the editor. UN Versus US WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN 365 In accordance with custom, we identify here­ Two Rackets of the UN JOHN T. FLYNN 368 with only the few authors who have not pre­ The Omelet Has N'o Rights F. A. HARPER 371 viously or recently had articles in the FREEMAN: They Sell UN to the World CY PETERMAN 374 CHARLES CALLAN TANSILL is Professor of His­ The Real UNESCO FRANK S. MEYER 378 tory at Georgetown University. He is best Religious Propagandists for the UN known for his latest book, Back Door to War. REV. EDMUND A. OPITZ 381 It is not exactly correct to list SUZANNE LA FOLLETTE as a "new" contributor. She is, in ILO: Pipeline t.o W. L. MC GRATH 383 fact, deeply rooted in the FREEMAN tradition, A Tale of Two Leagues WILLIAM H. PETERSON 387 having been an integral part of the first pub­ Trade Under a World Government W. M. CURTISS 389 lication of that name, edited by , and one of the editors when the FREEMAN Books was revived as a bi-weekly. The monthly FREE­ A Reviewer's Notebook JOHN CHAMBERLAIN 391 MAN is proud to list her as a contributor. Modern Barbarism FREDA UTLEY 393 RAYMOND MOLEY is the well-known contribut­ Government vs. 394 ing editor and columnist of Newsweek. w. L. MC GRATH is President of the William­ Out of Their Own Mouths E. MERRILL ROOT 396 son Heater Company. From 1949 through 1952 Precise Prophet SAMUEL B. PETTENGILL 400 he was employer adviser at the annual confer­ The UN Adds to World Tension ences of the International Labor Organization, C. DICKERMAN WILLIAMS 400 and at the 1954 conference he was U. S. Em­ Well-Tried Failure PAUL L. POIROT 401 ployer Delegate. He is a member of the ILO If They Only Would c. O. STEELE 401 Governing Body. World Affairs Reading List BETTINA BIEN 402 For nearly nine years, IVAN H. (CY) PETER­ MAN "covered" the United Nations for the Philadelphia Inquirer, in which paper his col­ , D.C•...... FRANK C. HANIGHEN 357 umn appears regularly. BETTINA BIEN is one of those vital though unpublicized factors of an editorial office-the THE FREEMAN is published monthly. Publicatit1ll Office, Orange, Conn. Editorial and General Offices, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y. Copyrighted in the United States, 1955, indefatigable and uncontrovertible research by The Irvington Press, Inc. Leonard E. Read, President; Fred Rogers Fairchild Vice worker. President; Claude Robinson, Secretary; Lawrence Fertig, Treasurer; and Leo Wolman. Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Orange, Conn. Rates: Fifty cents the copy; five dollars a year; nine dollars for two years. The editors cannot be responsible for unsolicited manuscripts unless return postage, or The FREEMAN is devoted to the promul. better, a stamped, self-addressed envelope is enclosed. Manuscripts must be typed gation of the libertarian philosophy: the double-spaced. Articles signed with a name, pseudonym or initials do not necessarily represent the place, and opinion of the editors. the dignity of the individual. Printed in U.S.A. by Wilson H. Lee Co., Orange, Conn, Keeping America on the GO...with I TIMKEN@I Tapered Roller Bearings

Where 1,995,672 farmers disappeared without a trace

HILE you weren't look­ today's fewer farmers produce Timken bearings are designed W ing, almost two million 40% more crops, feed 17 mil­ to roll true, and they're made American farmers have been lion more Americans. with microscopic accuracy to quietly dropping out of sight. Today's farmer is the most live up to their design. We even In 1940, there were 8,833,324 mechanized in the world. And make our own steel to further farmers. Today, at latest re­ his tremendous output depends insure quality. No other U. S. port, only 6,837,652. Where upon the trouble-free operation bearing maker does. did they go? And who's been of his machines. That's why That's why farm machinery feeding our growing population every make of farm tractor uses manufacturers choose Timken in the meantime? Timken® tapered roller bearings; bearings to help keep America Farm help of a different sort why more and more implements on the go. The Timken Roll- has taken their place. Tractors are using them, too. er Bearing ,-- -, that save two billion man-hours Timken bearings reduce Company, ~ a year. Mechanical pickers that breakdowns because they roll Canton 6, ~ - -~~ do the work of 40 men. Grain the load, practically eliminate Ohio. Ca- - ~ combines that cut labor 85%. friction. They last and last­ ble address: ~\ / -t~ 19 ((TIMROSCO". l.....-Tim_k9_"b_90_ri"_Q,_o"_tr_oct_or_ox_-J Millions of machines that help normally as long as the machines. © 1955 TH ETRB co. Only ITIMKEN@\ bearings roll so true, have such quality thru-&-thru reemanTHE

MARCH 1955

One Worldism

EN YEARS AGO the United Nations was ushered von Clausewitz, "is merely the continuation of Tinto the world as the guarantor of peace. It politics by other means." has failed. Despite that obvious fact, there are many whose faith in some sort of Superstate as an Social Power instrument of peaee is unshaken, and who lay the failure of the UN to the limitations put upon it Pe,ace is the business of Society. Society is a by the autonomy of its members. That is to say, cooper,ative effort, springing spontaneously from they believe in peace through coercion; the more co­ man's urg,e to improve on his circumstances and ercion, the more peace. widen his horizon. It is voluntary, completely free History cannot give this faith the slightest sup­ of force. It comes bec,ause man has learned that the port. The grandeur that was Rome did not prevent task of life is -easier of accomplishment through the parts of that empire from coming into conflict the exchange of goods, services and ide,as. The with one another nor from rising up against the greater the volume :and the fluidity of such ex­ central authority. Even our American coalition of changes, the richer and fuller the life of every commonwealths 'came near breaking up in war, and member of Society. That is the law of association; uprisings have ,all but dis'integrated the British it is also the law of peace. Empire. Centralization of power has never been It is in the free market place that man's pea,ceful a guarantor of peace. ways :are expressed. Her,e the individual volun­ The best that can be said of any coalition of tarily gives up poss,ession of what he has in abun­ nations is that it can keep smoldering fires from dance to gain possession of what he lacks. It is in breaking out only so long as one of its members the m,arket place that Society flourishes because can dominate the others. Itcanmainta'in an :armed it is in the market place that the'individual flour­ truce. The UIN has not done even that, ,simply be­ ishes. Not only does he find here the s'atisfactions cause no one State has shown sufficient strength for which he crav,es, but he also learns of the de­ to take control. The two most powerful members sires of his fellow-men so that he m1ay the better have been in 'contention since its beginning and serve them. More than that, it is in the market are now fl,exing their muscles for ,a test of strength. place that he learnS' of :and swaps lideas, hopes and The UiN-it is moonshine to think otherwise­ dreams, ,and comes away with values of greater consists of two hostile camps, one held together by 'worth to him than the material things he acquir,ed. the American dollar, the other by fear of the Soviet Society has no geographical limits; it is as big ,army. Neither law, morality nor ideology is a as its market place, its !area of ,exchanges. The cementing influence. If the American dollar is with­ Malayan and :the American are automatically en­ drawn the West will break up, its members enter­ rolled in the same Soc'iety by the exchange of ing into new alignments dictated by expediency; rubber for a juke box; and, when t.rade demands, if the Soviet power shows weakness, the Red Em­ the barriers of language disappear. South Ameri­ pire will splinter. can music became the idiom of the North American In short, it is evident now-even as it always dance floor beeaus'e automobiles ar,e swapped for was to anyone famniar with the history of political coffee ,and hananas. 80ciety is the spontaneous or­ alliances-that the high moral purpos,e written into g,anization of people who voluntarily do business the charter of the UN is but a f.airy tale. World with one another. peace is not to be achieved through this or any The law of association - the supreme law of other political concoction-simply because peace Society-is self-operating; it needs no enforce­ and power politics are antithetical. "War," s-aid ment agency. Its motor foree is in the nature of

334 THE FREEMAN man. His insatiable appetite for material, cultural subject to constant surveillance, and poor, so that and spiritual desires drives him to join up. The it cannot get out of hand. compulsion is so strong that he makes an automo­ That idea found expression in the establishment bile out of an oxcart, a telephone system out of a of the American government. The eonstitutional drum, so as to overcome the handioaps of time and limits of the powers of the central government, the space; contact is of the essence in the market place system of checks and balances to restrain any technique. Society grows because the seed of it is tendency toward centralization of authority, the in the human being; it is made of man, but not vesting of all general powers in separate autono­ by men. mous states, the delimitation of its taxing power­ all bear witness to the common recognition in 1789 Political Power of the truth that Society flourishes best under small and 'impotent government. Government is the monopoly of coercion. Its function is to prevent from using vio­ The Miracle of Freedoln lence or other coercive methods on one another, so that the business of Society-the exchange of The wisdom of the Founding Fathers was dem­ goods, services and ideas-may be carried on in onstrated in the miracle of the market place that safety :and tranquility. Its contribution to social sprang from what was wilderness and prairie a progress, though necessary, is purely negative. In few years hack. Wealth multiplied at a rate un­ this country, tradition and the Constitution hold heard of in human history; out of wheat lands grew that the function of government is to protect the towns and cities; small shops were tr,ansmuted into individual in the enjoyment of those rights which factories; storekeepers became department store inhere in him by virtue of existence, and which operators; schools, colleges, ehurches took their are the gifts of the Creator. And in the beginning, place in the human scheme of things, and out of before tradition and the spirit of the Constitution the abundance came a demand for those cultural were perverted, Americans took for granted that satisfactions which men seek when their larders government had no other competence. are full-lectures, the circus, the road show and the But the hard fact is that this monopoly of co­ concert. ercion is vested ,in humans-of which government Free men built a rich Society. Neither federal is necessarily composed-and that these humans nor state governments were in position to inter­ are no different in make-up from uhose they are vene, since their income from taxes was insufficient called upon to coerce. It would be expecting too for such mischief. There were no border guards to much for them to scrupulously resist the temptation prevent men from moving to where their fancy or to use the power they wield for purposes purely the prospect of profit on their labors might lure personal. The temptation is heightened by the them, no custom collectors to filch any of their pro­ fiction that political power can be used to promote duce, no inquisitional agents to deprive them of the "general good," a fiction that politicians are their savings. In time, the areaapproxi­ ever ready to foster and believe. Whenever the mated in size the border-ridden eastern Europe power of government is so used, the "general good" (outside Russia), and free men performed the turns out to be a special advantage granted to some materialistic miracle of the ages. Government, on group of citizens, to the disadvantage of another, the whole, did not try to interfere with them, and accompanied by a further incre,ase in the glory and certainly could not help them. emoluments of political office. Since government During this time of material growth, a century cannot produce a single economic good, and lives and a quarter, the country suffered from three only by what it takes from the property of 'individ­ freebooting ventures-hardly wars-instigated by uals, every "general good" venture increases its conniving politicians, and one war; meanwhile the need for taxes, and every increase in taxes enables strong governments of Europe were always either it to venture further. Thus in time the agency es­ warring one another or sending their armies all tablished for the purpose of protecting Society over the world to augment their inadequate tax­ becomes its master. and-tariff incomes with what they could pick up This tendency of government to expand upon its from colonials. And, be it noted, the one American power and its prerogatives is inherent in it simply war of that era was caused by the tariff disabilities because it is composed of men, who have ambition from which the South suffered; compelled to sell and who dream dreams of their own. But the ex­ their cotton at the price fixed by world demand, pansion is always at the expense of Society. There­ and to buy all thejr manufactured products at tariff­ fore, the concern of Society, particularly in the laden prices from the industrial Northeast, South­ last few centuries, has been to find some way to erners' sense of economic hurt spilled over into keep government within bounds. Thus came consti­ other areas of discontent, and other causes for war tutionalism. Thus came the idea that to safeguard obscured the original one. Thirty years before freedom-from government, of course-it is neces·· secession detonated the conflict, John C. Calhoun sary to keep government small, so that it can be warned that if protectionism became the settled

MARCI-! ~95Q 395 policY' of the government, the separation of the cultural ideal. To·ward that end, it is permissable, Union would "inevitably" follow. once the ideal is defined by "experts" and imple­ One Worldism is not an impossible ideal. But, it mented by parliamentary action, to use every means is not approachable by the road of political power. -including suasion, subvention and subterfuge­ On the contrary, the organiz.ation of the world into to make it prevail. Overcas,ting these means is a single Society-which is what the sincere One the shadow of political force. Worlders (not the Communists and Socialists) hope Thus, for instance, among all One Worlders the for-can only be effected by the voluntary coopera­ dogma of "democracy" is held to be the solvent of tion of the peoples of the world via an unfettered national particularisms and the catalyst for a market place. The first step in that direction is the global mental attitude. The dog,ma is never defined, removal of all barriers to trade, all of which are so that its shapelessness renders it applicable to political. Not only must tariffs go, but also such authoritarian regimes, to socialistic countries, to impediments to exchange as quotas, special em­ republic'S. It is only a word to conjure with, and bargoes, ,and the pegging of moneys at false values. is so used by One Worlders. They insist that if the Free trade is trade in which government is in no "democratic attitude" were universal, cultural dif­ way involved. If General Motors is willing to sell ferenees would tend to disappear and harmony its product to somebody in Moscow, on a credit would prevail. The first thing to do, therefore, is basis, it must do so at its own risk; it cannot call to carry "democracy" to the ends of the world, on the U. S. Marines to collect on defaulted bills, by any means available and regardless of the Nor is it free trade when the government pledges wishes of the supposed beneficiaries. They must the taxpayers' money ag,ainst loss to foreign in­ 'be reshaped. vestors; tha,t is likely to be a subsidy, or an excuse for intervention in foreign .affa'irs. It is this conviction of "m·anifest destiny"-of What this proposal amounts to, in the final a divine mandate to improve mankind~that makes analysis, is a general recognition of the fact that One Worldism a threat to peace. To be sure, the political power is incapable of doing anything that most virulent of the One Worlders, the Socialists men cannot do for themselves; that when it in­ and the Communists, make no bones about their vades the market place, except as an impartial intention to use force when neces8ary for the ful­ policeman, it must be destructive and predatory; fillment of their holy miss'ion. The amorphous One that it is without competence to improve the "gen­ Worlders are not so for1thright, perhaps because eral good," and that when it attempts to do so it they are not as positive about their creed; they are causes injustice and, therefore, friction. The best still seeking a viable .compromise between Chris­ that government can do for Society is to perform tianity - and atheism, between collectivism and its negative functions and otherwise get out of its capitalism, between the doctrine of natural rights way. and the doctrine of political rights. They are hop­ An international political organization with prac·· ing that the perfect world creed will emerge from tically unlimited pow·er and unlimited revenues parliamentary palaver. In the meanti,me, they seem certainly will not do that. to be serving as advance guard for the more single­ minded Marxists. In any of its forms, One Worldism is interven­ tionism; it is the conceit that absolute wisdom re­ Interventionism Is War sides in some people, who are duty-bound to impose their special gift on the less enlightened. It rules o FORM a valid judgment on the United Nations out the idea that the peoples of the world might Trequires not so much a knowledge of all its be happier if permitted to live by the par,ticular activities as an unders,tanding of the pattern of cultures that time has evolved for them. They must thought underlying these activities. Indeed, one be brought to conform to the perfect formula. But needs only to know the basic premise of that pat­ people do not readily give up their accustomed way tern to comprehend the "why" of everyone of the of living and thinking and are resentful of inter­ UN's programs. The purpose of this issue of the ference from the outside. Hence, the very premise FREEMAN is hardly to analyze every phase of the of One Worldism, or interventionism, leads to United Nations-that would require a library of friction, not to peace and good will. books-but to point up that basic premise. If the This is best illustrated by the popular upheaval reader abstracts that lodestone of UN thinking in this country caused by the efforts of the One from these selected articles, he will be able to assess Worlders to bypass the barriers to their plans the purport· of .every UN program. embodied in our Constitution and its Bill of Rights. The premise of the United Nations, and therefore This is a threat to our tradition. This is interven­ of One Worldism, is this: Peace can be achieved in tion in our internal affairs. It is a clear case of this world only if all the peoples that inhabit it invading our privacy and attempting to rearrange can be brought to abandon their traditional ways the furniture of our thinking. A better causus of thinking and living and t.o accept a common belli could not be found.

336" THE FREEMAN How We Got Where We Are

An historian traces the development 0/ the American "One World" movement from 1896 to By CHARLES CALLAN TANSILL the present Uniled Nations, with its threat to our heritage and our national security.

In recent years it has been the fashion for court favor this country taking a hand... if the Euro­ historians and glib columnists to sneer at ardent pean continent selected this opportunity to try Americans who reject the doctrine of the Roose­ and smash the British Empire." velt and Truman Administrations: bankrupt Roosevelt was merely expressing his acceptance America to bankroll the world. These Americans of the fact that an intimate Anglo-American whose main desire is to save their country from a understanding had been arrived at during the crushing burden of world responsibility are fre­ Spanish-American War, with Secretary Hay as its quently referred to in derisive terms as "isolation­ chief creator. In the Far East this accord had ists" who would like to build a Chinese wall been implemented by the first Open Door note of around America and thus cut it off from all September 6, 1899, and the circular note of July foreign contacts. 3, 1900, with its emphasis upon the importance Of course, no ardent American has wished to of preserving the territorial integrity of the build such a wall, and he has welcomed the social, Chinese Empire. American support of Japan dur­ economic, religious and cultural forces that have ing the Russo-Japanese War was a natural result molded the American mind. He realizes, however, of this Anglo-American parallel policy. that thanks to its favored geographical position, America has escaped the recurring tides of con­ Wilson Seizes the Bait flict that have crumbled the walls of ancient civilizations and washed away the heritage men During the Wilson Administration the move­ have earned through dauntless courage and high ment toward Anglo-American unity in foreign endeavor. He has been an isolationist only against policy took on increasing momentum. When Sir foreign wars and their evident evils, and before Edward Grey threw out the .bait of American 1917 he had seen his country grow strong and participation in a League of Nations, President prosperous beyond the brightest dreams of the Wilson seized it with avidity and on January 9, Founding Fathers. 1916, gave assurances that he would be "willing But before 1917 there were American statesmen and glad when the opportunity comes to cooperate who began to think in terms of intimate political in a policy seeking to bring about and maintain association with certain European countries. In permanent peace among civilized nations." 1896 Secretary Olney was approached by Joseph The next step along this perilous path to a close Chamberlain concerning a close partnership with Anglo-American accord was the signature on Britain in a joint effort to put a stop to the February 22, 1916, of the House-,Grey Agreement. Armenian massacres then taking place in Turkey. This was an invitation to war, not peace. Accord­ This project would have been far outside the pale ing to its terms, whenever the Allied governments of American national interests, but Olney seemed gave the word, President Wilson would summon delighted with the idea of unity in Anglo-Ameri­ the belligerent nations to a peace conference. If can foreign relations. His reply to Chamberlain Germany refused to heed this summons, America on September 28, 1896, might well have been writ­ would enter the World War on the side of the ten by Cordell Hull: "Because of our inborn and Allies. If Germany answered the summons but instinctive English sympathies, proclivities, modes would not accept peace terms which were con­ of thought and standards of right and· wrong, sidered "reasonable," then America would inter­ nothing would more gratify the mass of the vene in the war in order to compel German com­ American people than to stand side by side and pliance. But the President's desire for interven­ shoulder to shoulder with England in support tion was so great that he felt that he could not of a great cause." wait for the invocation of this agreement. On Theodore Roosevelt sounded a similar note February 21 and 22, 1916, he acquainted some im­ during the Boer War when there was a possibility portant congressional leaders with his belief that that a combination of European powers might America should immediately enter the World War intervene and put an end to British imperialistic in order to "bring it to a conclusion by mid­ plans in South Africa: "I should very strongly summer and thus render a great service to civil-

MARCH 1955 337 ization." Congress refused to be stampeded into her moral support would be the prelude to armed war, and the President had to cancel a program intervention against any attempt to break the that was designed t.o scrap in 'a most abrupt manner status quo. the historic policy of isolation. In the last months of 1916 after President A Pact to Outlaw War Wilson had been re-elected upon a platform of peace, he began to drift down the road to war. The Kellogg-Briand Treaty of August 27, 1928 British propaganda, with its continued insistence was the answer to these internationalist prayers. that the Allies were fighting America's war, had Even that former arch-isolationist, Senator Borah, a definite part in molding his mind, and Secretary seemed mesmerized by the thought of insuring Lansing helped by writing a,crid notes to Germany world peace through American cooperation in a which sharply challenged the conduct of sub­ pact to outlaw war; and he frankly remarked to marine warfare. Professor Borchard has clearly Kirby Page that he firmly believed that "in the demonstrated that Secretary Lansing's notes. were event of a grave violation" of the pact, the United based upon "the false premise that the United States "could not stand idly by." Secretary Stim­ States was privileged to speak not only for Amer­ son, on January 7, 1932, took the same position, ican vessels and their personnel, but also on and his nonrecognition note to Japan was filled behalf of American citizens on Allied and other with overtones of compulsion. In the early months vessels." These notes set the stage for America's of the following year he persuaded President­ entry into the World War. ele1ct Roosevelt to adopt this nonrecognition policy which Ambassador Hugh Wilson, at Geneva, saw Setting the One-World Stage very clearly was a road to war. In advocating American participation in a peace After the United States had entered that con­ pact that could easily be twisted into a clarion flict, Wilson suddenly began to talk in terms of call to arms, Secretary Kellogg merely followed a a crusade for the extension of democracy. This line of action that had been warmly espoused by was followed by impassioned discourses dealing many important members of the Republican Party. with the one-world idea: "The greatest nation is In 1924 the Department of State sent delegates to the nation which penetrates to the heart of its the Second Opium Conference sponsored by the duty and mission among the nations of the world." League of Nations, and by 1930 American rep­ He was insistent that Ameri,ca's destiny "is not resentatives had been in attendance at more than divided from the destiny of the world." Soon he forty League conferences dealing with different was announcing that the United States had aban­ topics. In the following year there were five A'meri­ doned isolation in favor of world leadership: ican officials stationed at Geneva where they "The only question is whether we can refuse the voiced American opinions in no uncertain tones. moral leadership that is offered us, whether we The fact that William Randolph Hearst sup­ shall accept or reject the confidence of the world." ported Franklin D. Roosevelt in the campaign of This task of world leadership was a Divine im­ 1932 made the new Democratic President very perative: "The stage is set, the destiny disclosed. cautious about avowing any real interest in the It has come about by no plan of our conceiving, League of Nations, but Secretary Hull was not but by the hand of God who has led us into this backward about expressing one-world ideas. In way." an address delivered at Williamsburg, Virginia, Long before Wendell Willkie had a convenient on June 11, 1934, he made ~ revealing comment: ghost writer draft the manuscript of his little book on the one-world idea, other Republicans had It is significant that none of the statesmen who been moving slowly toward the same goal. Inter­ made history in the period before and during the Revolution, and during a long later period ... had nationalists in Republican ranks had regarded any thought that this country could or should lead with open dismay the defeat of the Treaty of a self-contained existence.... They completely Versailles in the Senate, and they hoped to salvage realized that it was not possible for this country to some of the wreckage for a treaty of their own. develop without commercial, social and cultural re­ They were particularly anxious to scrap the age­ lations with Europe. old policy of isolation and c,onsequent neutrality. 'Three years later, July 16, 1937, he grew bolder: America should be made to bear some of the Any situatio'n in which armed hostilities are in burdens that a long catalogue of wars had im­ progress or are threatened, is a situation wherein posed upon Europe; she should be a participant the rights and interests of all nations either are or in the important wars of the future. European may be seriously affected. There can be no serious hostilities anywhere in the world which will not statesmen looked with surprise and delight at affect ... interests or rights •.. of this country. the handiwork of these American internationalists who began to dabble in drafts of treaties that This one-world theme was developed in a dra- would outlaw war. If America could be bound to matic manner by President Ro.osevelt at Chicago some general treaty for the renunciation of war in his famous quarantine speech on October 5,

338 THE FREEMAN 1937: "Let no one imagine that (in the event of hopes for a German motif, but Hitler refused a European War) America will escape, that it to assist with a few martial notes, so Roosevelt may expect mer,cy, that this Western Hemisphere turned to the inscrutable East for new inspira­ will not be attacked." tion. He found i,t at Pearl Harbor when Japanese Roosevelt lied America into World War Two planes sounded the first ,awesome notes in 'a for the alleged purpose of insuring national chorus of death that profoundly shocked all security. It is evident that we have not attained America. At the White House it was pretended this primQ objective, and thus we lost the war. that the macabre notes were unexpected and most The background of World War One was much unwelcome, but later it was learned that the the same. President Wilson sonorously proclaimed President had nonchalantly waited in the Oval that our objectives in carrying on the war were Room until Death knocked on the door at one the extension of the frontiers of democracy and o'clock and announced that the overture in the the prevention of future wars. Needless to say, distant Pacific had just been completed. those objectives were never attained, and that war was lost. The harvest we reaped from partici­ The Great Betrayal pation in two world wars was a very grim one-a mountain of American corpses, an ocean of Amer­ In Washington, in December 1941, there was big talk in a high key about a war for national ican blood and a colossal national debt we will never be able to liquidate. security; and some persons were greatly surprised The theme song President Wilson made popular when the President seemed to think that Amer­ when America went to war, "we will make the ica's future safety depended upon an exceedingly world safe for democracy," ended on a very sour strong Russia. They remembered the fate of little note when the great parade of 1917 ended for Latvia, 'Lithuania and Estonia. They also re­ thousands of Americans in deep graves in vast membered how Russia had brutally attacked Fin­ land in 1939 and finally reduced her to submis­ cemeteries in France. In 1914, with Roosevelt as sion in the spring of 1940. For these wanton maestro, the new theme song was pitched to the aggressions she had been expelled from the seductive strain of national security; and the White House orchestra anxiously awaited the League of Nations. Students of international re­ signal to begin the new symphony. There had been lations were not forgetful of the fact that every American Secretary of s,tate from Bainbridge Colby, in 1920, to Secretary Stimson, in 1933, had denounced the Soviet regime as a dangerous conspiracy against the safety of all capitalistic countries. Roosevelt himself was familiar with this pattern of Soviet duplicity, and in 1935 the dispatches from Ambassador Bullitt in Moscow had reached a crescendo of shrill warnings against Soviet designs. When Bullitt came all the way to Washington to reinforce these warn­ ings, Roosevelt shrugged them off with the remark that he had a hunch he could get along 'with Stalin. The full story of how Roosevelt and Truman betrayed the free world at the conferences held at Cairo, Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam will soon be told in stark detail in the volumes of docu­ ments about to be published by the Department of State. From the data already in print it is evident that as a result of a series of executive agreements Russia was placed in a dominant posi­ tion in Europe and in the Far East. Heated Demo­ cratic oratory and fervid explanations by former officials in the Roosevelt and Truman Adminis­ trations cannot erase this fact. They cannot erase the additional fact that President Truman refused in April 1945 to make peace with Japan when she was beaten to her knees and begging for terms of surrender. Captain Zacharias had learned from Vatican sources of the desperate plight of Japan. When he made hurried trips to One for All; None for One the White House and to the Pentagon, he received

MARCH 1955 339 a terse brush-off: "We are not interested in a role of America has been reduced to one of mere Vatican-inspired peace." did not containment. George Kennan was entirely right in want the American government to make peace the thesis of his famous article on containment. with Japan in April 1945. The Soviet high com­ As long as the United States remains within the mand wanted Japan so impotent that she would wretched framework of the United Nations, it no longer be a factor in the equation of power should not assume the active role of stirring up in the Far East. The American high command revolt in the Soviet satellite states. The United paid far more attention to the ruthless wishes of Nations was created to help Russia, not to hurt Stalin than to the pacific pleas of the Pope. her. Ardent advocates of the United N'ations are al­ But even a policy of containment is difficult ways careful to hide the fact that this much-touted to carry out. Communism is like an angry tide one-world organization is a useful guarantor of that is constantly seeking ,some soft spots in the slavery for millions behind the Soviet Iron Cur­ dikes of restraint. This fact was evident on the tain. This was the only reason Stalin consented morning of June 24, 1950, when the army' of a to membership in this successor to the League of Soviet satellite state, the People's Republic of Nations. The league had guaranteed to Britain Korea, launched an attack south of the 38th and France their ill-gotten spoils of war after parallel. The next morning the Security Council the Treaty of Versailles, and the Kellogg-Briand of the United Nations called upon the armed Peace Pact had enlisted American support of this forces of the People's Republic to cease hostilities guarantee. It was entirely fitting that and withdaw into their own territory. It also should preside over the sessions held at San called upon members of the United Nations to Francisco during the spring of 1945 when the furnish the assistance necessary to preserve Charter of the United Nations was drafted. peace. On June 27 President Truman ordered American air and sea forces to support the South One W orlders Revise Our Treaty-Making Koreans in their resistance to invasion, and thus a so-called "police action" was commenced in It was pretended that the United Nations would the Far East.' have little to do with carrying out the terms of a comprehensive peace settlement that would be Prescription for Defeat signed at the close of World War Two. Roosevelt and Truman knew very well there would be no Americans had long been assured of the efficacy peace treaty that would have to be sent to the of collective security in maintaining world peace, Senate for dissection and discussion and possible and they were shocked to discover that war as rejection. Am,erican One Worlders scorned the old waged by the United Nations was a prescription American democratic procedure of treaty-making. for military defeat in Korea. The UN insisted The new procedure was along totalitarian lines. upon military procedures that resulted in a stale­ Presidents Roosevelt and Truman merely signed mate equivalent to a Communist victory. After executive agreements that did not have to go the close of the conflic,t it was revealed that leaks before the Senate of the United States. of vital information from French officials to The peace that was made under the terms of communist agents had greatly contributed to these agreements was so punitive and revolting this victory. that President Roosevelt knew that some one­ This lesson of betrayal was lost upon President world organization was needed to enforce it. This Truman and Secretary Acheson, but there was no new organization would have to be more potent action along the line of withdrawal from the than the old League of Nations. It would have United Nations. Containment was still advocated to have the power to keep millions in chains of by the Department of State, which put its trust slavery. The procedure of enforcement in this in organizations like N,ATO and EDe. When the regard was called the preservation of world peace. Eisenhower Administration took office in March In Article 42 of the United Nations Charter it is 1953 it was widely hoped that this policy of provided that the Security Council "may take containment would be scrapped for something such action by air, sea or land forces as may more positive. These hopes were confirmed in be necessary to maintain or restore international January 1954 when Secretary Dulles announced peace and security. Such action may include a new departure-a policy of "massive retaliation" demonstrations, blockade and other operations by that would clearly show Communist States that air, sea or land forces of Members of the United it did not pay to break the peace of the world. Nations." As long as the Soviet government does But Dulles soon had to eat his bold words. The not assume an active role in any breach of world President's advisers in the White House were peace, this military force will help to protect fearful that Britain and France would not sup­ its far-flung empire of satellite states from out­ port America if she resorted to retaliation. Al­ side aggression. though neither nation was disposed to send ade­ It is obvious that, under these conditions, the quate military forces to Korea to help American

340 THE FREEMAN armies stem the surging Red tide in that penin­ the police action in that country. It is common sula, it was felt by the One Worlders close to knowledge in Washington that the President's the President the United States could not go military advisers, who have grown weary of ahead in world politics without Anglo-French Chinese Communist conduct, have informed him assistance. that with merely five arms of the American Air When Eisenhower finally reached a point where Force in the Far East the ninety air fields in he seemed to favor American armed intervention could be destroyed in the matter of a few in Indo-China, he was warned by Mendes-France, weeks, and that the Peiping government could not yet Premier, that France wanted peace at be brought to its knees in a short while. There any price. The armistice signed at Geneva on was no real reason why Dag Hammerskjold should July 15 recorded another communist victory, and have been sent to China to plead for the lives of the Department of State announced that the Americans. United States would "respect" the terms of this The question arises-will the United States new surrender. This means that, in accordance continue to rely for its national security upon with the terms of the Charter of the United the assistance of a United Nations that is lament­ Nations, we will help protect from outside aggres­ ably weak in military forces and distinctly divided sion these fresh spoils of war. upon what policy to pursue concerning Soviet Russia? In the event of another war will Amer­ Breaches of Korean Armistice ican officials continue to follow United Nations prescriptions which in the past have meant in­ And now comes the tragedy of the eleven Amer­ evitable defeat? Will our foreign policy be based ican fliers who are held in communist prisons upon American strength or upon the weakness of in China. It is a little difficult to see why we are a United Nations organization that has a rep­ so interested in the fate of these fliers. We have resentative of Soviet Russia serving upon the long known that several hundred other Americans Security Council? Can American interests be pre­ have been slowly dying in communist hands in served and strengthened in an atmosphere of China. We are also aware of the fact that the international jealousies and distrust? Can the Communists have committed at least six breaches betrayal of yesterday be changed into the bright of the Korean armistice agreement which ended promise of tomorrow?

now composed, and how these interests are left as An Open Letter a helpless and hopeless minority in the procedural functioning of that body. Mr. Warren R. Austin It is further noteworthy that we-a helpless and The Committee for One Million hopeless minority-are being forced to finance the I am happy to have your request to sign the peti­ major part of these suicidal IUN processes. tion to the President "Against the Admission of I see, therefore, only one ... recommendation Com,munist China to the United Nations." Whereas to make. .. The United States should withdraw I approve of refusing to enter into any such blind from the United Nations, promptly and completely. ties to communist China via the United Nations, I We are in no wise trespassing on the rights" of would request that my objection be presented to others in doing so, for such is most certainly within the IPresident in the following form... our rights as a sovereign nation. It entails no in­ I share fully your evident desire to preserve consistency of treatment of other nations, as would those human rights and freedoms that were tra­ be involved in objecting, on grounds of its com­ ditional in the founding of these United States. But munism, to membership of communist China in an that objective, so far as the United Nations is con­ organization of which nations like communist Rus­ cerned, is not attained merely by refusing admit­ sia are retained as member.s without challenge. We tance of communist China. Most of the present would resolve the problem ... without throwing members of the United Nations are nationals which our power around outside our borders in matters violate these same rights and freedoms, as does such as discriminatory exclusions from member­ communi.st China... The facts are amply available ship in the United Nations-a process generative to anyone who will test the national conduct of of enmity rather than of good will abroad. each of these nations by the ten points of the Com­ Finally, I would recommend that the D'N Build­ munist Manifesto-the procedural objectives of ing be converted into a hospital to be operated by communism. After one has done this, it will be some worthy private 'charitable ag.ency; that this clear how these rights and freedoms have a small island of immunity from our laws, here within our minority representation in the United Nations as borders, be eliminated forthwith. F. A. HARPER

MARCH 1955 341 • All Alone In the UN

On vital economic questions involving the American By ROBERT S. BYFIELD concept of , the U.S. in the UN is often outvoted or forced to take a defensive stand.

The Economic and Social Council (consisting of formed observation and fully documented, is that 18 members elected by the General Assembly of the Kremlin joined the United Nations, not to the United Nations), annually reviews the world help in reaching agreements with fellow-members, economic situation and reports to the General but to use it as one of the weapons in achieving Assembly through that organ's Second (Economic its basic goals of global domination and the and Financial) and Third (Social, Humanitarian smashing of capitalism. The Communists have and Cultural) Committees. At these sessions such written a whole library of books in which these subjects as technical assistance, economic devel­ objectives are ,clearly stated. Firmly based on the opment of underdeveloped countries, international Marxist-Leninist doctrine known as "revolution­ financing, investment and trade, raw material ary parliamentarianism" are the usual Soviet commodity prices, living standards, land reform tactics of obstructionism, procrastination and and human rights are initially debated before endless debate, and the resort to semantic skul­ being passed along in the form of resolutions to duggery. This pattern of procedure was fully the plenary meetings of the General Assembly. described by the Second Congress of the Com­ As one of a minority of the nations with a munist International in 1920, replete with direc­ socio-economic system characterized as free en­ tives for using a legal parliamentary framework terprise capitalism, the United States finds itself for illegal acts; the talkathon technique has been in a unique and sometimes unhappy position at employed by Soviet spokesmen and agents ever these sessions. It is not the small communist bloc since. that is the cause of our troubles. More often than not we find ourselves on the opposite side of the Behind the Soviet Diatribes fence from some of our friends, politically and diplomatically speaking, who comprise the bloc of Impressive evidence as to Soviet purpose in the members sometimes referred to as the have-not United Nations has long been available and con­ or underdeveloped nations. This fact should not tinues to mount. For example, here is the sworn surprise us since we are the economic colossus, testimony of Dr. Marek Stanislaw Korowicz, who while they are poor. came to America as First Alternate Delegate to More dismaying is the fact that the western the UN from communist Poland, and sought European nations, many of which are our tradi­ asylum here. He told the Hous'e Committee on tional friends and military allies, frequently differ Un-American A,ctivities on September 24, 1953 strongly from us in the debates on economic, (p. 2596) : social and financial matters. The root cause of such disagreement is deep and significant. The Mr. Kunzig: Dr. Korowicz, did the members of your delegation with whom you were associated justa fact, not generally realized by most Americans, is few days ago •.. have any real respect for the that our brand of "capitalism" is not in line with United Nations, or from your conversations with the European concept, where "capitalism" is often them did they feel that it should be used as a equated with various degrees of socialism, or the propaganda purpose for Poland and Russia? "mixed economy." The European attitude toward Dr. Korowicz: The organization of the United Na­ tions is considered as one of the most important the right of private property certainly does not platforms for Soviet propaganda in the world.... coincide with ours; and only Canada, of all the Mr. Kunzig: In other words, sir, there is no real nations of the so-called "free w,orld," comes near desire to work with one another and make a better accepting our allegiance to the free market idea. world, but merely to use the United Nations as a propaganda device to further communism? Even more important for a sound appraisal of Dr. K,orowicz: Yes, that is quite correct. That is the debates and resolutions on economic and my view. financial matters in the United Nations is an understanding of the objectives of the Soviet As a delegate from a satellite country and an Union in joining the United Nations, and its sub­ eminent jurist, formerly Professor of Law at the s-equent deportment in the General Assembly, the University of Cracow, Dr. Korowicz was in a posi­ Specialized Agencies and their Committees. tion to know and interpret Marxist-Leninist be­ The bitter fact, confirmed by unbiased and in- havior and doctrine.

342 THE FREEMAN It is only logical that much of the "hate lan­ foreign capital. That there have been some mis­ guage" characteristic of Soviet spokesmen in the givings as to the wisdom of the Resolution has United Nations should be directed at the economic been shown in the debates of the Eighth and systems of the Western world. After all, lViarxist Ninth General Assemblies. As recently as De­ dogma holds that all economic, social, legal and cember 11, 1954, a resolution seeking to stimulate cultural ills stem from the institution of private the international flow of capital was passed by property and that when private property is a vote of 48 to 0 with 8 . Among other abolished, Utopia will have arrived. things it recommends that countries seeking to So then, Soviet purpose and European ideology, attract foreign capital "re-examine, wherever plus the poverty of many nations, combine to necessary, domestic policies, legislation and ad­ isolate the United States, or at least to place it in ministrative practices with a view to improving a defensive position on many economic issues. the investment climate; avoid unduly burdensome The classic example was the passage by the taxation; avoid discrimination against foreign in­ General Assembly on December 21, 1952, of Res­ vestments ... make adequate provision for re­ olution 626 (VII), bearing the rather innocuous mission of earnings and repatriation of capital." title, "Right to Exploit Freely Natural Wealth and The main issue was avoided. Resources." In effect, it confirmed the right of a The debates on the Human Rights Covenants country to nationaliz·e its natural resources as offer an even more striking instance. It will be inherent in its sovereignty, but omitted any pro­ remembered that, as far back as December 1948, vision for compensation to the foreign investors the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal involved. A member of the United States Mission Declaration of Human Rights by a vote of 48 to 0 to the UN stated officially that "in our opinion with 8 abstentions, and requested the Economic this resolution will be interpreted by private in­ and Social Council to ask the Commission on Hu- vestors everywhere in the world man Rights (which was e'Stab­ that they had better think twice lished for this purpose in 1946) before they place their capital But at least through the United to prepare draft covenants and in underdeveloped countries." Nations we can go on with negotia­ measures of implementation on The Resolution was passed by a human rights. The Commission tions and pray for a pure heart vote of 36 to 4 with 20 ahsten­ at its tenth session early in tiions. The negative votes were and clean hands which may even­ 1954 completed work on draft cast by Great Britain, South tuaHy bring us !the confidence covenants covering Economic, Africa, New Zealand and the eve1n of the Soviet Union and lead Social and Cultural Rights and United States. It is of further us to the desired results. also with respect to Civil and interest to note that a similar ELEANOR ROOSEVELT, New Political Rights, and forwarded resolution had passed the Second York Tim,es, July 23, 1952 them to the meeting of the Eco­ Committee ten days earlier by nomic and Social Council in the a vote of 31 to 1 with 19 absten- summer of 1954 at Geneva, tions. The United States cast the sole negative which in turn sent them on to the Ninth General vote. Assembly in session from September to December This balloting may come as a shock to many 1954. Throughout the entire six years in which Americans who are under the impression that in the covenants were shuttled about in the labyrin­ the UN "we always win." Actually, on most im­ thine precincts of the UN, no subject proved to be portant issues in the political and administrative more controversial than the right of owning fields the United States usually does find itself private property. After all, the Declaration did with the majority; it is the Soviet bloc of five state in its Article 17: which is isolated. But where important economic 1. Everyone has the right to own property alone and socio-economic questions are involved, we are as well as in association with others. frequently outvoted; even if we are with the 2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his majority, the margin of victory is likely to be property. slender. Resolution 626 (VII) was a highly signi­ Yet no agreement on the implementation of this ficant defeat for the United States since it in­ "right" had been reached when the General As­ volved the right of private property which, of sembly adjourned in December 1954, and the mat­ course, is at the very center of the great ideolog­ ter will be taken up again in 1955. ical contest raging today. Even admitting that the concepts of property More than two years have passed since the Gen­ ownership differ from country to country, our own eral Assembly adopted Resolution 626 (VII), and concept has received very rough handling by the it has neither been repealed nor even amended. representatives of most underdeveloped countries. Any direct attack upon it would probably be futile, Since we are only one of eighteen members of the despite the great need and expressed desire of Commission on Human Rights, we are in a minor­ the underdeveloped countries of the world for ity position. The United States has announced

MARCH 1955 343 that it does hot intend to sign the covenants, a defensive position on a vital economic issue. Ort but even so, as Mrs. Oswald B. Lord, U.S. member a draft resolution submitted by Afghanistan the on that Commission, stated at its meeting on I-Iuman Rights Commission was requested to pre­ February 25, 1954, "... they [the covenants] pare recommendations concerning international should not be weakened because the Declaration respect for the rights of peoples and nations to had exercised, and would continue to exercise, self-determination. As mentioned on page 15 of an important influence on international practice document A/2829, in the report of the Third Com­ and law." Incidentally, a few days later, at the mittee on December 4, 1954, Brazil, Peru and the meeting on March 2, three U. S. amendments on United States offered a mild and reasonable amend­ property rights were reJected, 7 to 6 with 1 absten­ ment to the effect that such recommendations tion, 9 to 6 with 3 abstentions and 7 to 6 with 5 should have due regard to "obligations under in­ abstentions. ternational agreements, the principles of interna­ tional law and the importance of encouraging in­ The Indirect Attack ternational cooperation in the economic.develop­ ment of underdeveloped countries." In the subse­ The American concept of property rights is not quent balloting the words "obligations under in­ openly attacked. Rather, the opposition is indirect ternational agreements, the prinC'iples of inter­ and is based on the notion that private ownership national law and" were stricken out by a vote impinges on national sovereignty. This, of course, of 21 to 17 with 14 abstentions. Again we lost. was the ostensible legal crutch upon which Resolu­ On December 14, an amended resolution came tion 626 (VII) leaned so heavily. (In the balloting before the 512th plenary meeting of the General on this resolution we did not receive the support of Assembly. At that time Brazil, Peru and the Canada, which has been the beneficiary of billions United States made another try by offering as a of U. S. invested capital, the Canadian delegation subs'titute the watered-down phrase, "having due taking the position that "the problem was primar­ regard to the rights and duties of States under ily legal and not economic.") Again, at the 413th international law." This amendment finally was meeting of the Human Rights Commission, the adopted 23 votes to 14 with 19 abstentions-far Chilean member, Mr. Ortega, argued that the from a convincing showing-and the new resolu­ U. S. concept did not have enough limitations and tion, a thoroughly Milquetoast affair, was then that far-reaching economic ,and social changes adopted as a whole, 41 to 11 with 3 abstentions. have affected this concept since the Virginia Bill of The United States has little if anything to Rights of 1776 and the French Declaration of the gain from the economic and financial activities Rights of Man of 1789. Mr. Ingles of the Philip­ of the United Nations. On the other hand, pines re-emphasized that the right of peoples to we stand to lose much. The dedicated pro­ g.elf-determination included "permanent sover­ tagonists of all-out internationalism and the' "one­ eignty over their natural wealth and resources." world" hotspurs may some day gain their ends On March 1, in the 416th meeting, Mr. Ortega through propaganda, the cooperation of a friendly quoted from Professor Toynbee (who seems to be Administration in Washington and the abdication the favored philosopher-historian of many UN by Congress of its traditional functions. From people) and stated that "the Commission must what has happened on the economic and financial not sacrifice the interest of society to the interest sector in the U,N since its establishment, we can of the individual or to the selfish interest of predi'ct the costs of their success. As a first in­ minorities, since that might provoke social and tallment, the United States would be obliged to economic upheavaL" compromise and perhaps abandon the competitive The chain of events which followed illustrates free enterprise system, which has given Amer­ dramatically how our country can be forced into icans their enviable standard of living.

He Urged It

Among the: special circumstances favoraible to an expansion of the endow­ ment',s own direct 'activ,ities, the most significant ,is the e,stablishmeut of the United Nations with its headquarters ,in New York, and with the United States as lits leading and mos't influential member. The United States wals the ·chief architect of the United N'ations and is its chief sup­ port. The opportunity for aln endowed American institution having the obje,ctives, traditions and prestige of the endowment, to support and serve the United Nations is very great. ALGER HISS, "Recommendations of the ,President to the Trustees," 1947 Ye,arbook of the Carnegie Foundation

344 THE FREEMAN History~s Greatest Breach of Promise

The rosy promises of world peace and plenty By CHESLY MANLY through the United Nations have faded before the dark realities of aggression and failure.

Nothing less than a millenriium of universal peace, waged aggressive war on Finland, seizing part prosperity and happiness was promised t.o a war­ of its territory. These enormities were com'mitted ravaged, !sick and hungry world by the pious in violation of solemn nonaggression pacts, but founders of the United Nations. Never in history Moscow's good faith in signing the United Nations had it been proposed to do so much for so many declaration was not questioned. To the contrary, with so little regard for the possibilities. The Joseph E. Davies, Roosevelt's egregious ambassa­ miracle of the loaves and 'fishes was to be com­ dor to Moscow, told an audience in Chicago only a bined with compulsory pacification for the perma­ month later: "The word of honor of the Soviet nent gratification and tranquility of two and government is as safe as the Bible." one-half billion human beings. In a book circulated throughout the Soviet This is not hyperbole. Franklin D. Roosevelt Union, Stalin had reaffirmed Lenin's dictum tha't first expounded his postwar policy in his annual "the existence of the Soviet republic side by side message to Congress on January 6, 1941. He with im,periaIist states for a long time is unthink­ looked forward to a world founded upon "four able"; that "one or the other must triumph in the essential human freedoms"-freedom of speech end"; that "before that end supervenes, a series and expression, freedom of religion, freedom from of frightful collisions between the Soviet republic want, freedom from fear-"everywhere in the and the bourgeois stat,es will be inevitable." Un­ world." To assure freedom from want, he proposed dauntled by this article of Bolshevik faith, Secre­ economic understandings which would "secure to tary of State Cordell Hull signed the four-power every nation a healthy peacetime life for its in­ Moscow Declaration of October 30, 1943, pledg­ habitants-everywhere in the world." To assure ing united action in the establishment of "a gen­ freedom from fear, he proposed "a world-wide re­ eral international organization ... for the main­ duction of armament.s to such a point and in such tenance of international peace and security." a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-anywhere in the world." The "Peaceful :Coexistence" Delusion The Atlantic Charter declaration, issued by Secretary Hull was convinced that "peaceful co­ President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Chur­ existence" was impossible in respect to Nazi Ger­ chill on August 14, 1941, envisaged "a peace which many, but imperative in the case of Communist will afford to all nations the means of dwelling Russia. Outlining his plans for the UN in a public in safety within their own boundaries, and which address on April 9, 1944, he said: will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from •.. we have moved from a careless tolerance of fear and want." It promised a "permanent syst.em evil institutions to the conviction that free govern­ of general security" which would "lighten for ments and Nazi and Fascist governments cannot peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of arm­ exist together in this world because the very nature of the latter requires them to be aggressors and aments." the very nature of free governments too often lays The Soviet Union subscribed to .the Atlantic them open to treacherous a'nd well-laid plans of Charter in the so-called Declaration by United attack...there is no hope of turning victory into Nations, signed on January 1, 1942, by 26 nations enduring peace unless the real interests of this and subsequently adhered to by 21 others. In country, the British Commonwealth, the Soviet Union and China are harmonized and unless they the preceding two and one-third years, Stalin had agree to act together. made a deal with Hitler, precipitating World War Two; invaded and annexed half of stricken Poland; The necess'ity for "peaceful coexistence"-in­ incorporated Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania; and deed cohabitation-with the Soviet Union was re-

MARCH 1955 345 affirmed in the Yalta declaration, issued by Roose­ five billion dollars a year for "national security" velt, Churchill and Stalin on February 11, 1945: -armaments and foreign aid. This is five times HlOnly with continuing and growing cooperation as much as the total annual cost of Roosevelt's and understanding among our three countries and "spendthrift" New Deal before World War Two. among all peace-loving nations can the highest Instead of harmonizing the actions of nations, aspiration of humanity be realized... " the UiN has witnessed their division into hostile The UN Charter, signed at San Francisco on camps, bristling with arms and menacing each June 26, 1945, by the representatives of fifty na­ other with H-bombs and other weapons of mass tions, also predicated success of the organization extermination. Instead of ending the old system upon the cooperation of the Soviet Union. The of "power blocs and alliances," as promised by functions and structure of the Security Council, Secretary Hull, the UIN has seen the United States which was given "primary responsibility for the alone undertake to defend more than forty' nations maintenance of international peace and security," through alliances and military aid agreements out­ were derived from the assumption of "great side the U,N, all aimed at threats of aggression by power" unanimity. This was the rationale of the a senior UiN partner. The UN promise of "inter­ veto provision. 'The UN was to be ua center for national peace and security" is reduced to a mock­ harmonizing the actions of nations." ery by these alliances and agreements, and by The Charter, reflecting the grandiose concept of three hundred A'merican Army, Navy and Air Roosevelt's uFour Freedoms" message, expressed Force bases beyond the seas. the determination of the "people of the United No apologist Ifor the UN has uttered more fat- Nations" to "Have succeeding uous nonsense about it than generations from the scourge Henry Ca:bot Lodge, Jr., chief of war," to take "effective American UN delegate. Lodge collective measures" against recently told the U. S. News aggression, to "practice toler­ & World Report that World ance and live together in War Three had been pre­ peace," to promote respect for vent.ed by "United Nations human rights, and work to­ action in the following in­ gether for "the economic and cidents: the presence of Rus­ sodal advancement of all sian troops in Iran, the peoples." communist encroachment on In a letter to President Greece, the independence of Truman, written on the day Israel, the independence of the Cbarter was signed, Sec­ Indonesia, the struggle be­ retary of State Edward R. tween Pakistan and India Stettinius, Jr. remarked that over K'ashmir, and the aggres­ "some forty million human sion in Korea." beings, armed and unarmed," According to Lodge's argu­ had be,en killed in two wars ment, the absence of world in a period of thirty years. The American apple and the worm war for nine years after the The UN was the world's only UN was established must be recompense for the slaughter of these forty million a,t,tributed to the UN'. Students of elementary war victims, but Stettinius seem,ed to believe that it logic know this as the post hoc, ergo propter was worth the price. He wrote: "If we are earnestly hoc fallacy. It would be just as logical to determined, a'S I believe we are, that the innumer­ argue that the League of Nations prevented a able dead of two great holocausts shall not have world war because none occurred for twenty years died in vain, we must act in concert with the other after it was founded. World wars don't come every nations of the world to bring about the peace for nine years. The nations need a little more time which these dead gave up their lives. The Charter to recover from the last one and get ready for the of the United N'ations is the product of such next. concerted action." Let us consider some of the cases mentioned by Such was the infinite promise of the UN. Did Lodge: the forty million die in vain? Certainly the UN has 1. Iran. In, defiance of the UN and in violation not vindicated their sacrifice, for millions of others of its wartime agreement to remove its troops have died in war since it began to function nine from Iran by March 2, 1946, the 80viet govern­ years ago-in Indo~China, Indonesia, India and ment did not withdraw them until six weeks later, Pakistan, Greece, the communist conquest of after it had established a powerful fifth column in China, Palestine, and Korea. Azerbaijan province and extorted an oil conces­ The American people, promised relief from "the sion from the Iranian prime minister. Sumner crushing burden of armaments," are paying forty- Welles, Under Secretary of State in the Roosevelt

346 THE FREEMAN Administration, said the UiN Security Council rea and called for the withdrawal of all foreign "simply whitewashed a Persian concession to the troops. The Kremlin, true to General Wedemeyer's Soviet Union which had been previously declared prediction, was demanding the same thing. When unconstitutional by the Persian Prime Minister the United States obliged by getting out, the himself." The UN's part in removing the Soviet Communists-also true to General Wedemeyer's troops from Iran would be much more convincing prediction-attacked South Korea. if the UiN could get the Soviet and Chinese Com­ America's so-called allies in the UiN, whose mil­ munist troops out of North Korea. itary contribution was described by General Mark 2. Greece. The Soviet Union and its Balkan Clark as "piddling," dictated Washington's strat­ satellites again defied the UN in a campaign by egy of appeasement in Korea. A commentary pre­ communist guerrilla forces to overthrow the Greek pared by General MacArthur's staff declared that government. UN representatives were not even "by one process or another" the Chinese Com­ permitt,ed to cross the Greek _frontier into the munists were advised before they entered the fray communist countries. Greece was saved by direct that their sanctuary north of the Yalu River American military and economic assistance, cost­ would not be attacked. This treasonable act was ing two billion dollars, and by communist Yugo­ appraised by the MacArthur staff memorandum slavia's break with the Kremlin. Yugoslavia had as "one of the blackest pages ever recorded." been the main base of guerrilla operations against Generals MacArthur, Van Fleet, Clark, Strate­ Greece. meyer, Wedemeyer and Almond and Admiral Joy 3. I srael. The establishment. of a Jewish state all have testified that the military forces were pre­ in the heart of the Arab world must have been vented from defeating the Communists by restric­ consonant with Soviet policy, for Moscow's dele­ Hons imposed upon them by Washington. General gation voted for the Palestine partition resolution Marshall, defending Truman's removal of General of November 29, 1947. When this action by a MacArthur, said MacArthur wanted to carry the world peace organization resulted in war, both conflict to the mainland of China "at the expense of Israel and the Arab states deified UN cease-fire losing our allies and wrecking the coalition of the appeals. HostiHties ended, not in response to UN free peoples." action, but with the victory of Israeli arms, pur­ chased from communist Czechoslovakia with Amer­ Still Appeasing Red China ican money. An armistice agreement negotiated by the UN in 1949 has been honored more in the iThe same policy of appeasing the Chinese Com­ breach than in the obs'ervance, and Armageddon munists to appease the UN has been continued by still beckons in Palestine. the Eisenhower Administration. On November 29, 'The Soviet Union, having encouraged the es­ 1954, Secretary of State Dulles said the United tablishment of Israel under the aegis of the States would not blockade Red China to compel the United States, now is courting the Arabs. Colonel release of thirteen American prisoners held by William A. Eddy, who was Roosevelt's minister the Communists in violation of their armistice to Saudi Arabia and his interpreter at the wartime agreement. Such action would violate our obliga­ conference with King Ibn Saud, told the National tions to the UN and "impair the alliance of the War College last March 9 that the Arabs, if armed, free nations," Dulles declared. equipped and trained by the Russians, would be How are the mighty fallen since Theodore better soldiers than the Chinese. Roosevelt's time! When Raisuli, a Berber mountain "Three hundred million Moslems, not yet mili­ chieftain, abducted an American citizen named tarized, offer to the United States a potent friend Perdicaris and held him for ransom in 1904, or a dangerous enemy," said Colonel Eddy. "If Roosevelt electrified the nation by sending this we chooS'e wrong, may God have mercy on our message to the sultan of Morocco: "P.erdicaris souls !" alive or Raisuli dead!" If President Eisenhower 4. Korea. The United States was involved in should gend such a m'essage to Mao Tse-tung, the the Korean war and prevented from winning it UN would emit lamentations and imprecations that by the UIN. In 1947, General Albert C. Wedem'eyer could be heard around the world. Instead, the warned the Truman Administration that the Rus­ Eisenhower Administration abjectly appealed to sians had armed and trained a powerful North the UN on behalf of eleven American airmen and Korean army and would instigate aggression two civilians imprisoned by the Reds. This was against South Korea after first calling for the only a gesture to placate public opinion, which withdrawal of all foreign troops. He urged Wash­ was outraged by Peiping's announcement that the ington to arm and train a South Korean army thirteen Americans had been imprisoned as spies. before withdrawing the American occupation Nothing had been said in the UN about some eight troops. Instead, the 'Truman Administration sup­ hundred Americans who were known to be alive press'ed the Wedemeyer report and submitted the in Communist hands and were never accounted for Korean question to the UN. The UN', barred from after the armistice, according to Defense Depart­ North Korea, set up a government in South Ko- ment announcements.

MARCH 1955 3,(7 In the 1954 congressional campaign, Republican or not, or criminal or not." Since the United orators extolled the Eisenhower Administration States and the Soviet Union do sit side by side, it not only for the armistice in Korea, but for the follows that if Lodge's reasoning is correct, either Fr,ench c~pitulation in Indo..,China, the overthrow the former is criminal or the latter is virtuous. of the Soviet satellite regime in Guatemala, the Lodge himself told the UN, on February 25, settlement of the Anglo-Iranian oil dispute and 1953, that the Soviet Union instigated and main­ the Anglo-Egyptian dispute over the Suez canal tained the aggression in Korea. A Department of zone oecupation, and the London-Paris accords Defense release on May 15, 1954, stated that 1,300 on German rearmament. The UN, not having Russians were 'employed as staff and technical considered the Indo-China question, cannot be advis'ers throughout North Korea and that "from justly praised or blamed for the Franco-American six to twelve thousand Russian tactical troops" fiasco in Indo-China except insofar as its appease­ took part in the war. Lieutenant General Samuel E. ment of the Communists in Korea strengthened Anderson, commander of the Fifth Air Force in their position in Indo~China.TheUN had tried and Korea, declared that ",entir'e Soviet air force units" failed to settle the Anglo-Egyptian and Anglo­ fought in the Korean war for two and a half Iranian disputes, which eventually were resolved year'S. Although the Charter obligates all members by old-fashioned diplomacy. The German question to "refrain from giving assistance to any State had not been hefore theU,N since the Russians against which the United Nations is taking pre­ vetoed a Security Council resolution on the Berlin ventive or enforeement action," the late Andrei blockade and rejected a General Assembly proposal Viishinsky boasted that his government aided Red for all-German elections. China afrt,er it had been declar,ed an aggressor. Public avowals by officials of the Eisenhower Guatemala Freed by Rejecting UN Advice Administration against the admdssion of Red China to the U,N also could be taken more seriously The Guatemalan revolution was considered by if Secretary Dulles had not written, in War or the Se,curity Council; and if its recommendation Peace, that all nations should be members of the had been respected, Guatemala would be a Soviet UN "without attempting to appraise closely those satellite today. The council's resolution, supported which are 'good' and which are 'bad.' " Such are gleefully by the Russians and stupidly by Lodge, the moral standards of a distinguished lay church called for "the immediate termination of any leader. action likely to cause bloodshed" and requested All of this shows the persistence of the "peaceful "all members of the United Nations to abstain ... coexistence" delusion which afflicted the UN found­ from rendering assistance to such action." For­ ers. It recalls Aesop's fable of the lamb and the tunately for the United States, Colonel Castillo wolf. The wolf, seeking admission to the sheep Armas, leader of the Guatemalan patriots, ignored fold, persuaded a simple lamb that he craved only the UN and proceeded to eject the Communist­ the peaceful enjoyment of tender grass and fresh dominated Arbenz regime. water. "If this be true," said the innocent Iamb, 'The spirited arguments of Administration offi­ "let us for the future live like brethren, and feed cials against the admission of Communist China together." And that was the end of the lamb. to the UN would merit far more respect jf they did not recoil from proposals to terminate diplo­ matic relations with the Soviet Union and demand its expulsion from the UN. Such a cours'e probably would mean the end of the U,N, which is unable to expel a member of the Security Council~butthat would be a gain for the noncommunist world. No This Is What They Said nation can pretend to a decent respect for the opinions of mankind while associating with such a The United Nations Assembly further serves its monstrous regime on terms of equality and mutual task of being a "center for harmonizing." esteem, in a purported peace organization. JOHN FOSTER DULLES, War or Peace, 1950 Assistant Secretary of State Walter S. Robertson We must in postwar United Nations policy plan­ recently denounced the Chinese communist govern­ ning bring the Russians all the way down to Colo­ ment as "an outlaw-gangster regime, unpurged of nial Asia. its crimes and aggressions, and unfit to sit in any respectable family of nations." One wonders OWEN LATTIMORE, Solution in Asia, 1945 whether Robertson believes the Kremlin gangsters The organization [United N'ations] has achieved are more suited to the company of civilized men. notable success in resolving international disputes. Ambassador Lodge recently told a group of visit­ Among these have been the ... repulsion of the ing Congressmen that the UN is not a place "in North Korean invasion of 1950-52. which the virtuous and the criminal sit side by MICHAEL MARTIN and LEONARD GELBER, side without regard to whether they are virtuous The New Dictionary of American History

348 THE FREEMAN The Wages of Hissism

The facts on employment of American undercover By SUZANNE LA FOLLETTE Communists in strategi'c UN positions show t,he need for a bill to protect national security.

At its last session, the UN General A,ssembly voted employment of their nationals who had discredited indemnities of almost $200,000 to eleven former UN themselves by communist activity? Perish the employees who had been ,summarily dismissed for chauvinist thought. They were left to take car,e of invoking the Fifth Amendment before a Senate themselves as best they could. Other nations can Com'mittee. safeguard themselves by refusing to issue passports The vote marked the end of a legal battle which to subv,ersives. The United States, in whose territory began in 1953. It appears to indicate a final victory the UN is encysted, has no such protection. To see for the Communists on the UN ,staff, who as early that it was protected was primarily the job of the as 1946, according to an article by Craig Thompson omnipresent adviser on organization and powerful in the Saturday Evening Post of November 17, 1951, head of the State D,epartment Office of Special began through their Staff Association to contend Political Affairs, which deaTt with UN matters­ with the Secretary-General for control of the Alger Hiss. Secr,etariat. One can hardly imagine thl' Secretary­ Through the door thus left hospitably open General daring in the future to dismiss employees of thronged the American Communists who since 1933 American or other noncommuni.st nationality, no had infested the U. S. government. In fact, they matt.er how much ;evidE:nce he may have that they were there even before the door was opened. You are loyal to the communist conspiracy instead of m.ight almost say they invented the UN. their own countries. The UN Secretariat appears to represented the Treasury have heen made safe for communism. Department at the San Francisco Conferenc,e. He also served as chairman of the commission which Beginning in the Red established the International Monetary Fund, a UN agency. Later he became United States Executive Communist penetration is nothing new at the UN'. Director of the Fund, in spite of FBI w'arning,s to Indeed, the permanent organization took its first the White Hous,e that he was a Soviet agent. steps under the guidance of an undercover Com­ Technical Secretary-General of the founding con­ munist. The organizational work was in the hands ference was Virginius Frank Coe, who afterwards of Alger Hiss. He was in charg,e of all arrangements became Secretary of the Fund and was dismissed for the preliminary Conference of Dumbarton Oaks. only after he had refus'ed to state under oath As the "top specialist" on international organiza­ whether he had been or still was a Soviet agent. tion, he played an important part in the disastrous Harold Glass,er. who also invoked the Fifth Amend­ Yalta Conf.erence, where President Roosevelt agreed ment, represented the Treasury at the founding of that Soviet Russia should have three U'N votes to the United Nations Rehabilitation and Relief one for this country. In 1945 he was Secretary­ Administration (UNRRA), and had a "predominant General of the San Francisco Conference. Again, at voice" in its activities throughout its dubious career. the London meeting of the General Assembly in There were others. On the staff of UNRRA was 1946, he was on hand as adviser to the U. S. delega­ David Weintraub, one-time Director of the WPA tion. There is no record of his having advised the N'ational Research Project and later Director of delegation to protest against a Soviet-proposed staff Economic Stability and Development in the UN rule which had heen unanimously adopted by the Division of Economic Affairs. The Internal Security Preparatory Commission on D,ecember 24, 1945: Subcommittee, in its Report on Interlocking Subver­ sion in Government Departments, found that he Rule 56: No persons who have discredited them­ selves by their activities in connection with fascism or nazism should be appointed to the staff of the .•. occupied a unique position in setting up the United Nations organization. structure of Communist penetration of govern­ mental agencies... [po 10] Sinee in Soviet parlance everyone who is not a Communist is open to the charge of fascism or Weintraub had been identified by Whittaker nazism, this rule gave the Soviet government wide Chambers as a Communist Party member. He denied scope for accusations of guilt by association. this under oath. Three witnesses .invoked the Fifth Were the United States and the other noncom­ A'mendment when asked whether or not they knew munist countries protected by a rule prohibiting him. Weintraub later resigned his UN position.

MARCH 1955 349 Alger Hiss played an important part in recruit­ fore the Committ,ee, Kaplan refused to answer 244 fng employees for the UN Secretariat. The sub­ questions, including this one: committee quotes (Second UN' Report, p. 12) Are you now engaged in an active conspiracy to William L. Franklin, a State Department security overthrow the United States Government by force officer, as having told the House Judiciary Com­ and violence? lIPR Hearings, pt. 13, p. 4760] mittee that by April 4, 1946, Hiss had transmitted to the UN 284 names of candidates for employment. On October 13, 1952, the subcommittee opened This in spite of Secretary Byrnes' announced hands­ public hearings in the cases of Americans then or off policy. formerly employed by the UN or its affiliated From 1946 to 1949, the subcommittee found, the agencies. Of 33 such persons heard, 27 invoked the United States was in no way safeguarded against Fifth Amendment when queried about Communist employment by the UN of disloyal Americans, even activities. Americans actively engag,ed in espionage. And Meanwhile a federal Grand Jury had been probing the sam'e situation. Its term of service expired be­ When the United States Department of State fore it could finish; but in spite of strong opposi­ finally took cognizance of the situation ... it was tion from the Department of Justice, it insisted fully at the instance of the United Nations ... [1953 UN Report, p. 16] on making a presentment in which it declared that the UN had been infiltrated by scores of disloyal Possibly this UN ,initiativ,e was prompted by Mr. Americans, many of whom held positions of trust Lie's troubles with his staff. In any case, the State and responsibility in its Secretariat and its special­ Department undertook to check on persons whose ized agencies. (Second UN R,eport, p. 3) names were submitted, and report to the UN if it Confronted with this open scandal, Secretary­ found anything warranting objection to their em­ General Lie appointed an international commission ployment. However, the subcommittee found that of jurists to advise him on his power to act. The the D,epartment had failed over long periods to re­ commission reported that in its opinion resort to port adversely on persons whose dossiers "were the Fifth Amendment warranted a suspicion of heavy with derogatory .information." guilt, and that the Secretary-General should he prepared to take the appropriate action. It also Foray Against Subversion made the important statement that ... the Secretary-General .should regard it as of In 1952 began the sequence of ev,ents which ended the first importance to refrain from engaging or in the communist victory of December. On May 15 to remove from the staff any person whom he has the Internal Security Subcommittee queried David reasonable grounds for believing to be engaged in Weintraub in con,nection with it's investigation of any activities regarded as disloyal to the host coun­ try. [Second UN Report, p. 4] the Institute of Pacific Relations ('TPR). It wanted to know why he had recom'mended that Owen Lat­ Mr. Lie at once announc,ed that he would be guided timore be sent to Afghanistan on a "technical as­ by the jurists' opinion. sistance 'mission" for the UN. Weintraub said he Twenty-one UN' employees who had invoked the had done 'so on the basis of "general knowledg,e of Fifth Amendment were summarily dismissed. All Mr. Lattimore's work as a political scientist" and appealed to the Administrative Tribunal, UN court his further knowledge that Lattimore had spent of last resort in administrative matters. The Tribu­ considerable time in countries adjoining Afghani­ nal is composed of lawy.ers from m'ember na,tions, stan. Asked to name the countries, he mentioned but the U. S. is not represented. Thus, as UN Am­ Mongolia. He was unable to say where Mongolia and bassador Lodge pointed out, four for,eign lawyers Afghanistan joined. (IPR Hearings, pt.· 13, pp. sat in Geneva to interpret the Fifth Amendment to 4631-4632) the U. S. Constitution. He said he thought it was I'll its IPR report, the subcommittee declared fantastic. (UN Hearings, pt. 3, p. 497) Owen Lattimor,e to be a "conscious, articulate in­ Something equally fantastic happened even before strument of the Soviet conspiracy." What he ac­ the cases reached the Tribunal. Mr. Lie, on the complished for the UN'in Afghanistan remains as very same day that he announced acceptance of the hazy as Mr. Weintraub's knowledge of' geography. juris1ts' report, awarded indemnities to nine of The American taxpayers footed 60 per cent of the the employees he had fir1ed; this in spite of the bill for this mysterious mission. No part of it was jurists' recommendation against indemnities and paid by U.S.S.R. an explicit UIN staff rule against their payment This incident throws light on the Communist in cases of summary dismissal. Moreover, as AHc,e fight for control of the UN Secretariat. Widener, in her pamphlet, "UN Judgment Day," Weintraub's testimony led to the subcommittee's revealed from the official UN report, on April 1, ,investigation of the activities of Americans em­ 1953, Mr. Lie told the General Assembly he had not ployed by the UN. Among several former associates accepted the jurists' recommendation of cons;ider... in the U. S. government whom he had brought into tion for the host country. his UN Division was Irving-Kaplan. Summoned be- This was the first notification the U. S. govern-

350 THE FREEMAN ment had had that lVlr. Lie had changed his mind In other words, it is not serlou3 misconduct for about the report. Our delegation heard him with­ a UN official to give presumptive evidence of having out protest. It did not even inform the American committed a crime. people that the UN Secretary-General had reversed If the Tribunal was unimpressed by presumptive. himself in the important matter of their right to evidence of crime, ther,e was still presumptive be protected from potential traitors who might evidence of activity in violation of Article 100 (1) strike at them from UN cover. of the UN Charter, which forbids the Secretary­ Mrs. Widener further quotes Secretary-General General and the staff to seek or receive instruct,ions Dag Ham'marskjold as having said at a press confer­ from any government or any authority external to ence shortly after he succeeded Mr. Lie that the the organization. jurists' report had been "superseded." This "super­ Various committees of Congre,ss have amassed session" was reflected in the argum,ent of the UN conclusive proof that organized communism is not lawyers before the Tribunal. In case after case, the a political movement but an international con­ decision includes the words: spiracy for world dominion, directed from the U.S.S.R. Indeed, it is an open conspiracy, and has When before the Tribunal, however, the Respon­ dent [the Secretary-General] did not advance these been repeatedly declared in Soviet publications. arguments of the jurists. But neither the Secretary-General nor the Admin­ istrative Tribunal could even hint without embar­ T~ibunal The also had this to say about Mr. Lie's rassment that UN employees had given pre,sumptive award of indemnities: evidence that,they were taking orders from the The nature of serious misconduct appeared so dis­ U.S.S.R. For the UN relies heavily on the fiction putable to the Secretary-General that he granted that communism is merely a political movement. To termination indemnities, which are expressly for­ acknowledge that the Soviet bloc is directing a bidden by the Staff Regulations (Annex III) in cases of summary dismissal. conspiracy to destroy the rest of the UN would have been to expose the organization's basic flaw. Thus Mr. Lie and his successor compromised their The American people were understandably out­ case from the start. raged by the Tribunal's decision, and the U.S. delegation objected to it at the next session of the Fatal hut not Serious Assembly. But the Assembly was doubtful of its power to reverse this agency of its own cr,eation. The Tribunal upheld the Secretary-General in the It therefore requested the International Court of cases of nine applicants (its own term) who had Justice, in effect, to tell it what had been in its held temporary appointments and whose contracts collective mind when it gave the Tribunal supreme therefore he could, and did, terminate without authority over the Secretariat. Last July the Court specific reference to misconduct. One of these was ruled that the Tribunal was top dog, and the A,g­ Irving Kaplan. It remanded one case back to the sembly at its last session meekly bowed to the fiat. UN Appeals Board on a technicality. Of the re­ And what of the U. S. delegation? Somewhere in maining applicants it ordered five reinstated and the course of these events it lost its fighting awarded the rest $122,000 in indemnities plus full spirit. On December 3, Senator Fulbr1ight assured salar,ies to the date of decision and $300 each the Assembly's Legal Committee that the United for legal expenses. When Mr. Hammarskjold re­ States would no longer oppose payment of the in­ fused to reinstate the five, it awarded them amounts demnities. which brought the total indemnities to $179,420, Then the United States joined Argentina in a according to the New York Times of December resolution proposing the creation of a Board of 4, 1954. Review, w,ith authority to overrule the A.dministra­ The Tribunal, according to William O. Hall, ad­ tive Tribunal. Why they did not call instead for the viser to the U.S. delegation to the UN, did not Assembly to take back its own powers into its own take oral testimony from the applicants. They were hands, is not clear. Under the resolution the new never put under oath. They simply filed state­ Board will be top dog, and the As.sembly will con­ ments which the Tribunal apparently accepted at ,tinue powerless to deal with any miscarriage of face value. justice. This piling up of administrative authorities The Tribunal seemed to regard the Fifth Amend­ could go on indefinitely. ment as in the nature of a harmless convenience. In Why should the U.S. government resort to such nine decis,ions it said: shenanigans? There is a bill, introduced by Sel)ator Whatever view may be held as to the conduct McCarran in the last Congress, which provides for of the applicant, that conduct could not be de­ criminal prosecution of disloyal A'mericans found scribed as serious misconduct which alone under Ar­ to have accepted UN employ;ment. If our dele­ ticle 10.2 of the staff regulations and the pertinent gation really wants the country to have some meas­ rules justifies the Secretary-General in dismissing a staff n1ember summarily without the safeguard ure of protection from American undercover Com­ afforded by disciplinary procedure. [Second UN munists in strategic UN positions, it has only to Report, p. 37] [Italics added] urge the new Congress to revive and pass this bill.

MARCH 1955 351 UNdermining Free Enterprise

America, which has passed beyond Europe's By RAYMOND MOLEY State regimentation to the principle of economic liberty, is now involved through the UN in outworn bureaucratic concepts.

The A,merican Constitution was written and be found in Article 55 of the Charter adopted at adopted at a moment in history when freedom­ San Francisco: loving men in France, England and the United With a view to the creation of conditions of sta­ States were seeking every possible means to free bility and well-being which are necessary for peace­ economic life from the shackles and direction of ful and friendly relations among nations based on the State. The American Revolution had its roots respect for the principles of equal rights and self­ in such restrictions. The Declaration of Inde­ determination of peoples, the United Nations shall pendence specified many such grievances against promote: a. higher standards of living, full employment, the King. In that same year Adam Smith published and conditions of economic and social progress and his The Wealth of Nations, the greatest of all trea­ development. tises on . b. solutions of international economic, social, The principle of economic freedom is of the very health, and related problems; and international cul­ tural and 'educational cooperation; and bone and' marrow of the Constitution. The rights c. universal respect for, and observance of human of life, liberty and property ar'e not so stated be­ rights and fundamental freedoms for all without dis­ cause one is superior to another. They are fused, tinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. indissoluble and imprescriptible. The powers of The Economic and Social Council of the United regulating property are carefully specified and lim­ Nations, which reports to the Security Council, is ited. Private property cannot be t.aken for public charged with the responsibility of implementing the use without just compensation. And the authority above Article. Other agenci'es of the UN are also over the purse is vested primarily in the more guided by the basically socialistic principles of the numerous branch of Congress. Charter. The United States, thus fortified in its adherence to the principle of economic liberty, and with abundant evidence of the value of its practice, The State Department Planners found itself after World War Two joined with other nations in creating an international Charter. The difficulties which confront the present Ad­ Among those collaborators were a goodly number ministration in dealing with economic probl'ems in in which economic liberty was a discredited mem­ the United Nations stem from the activities of our ory; others in which socialis,m was fir,mly estab­ State Department during the years when the lished; others like Britain, in which political power Charter was in the formative stage. In 1945 one was passing to the Socialists; and in almost all no group within the State Department laid the foun­ firm ,commitment against cartels and other restric­ dations for United Nations "free wheeling" in tions against private enterprise. It was as if the these fields through the drafting of these Charter American nation had wandered away from the Eur­ provisions. This group was headed by Alger Hiss. opean com,munity when State regimentation was the Another group within the Treasury Department, order of the day and, returning a century and headed by Harry Dexter Whit'e, laid the founda­ three-quarters later, found that community essen­ tions for two of the specialized United Nations tially unchanged. agencies which report to the Economic and

352 THE FREEMAN tional Trade Organization. They were embodied in proposals has become firmly embedded in the world a State Department document issued in N'ovember e'conomic structure. 1945, entitled "Proposals for Expansion of World There is this much to be said for GATT-the Trade and Employment." Soviets never joined in its activities. Czechoslovakia The State Department planners were so con­ is the only satellite sitting at these Geneva meet­ vinced that they could solve all of the world's ills ings. She became a member of GATT before the by setting up new machinery that they took the Communists took over. It is not a United Nations initiative in fostering this organization. The pro­ group. posals expressed the belief that the expansion of The United Nations organization has interpreted world trade was obstructed by: 1) restrictions im­ its Charter as requiring all the nations of the world posed by governments, such as tariffs, currency to maintain full employ,ment at all costs. Our own controls and quotas; 2) restrictions imposed by government was confronted with a so-called full private combines and cartels; 3) excessive fluctu­ employment bill in 1945 when the Stat.e Depart­ ations in the prices of commodities; 4) fear of un­ ment "proposals" were first released. e:mployment. These proposals were addressed to the peoples of Socialist Measures Promoted the world for their consideration. The United Na·· tions obligingly agreed to sponsor a conference at It should not be surprising, however, that the which a Charter would be submitted to the member United Nations, with a Secretariat in which com­ nations to implement the ideas proposed by the muni.st and socialist governments have played an U. S. State Department. It also arranged for a active role, should have promoted full employment ,preparatory committee to prepare the draft of the regardless of the consequences to a free economy. Charter for later consideration. The Iron Curtain countries in their annual reports The first meeting of the preparatory committee to the Economic and Social Council always "show" took place in London in the fall of 1946. Subse­ that they have achieved full emploJnlllent. This quent meetings were held in New York and Geneva. "achievement" is the ripe fruit of slave labor The conference to approve the draft charter assem­ camps. bled in Havana in the fall of 1947, and 56 govern­ The Secretary General of the United Nations ments participated in the discussions. This appointed experts to formulate recommendations Charter was submitted to the Congress in 1949 by for consideration by the Economic and Social Coun­ President Truman. The House Com,mittee on For­ cil and the General Assembly on measures to pro­ eign Affairs conducted hearings in 1950 but did vide full employment and international economic not recommend United States ratification. The stability. The first committee of experts appointed Senate did not bother to hold hearings. In Decem­ for this purpose produced the report, "Nationa1 ber of that year, the Truman Administration an­ and International Measures for Full Employment," nounced that the Charter would not be resubmitted which appeared in December of 1945. This particu­ to the 82nd Congress. lar group consisted of five economics professors, The seeds sown by our world planners have taken one from Columbia, one from Harvard, a fellow of root even though the Charter itself was not rati... Kings College at Cambridge, England, the Eco­ fled. Today, most of its provisions are implemented nomic Adviser to the French government, and the by new international organizat.ions. Economic Adviser to the Australian Department of At the Geneva meeting of the preparatory group External Affairs. The report recom,mended exten­ the participating countries, under the leadership sive interference with free markets of the world of the United States, adopted an agreement to and proposed a series of measures, some to be taken eHminate tariff restrictions called the General by member States under their respective domestic Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The organization laws, as well as other measures to be taken to administer this agreement is now familiarly through international agreements which would known as GATT. have promoted world socialism. The authority for United States participation in The second committee of experts was appointed GATT stems from the 1934 Trade Agreements Act. by the Secretary-General. Its report, "Measures for Many legislators doubt whether the President had International Economic Stability," was released in the right to participate in GATT. To meet this Nove-mber 1951. Again, this group included five criticism, the Randall Commission in its broad professors, four foreigners. study of foreign economic policy last year recom­ The principal recommendation of these profes­ mended that the organizational stru~ture of GATT sors is unbelievably naive. It says that, in case we should be submitted to the Congress for its review have a depression in the United States, we should and approval. lend money to other countries to make up for what Meetings are now under way at Geneva to re­ our own citizens are temporarily unable to buy write the Constitution of GATT, and it will be from them. Thus, we would at least be sure that suhmitted to the Congress by President Eisen­ somebody else was prosperous while we were pass­ hower. Thus, one of the original State Department ing through the shadow of depression. The report

MARCH 1955 353 also toyed with the concept of great stockpiles of prices to produce parity between manufactured. raw materials for all the world-also at our ex­ goods and raw materials. It also expressed concern pense. at the development of synthetics such as nylon and At one of the sessions of the preparatory com­ plastics, which compete in the markets with wool mittee leading up to the Havana Conference, an and hides. The 'General Assembly adopted a resolu­ organization was created known as the Interim tion which proposed that the United Nations look Coordinating Con~mittee for International Com­ into this problem. Another committee of experts modity Arrangements, to deal with these prob­ ,vas appointed who spent the year 1953 writ.ing a lems without waiting for the conference of the report on this subject. This group again included member nations to ratify a formal agreement. The five professors of economics, one from Princeton, agreement which was presented at the Havana one from Queens University at Belfast, one from Confe~ence included Chapter VI, devoted entirely Indonesia, one from Pretoria, South Africa, and to the problem of commodity agreements. The reso­ one from the Argentine. It came up with a plan so lution establishing this Interim Committee pro­ fantastic as to tax the ingenuity of a Rube Gold­ vided: berg (See "Stockpiles of Money," which follows). The last of the obstructions to the expansion ... that, pending the establishment of the Inter­ of world trade enumerated in the original State national Trade Organization, l\1embers of the United Nations adopt as a general guide in intergovern­ Department proposals was "restrictions imposed by mental consultation or action with respect to com­ private combines and cartels." Although the Ha­ modity problems the principles laid down in chapter vana Charter was rejected in 1950, the United VI as a whole, i.e., the chapter on intergovernmental States delegation t.o the Economic and Social commodity arrangements of the draft charter. Council proposed early in 1951 the formation of a Under the auspices of this Interim Committee, commission to deal with this problem. The Ad Hoc study groups were established to develop commod­ Com:mittee on Restrictive Business Practices came ity agreements for many raw materials. The Inter­ into existence at our urging. Its terms of reference national Wheat Agreement and the Sugar Agree­ specified that it should use Chapter V of the Ha­ ment to which we are a party arose from this vana Charter, the chapter on Restrictive Business activity. Although the Chart.er for the International Practices, as a general guide. Trade Organization was never ratified, the so-called Corwin D. Edwards, a starry-eyed New Dealer Paley Commission (the President's Materials Pol­ and former Chief Economist of the Federal Trade icy Commission) appointed by President Truman Commission, was appointed the United States Rep­ to study our materials policies in 1952, made this resentative to this group. The Secretary of the statement: commission was Sigmund Timberg, a former As­ sistant Attorney General in the Anti-Trust Di­ The United States has not ratified the treaty but vision. They proceeded to draft a code of anti-trust under a resolution of the United Nations Economic and Social Council is bound with other nations to laws that presumably would apply to the entire recognize chapter VI as a general guide. world. ,Our participation in this activity again shows our complete naivete in believing that any This alarming statement by a Presidential eonl­ code could be adopted that could apply at one and mission is signHicant evidence of the necessity to the same time to publicly owned commercial enter­ amend the Constitution in some such manner as is prises such as the nationalized industries in Bri­ proposed by Senator Bricker. There should be no tain, American free enterprise concerns, and the further question whether our internal economy can State-owned monopolies of Iron Curtain countries. be bound by resolutions of the UNEconomic and Social Council. It is also difficult to understand how sanctions can be implemented when restrictive business prac­ Our State Department planners during the New tices are found to exist, 'without first establishing and Fair Deal Administrations welcomed United laws which will be adhered to uniformly. The re­ Nations sponsorship for International Commodity port of this committee will come before the next Agreements. This sponsorship accounts for the session of the' Economic and Social Council, and it agreements now in effect which cover wheat and behooves the United States to dissociate itself frolll sugar. Our government has participated in a study the project just as it did with the scheme to stabil­ group on rubber and also was a participant in the ize the world's co,mmodity markets. negotiations for the International Tin Agreement. In 1954, however, after a lusty struggle between Roosevelt-Truman Bureaucracy the State Department on the one hand and the Interior and Commerce Departments on the other, The foregoing account is only an outline of the the tin agreement was rather tenderly dropped by struggle that has gone on since we assumed leader­ the Administration. ship in world affairs-a struggle to superimpose In the 1952 session of the General Assembly, the upon our traditionally free economy a jerry-built Argentine Government proposed that the Economic type of internationalism. Considering the forces and Social Council consider the establishment of and influences in our Executive Department which

354 THE FREEMAN would always subordinate economic liberty to what mitted to an alien and malignant philosophy. Com­ some are pleased to call "stability," the wonder is mon to almost all who held authority in those years that we are not completely involved. was a belief that, after all, our economic freedom The Roosevelt-Truman Administration recklessly vias a ,myth and our destiny lay with a vast State projected the nation on a highroad to a socialized paternalism. economy. In the course of years, that Administra­ Against these perils there have been a few­ tion per,mitted a bureaucracy to accumulate in the altogether too few-who could understand and State and other departments which little noted the withstand the tide. But we shall not be safe in the cost in liberty of its adventures in foreign fields. assumption that so few can ultimately save us. For At the top were Presidents who had won election the bureaucracy of past years is still there, with after election by denouncing the business interestR little change in its intentions or beliefs. We shall of our country and by painting the seductive por­ need new and strong constitutional safeguards trait of a Welfare State. Beneath them were liter­ which will subject the actions of the Executive to ally thousands who "took their humors for a Legislative scrutiny and approval. The Bricker warrant" to commit the nation to proposals of their Amendment suggests such a safeguard. But beyond liking and which were native to their opposites in that should be education and more education. For the unfree and half-free governments abroad. Well every business interest in this country has a ma­ represented in that bureaucracy, we now know to terial stake in this cause, and every American, a our dismay, were people who were actually com- part of his spiritual inheritance to win or lose. Stockpiles of Money

By FRANK CHODOROV

Peace, it is wonderful. Among the multitudinous the report hastens to explain that this would plans proposed by the United Nations, ostensibly present serious difficulties. It goes on to say that in the interest of peace, is one to cartelize the the international agency could "issue commodity raw materials of the world. Fortunately, the United certificates or shares in its total world-wide hold­ States is not part of this plan; the State Depart­ ings," and because gold is still some standard of ment has given notice that it will not participate. monetary measurement throughout the world, these The origin of the scheme was a resolution pro­ certificates "would become indistinguishable from posed by the Argentine government in 1952 to gold." appoint a committee of "experts" to examine the problem of establishing parity prices between raw Diluted Money materials and manufactured goods. The General Assembly passed the ,resolution, and a committee Deciphering this gobbledygook, the scheme con­ was set up. A report was submitted. Among other templates two forms of stockpile monetization. things, it cont.emplates theestabIishment of an The cartel would issue either specie, if possible, international cartel with power to buy up and stock­ or warehouse receipts. If the United States were pile the raw materials of the world. This would be a party to the scheme, the Federal Reserve Bank a global monopoly of raw materials. could hardly refuse these certificates in payment But, where, one wonders, will the cartel get for what we sold to the cartel; the certificates, of the money with which to buy up the output of the course, would become collateral against which world's farms, mines, wells and other sources of dollars could be issued. The Bank of England, if materials? Now you have to sit up and take notice. the United Kingdom were a member nation, would The purchases will be made with money that the provide pounds with which to pay for the cartel's cartel will create by means of monetizing the stock­ "securities," and so on. Thus, the moneys of the piles. 'world would be diluted beyond recognition. The "experts" explain their monetization plan in It is easy to see how the cartel would be able a report submitted to ECOSOC: "This proposed new to monopolize the raw materials of the world. international agency (for control of raw materials) With its power to manufacture money, it could pay would create new money which would be equiva­ prices above the level set by competition. Who lent to gold and would flow into the foreign ex­ wouldn't sell to this easy-money buyer? change reserves of the countries whose commodities But what would the cartel do with its vast were purchased." Lest this phrase "equivalent to accumulations of raw ,materials? Thus far the gold" suggest a gold standard for a new money, "experts" have not even hinted at an answer, and

MARCH 1955 355 the presumption is that, as with our own Com­ An interesting and s-ignificant sidelight at an modity Credit Corporation, the stockpiles would ECOSOC meeting in New York (April 19,54) is become a warehousing problem. It must be re­ worth recording. The alphabetical seating arrange­ membered that the purpose of the project is ment of the delegates put the representative of "price stabilization," not the distribution of goods the U.S.S.R. at one end of the table, the Latin for use. P,erhaps it is going behind the returns American and Nationalist Chinese delegates at the to conjecture on what might happen to some of other. While the debate was going on, a lady courier these mountains of raw materials; but it is not attached to one of the Latin American delegations beyond the realm of possibility that the cartel carried on whispering conversations with the Soviet might, under proper political pressure, allocate delegate and then with those at the other end of some of its goods to a "needy" nation, either the table. The purpose of her maneuvers was quite as a gift or at bargain prices. But the "studies" obvious. The underdeveloped countries determined thus far do not indicate even such disposition of what they wanted from us, then informed the Rus­ the stockpiles; perhaps they will be dumped into sians what the play was going to be, and the t.he ocean. Russians always voted with them. If we say "yes," This report also recommended the establishment we keep them from going communist but we under­ of a new commission, the Trade Stabilization mine our economy and go broke. If we say "no," Commission, finally authorized by the Economic we supposedly force them into communism and are and Social Council and which met in New York in unfriendly. Under this procedure, Russia wins January 1955. The United States is not participat­ either way. ing in this venture. When the report of the "experts" was placed before the Economic and Purpose of the Scheme Social Council in April of 1954, the new United States Representative, Mr. Preston Hotchkis, Whether the "experts" of the seventeen nations called it fantastic and indicated that the United represented on the Commission will continue their States would vote against it. This was the first "studies" is a matter of conjecture. The refusal instance of our refusal to take part in a major of the United States to participate makes a undertaking of the United Nations. The United shambles of the plan; you cannot control an econ­ Kingdom, France, Belgium and Norway also omy unless you can control all of it, and with the opposed it. The Argentine, Free China (sic), Cuba, world's largest producer continuing on a competi­ Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Pakistan, tive basis the manipulation of world prices would Turkey, Soviet Russia, Venezuela and Yugoslavia be impossible. Besides, there is reason to believe voted against us. And so the group was organized. that the principal purpose of the scheme was to tap Mr. Hotchkis announced that the United States our wealth and undermine our economy. That can­ would not serve even though it were elected. not be done without our cooperation. After ECOSOC elected the United States, the State What this scheme to establish "just and equit­ Department backed up his announcement. The other able" prices underlines-and that is true of every countries which voted with us in opposing the economic measure promoted in the United Nations formation of this group have all backed down and -is that this organization is nothing but a vehicle joined the party. for the advancement of world socialism.

Our Last Chance Men since the beginning of time have sought peace. Various methods through the ages have been attempted to devise an international process to prevent or settIe disputes between nations. From the very start work­ able ,methods 'were found in so far as individual citizens were concerned, but the mechanics of an instrumentality of larger international scope' have never been successful. Military alliances, balances of power, leagues of nations, all in turn failed, leaving the only path to be by way of: the cru­ cible of war. The utter destructiveness of war now blocks out this alterna­ tive. We have had our last chance. If we will not devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddon will be at our door. The problem basically is theological and involves a spiritual recrudescence and improve­ ment of human -character that will synchronize with our almost matchless advances in science, art, literature and all material and cultural develop­ ment.s of the past 2,000 years. It ,must be of the spirit if we are to save the flesh. GENERAL DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR, on the deck of the Mis,c;ouri, Tokyo Bay, September 2, 1945

356 THE FREEMAN WASHINGTON, D.C • 'Hanig;hen by Frank c.

Should the United States get out of the United The Senator reviewed the dismal Nations? That question has never really been surrender of the French in Viet Nam, charac­ debated on Capitol Hill-except when phrased with terized the outcome as a "communist victory in an "if" clause. Various resolutions have been intro­ Asia of no mean proportions," and wound up as duced into the House asking that body to take the follows: U. S. out of the UN, but they have never received On the day when communist China is voted into s'erious sponsorship or discussion. However, wide membership into the United Nations, I shall resign approval meets the mere suggestion that, if Red my majority leadership in the Senate, so that with­ China is admitted to the UN', the U. S. should out embarrassment to any of my colleagues or to abandon that organization. the Administration, I can devote my full efforts in the Senate and throughout the country to termi­ This appears in a review of events occurring late nating United States' membership in that organiza­ in May 1953. At that time, intensification of the tion and our financial support to it. My conscience Far Eastern crises brought the issue-"stay in or would not permit me to remain silent or inactive if get out"-to the fore. Powerful members of the this last grand appeasement takes place. Senate proposed to pres,ent a resolution (with a There was not much doubt among observers at concurrent resolution for the House) saying: the time that Knowland had made possible with­ It is the sense of the Senate that, if communist drawal of the U. S. from the UN a very lively issue; China is admitted to the United Nations, or if and most opinion was that a vote expressing "the representatives of the communist regime in China sense of Congress" that we should take such a step are recognized as representatives of the Republic of would prove to be in the affirmative. China in the United Nations, the President should recall the representatives of the United States in Since that time, Senator Knowland has not been the United Nations, and should take such steps as exactly hesitant in expressing his low opinion of may be necessary to effect withdrawal of the United the United Nations. Early in the crisis which sprang States from membership in the United Nations and from revelation that Red China was holding Amer­ all organs and agencies thereof. ican fliers as prisoners, the Californian delivered And there were plans under way to call for cut­ a fiery speech in Houston, Texas, on January 13, ting off funds to the UN, should Red China gain 1955, in which he said: "Nor must we ever permit admission to that body. any cabal or international organization to so dilute A typical behind-the-scenes Washington com­ or undermine our spirit so that Gulliver becomes motion ensued, with the White House reportedly chained by the Lilliputians and we are unable to urging the Senators not to press the resolution protect our own .. ." and "cut-off plans," because assertedly these The Senator from California is not alone, and would "tie the hands" of the Executive in inter­ has not been, in his doubts about the value of the national negotiations. The upshot was that the United Nations. Numerous members of the House drastic measures were abandoned by the Senate and Senate at various times have voiced their acid and supplanted by a modified version, as follows: criticisms of its nature, pretensions and actions. "It is the sense of the Congress that the com­ Although there has been no organized drive against munist Chinese government should not be ad­ the UN', a backlog of discontent and disillusion has mitted to membership in the United Nations as been piling up for some years, and among many the representative of China." This was passed who originally appeared as strong supporters of the on June 4, 1953, by both Houses without dif­ international body. Knowland himself was never ficulty and, indeed, appeared as a part of the known a'S an "isolationist" and until several years Budget both last year and this year. ago could hardly have been described, with justice, Again, late in June 1954, another storm over as a "nationalist." The accumulation of disillusion Asia arose, and Senator William F. Knowland, in the thinking of the Californian and others might then Majority leader of the Senate, created a well have historic consequences. nation-wide sensation by a brief but explosive This discontent, resulting from the impact of the statement uttered on the Senate floor, July 1. UN on American political life, found ventilation in

MARCH 1955 357 the struggle-which continues-for the Bricker became concerned about a sudden communist prop­ Amendment. One of the best summations of the aganda barrage directed at U. S. occupancy of 134 essence of thi,s issue came from Donald R. Richberg military bases in the Republic of Panama, described in an article in the University of Virginia Law by U. S. military men as essential to the protection Review for October 1953: "In a word, should the of the Canal. The agitation also took place in the constitutional government of the United States be UN, where Soviet mouthpieces accused us of "ag­ preserved, or should the people of the United States gressive intentions" against Panama. by inaction consent to the gradual destruction of Suddenly, also, Mr. Braden's Office became in­ our form of government and the gradual but sure volved in an argument about Panama with Alger substitution of international law seeking to govern Hiss (who at that time headed the State Depart­ the people of the United States?" ment division dealing with UN affairs). Hiss Richberg, as a distinguished legal figure in the wanted to submit the private report of the U. S. country, was not talking of "international organiza­ Governor of the Canal Zone to the UN. He cited tion" in the abstract. It should be recalled that the' Article 73 (e) of the United Nations Charter as drive for the Bricker Amendment arose among authority, claiming that it was "our obligation" to members of the American Bar Association-an send this to the international organization. The organization that rebelled against the UN Genocide report (annually submitted by the Governor to the Convention and the Covenant of Human Rights. State Department since 1903) contained all sorts The House of Delegates of the ABA voted four to of data on the Canal-which was distinctly U. S. one to support the Bricker Amendment. business and not to be disclosed to others. Further­ As is known, the parliamentary st.ruggle for the more, the government of Panama, which had it.s amendment reached a climax in the voting on the own treaty arrangements with the U. S., wanted George Amendment, a modification of the Bricker no other nations or international body "butting in." measure. As a matter of fact, the strategy of Mr. Braden pointed out that Article 73 (e) in the Bricker was to put full steam in the Senate behind UN Charter did not apply to this case. the George measure; then, if it passed, to await A great intramural dispute then ensued in the success (which seemed very likely) of a strong State Department, in which Hiss stuck to his thesis Bricker-type measure in the House; and finally, in and got the backing of Acheson (then Under Sec­ joint House-Senate conference, to achieve concrete retary), and the Canal Zone report went to the UN'. action for something closely resembling the Bricker Mr. Braden wound up his testimony before the proposal. Presidential oppostion caused failure of subcommittee by saying it was his understanding the first step, but only by one vote. that in the end we had to give up the 134 bases. At the opening of the present session, Senator The above revelations assume no little sig-nif­ Bricker again presented his proposal, with some icance in the thinking of members of Congress changes. There are powerful popular forces behind about the value of the UN. If important U. S. data it. However, the new De,mocratic Chairman (Sen­ is transmitted to the organization, it may get in ator Kilgore) of the Judiciary Commit,t.ee to which the hands of Com,munists on the UN staff. That the Bricker proposal is submitted, is reportedly seems all the more likely in view of the findings unfavorable. It is claimed that a majority of the of a number of congressional probes involving the committee is favorable. A fight looms. security status of U. S. citiz,ens on the UN payroll. On March 22, 1954, the Senate Internal Security Among the various reasons why the UN remains Subco.mmittee published a report on the activities under suspicion on Capitol Hill is a growing mass of U. S. citizens employed by the United Nat.ions, of evidence that it occupies a key position in the detailing the interrogation (by this subcommittee Kremlin's subversive activities in this country. In as well as other committees of Congress) of nu­ the past y,ear one case, at least, illustrated this. merous Americans who declined to answer ques­ Congress learned that the international organir.3.­ tions, standing on the Fif,th Amendment. tion had been used by American subversives to The subcommittee concluded that "American the detriment of our defenses in this hemisphere. Com,munists who had been officials of the United The story-as told to an investigating committee States government penetrated the Secretariat of -highlighted Alger Hiss, Dean Acheson, the UN the United Nations after the United States govern­ and the Panama Canal. Last year, new revelations ment had been apprised of security information of Hiss' activities came to light in the hearings of regarding their conspiratorial activities." The re­ the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee ("In­ port added: "The action of the Administrative terlocking Subversion in Government Depart­ Tribunal [of the UN] in awarding indemnities, ments," Part 19, March 25 and April 9, 1954). reinstatement and legal costs to persons who are This is the story told the subcommittee on March clearly a threat to the internal security of the 25, 1954, by the Hon. Spruille Braden, a former United States, has done injury to the cause of the State Department career man, who in 1946 was United Nations with the United States." Judging serving as the Department's head of the Office of from the temper of comments on this matter on Latin American Affairs. In tha't. year, Braden Capitol Hill, that is an understate,ment.

358 THE FREEMAN To Save the Constitution

With a procession of Supreme Court interpretations, By FRANK E. HOLMAN precedents .and treaties gnawing at the Constitution, an Amendment is needed to protect U. S. sovereig.nty.

Until the organization of the United Nations, the UN Charter was the Economic and Social the average American citiz,en-and, in fact, most Council. In 1946, as a subagency of this Council, a lawyers-took very little interest in treaties be­ Commission on Human Rights was appointed. It tween the United States and foreign countries. soon became evident that through the Economic and This lack of interest was understandable because Social Council and its subagency, the Commission usually a treaty dealt- with some international on Human Rights, the Socialists and Communists subject, such as alliances, war and peace, ques­ and the international planners and "do-gooders," tions of boundaries, trade agreements and like both at home and abroad, proposed to reform matters. We viewed treaty-making as the sole and remake the world along the lines of so-called business of the State Department, the President social and economic equality for all the peoples and the Senate, and assumed that treaties and of the world-and to do this through Declara­ other international engagements could not re­ tions, Pacts, Covenants, Treaties, etc., and thus sult in any substantial infringement of our in­ to create a body of "treaty law" or world law dividual rights as citizens and could not pos­ which would be superior to and override the sibly result in changing or destroying the domestic laws of the member States, including American form of government. the United States. When the United Nations was organized in San Francisco in 1945, there was included in Treaties as World Law the Charter (Art.2, sub-par.7) a proviso as follows: The first definite step for creating and estab­ lishing this body of "world law" was taken early Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in mat­ in 1947 with the announcement by the Commis­ ters which are essentially within the domestic juris­ sion on Human Rights that it proposed to draft diction of any state or shall require the members to two documents: a Declaration of Human Rights submit such matters to settlement under the present and a Covenant on Human Rights (the latter Charter. [Italics supplied] to be ratified as a treaty), for the purpose of This was a specific limitation upon the powers establishing for all the peoples of the world a of the United Nations, and by reason thereof uniform system of individual rights regardless nothing contained in the Charter should have of the nature and character of such rights as been construed as authorizing intervention by already established by the national law and the United Nations or its agencies in the d01nestic usage in each particular country. affairs of a member State-hence, in the domestic This was, of course, a revolutionary program law of the United States or any other member and was so recognized by the first Director of State. Without some such protective proviso the the Commission, Mr. John P. Humphrey, who Charter would certainly not have been approved by publicly and boldly declared: the American people nor ratified by the United What the United Nations is trying to do is States Senate; and it would not, in all probability, revolutionary in character. Human Rights are have been approved by many of the other important largely a matter of relationships between the State countries of the world and individuals, and therefore a matter which has been traditionally regarded as being within the When the Charter was submitted to the United domestic jurisdiction of States. What is now being States Senate for ratification, it was accompanied proposed is, in effect, the creation of some kind of by a letter from Mr. Stettinius, then Secretary supernational supervision of this relationship be­ of State, in which he called attention to the tween the State and its citizens. [The Annals of the foregoing principle and advised the Senate and American Academy of Political and Social Science, January 1948] the American people that they need not be con­ cerned about the United Nations or its agencies This program was, of course, in violation of interfering in the domestic affairs of the Ameri­ Article 2, subparagraph 7 of the Charter and can people. the assurances made by Mr. Stettinius and others One of the six "principal organs" specified in for the purpose of securing ratification of the

MARCH 1955 359 Charter. At the time neither the American press the General Assembly in Paris in December 1948, nor the public knew much about this revolu­ there was also adopted a document known as tionary plan. Our so-called bipartisan foreign the "Genocide Convention." This was also given policy was chiefly responsible for preventing the little or no publicity by our State Department. American public from being advised; the leaders On June 16, 1949, it was first submitted by Presi­ of both parties just assumed that because these dent Truman to the United States Senate for international proposals had nne, high-sounding ratification. Largely due to the studies and the names-"Human Rights," "Equality of All opposition of the American Bar Association, it Peoples," Prevention of so-called "Genocide," etc. was not ratified. Nevertheless, during his Ad­ -their purpose and content would not conflict ministration, President Truman and the Acheson with American concepts of political and eco­ State Department continued to urge its ratifica­ nomic freedom, as fixed by our own Constitution tion. and Bill of Rights. At a hearing in January 1950, before a sub­ committee of the Senate Foreign Relations Com­ The American People Fooled mittee, members of the American Bar Associa­ tion Committee on Peace and Law through the When the Declaration was passed by the Gen­ United Nations appeared and pointed out the eral Assembly of the United Nations, meeting serious dangers and loopholes in its content and in Paris in December 1948, there was no copy also the failure of its language to include "geno­ of the final draft available in this country for cide" committed by governments-as, for example, study or comment by the press or by responsible the liquidation of racial and other groups in Russia nongovernment organizations. In November, as and Russian satellite countries by .merely calling President of the American Bar Association, I them political groups or !enemies of the State. At wrote the Secretary of State, General George Russia's insistence all reference to "political" C. Marshall, in Paris, and thereafter wrote and groups was eliminated from the final text. cabled Mr. John Foster Dulles and Senator It was also established that the document was Arthur Vandenberg asking that, before final ac­ so badly drawn as to endanger American basic tion in Paris, the United States delegation should rights. As a result, the Senate Foreign Relations request sufficient time for the American people Committee pigeonholed the Genocide Convention. to be advised of what was being approved in It has remained unratified, but it can be brought their behalf. The naive answer was to the effect for,th ,at any time by any President and submitted that if the American people and American lawyers for ratification. would think of the Declaration as analogous to Meanwhile, the Commission on Human Rights our own Declaration of Independence, then they has been busy drafting a Covenant on Human would not be disturbed because, like our own Rights for controlling the social, economic, edu­ Declaration of Independence, the Declaration on cational and cultural affairs of the world, and Human Rights was only a declaration of prin­ for this purpose has held literally hundreds of ciples and not intended to be a legal document. meetings. In addition, innumerable other "treaty" This was not an accurate nor a reassuring proposals have been considered, which would answer. change or adversely affect the American concept First, there was no possible analogy between of basic rights, such as freedom of speech and a "declaration of independence" which orig­ of press and even freedom of religion. It is of inated with the people themselves as a recital the utmost importance to note that again and of grievances and a declaration of principles again the Commission on Human Rights has for which they were ready to fight and die to refused to approve the inclusion in the Covenant obtain independence, and a declaration in the of a provision covering the basic American right form of pious compromises by a multi-nation as­ to own private property and be secure in its sembly in Paris assuming to act for the people enjoyment against its arbitrary seizure by of this country without the people's knowledge government. or consent. This refusal of itself discloses and proves the Moreover, an examination of the document, extent to which the Commission is controlled when available, disclosed that the provisions of by Communists and international Socialists. On the Declaration, particularly of the latter half, March 3, 1954, over only U. S. and Turkish ob­ constituted an attempt to set up a socialistic jections, the eighteen-nation Commission voted if not a communistic concept of government for to shelve indefinitely all discussion of property the peoples of the world, including the United rights. Under our concept of freedom, no man States. In this respect, of course, the Declara­ can be truly free who lacks the right to own tion failed in any way to conform to the tra­ property and be secure in its enjoyment against ditions, the laws and sentiments of the American arbitrary seizure by government. people. The chairman of the Commission on Human In the dying hours of the same session of Rights, Charles Malik of Lebanon, had this to

360 THE FREEMAN say of the Commission's socialist and communist their laws were made and to be maae lor them approach to its work: either by Act of Congress or by state leg-islation or local city and county ordinances-to all of I think a study of our proceedings will reveal that the amendments we adopted to the old texts which agencies the people have the right to under examination responded for the most part elect their own representatives. more to Soviet than to Western promptings. For But, since the term treaty is not limited nor the second year an unsuccessful attempt was made defined in the Constitution, men in power with to include an article on the right to own property ingenious minds eventually discovered that this ... The concept of property 'and its ownership is at the heart of the great ideological conflict of the was a loophole whereby what was otherwise un­ present day ... It seems incredible that in these constitutional could be made constitutional by economic matters, which reflect indeed much more first making a treaty on the subject. This new than mere economic divergencies, the Western world theory or doctrine was affirmed in 1920 by the is so divided itself as to be incapable of presenting Supreme Court of the United States-Missouri v. a common front against communism. Holland (252 U. S. 416, 432). The doctrine of this What are the matters embraced in these UN case is simply that if the federal government does "treaty" proposals? They cover matters of edu­ not have power under the Constitution to legislate cation, the kind of teaching and textbooks to be with respect to a particular subject (one reserved adopted in our public school systems; social to the states or to the people), it can acquire that legislation; health and socialized medicine; and power by the simple device of first making a treaty numerous other matters, including a proposal on the subject-in spite of the Tenth Amendment's to establish an international criminal court to reserving to the states and to the people ,all powers try American citizens in a court made up to a not delegated by the Constitution to the federal large extent, if not entirely, of foreigners-a government. This decision then and there estab­ plan under which American citizens could be lished "a third legislative branch of government transported overseas for trial and would be de­ [for the American people] composed of the Presi­ prived of the safeguards accorded them in the dent and some foreign nation, with a veto vested Constitution of this country. in the Senate, which is authorized to enact local Some will ask, "But do not our Constitution police regulations governing the affairs of our and Bill of Rights now safeguard American citizens." (11 California Law Review 242, 1922) rights in all the foregoing particulars?" Un­ fortunately, no-unless the Constitution is prop­ Treaties Under the Constitution erly amended. Until recent years Americans were entitled to rely on the proposition that, in con­ When the Constitution was written, and by formity to the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Article VI thereof a tre,aty was declared to be the "supreme law of the land," it was clearly not contemplated that a treaty could be used to make domestic law or to override the Constitution either by an expansion of federal power or otherwise. Jefferson (as stated in his "Parliamentary Prac­ tice," 1801) was quite clear as to the true mean­ ing of Article VI. He said: By the general power to make treaties, the Con­ stitution must have intended to comprehend only those objects which are usually regulated by treaties, and cannot be otherwise regulated. I t must have meant to except out all those rights reserved to the states,. for surely the President and the Senate cannot do by treaty what the whole government is interdicted from doing in any way. [Italics supplied] J efferson's "Parliamentary Practice" went through six editions before his death in 1826, and many more afterward. It had a great influence on political thinking and practice, being incorpo­ rated in full in Senate and House manuals as late as 1865. Jefferson's view on treaties was followed by the earlier Court cases, as illustrated by the case of New Orleans vs. United States, 10 Peters 662 (1836) at page 736, where the Supreme Court pointed out: The government of the United States, as was well observed in the argument, is one of limited

MARCH 1955 361 powers. It can exercise authority over no subjects States that have voted in favor of the Universal except those which have been delegated to it. Con­ Declaration of Human Rights. Hence, neither the gress cannot, by legislation, enlarge the federal Declaration, nor the projected Convenant, nor any jurisdiction, nor can it be enlarged under the treaty­ agreement that may be reached in the future on making power. [Italics supplied] the machinery of in1plementation of human rights, Even Hamilton, the great Federalist, said (Ham­ can in any way be considered as violative of the letter or spir,it of Article 2 of the Charter. [Moses ilton's Works, Volume 4, p. 342), "A treaty cannot Moskowitz, American Bar Association Journal, be made 'which alters the Constitution of the April 1949] country or which infringes any express exceptions In 1950, this new school of internationalists in to the power of the Constitution of the United the United Nations succeeded in getting an official States." declaration from the Acheson State Department Hamilton also stated: "They [treaties] are not that "there is now no longer any real difference rules pres·cribed by the sovereign for the subject, between domestic and joreignaffairs" (State De­ but agreements between sovereign and sovereign." partment Publication 3972, Foreign Affairs Policy Series 26, released September 1950. Foreword by Changed Point of View President Truman). It was only logical, therefore, for Mr. John There are enough expressions of opInIon in Foster Dulles in 1952 to issue the following opin­ United States Supreme Court decisions prior to ion and warning with respect to the omnipotence Missouri v. Holland to indicate that up to that of treaties and "treaty law": time treaties and treaty-making were subject to The treatY-1naking power is an extraordinary the limitations indicated by Jefferson and Hamil­ power liable to abuse. Treaties make international ton. But Missouri v. HoUand repudiated one of law and also they make domestic law. Under our these limitations, to wit: that federal power can­ Constitution treaties become the supreme law of not "be enlarged under the treaty-making power." the land. They are indeed more supreme than or­ Once this hole in the dike was opened, the con­ dinary laws, for congressional laws are invalid if they do not conform to the Co'nstitution, whereas cept of treaty supremacy without limitation began treaty laws can override the Constitution. Treaties, to grow. Thus in 1929, before the American So­ for example, can take powers away from the Con­ ciety of International Law, Chief Justice Charles gress and give them to the federal government or Evans Hughes was persuaded to say that there to some international body and they can cut across was in the Constitution "no explicit limitation" the rights given the people by the constitutional Bill of Rights [Italics supplied]. on the treaty power, and that he would "not care to voice an opinion as to an implied limitation The American people have therefore come full on the treaty-making power; the Supreme Court circle and find themselves now faced with an has expressed a doubt whether there could be omnipotent instrumentality of nonrepresentative any such." His references were to the expression government: "treaty law." In the steel case we of doubt in Missouri v. HoUand. were within an eyelash of the treaty-making pow­ Later a strong doubt as to any limitation was er's being successfully used to vest in the Presi­ expressed by the United States Court of Appeals dent the uncontrolled power to seize private prop­ for the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Reid erty when he thought it necessary for the good of (1934) 73 F. (2d) 153. This doubt was further in­ the State. This is essentially the doctrine of ab­ creased by U. S. v. Curtis-Wright Corporation solute dictatorship. (1936) 299 U. S. 304, declaring that the treaty­ As a result of all the foregoing, the basic issue power does not depend on a grant in the Constitu- with respect to "treaty law" is simple. The Con­ tion but is an inherent poV\rer of the federal gov­ stitution clearly intended to establish a govern­ ernment, and indicating that the treaty-power is ment of limited powers. It intended,of course, unlimited. that insofar as treaties dealt with international With the organization of the United Nations and relations they should be the "supreme law of the the announcement by Mr. John P. Humphrey, Di­ land," but it was never intended that treaties rector of the Commission on Human Rights, of should be omnipotent and be used to govern the the proposal of creating "supernational super­ American people in their domestic concerns, nor vision" of the relationship betw·een the State and to extend federal power, nor to override the Con­ its citizens, a new school of internationalists an­ stitution. Since it is now boldly declared that nounced the doctrine that treaties are omnipotent and can be used for all the foregoing purposes, it follows that unless ... once a matter has become, in one way or an~ other, the subject of regulation by the United this presently omnipotent power of treaties is Nations, be it by resolution of the General Assembly properly limited by a constitutional amendment, or by convention between member States at the the treaty process will be more and more used instance of the United Natio'ns, that subject ceases not only to make domestic law but to vest in the to be a matter being "essentially within the domestic • President dictatorial powers. jurisdiction of the member States." As a matter of fact, such a position represents the official view In fact, at a press conference on March 16, of the United Nations, as well as of the member 1954, Mr. Dulles said that under several presently

362 THE FREEMAN outstanding treaties the President already had til implemented by appropriate American legisla­ power on his own initiative and without any dec­ tion. laration by the Congress to put the country into Would the amendment in any way affect the war. The principles to be embodied in any ade­ right of the President as Commander-in-Chief to quate amendment are simple and understandable. conduct war, or to negotiate an armistice or per­ It should, at a minimum, accomplish the following form any other acts rightly belonging to him as objectives: Commander-in-Chief? No. After hearing all the 1. Prevent a treaty or other international agree­ evidence the Senate Judiciary Committee, by a ment that ,conflicts with any provision of the Con­ large majority, found that such an amendment stitution from being of any force or 'effect. would not affect in the slightest the President's 2. Place the United States on an equality with powers as Commander-in-Chief. Nor would it af­ the other nations of the world so that a treaty fect the right of the President to freely negotiate, or other international agreement will not become and the Senate of the United States to freely a part of our internal law until and unless ratify treaties of peace, of international coopera­ implemented by appropriate legislation. tion, or reciprocal trade, or other beneficial Would such an amendment interfere with the treaties. power of the President and the Department of During recent years, by changes in judicial State to negotiate treaties and other international concept (both of Courts and jurists) and by agreements and thus to properly conduct our changed concepts in the international point of foreign affairs? In no way. Under such an amend­ view, "treaty law" has become omnipotent, a kind ment the President would be as free to negotiat.e of Frankenstein which can change and e'ven de­ as now; and every treaty so negotiated, when stroy the of the American people and ratified by the Senate, would be immediately ef­ their form of government. Thus, the need for a fective as an international agreement. Such an constitutional amendment is self-evident-except, amendment would have no restrictive force what­ of course, to those who believe (honestly or other­ ever on treaties as international obligations nor wise) that the American constitutional system and on the power of the President to negotiate them. American independence are outmoded and, in the It would only prevent them from violating the interest of mankind, in general, should yield to An~erican Constitution and prevent them from some form of world government. This is the choice becoming internallatv within the United States un- and the issue. (Single reprint of the above article sent on request. Ten copies, one dollar) Union by Freedom Only

By DEAN RUSSELL

The central theme of the United Nations and one primarily for internal security. No state in the worldism in general is this: disarmament or con­ union could legally go to war against any other trolled armament under an effective international state in the union. In the case of conflict between government will bring peace to the world; a United states, or between a state and a nation outside the Nations with an international army to enforce its union, the decisions of the federal authorities would decisions will mean the end of large-scale wars. be binding upon all the states within the union. And All other claims for the United Nations are on demand, the various states were obligated to secondary; it must stand or fall on its actual and supply troops and other forms of aid to the super­ potential ability to stop wars. If it can successfully government in Washington. do that, admittedly it is worth a great price. But That arrangement was all that any advocate of would disarmament and an effective world govern­ world government could ask for. Yet it was under ment bring peace? The overwhelming weight of those circumstances that the most terrible war of historical evidence does not support that probabil­ our history occurred! ity. The advocates of world government must face For example, take the history of our own United the fact that there are only two ways to unite States. In the middle of the last. century, the peoples and nations. 'They are common interests sovereign states within the union were closely bound and war. There are no other ways. together by an effective federal constitution. There The sovereign states of the United States were was little armament. The small companies of vol­ united by both means. In the beginning, they were unteer troops in the various states were maintained united by the common interests of religion,

MARCH 1955 363 language, geography, racial background, political animosities even after the passage of hundreds of beliefs, economics and the scores of emotional con­ years. They rebelled at the first opportunity. Ireland, siderations which determine whether or not people Finland and all South American countries are wish to unite. In due course, certain ideas and among the many similar examples throughout policies-primarily concerning slavery, tariffs and history. states' rights-developed in such a manner as to The advocates of the United Nations and other destroy the former common interests and voluntary schemes for world government are doubtless sincere agreements on those matters a'mong the various in their wishes and plans for a better world and states. At that point, war was the method used to the end of wars. Most of them honestly believe maintain the union. that a supergovernment with "teeth" in its decisions 'The fact of the existence of a supergovernment will bring this about. But, in reality, their attempts did not-and could not-prevent this clash of in­ to unite peoples of conflicting beliefs and interests terests. It did not stop the war. On the contrary, are more apt to bring war than peace. This is true there would have been no war if the federal govern­ because their attempts to unite two or more concepts ment had been willing to let the seceding states of government uLder an effective common govern­ unite among themselves in peace as they wished ment necessarily arouse and emphasize conflicting to do. emotions and interests which are not serious prob­ The fact that there were no large-scale armaments lems or issues within the respective sovereign and standing armies did not cause or prevent the nations. This arousing of passions and beliefs and war. As always, there had to be a real or fancied interests can be observed by any person who ana­ difference in interests before there could be the lyzes the statements made by the delegates of the possibility of war. Large armies follow-they never United Nations in their public debates. Conflicts­ precede---'conflicting interests among people. For not common interests-form the basis of their who would support an army-or even a policeman­ discussions. The arguments concern ways and if there were no conflicting interests in politics, means to force unwilling persons to confor'm. The religion, ownership, or some other area of human most important debates tend to be acrimonious activity subject to deep beliefs and emotions? accusations and counteraccusations. There is little 'The "sovereign states" of the United States are search for common interests in which peoples and now united again by common interests rather than nations want to cooperate and unite voluntarily. by the threat of force by the supergovernment in The way to peace is not through conflict. True Washington. But at some time in the future, con­ cooperation cannot be secured by force. The way flicting interests could develop among the people to lasting union among the peoples of the world is and the states in the emotional area of race, inter­ not through the violence or threat of violence of national policies, economics and others. If that more and bigger government. should happen on an extensive scale, the people and Every nation in the world is already cooperating states with common interests-correctly or incor­ with every other nation in the world in all ways rectly held-would again atte'mpt to separate and which seem to them mutually beneficial. Beyond unite in their own ways. Only war could stop them. this, there is no other possible way to unite peoples and nations except by war. Since the peaceful union World Governments through War of peoples and nations happens automatically out­ side of the United Nations, the result of the current Has there ever been a voluntary and permanent attempts to force a world union upon the unwilling union of peoples or nations with violently conflicting peoples of the world can result only in more conflict interests of religious beliefs, racial backgrounds, and the probability of more wars. economic policies and so on? All the world govern­ Let us unite voluntarily with whomever wishes ments of the past-from the Babylonian Empire to unite with us, in whatever areas and interests through the empires of the Greeks, Romans, we have in common. Let us try to understand each Spaniards, English, Turks and Russians-were other, to respect the differenceg of each other, and formed by war. In rare instances, common interests to find more areas of common interests and desires. developed later on in a manner to keep them volun­ Therein lies all the peace and prosperity we can ever tarily united to some extent. But in almost every have. No United Nations or world government with case, the peoples and nations with original conflict­ "teeth" in its decisions can be of any possible value ing interests still held those conflicting interests and in this process.

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe :me, fellow-citizens), the jealousy of a free people ought to he constantly awake; since history and expe,rience prove that foreign influence is one, of the most baneful foes of Republican Government. GEORGE WASHINGTON

364 THE FREEMAN UN Versus US

Success oj the UN rests upon the illusion By WILLIAM HENRY CHAMBERLIN that America and the U.S.S.R. can cooperate; hence the inevitable record 0 f failure.

No edifice can be stronger than its foundation. Article 47 describes in detail the functions Because the United Nations was built on the which are assigned to the Military Staff Com­ faulty foundation of false assumptions, its record mittee, designed as a strong right arm of the of cumulative failure, leading up to downright Security Council in enforcing its decisions. This impotence, was predestined. Article, which looked impressive on paper, has The UN, as anyone will quickly learn by read­ been a complete dead letter in practice. It would ing its Charter, was established in the belief indeed be fantastic to imagine American, Soviet that five victor powers in the last war-the and British military representatives harmoniously United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, cooperating in this phantom Military Staff Com­ France and China-would remain allies in peace, mittee, or anywhere else. able to dominate and police the postwar world. It is clear, therefore, that the United Na­ Many provisions of the Charter are completely tions cannot function as a live Qrganism ex­ meaningless on any other basis. cept on the basis of full agreement on essential For example, very great powers are vested in issues between the five charter members. The the Security Council, composed of the five victor Security Council, especially, where each per­ powers as permanent members, with four other manent member enjoys the right of veto, is as members chosen on a basis of rotation. Each of helpless as a paralyzed limb in the event of the permanent powers possesses a right of veto, serious and prolonged disagreements among the so that the Security Council, conceived as the Big Five. executive org'an for maintaining peace, cannot act unless the Big Five are in agreement. No Relation to Reality Under the Charter only the Security Council can legally act; the functions of the General It should not have required much knowledge Assembly, where each member nation has one of history to foresee that a wartime coalition vote, are restricted to talk. Article 24 of the would, in all probability, rapidly disintegrate. UN Charter states that the Security Council Nor should it have required much perspic1acity possesses "primary responsibility for the main­ to anticipate that the Soviet Union, on the basis tenance of international peace and security." of its very recent record of bad faith and ag­ Article 12 provides that the Assembly shall not gression, which found expression in divi.ding make any recommendation in regard to a dis­ with Hitler the smaller and weaker nations of pute or situation with which the Security Coun­ eastern Europe, would not be likely to play cil is dealing. the role of peaceful international do-gooder. Article 6 states: "A member of the United The cold war which broke out between the Nations which has persistently violated the prin­ communist empire (enlarged in 1949 by the ciples contained in the present Charter may be addition of mainland China) and the free na­ expelled from the organization by the General tions soon made a mockery of the basic as­ Ass,embly upon the recommendation of the Se­ sumption of the Charter: community of action curity Council." (Italics supplied.) This means among the Big Five. The United N'ations soon that any permanent member of the Security became the Divided Nations. The Charter bears Council may commit international assault and no more relation to the realities of international battery with complete impunity, so far as any life than Plato's Republic or Thomas More's action by the UN is concerned, since it cannot Utopia. be expelled without its own cons,ent. Most important of these realities is the enor­ Article 108 provides that the Charter may be mous expansion of the communist empire. Be­ amended by a vote of two-thirds of the mem­ fore World War Two Stalin announced as a bers "including all the permanent members of principle of Soviet foreign policy: We shall the Seeurity Council." Every permanent mem­ not give up an inch of our own soil; we do ber, therefore, may not only_ commit aggression not want a foot of foreign soil. The Soviet dic­ with impunity, but is also able to prevent any tator did not s,ay: we do not want a foot of change in the Charter. foreign soil, except-Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia,

MARCH 1955 365 half of Poland, big slices of Finland and Ru­ shall be immediately communicated to the Se­ mania, eastern Czechoslovakia, the Kurile Islands, curity Council." And Article 54 provides that South Sakhalin, plus a stranglehold on Poland, "the Security Council shall at all times be kept Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Al­ fully informed of activities undertaken or in bania and a large part of Germany. contemplation under regional arrangements or But this is the record of Soviet expansion by regional agencies for the m,aintenance of in­ during and since the war. The United Nations, ternational peace and security." with the Soviet Union enjoying a. veto which Is it not ridiculous to imagine General Alfred has been used more than fifty times, did not M. Gruenther, as head of NATO forces, report­ and could not have checked this expansion. In­ ing his secret plans to the Security Council, deed, a fair analogy for the situation in the with its Soviet delegate? Indeed, the only idea Security Council would be a city police depart­ that would be more ridiculous would be that ment in which the most notorious gangster was of the Soviet Union reporting to the Security given a seat and the right to veto law enforce;.. Council the military plans which it has con­ ment action. In such a case there would be no cocted with Red China and the governments occasion for surprise if cri'me statistics rose. of the East European satellite states. It would Former Secretary of State Dean Acheson made be far more honest to state that NATO, SEATO a clumsy and unconvincing attempt to revamp and other alliances prove that the UN Charter the United Nations in such a way as to make is obsolete and unworkable than to attempt the it an instrument in the cold war. He persuaded logically impossible task of suggesting that these the General Assembly, in November 1950, to and other alliances are in harmony with the pass a so-c,alled Uniting for Peace resolution. text of the Charter. This provided that the Assembly should make recommendations, including the use of force, if Conspicuous Failures the Security Council should be prevented from taking action to maintain international peace From an organization based on the hopelessly by the exercise of the veto. faulty foundation of a false assumption nothing The legality of this resolution is highly ques­ but failure could be expected. And failure has tionable, because it introduces an important been the rule in UN undertakings. Here area change in UN procedure. And Article 108 stip­ few conspicuous examples. ulates that the Charter may only be amended The UN set up a commission to deal with by the agreement of all permanent members of the Korean question and prepare the way for the Security Council. What is perhaps more im­ the holding of free elections in a united Korea. portant than the question of legality is the im­ Communist North Korea, at Soviet dictation, probability, in view of what happened in Korea, never admitted this commission. Its accomplish­ that there would be any wholehearted rally of ment was, therefore, nil. The same could be UN members to the banner of collective se-· said of another commission which the UN ap­ curity if there should be another international pointed to look into the threat to pea'ce in the challenge·' of the s,ame kind. Balkans as a result of the support of Greek communist insurgents by the neighboring com­ NATO at Odds with UN Charter munist states of Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Al­ bania. These states, with Soviet backing, thumbed Equally feeble and lacking in logic is the at­ their noses at the UN commission. tempt to represent NATO, SEATO and other Whether in the Balkans or in Korea, in Kash­ alliances directed against communist aggression mir or Palestine, the experience of the UN has as consistent with the UN Charter. Mr. Acheson been the same: impotent failure. Kashmir is a and others who make this attempt like to cite state in northern India with a predominantly a passage in Article 51 of the Charter: Moslem population. For years the allegiance of the people of Kashmir has been in dispute be­ Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-de­ tween India and Pakistan. All the efforts of fense, if an armed attack occurs against a member the UN have not induced that sanctimonious of the UN, until the Security Council has taken apostle of peace and East-West "understanding," the measures necessary to maintain international Prime Minister Nehru of India, to consent to peace and security. the holding of a plebiscite which would indi­ And Article 52 authorizes "regional agree­ cate whether the people of Kashmir wish to join ments or agencies for dealing with such mat­ India or Pakistan. (Indian troops moved in and ters relating to the maintenance of international occupied the more productive part of the peace and security as are appropriate for re­ country in an early phase of the dispute.) gional action." Korea, sometimes claimed as a victory for the But Article 51 also stipulates that "measures UN in resisting aggression, has actually been taken in the exercise of the right of self-defense the greatest failure of all. The conflict in Korea

366 THE FREEMAN was a UN war, but a United States and South which the United States, as a UN member, is Korean fight. At the cost of 140,000 casualties invited to subscribe are often at variance with the American people learned, or should have the principles of the American Constitution. learned, that the United Nations is only a papier­ Basic human liberties, such as freedom of re­ mache shield, that the theory of collective se­ ligion, of speech and press, are treated in the curity, of all the members of the UN forming UN Convenant on Human Rights as something a posse to catch the criminal whenever aggres­ which governments may grant, limit or abrogate. sion is committed, is a dangerous illusion. The historical American view is that these are What happened in Korea was that a minority natural rights of human beings under God, with of UN members sent meager token military con­ which no government can tamper. The difference tributions. Had it not been for the United States, is important. Korea would have been submerged beyond any Second, the United States is in a minority of hope of rescue. The very limited military con­ "haves," surrounded by a majority of "have tributions of the other UN members were offset nots" in the UN. The Econon1ic and Social Coun­ by the defeatist backseat driving which was cil of the UN is a fertile breeding ground for the principal contribution of some of these mem­ schemes designed to transfer American wealth, bers. Prime Minister Nehru of India, head of a under one pretext or another, to "underprivi­ country of 300,000,000 people, could not spare one leged" nations. On one occasion the United States soldier for the UN army in Korea. He did send representative was in a minority of one in stand­ an ambulance unit and some jute-bags and was ing for the principle that private property should prodigal of advice, pointed in the direction of not be confiscated without adequate compensa­ giving the Communists most of what they tion. If a determined left-wing Administration wanted. should come into power in Washington, the UN Certainly pressure from various UN powers \vould be the logical agency for working out was an important, if not a decisive factor in international "share the wealth" schemes. preventing the United States from using its im­ Third, there is continuous pressure, supported mense superiority in air and naval power to by some misguided Americans, for transforming win the war, once it had become involved in the United Nations into a world government. it. Two distinguished military authorities, com­ On the day when this would happen all con­ m-anders for a time in the Far East, General stitutional defenses of our political and eco­ MacArthur and General Van Fleet, are con­ nomic liberties would fall. vinced that victory could have been won if their Can the United Nations stop war? Obviously hands had not been tied by restrictions on bomb­ it cannot; it has neither universally respected ing enemy bases in Manchuria and strategic tar­ moral authority nor physi(;al force to enforce gets in China, by a veto on the use of Chinese its decisions. Nationalist troops in Korea or in a diversionary Can it help to remove the causes of war by attack on the Chinese mainland,and by other in­ handing down judgments which would remove hibitions which would not have prevailed if the the causes of conflict? It cannot, because ex­ United States had been fighting a national war perience has shown that even small and weak with the simple object of defeating the enemy. peoples do not accept its judgments as binding. The moral of Korea should be: No more UN Can it serve as a forum of discussion? Yes, wars. One cannot imagine a worse agency for but it is highly questionable whether the course the successful conduct of a war than this cum­ of events is shaped by discussions in the UN. bersome and deeply divided Tower of Babel, with Internationalists lament the "bypassing" of the its communist bloc and its considerable number UN. But it is really history that is bypassing of neutralist members. It would be criminal ir­ the UN, organized on the erroneous premise of responsibility, after the lesson of Korea, to stake Soviet cooperation in the maintenance of peace. American lives again on a UN "police action," It is time for the American people to wake up in which most of the police can be relied on to from a dream world and stop playing the game scuttle for cover or to remain, hands in pockets, of "Let's Pretend." It is time to look realities on the sidelines. in the face. Our security depends first on our own strength, second on alliances with nations Does the UN "Do No Harm"? that are sincerely committed to the cause of resisting and, if possible, rolling back Soviet Some support for the UN is based on the and Chinese communist aggression. This se­ argument that, if this organization can do little curity depends not at all on UN resolutions good, at least it does no harm. This argument behind which there is no real force or authority. should be carefully examined. US Day is decidedly more worth celebrating The United Nations is a potential threat to the than UN Day. UN can never replace US in the United States on at least three counts. hope and loyalty of Americans or as a shield F1:rst, the tone and substance of resolutions to of American defense.

MARCH 1955 367 Two Rackets of the UN

Friends 0 f British imperialism, as well as By JOHN T. FLYNN inflationists at home, both pick America's pockets for their own purposes by means oj our spending for the UN and One W orldism.

One of the first facts we must face when we discuss States. Its foremost advocate is the New York the United Nations is that its members are in no Times, whose editor asked two years ago: sense united. The United Nations is not an in­ strument for preserving the peace of the world. Is it too much to believe that the Atlantic Com­ It is an instrument for protecting a few powerful munity is at last shaping up as a functioning coherent organization? ... Are we going beyond nations, chiefly Russia and Great Britain, in a the military concepts of NATO to the broader field dangerous racket that has led to almost all the of confedera.tion of the Western nations? The com­ wars in the last 150 years. For Russia and Bri­ munique given out after the Truman-Churchill talks tain, therefore, it is a racket. For the United poses these questions and gives some reason for States it is also a racket, but of a different sort. hope that the answers are affirmative. If so we are seeing the creation of one of the truly great alliances There are, to be sure, some luminous souls in of history [Italics added]. this country-and some others who are by no means so simple-minded-who support the UN for a vari­ Senator Smith of New Jersey put int.o the ety of both bad and g,enerous reasons of their own. Congressional Record a speech by his colleague, First of all, for one powerful group the United Senator Hendrickson, in which he advocated what Nations is a device to use the great resources of is called Federal Union, a version of Atlantic the United States to protect the British Empirr. Union or Union Now-all brand names for that For Britain this slogan, "One World," means a old dream of Cecil Rhodes in which the two great world in which England, a nation of 50,000,000 English-speaking peoples would unit,e in one great people, lords it over some 569,000,000 people empire. The version of this imperial edifice that on every cont!inent on the globe. We are not pro­ seems most pleasant to our American Anglophiles tecting the broken peoples of the world by sup­ is a sort of cross between Atlantic Union and porting the British Empire in the United Nations. Union Now. Former Supreme Court Justice Owen How much good will can we cultivate for America J. Roberts, at a meeting of the Atlantic Union by associating ourselves with Britain's adventures Committee in Buffalo in 1952, declared that Atlan­ in imperialism? Outside the British Isles, her tic Union "would mean a common citizenship, government dominates 335,000 other peoples in common economic and military policies, common Europe, 450,000,000 in Asia in nine separate currency and free exchange of goods." And while countries, 86,000,000 in twenty separate countries that group was in session, John Foster Dulles sent in Africa, 12,000,000 more in Australasia and its members a telegram congratulating them on 20,000,000 more scattered all over the world. Here their great movement. is the greatest land-grabber in modern history, Earlier, Harold Stassen, in 1950, made a speech which is our partner in the "noble" enterprise of in Philadelphia in favor of the United World liberating the underprivileged people of the globe. Federalists, an 'even more extreme form of "one worldism." Let me add that Milton Eisenhower, The "Union Now" Movement who has been defined by his brother, the Presi­ dent, as his, closest adviser, has been an enthusi­ One can make allowance for Britain, which finds astic supporter of Atlantic Union. And General these immense populations in the inheritance left Ei~enhower himself, in 1951 before his nomination, her by her conquering statesmen. But what defense sent a telegram to the Atlantic Union convention can be made for this inheritance now? And what in Memphis, Tennessee, in which he declared his holds it together? Sir Winston Churchill was smart interest was "official as well as personal" and that enough to give an honest answer. He said two "success is certainly worthy of official effort." Let years ago that the British Empire cannot be writ.. no one dismiss this dream as fatuous. In 1950, ten off as long as there is England, Canada, twenty-four Senators and fifty members of the Australia, New Z'ealand and "its great friend and House listed themselves as sponsors of this scheme. relative, the United States." Indeed, there is a There is some reason to believe that the United richly finaneed movement in the United States to Nations may be approaching dissolution. But it eff'ect a union of the British Empire and the United has served as a powerful instrument to ally the

368 THE FREEMAN United States and Britain in the defense of she wishes to form. She has had a great history Britain's empire, a project which could be continued within her own borders in defining and advancing if the United Nations dissolves. It could go along for her own citizens the freest society in the world in some version of Union Now-a cozy and more outside the United States. But the source of her compact United Nations-which would unite the troubles now lies in the existence of an outmoded power and resources of America with those of empire which she can no longer defend with Britain for the preservation of her vast imperial­ weap9ns or with reason. And this is no time for ism. Certainly no one could blame Britain for seek­ the United States to move into that dissolving ing such a solution to her imperial problems. imperialism as a partner. The presence in the UN of the Soviet Union Let me add a word here touching that shrewd with her power of veto makes impossible any verbal invention-the phrase, "peace-loving nations." action favorable to what is called the free world Britain is no peace-loving nation, any more than or against the enslaved world behind the Iron Germany or France or Russia. In 1853, Russia Curtain. But it would not be true to say that, from occupied Turkish land north of the Danube, where­ the standpoint of Britain and her American allies, upon Kitchener was sent to liquidate the Sudanese the UN has been ineffective. It has, indeed, been army. In 1899, almost all America denounced futile as an instrument for peaceful collaboration Britain as she made cruel war on the sturdy Boers among nations. But it has served as a powerful in South Africa. Then in 1900 came the Boxer meeting ground within which Britain has been uprising in China against British, French and other able to bring the United States delegation close exploiters of their country. to her side, and has prepared to create, when the In 1914 Britain made common cause with Rus­ United N'ations breaks up, a British-American sia and France in a war that killed nine million team for the perpetuation of· her shaky empire. and wounded twenty million. The prize which came In all this I do not hold any brief against Britain out of that struggle was Hitler in Germany and in her efforts to live in whatever kind of world Lenin in Russia, while the United States found herself embroiled in a multitude of problems as a result of our folly in joining the fight. And, as an inevitable result of that war, came World War Two, into which, for a second time, we were maneuvered. As a fruit of this madness, we are trapped in a world in which communist Russia rides herd on all of eastern Europe and most of Asia, and Britain is confronted by a series of threats against her own indefensible empire from the people she has dominated-and once again tags us for the dubious privilege of defending that empire. For Britain, the United Nations has been a perfect arrangement by which to cast us for the role of champion and defender of her empire against the Reds.

At Home-the False Prosperity Racket

But in what respect is the United Nations a racket for the United States? Not for our coun­ try, of course-but it is very obviously a racket for two groups of politicians: those who play the game of the British Empire and those who know how to use the United Nations for their own domestic purposes. The root lies in the depression of 1929. Presi­ dent Roosevelt, when he came to the White House in 1933, turned to the spending of great sums of borrowed money on relief and various types of boondoggling to create jobs for the unemployed. In the years from 1933 to 1940 he spent from five to eight billion dollars a year on relief and made-work projects, borrowing most of it. In 1939, when the Germans struck at Poland, the President turned to military preparedness. A reasonable amount of armament was clearly defensible, pro-

MARCH 1955 36g vided the President was resolved to remain out ducers cannot sell and "stockpiles" it). The interest of the war. But it is known now that the President, on the national debt alone is now more than twice long before the attack on Pearl Harbor, had re­ what the total cost of government used to be. solved on entering the war and was merely await­ Now I insist this is a racket to create a lawless ing the favorable moment to act. The economic and, ultimately, a fatal prosperity. But this can­ and political effects of this were immense and not be done by taxing and borrow-ing merely to obvious. Large orders for military and naval spend in the United Stat.es. Hence our government weapons and munitions flowed into American fac­ finds in the United Nations a vehicle, not to do tories from Britain and France. And after the the actual spending, but to locate and defend the attack on Pearl Harbor-an attack which every expenditure of immense sums of money all over the informed student now knows was invited and world. Actually, the money is not spent in Europe, welcomed-the sky was the limit in munitions mak­ Asia or Africa. It is spent here to build military ing in America. weapons, to support immense armed forces and The effect on the United States, trapped in the vast naval establishments, and to provide so-called depression, was immediate. America became a vast "friendly nations" with arms, food, clothing, edu­ arsenal and, as was inevitable, was brought into cation, schools and assistance of all kinds. But the fighting war. After that the problems of the most of the money is spent in the United States depression were in the past: everybody at work, to continue the fraudulent prosperity which we are wages going up, whole families employed with Henjoying" on the cuff. plenty of overtime. Here is the record of the taxes and borrowing: New Site for Fort I{nox? Taxes Borrowing 1940...... $5,264,000,000 $2,528,000,000 The agency which makes all this possible is the 1941...... 7,227,281,000 5,993,000,000 United Nations. This enables us to get mixed up 1942...... 12,696,286,000 23,461,000,000 1943...... 22,201,502,000 64,274,000,000 in one way or another in ,every quarrel anywhere 1944...... 43,891,673,000 64,907,000,000 in the world. It provides us with the excuse for 1945...... 44,761,609,000 57,079,000,000 paying out billions of dollars to defend ourselves 1946...... 40,026,889,000 10,740,000,000 against enemies who have no intention of attack­ Thus, in 1940 the President spent in taxes and ing us. The only enemy we have to fear internally borrowed funds roughly $7,792,000,000. By 1945 is the communist underground, which occupies a these funds available to spend had risen to over privileged position in the United Nations. one hundred billion dollars in a single year. The Fighting Communists in the United States is a year after the war, the taxes and borrowed funds hazardous undertaking. The American citizen or were more than fifty billion dollars. In 1940 the official who attempts it with any degree of success national debt was $42,968,000,000. The year alfter is sure to be attacked. It seems that the only Com­ the war ended it was 169 billion dollars. Today munists who can be fought with impunity are those it is 278 billion dollars. in the communist conspiracy in Russia and Asia. These vast sums were spent on coal, iron, metals The only approved way to fight them -is to raise of all sorts; in foundries, farms, factories; on vast armies and navies and slquadrons of planes and wages of men in the armies, profits of producers clouds of atomic weapons, which cost huge sums and and in the operation of the endlessly multiplying provide jobs and prosperity for the nation and bureaus of government. When the war ended, the security for the politicians who create the pros­ politicians were trapped in a vast, feverish pros­ perity with taxes and borrowed billions. perity created wholly by borrowed funds and huge Communism is a grave menace to us and to the taxes. The people, despite the gravity of the war, world. But Com'munists must be oppos,ed by men were led to believe that the prosperity would con­ in government who mean business and who realize tinue-that the government had found some magic that the first step is to liquidate them here in device for creating endless streams of money on America; that the second step is to stop playing which to float an endless boom. with and supporting their allies in Europe; and The politicians had discovered an old, but ever that the third step is to organize the American new, trick for creating money and prosperity. There Republic again upon constitutional lines. This is no war now, but the federal government managed means that we must rout Communists out of our to spend over 66 billion dollars in 1953 and 74 government and our schools at home. We must stop billion dollars in 1954. The outlook for the present financing other governments which play fast and fiscal year, to end June 30, is for 64 billion dollars. loose with us on this issue. And, above all, we must How much of these 64 billions will be for the rid this nation of the United Nations, which pro­ ordinary and legitimate processes of government? vides the communist conspiracy with a head­ Not more than $7,200,000,000. The rest will be for quarters here on our own shores, and which spending on military, int.erest on the debt, and actually makes it impossible for the United States stockpiling (a shameless boondoggle by which the to form its own decisions about its conduct and government buys up what farmers and other pro- policies in Europe and Asia.

370 THE FREEMAN rrhe Omelet Has No Rights

The United Nations can.not serve as the incubator for human rights, for it is attempting to hatch at By F. A. HARPER one time two opposing concepts-that of the social omelet, and that of the free and individualist egg.

"Butch," my young son, was making an omelet of a mouth without teeth, designed to talk out of one morning and I was supposed to be super­ both sides at once with its tongue in its cheek. vising the project. But my mind was more on the But did we need a new agency before we could United Nations as a symbol of hope-the hope talk with our neighbor? If a political agency de­ for universal peace and the protection of human signed to change the conduct of people denies rights. itself teeth with which to chew the cud for which As Butch broke the eggs into the bowl there it was created, it will be something brand new. came to mind a saying, popular among party If teeth are added and bite too hard, can't any men of the Soviet Union: "When you are making nation just quit the UN? But the Charter makes an omelet, you must break the eggs." If one no provision for the voluntary withdrawal of any thinks of the eggs as comparable to individual member. An outvoted minority is presumed to persons and the omelet as comparable to some have no right to disaffiliate. Even the right of political conglomerate of persons such as the objection in the form of peaceful withdrawal be­ Soviet Union, he will have a picture of the under­ comes, in effect, an act of aggression against the lying basis for the world conflict over human UN itself. rights. And the United Nations, like a mother hen, is trying to sit on both concepts at once, The Collectivist View hoping to hatch peace from the sitting. Just about everybody wants peace and wants How could the UN be expected to operate in human rights protected. So it is useless to waste any other manner than as an omelet of rights­ time and space restating these general objectives with might making right? Think of its design, of the United Nations. Instead, let us examine not its professed purposes. In order to determine the lack of unity as to means. For it is over the the path of its future, think of its political com­ tools of peace that we are really at war-an position and what those countries do about human ideological vvar threatening to descend into bloody rights within their own borders. As the FREEMAN war. once expressed it: "We have put the top criminal The UN is purely a political agent designed on the Police Commission." to empower certain men to rule over other men. In a troubled world where human freedoms are By its very design it enthrones might as right, at low ebb, the only way ever to regain lost free­ because that is the only way its constituent mem­ doms is to disfranchise the omelet concept of bers can bring their power into the focus of ac­ world political power, under any label and for tion. any professed purpose. To see this more clearly, Look, for instance, at the Declaration of Human it must be understood why the omelet concept Rights. It is patterned closely after the consti­ and the egg concept of human rights are mutually tutions of the most dictatorial governments in the exclusive. world today, in a manner to which I shall make The omelet, or collectivist, concept holds that the reference without full details here.1 Furthermore, social omelet is the sole concern and objective the nine meetings of the Commission on Human of humanity. "When you are making an omelet, Rights have been devoted mainly to converting you must break the eggs." By this view, human the provisions of the Declaration of Human Rights rights are vested completely in the collective of into legal forms to be adopted as treaties by the persons, not in individuals. Since the will of the various nations. collective is deemed to be the same thing as jus­ Some may contend that this is being too harsh tice, it follows that rights reside in the omelet or unfair about an agency set up merely to dis­ and not in the individual eggs. So it becomes cuss things. Some wag has said that the United humane and socially justifiable to break the eggs Nations is only an impersonal entity in the form for the omelet because that is what eggs are for. "Siberian vacations" and political murders, to­

1 Clinchy~ Russell J., Human Rights and the United Nations. The gether with all lesser forms of violation of in­ Foundation for Economic Education, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y., 1952 dividuals' freedom, are on the agenda of respect-

MARCH 1955 371 able action from the standpoint of rights-omelet A deeper meaning of rights precludes all dic­ style. Individual eggs left intact for a time are tates of the collective, per see In fact., the will of to serve in some later omelet. ' the collective, like a circle of mirrors that re­ The other view of human rights, the libertarian flects only mirrors, is an empty thing except as view, ,may be called that of the individual egg. it is fed from outside by guides which arise from It holds that human rights reside entirely in in­ the hearts and minds of individual persons. They dividual persons as such. This reasoning is based are the ones dictated by one's wisdom and con­ on the biological and spiritual nature of man. It science, whether or not a majority agrees at the looks upon every collective of persons, whether moment. You feel that in justice your neighbor the Elks Club or the nation, as nothing more than has no right to restrain you in certain ways, and a temporary arrangement of persons for purposes those are the kinds of rights with which we are of some convenience; and if all persons are re­ here concerned. moved from the collective, there remains only an In the Western culture of which we are a part, empty organizational shell devoid of any problem we assume that the human organism has personal of human rights. Since the functional unit of all choice in all his voluntary acts, so that he may life and all action is the individual person, it is do this or that, go here or there-now or later. here that any sound concept of human rights Predestination in any complete sense is generally must be anchored. The adherents to this view rejected. offer this aphorism to represent their position Our natural env,ironment, to be sure, imposes about human rights: "You can't hatch chicks predestined consequences. It sets limits on the from an omelet." lange of one's choices and places blocks of in­ The individual person is the only unit which convenience in his path. These natural limitations acts, even in an army under strictest orders doing are beyond our control. We cannot, for instance, the goose step. No single sensation of a person veto the law of gravity; we can only work with it, can be transferred to another person. His every as by the use 01 a parachute. Anyone who as­ thought is individually constructed, and can be sumes that since he can build a bridge, he can transmitted to another only with difficulty and also build a new law of gravity, is making a fatal inaccuracies. mistake. According to this libertarian concept, the con­ Aside from the restraints nature places on a cern of human rights is with the chain of life person's freedom, he may restrain himself or he embedded solely in individual "eggs." And once may be forcefully restrained by others. the shell of individual rights has been broken, Self-restraint is the response to that wee small with the contents dedicated to some collective voice that speaks so loudly to each of us, yet omelet, the embryo of human freedom will have which cannot be heard directly by any other per­ been killed and the life-chain broken forever. This son. Some call it conscience. Some call it God. It en­ view, to put it crudely but bluntly, is that human compasses all we know as morals. Perhaps no­ rights no longer prevail in the cannibals' kettle body knows exactly and fully the sources of self­ of stew., restraint, but few deny its role as Master­ perhaps the most effective one-which, by speak­ Eater ·or Eaten? ing so directly and forcefully, guides our actions as free persons. Adherents of the first of these two views may The other type of restraint is that of force and claim for it a superiority in justice on grounds power, by sheer mastery of man over man. This of the "general welfare," asserting that it does may take many forms, among which slavery is a not stoop to the selfish interests of some one per­ simple and clear one. Another is the rule of man son. But the adherents of the second view will by man through some sort of political organiza­ raise these questions: who is to eat the omelet tion, always man-made and man-controlled. The -for whom is it being made? From whence comes UN is of the latter type. As a mechanism, it is the his right to be the eater rather than the eaten? frying pan on which to cook the omelet of rights. Who had the right to decide? Whose general good The UN employees are expected to be loyal to does the omelet serve? the United Nations above all else, according to It is only as we assume man to be free and t.o the "Report on Standards of Conduct in the In­ have right of choice that there is any question ternational Service." of human rights at all. The term human rights A simple truth is that one cannot serve two is really just another name for freedom itself. masters because it is impossible to obey two con­ No person, to be sure, can enjoy rights or free­ flicting orders. As applied to the problem of human dom denied him by his stronger friends or neigh­ rights, this means that one cannot serve both his bors or fellow-citizens, because with their greater conscience and some political mechanism at the power they force him to accede to their demands. same time, in the sense of ruler. But I am not speaking of rights in this sense "\Vhenever one is in the sorry plight of having of power rule. conflicting orders from two sources, he must

372 THE FREEMAN choose his master and suffer the consequences. promise is a trap for the egg; it can.'t be half It is always enticing to subordinate the conscience broken. The omelet as a means denies the egg as because the retributions it imposes are less clear an end. and vivid than the gallows flaunted in his face In any area of differences, living with disunity by his fellow-men in the role of master. God in is the price that must be paid for freedom. Some His design gave man, as a necessary part of the are willing to give up freedom in the hope of at­ right of freedom, the chance to do evil as well taining unity, only to lose both. This is because a as good. Had He denied to man the chance to do maximum of real unity is found under freedom ev.il, it would have been nec,essary also to deny rather than under enslavement. him the right to freedom itself-the problem of So, since two masters cannot be served at once human rights. and since individual liberty is the master we want, the libertarian's hopes for solution of the On Serving Two Masters problem of human rights lie elsewhere than in any international agency of political power. Lord Some will say that if a political institution is Acton, when speaking of human rights with his founded on moral precepts under God, as in our rare historical perspective on human freedom, Declaration of Independence and the essence of said: "Absolute power and restrictions on its ex­ the Bill of Rights under early legal interpreta­ ercise cannot exist together. It is but a new form tions, one can in fact serve both masters.. But both of the old contest between the spirit of true free­ cannot be masters, and it is an illusion to think dom and despotism in its most dexterous dis­ that they are. The test-the only valid test-is: guise."l whose dictates are followed whenever the two give Whether one accepts the religious concept of conflicting orders? Suarez or the reasoned one of Grotius, he must The history of our own nation attests to the assume that there is a human right above any impossibility of serving two masters. This is re­ law written by mere man; that the higher law vealed in the reversal of original spirit and pre­ shall in justice prevail whenever a contradiction sumed intent of the Declaration of Independence forces one to choose between masters. As Coke and the Bill of Rights. The original moral precepts said, this is "written with the hand of God in the about personal rights have now been basically heart of man ... the eternal law, the moral law." negated, by legal interpretation as well as by The libertarian cannot look to the United popular acceptance. God is now expected to take Nations as an agency of hope to solve the world's many of his orders from political masters, in the problems of peace, freedom and human rights. He role of a subordinate. Not only that, but those knows that by its very design the UN cannot who represent us in the UN and do its chores are serve as the incubator for human rights, because expected to push God even one step further down you can't hatch eggs on a frying pan suited only in authority, since loyalty to the UN is to be above to cooking omelet. After all our efforts to use the loyalty to the United States. UN as a battleground over the weapons of peace, Differences can coexist if force is not enthroned one is forced to agree with Mr. Dulles, who said: to eliminate differences. There can be ian egg and "Our nation is today less liked, more isolated and there can be an omelet, if allowed separate more endangered than ever before in its his­ existence. But the same egg cannot serve both, tory ..." and every egg is doomed whenever the omelet 1. Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Historical Essays and is enthroned to rule. The plea of unity by com- Studies. London: Macmillan and Co., 1919, p.132

The Problem of Power

In actual practice how matlly great men have ever fulf:illed, or are ever likely to fulfill, the, conditions which alone 'render power in­ nocuous to the· ruler as well as to the ruled? Obviously, very few. Except by saints, theprohlem of poweil" is finally 'insoluble. But since genuine self-government is possihle only in very small groups, societies ona national or superna,tional scale will always be ruled by oligarchical m,inorities whose members come to power because they have a lust for power. ALDOUS HUXLEY, The Perennial Philosophy

MARCH 1955 373 They Sell UN to the World

Non-Governmental agencies swarm to the UN, By CY PETERMAN busy bees oj propaganda promoting their own hives by ubiquitous buzzings in global gardens.

There is a small, pamphle,t-piled room on the third proved by the Social and Economic Council, with floor press area of the United Nations building privileges to speak before the Council, to propose in New York. It at;tracts little attention. Few but ag'enda items, advise on certain matters and assist purposeful are its users, and the receptionist where requested. Category A includes the great seems surprised when some sltray looks in to in­ trade unions: International Confederation of Free quire about the facilities and activities that re­ Trade Unions, as well as the R,ed-dominated World volve about its comfortable interior. Federation of Trade Unions, and with them the For this is the information headquarters, in a International Organiza,tion of Employers, Inter­ loose manner of speaking, for 439 international, Parliamentary Union, International Chamber of and more than 4,000 American organizations which, Commerce, Co-Operative Alliance, and most vocal by ,methods, funds and channels of their own, are for the UN of all the 268-the World Federation the propagandists for the United Nat,ions. They of United Nations Associations (WFUNA). The are the NGO's-Non-Governmental Organizations. American branch of this eager-beaver society is In the interests of accuracy, it should be stated the bellwether of all the drum beaters for the that of recent date a number of American NGO great glass gimmick on New York's East River. representatives do not fall under this heading of We shall discuss it later on. propagandists for the UN. Such organizations as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the New York A Plethora of Pressure Groups S,tock Exchange, the National Association of Man­ ufacturers-there are scores of them---take the Category B contains 109 organizations, describ­ position that UN' is with us, whether we like it able roughly as devoted to matters racial, religious, or not, and that they owe it to their memberships social, culitural, busines!s and professional; or to watch this world legislative body and offer their humanitarian, plain and f.ancy. There is, if you consultative efforts to counteract the un-American probe a bit, also a classification derived from and socialistic measures that come up. any of the above which can only be denoted as Nine of these 268 duly recognized and registered pes,tiferous. NGO's have an official voice in debates, but do not Under this heading is the determined lady who have a vote. All of them are on call, and 118 are went to the General Assembly in Paris to pres,ent permanently accredited, with observers, to the the cause of the cats. She was an aggressive General Assembly and the Social and Economic minority of one, an extreme radical from the Council. As such, they comprise the public relations Society for the Prevention of CrueUy to Animals, spearheads for the body politic of the sixty mem­ and she felt the world's cats required the UN's ber nations, and others which ar,e not members. attention. There were just too many cats, she de­ Because of their unofficial roles, these shadowy clared, and the United Nations should do some­ agents for a thousand causes are little on record. thing about it. They playa major part in the collective dabbling Mainly, however, the Non-,Governmental rep­ and global fixing at UN, but the people don't know resentatives interest themselves in specifics to their or suspect. According to UN Background paper own organizations, and on Which they are com­ A-76/1 : petent. Labor unioneers watch the forced labor Many hundreds of national and international non­ issue. The Inter-American Council of Commerce Governmental organizations are assisting the United and Production looks into the trade and its prob­ Nations by: 1) disseminating information concern­ lems. The International Union for Child Welfare is ing its activities, 2) giving expression to public concerned, naturally, with children; the Interna­ opinion, and 3) presenting the advice of organized groups having a special competence on particular tional Union for the Protection of Nature worries subjects. The United Nations for its part welcomes about woodlands and wild life. The International this assistance and has made arrangements to facili­ Union of Travel Organizations cares little for tate this exchange of information and ideas. wild life or children, except as they provide scenery Among these arrangements is the breaking down and potential passengers, while the International of this multitude of organizations into categories. Union of Family Organizations would prefer that Category A contains nine international groups ap- people stay home and raise families.

374 THE FREEMAN The Salvation Ar'my, Rotary International, the World's Young Wom'en's Christian Associations, Pax Ro.mana, a Catholic cultural and intellectual made oral statements, often on several different group, the World Council for the Blind, World subjects, during one 1953-54 period of the Social Jewish Congress, World YMCA Alliance, National and Economic Council. Between the adjournment of Association of Manufacturers (USA), the World the Assembly and May 1, 1953--four months-345 Power Conference (electric power, that is), even written statements had been received and dis­ the International Federation of Journalists-all tributed as docun1ents by the same Council. And take their turn influencing delegates, pro or can. the delegates for the most part had gone home. Category B is full of hustlers. There is no limit on subject matter. Union af­ These busybodies may be around all the time, fairs, religious matt,ers, the vast and somewhat part-time operators, or in-and-outers who put on abstract field of social welfare and human rights, pressure only when their particular oyster is in the never-ending problems of refugees, stateless season. This is called "free wheeling" by the persons, immigration, treatment of minorities, regular NGO observers, and is regarded as rather economic injustices, suppression of speech and legal selfish, to understate it. The sincere NGO's, who processes, technical assistance, segregation and believe the UN is the peoples' only hope despite self-det'ermination, aggression, slavery, freedom to its failures, consider the free wheelers as op­ work and freedo.m to loaf--these are but a few portunists. fertile fields in which the accredited and those with friends in UN's halls, can sow a seed and Opportunity for Red Fronts watch it germinate and flourish as a perennial gripe. Many of the N'GO's contain a mixed bag of opera­ Apart from the N:GO's, but. never above appealing tives, domestic and foreign. Since Communists are through them, is a collection of cranks, one-man trained to infiltrate anything, it's no secre,t that crusades, deserving but unw'elcome expatriate or even the better sounding names may be fronts. other hangers-on. They come and go, like Garry Sometimes their extracurricular activities are dis­ Davis, the "world citizen" who did several appear­ cov'ered, or another N,GO observer detects their real ances during the Paris Assemblies. When the UN purpose. Then there's a glorious row, as happened and the public get bored, they go away. last Assembly. During the November 17-19 conclave on NGO's Headquarters Abroad disseminating UN infor.mation, the Women's Inter­ national Democratic Federation, an early comer in The Non-Government repr,esentatives each year 1946 to UN, was brusquely dismissed. It developed have a short assembly in Geneva, where a great that the WIDF, practicing democratic principles many special agencies of Unitled Nations are cen­ Moscow-fashion, had sent a team to Korea to in­ tered, especially those concerned with human, cul­ vestigate Communist charges of g'erm warfare tural and economic problems. Each has so.me kind against American forces. Despite the incontestable of headquartlers there, or in Paris. Many NGO's evidence to the contrary, plus the 1953 Assembly's employ permanent agents and representatives, like overwhelming vote to reject this big lie, the demo­ the delegations of UN States. But the main clear­ cratic ladies" returned and reported that United inghouse for operations is the UN headquarters in States military units had indeed been waging New York. In addition to the lounge and informa­ bacteriological warfare. This was too much for tion center in the press area, they have desk room, even the ultratolerant UN authorities. They can­ a study and res'earch facility, and an NGO office celed the De'mocratic F'ederation's accreditation, on the 29th floor, up near the Secretary~General's and gave the girls the old heave-ho! lofty sanctum. There are a number of outright communist Non­ One N'GO campaign illustrates the function of Governm'enta1 Organizations, and their presence is these organizations as UN home-front activists. accepted with the same equanimity as that of the Back in 1946, the first really operative Assembly, political Soviet bloc for which they work. The UN passed unanimously a resolution calling on all Red-dominated World Federation of Trade Unions member States to take steps toward votes for watches closely those free labor spokesmen who women. The International Alliance of Women­ have in recent years pushed several resolutions Equal Rights, Equal Responsibilities, and other against the Russian slave labor system. They pro­ organiza;tions beamed from the distaff side-took test against free unions' investigation of enforced, that resolution to the homelands with such vigor no-pay, police-ruled concentration camp labor; and tha1t in the nine years since, more than twenty the st.ruggle between the two groups rages behind governments have granted votes to females in some the cur,tains much as the louder and more spectac­ form or other. ular ideological battles are fought in the UN's Another laudable project, backed energetically political and economic committees. and with foresight by NGO's is UNICEF, the Thirty-six organizations, ranging' alphabetically International Children's Fund, which has kept from the American Federation of Labor to the alive, innoculated against disease, and "mothered"

MARCH 1955 375 in multiple ways a veritable horde of war waifs, Council. No bett'er description of the comings and displaced, underprivileged and destitute youngsters goings of these men could be made. since World War Two ended and reconstruction The CeIA is ungrudgingly credited with helping began. lay the basis for the Korean armistice. Dr. Nolde The World Veterans' Federation is said to rep­ on 48 hours notice flew to Seoul, consulting en­ resent 18,000,000 war veterans throughout the civil­ route with the national commis.sion on churches in ized nations. There are no Soviet participants in Pusan, before huddling with President Syngman this one. It is pushing a program to help handi­ Rhee and U. S. Assistant Secretary of State Walter capped veterans everywhere, with emphasis of Robertson over an infor,m'al m'emorandum urging late on those crippled in the Korean war. "deferred action" on the prisoners-of-war hitch. It was this memo that saved the nonforcible repatria­ Two High-Powered Groups tion point in the Korean-,UN position, and utiliz'ed the Red Chinese offer of "an honorable terms armis­ One of the unfathomable mysteries of all this is: tice" to bring an end to the fighting. How many people do the NGO's really and truly Because the CCIA includes among its directors represent? Who can tell? Who can prove it? and representatives diplomats, political leaders, and Two that claim to be widely repres'entative-and laymen competent in many professions that can which typify the two main categories of NGO-are apply to world problems today, it is valuable. Before the World Federation of United N;ations Associa­ each General Assembly, it circulates a fifty to sixty­ tions (WFUNA) and the Com'mission of the page memorandum, outlining the problem in most Churches on International Affairs (CCIA) . items of the forthcoming ag'enda. WF'UNA is in Category A, and may properly be During 1954 and the Assembly portion of 1953, described as the United Nations' high-powered CCIA leaders participated in no less than 52 con­ but unpaid public relations agency. It has carried ferences on world affairs. They have been most the blue and whit'e flag of the UN to all crannies unobtrusive, yet powerful influences from the the of this earth, accomplishing an unprecedented beginning of the U'N, which their membership jo'b of global indoctrinat.ion for world controls and strongly urged and still supports to the hilt. OCIA collective operations. is undoubtedly a positive force among the NGO's. In a somewhat different direction, the Commis­ But whether these dedicated workers for peace sion of the Churches enjoys 'even more distinction. truly represent any conscious percentage of church It rates, in some j udg,ments, highest of all the members is open to question. All decisions are taken NGO's. Several of its leaders have records for in committees, or high-level board meetings at the liaison, survey, mediation and successful negotia­ headquarters in New York, London and Geneva. tion that compare wirth those of top delegates. Nev'er has this correspondent in nine years' UN Some hav'e gone in where official emisS'aries feared to tread, and come away with the makings of solu­ tions. CeIA is in Category B, but in the political field, especially with the Western power bloc, it enjoys more consultative competence and prestige than mo~t. Professor Baron F. M. van Asbeck of The Nether­ lands is president of the Protestant NGO, and Sir Kenneth Grubb of London is chairman. Its most traveled wheel horses and liaison men are the di­ rector, Dr. O. Frederick Nolde of Philadelphia, and Dr. Elfan Rees, representative in Europe, who has headquarters in Geneva. Among the American pillars of OCIA are Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr, the Rt. Rev. G. Ashton Oldham, Bishop G. Bromley Oxnam, Mr. W. Rodman Parvin, Hon. Francis B. Sayre and Mrs. Leslie E. Swain, each of whom wields great weight in policy making on nearly all items of UN's agenda. It might be added that nearly all of these are of the One World persuasion, but emphasize practical measures to keep peace in what we have, a world divided. "The business of the OCIA is by no means con­ fined to the United N'ations and related agencies. Its officers are called upon to act on many prob­ lems, and to travel to many parts of the world," says its report to the International Mis,sionary A visitor views the UN scale model

376 THE FREEMAN coverage, heard of an American congregation or synod discussing openly or voting upon the variety of world problems with which CCIA concerns itself. Robed ecclesiastics who comprise the Assembly of the World Council of Chur:ches, or the heads and executive boards of the great denominations, are naturally in touch. But the operative work is by laymen mostly, who by now are both qualified and competent for either church or foreign office. They doubtless repres1ent the thinking of the World Council's "brass," but like many another Non­ Government organization that loom,s potent at the UN, send few polls, reviews or reports to the pew­ holding'parishioners in whose name they function. Worse still in this respect is the so-called WF,UNA. The American branch of United Nations Associations is a well-heeled organization directed by Clark M. Eichelberger, and adorned, since her retirem'ent as a member of the U. S. delegation to UN', by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt. It is safe to say that it has grabbed more publicity, collected more Visitors' gallery, General Assembly money, inundated with UN philosophies mor'e school the 1955 profit will be around $40,000. "There's no children, and evang,elized more nice ladies across business like show business," Mr. Eichelberger these 48 S'tates than all the patriotic soci'eties up­ might sing or, better yet, have sung by a chorus holding Americanism since 1776. of his pert uniformed girl guides. But it's out in the hinterlands, among the Amer­ UN's Lucrative Tourist Business ican populace, that A:AUN gets in its effective propaganda. It is one of the chief dispensers of UN In this mighty "snow job" the AAUN has had, information. In towns big and small, in schools, with few e~ceptions, the vociferous support of the colleges, clubs, churches, among foreign policy and international-minded U. S. press, the radio, televi­ other civic or social organizations and forums, its sion, and a clamoring intellectual herd that stuffs speakers, its members, its literature abound. its ear,s to UN's failures and goes gibbering end­ The Association was foremost in making United lessly about the "'wonders" it performs. The Nations Dayan internationally celebrated occasion AAUN's apostles have found unprecedented success on October 24. Joined by from 80 to 175 or more in the public schools, where the fashion in tours for other NGO's, it has captured the support and ad­ pupils has shifted abruptly from Washington, Inde­ miration of edi,tors and publishers, most of whom pendence Hall and other U. S. shrines to the UN have never heard a Soviet diatribe against their skyscraper in New York. own country. It has helped promote pro-UN senti­ If Mr. Eichelberger, who has often been as­ ment among the teaching and student populations sociated with prewar left-wing movements and is that (in the face of continuing wars, truce viola­ mentioned several times in House Committree on tions, disregarded injunctions) is so deeply im­ Un-American Activities reports on student and bedded that few will entertain the suggestion that youth activities, has accomplished nothing mor'e, America 'might have fared a great deal better with­ his AAUN-sponsored tours at the UN building have out any UN a't alL earned him a Baedeker citation. Says U'N ,document 'There have been a score or so of heavily attended AC 5/603, dated Nov'ember 16, 1954: "'The number international and regional N,GO conferences on of visitors has continued to increase and now spreading UN information. The last one, during ranges between 2,000 and 5,000 a day, more than a the Ninth Assembly, attracted 285 repr'esentatives million persons a year. M,any of these come in from 162 organizations. Mr. Hammarskjold stated large groups in connection with conventions ..." their mission, which is to sell the United Nations It is reckoned that the UN stands next to Rocke­ with apostolic zeal: feller Center as the biggest tourist attraction in "The more you do, the more w'e will ask you to New York, exceeding the Statue of Liberty, Em­ do. You have a unique opportunity of presenting pire State Building, Wall Street and Grant's tomb. directly to the peoples of the United Nations the So lucrative at one dollar a head is this guided facts about its accomplishments and the very real tour business, that 8ecretary-rGeneral Hammar­ problems which we face. You may count on us in skjold pushed through a resolution that will trans­ the Secretariat to provide you with materials you fer it to UN's own adlninistration some time this need in this work". spring. Estimates put the total net revenue around The NGO's are the greatest "public relations" $186,000, but the ,above Document 603 estimates gimmick any institution ever developed.

MARCH 1955 377 The Real UNESCO

It is the center for "pilot projects" and By FRANK S. MEYER the spearhead of a propag.anda drive to pave the way for a socialistic world government.

The United Nations Educational, Scientifi.c and the Secretary for Economic and Social Affairs of Cultural Organization (UNESCO) plays a very the United Nations Association, speaks very di­ particular and decisive role among the galaxy of rectly indeed: organiz,at'ions which make up the system of the The practical hope of achieving world government United N,ations. Neither its stated purposes, nor rests in the development of the United Nations. even an examination of its widespread and seem­ The Charter sets out the methods and establishes ingly inchoate activities, alone or in combination, the institutions In the General Assembly may is sufficient to clarify that role. A third element be seen something more than the beginnings of a world parliament. The specialized agencies, dealing must be added if a true picture is to be gained. with Health, Food, Education, Labour, etc. and the That third element is the function envisaged for World Bank and Fund, could eventually develop into it in the minds land in the plans of its founders, world Departments of State. The International its staff and its supporters, the fraternity of One Court is capable of increasing influence and use­ World. Therefore, while I shall in this article fulness. The broad outlines of the world community exist on paper. The first loose constitution is agreed. examine both its stated purposes and its activities, The initial machinery is established. [My emphasis] it. will be well first to give some indication of this third element, the concept which lies behind the A most interesting statement. The SecurityCoun­ constitution and the activities of UNESCO. eil in its utter futility is passed over in silence. UNESCO is only one, although perhaps the most Itwould never do as the executive of a world gov­ important, of the so-called Specialized Agencies ernment. It is the grouping of specialized agencies of the United Na,tions which operate under the which is the embryo of the executive bureaucracy over-all supervis'ion of the Economic and Social of a world State. A legislative and a judicial Council (ECOS'OC). Most of them have some ap­ branch are also envisaged, it is true; but if there parently worthy philanthropic, scientific, or cultural is any lesson of history for the student of political function: the World Health Organization (WHO); organization, it is that the bigger the State becomes the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO); and the more widespread its positive activities, the the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ; more overwhelming becomes the executive arm, and a half dozen ,others. Sometimes they unite in until the legislative and the judicial fade into in­ groups of two or three to father some new member significance. Any world government will carry this of the proliferating society of United N'ations or­ principle to its ultimate degree. ganizations, such las the United Nations Expanded All that the congeries of Specialized Agencies, Program of Technical Assistance for Economic De­ coordinated by the Economic land Social Council, velopment. Sometimes one, or two or three of them needs to become such a world executive is the adopt offspring of the parent Economic and Social monopoly of world power proposed for the United GounC'il, such as the United Nations Children's Nations by the Acheson~LilienthalPlan for Control E'mergency Fund (U'NICEF). of Atomic Energy-or, more indirectly approached, by the Eisenhower Atoms for Peace Plan. The role, then, of each Specialized Agency .can Embryo of a Super-State be understood only if its constituted purpose, Fantastically proliferating,however, ,as are these with the activities derived therefrom, is seen .as children of a social worker's dream, the direction the prototype of a department of the executive of of their apparently inchoate growth, the rationale a world State. With this consideration in mind, let of their existence, is only too definite. It is a com­ us examine the actuality of UNESCO as it ,exists monplace of the speeches and writings of the and has existed over the past ten years. Its origins spokesmen for world organization; but I have found go back to a series of conferences of Allied Min­ it most clearly stated recently in an article ap­ isters of Education in London between 1942 and pearing in the British periodical, the Fortnightly, 1945. Who it was that represented the United for last October. Perhaps these things can be said States at these conferences, in view of the fact more directly in Britain because the more fully that (providentially) we do not yet have a Secre­ developed socialist ·atmosphere there requires less tary of Education, I have not taken the trouble to flummery. Be that ,a~ it may, Mr. Gordon Evans, ascertain. At any rate, in 1945, after the ~an

378 THE FREEMAN Francisco United Nations Conference, a conference crats, the socialist motif is dominant. "Justice" is was held in London at which the constitution of interpreted as distributive justice, welfare justice; UNESCO wasadopted-. By 1946, with the requisite "the rule of law" as the rule of bureaucracy; "peace ratifications, UN'E8CO formally came into exist­ and security" as the advance toward world govern­ ence as a Specialized Agency of the United N'ations. ment. Complex, widespread, diffuse as they are, Article 1 of its Constitution states: the manifold activities of UNESCO are universally The purpose of the Organization is to contribute collectivist and statist in character. to peace and security by promoting collaboration These activities fall into two groups reflecting among the nations through education, science and the two functions of UNESCO. On the one hand it culture in order to further universal respect for conducts, alone or in conjunction with other agen­ justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights cies, those sections of the Welfare-State activities and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, of the Economic and Social Council which fall in sex, language, or religion, by the Charter of the its ",educational, scientific and cultural" sphere. On United Nations. [My emphasis] the other hand, it serves as a Propaganda and In­ Such words have their appeal; but when it is re­ doctrination Ministry for the UN as a whole. membered that the Charter of the United Nations (incorporated in the "which" clause, the controlling A Foretaste of World Government element of all this language) was drawn up with the concurrence of the Soviet Union, it is clear that In the first of these capacities it is concerned no word of this preamble retains the vestige of with everything from the development of arid reg­ a concrete meaning. Even, however, were there no ions, the supplying of technical and scientific per­ Soviet Union, the question would still remain: sonnel for the United Nations Technical As­ on what moral basis do international institutions sistance program, (the UN's Point Four), or the and the people who control them place themselves establishment of the European Council for Nuclear above the mores and customs of men, real individ­ Research, to improving the status of women in odd uals? By what all-knowing wisdom do they pretend corners of the world, moving for the establishment to mediate between the Hindu to whom the cow is of a Press Agency "free of national bias," setting an object of holiness and the American to whom she up a library for the newly literate in Delhi, cre­ is an article of food? What is the "justice" for ating international professional organizations, vvhich they wish to "further universal respect"? sending exhibitions around the world, or organiz­ Is it justice as we have ,conceived it in America ing an International Computration Center in Rome. -at least until recent years-or is it "distribu­ All this is run-of-the-mill welfare statism, the tive justice" with its leveling equalitarian ardor great part of it done with United States money; to take from those who have achieved and give to but it is still only a foretaste of what would happen those who have not, so that society shall present if world government became a reality. These un­ the even ,aspect of the desert plain? Is it, in short, dertakings rare "pilot projects," to use a favorite the ,equal justice before the law of every individual UNESCO phrase, for the day when, as Frank in a free sodety, or that "social justice" which Chodorov has put it, UNESCO's "omnipotence will guarantees to every man what the State thinks match its omniscience." They are but a part of the he should have and takes from every man what the over-all ElCOSOC project of 'increasing wealth by State wants? the time-honored socialist method of redistributing These questions can be answered both with sub... it, while knocking over the head the only producer jective and objective evidence. The attitudes of the of r,eal wealth, the individual in a free economy. leaders of UNESCO, the administrators of its pro­ So far, however, because the power does not by any grams, the propagandists for it, run the whole means match the pretensions, this side of UNESCO gamut from those of open and conce.aled Commu­ activity, 'while deleterious enough, is not too seri­ nists through Socialists of all hues, Welfare Sta­ ously effective. tists, social workers and other do-gooders, to those The really dangerous activity of UNESCO arises of collectivist-minded businessmen. But I have from its other function as the propaganda arm of yet to see in all the mass of material emanating the United Nations, as the spearhead of the drive from or connected with UNESCO an outright de­ of the One Worlders to achieve the power to match fense of a free economy, of limited government, their pretensions. This is the "E" in UNESCO, of the paramount rights of the individual against that part of its program which UNESCO publica­ State and society. To the economic concepts upon tions describe as "education for living in a world which capitalism is based, the political concepts community." This is perhaps the most ambitious from which the American Constitution arises, the program in the whole gamut of United Nations moral and spiritual concepts of the inalienable activities. Its aim is to trransform the thinking of value of every created human being, the philosophy the citizens of every country outside of the Iron of UNESCO is radically and totally opposed. Curtain (inside the Iron Curtain, of course, the Objectively, as subjectively, in the activities car­ Communists do their own propagandizing), to ried on by U'NrE8CO as in the ideas of its bureau- soften them up for world government.

MARCH 1955 379 Primarily, this activity is directed toward the UNESCO, established by Act of Congress in 1946 children in the schools, for obvious reasons. As and attached to the State Department, works as UNEISCO's own informational brochure puts it: a liaison agency to carry out the UNESCO progralu in the United States and develop "increasing un­ Activities designed to promote education for derstanding and support by the American people." living in a world community relate to the healthy The work :has been done well-not that it w,as social and mental development of children, through education, the improvement of programmes, text too difficult in the prevailing atmosphere in educa­ books and other teaching materials, teaching about tional circles. UN and UNESCO have taken their the United Nations and the Universal Declaration place alongside of "group loyalty," "group dis­ of Human Rights, and the association of young ciplines" and all the other catchwords of welfare people with the world of Unesco. (Unesco, What It Is, What it Does, How It Works) statism, where once Ameriean school children were grounded in the maxims of individual self-reliance And, to make sure that no children shall escape and the principles of the Ten Commandments and the benefits of the program, UNESCO also "seeks the Constitution. 80 really shocking has this in­ to promote in all countries the progressive appli­ doctrination againsit patriotis,m and for "world­ cation of the right to free and compulsory educa­ mindedness" become that, despite the enormous tion for all..." (My emphasis) pressure ,and the vituperative slander directed 'This program is being seriously and systematic­ against anyone who dares criticize the UNESCO ally forwarded by every variety of method: the ~propaganda program in the schools, protests are editing of textbooks, conferences of teachers, beginning to develop in various parts of the coun­ provision of fellowships and scholarships, missions try against it. In Los Angeles, after ,a long fight, of specialists, "seminars for discussion ,and prac­ the UNESCO progra:m was excluded from the tical 'experimentation," ,educational "pilot projects," curriculum. and above all by the organization of National Com­ Obviously, those who oppose such "teaching" are missions in the individual countries. These bodies, not demanding that children should be prevented 63 of which now exist, "serve as a link between from knowing what the UN and UNESCO are, any UNESCO and the Government departments, other nlore than that they should be prevented from bodies and individuals concerned with education, knowing what the Soviet Union and communism science and culture in each country. The func­ are. What they do object to is planned indoctrina­ tion of these Commissions is to carry out within tion by and for U'NESCO. each Member State the programme of the Organi­ Since there would s·eem little likelihood of our zation and to contribute to the attainment of the ceasing to be a member of the UN, or UN:ESCO, purposes that UNESCO was established to serve." the exclusion of this propaganda from our schools would seem to be of the first 'importance in restrict­ ing the advanee of world government. Such action Indoctrination of Americans would control the propag.anda side of UN,ESGO And here we come very close to home. Most of activities in the same way that the adoption of the the other aspects of UNESCO's work, while they Bricker Amendment would control much of the aff,ect us indirectly through the development of danger of the Welfare-State activities of it and the socialist and world-government strength the world other Specializ,ed Agencies. If to these two de­ over, and while we pay for them, so far ·are let fensive measures were added a third, the scotching loose not upon us but upon the weaker nations of of the President's Atoms for Peace pl,an before it the world. But when it comes to indoctrination develops in the direction of a UN monopoly of for "world-mindedness," our country becomes a nuclear power, we should have developed a service­ central point of concentration. able bastion against the One-World contingent of The American National Commission for the world Socialists.

Two Meetings

The United Nations General Assembly will hold its tenth annive,rsa'ry session at the San Francisco :Opera House, June 20-26. The city's Board of Super­ visors have' appropriated $150,000 toward the expense,s of the session; the balance will be met largely by the talxpayers of America. The Congress of Freledom is sponsoring another San Francisco meeting, to be held ,in the Vete,rans' War Memorial Audito~ium, April 25-30. The announced purpose is to discus,s ways and means of preventing the UN from undermining the Ame,rican tradition. The delegates will pay their own expenses.

380 THE FREEMAN Religious Propagandists for the UN

Without polling the wishes 0 f the congregations, By REV. EDMUND A. OPITZ internationalists are exploiting the churches as podiums of propaganda for the United Nations.

"The churches of Christ in the United States," their national sovereignty is required to estab­ declares Walter Van Kirk, "are committed to the lish peace and justice on a global scale." This establishment of a world political order." may be the tenor of pronouncements of the NCC; Mr. Van Kirk is the executive director of the but it does not accurately reflect the thinking Department of International Justice and Good Will of the 35,000,000 for whom the NCe claims to of the National Council of Churches. He held the speak,much less the churchmen outside its orbit. same post under the old Federal Council of For a generation and a half it has been the Churches. Both jobs cover a period of thirty years. fashion among intellectuals and publicists to be Thus, for a generation Mr. Van Kirk's point of internationalists of the political variety, and the view on foreign policy is pretty close to that which tyranny of fashion is a sociological fact of first is repres-ented as the voice of the Church. importance. A period is characterized by certain It is a point of view that was most forcefully ideas, because those who entertain ideas like to expressed by a denominational official, writing in have the latest models. But the Church has watched an official publication, in these words: "These ideas and philosophies come and go. It should be attacks on the UN-as distinguished from friendly relatively immune to intellectual fashions, able to suggestions for improving it-are attacks on the resist the chance winds of doctrine, content to Christian faith itself." The pronouncements of bear witness to its Truth. Churchmen, however, the National Council of Churches (NCC) are are children of their age and like to have their usually couched in more cautious terms, but they fellow-intellectuals think well of them. Always in boil down to about the same conclusion. the past, some churchmen have sought and found Is Christianity synonomous with a world religious sanctions for every form of misgovern­ political order? The parishioner s,eeking solace ment and every evil that has plagued society; they in religion would be surprised to so learn, and are doing it today. even ministers who hopefully accept the UN as a promise of world peace might demur at this polit­ "Jesus and Geopolitics')') ical int.erpretation of their f.aith. Mr. Van Kirk, in the statement quoted above, would have been "Jesus and Geopolitics" is the exciting title more accurate had he said that he was speaking of a chapter in one of Mr. Van Kirk's books. In only for the spokegmen of the NCe. Rather, he "it we read that "the Christians countered the geo­ insists that "Christians are the divinely inspired politics of Rome with a geopolitics of their own..•. propagandists of a world community." Are they? With remarkable foresight they" appropriated to In the thought of Mr. Van Kirk and those in the their own ends the instruments of empire." The NCe for whom he speaks, "a world political order" intended parallel with our own times is easily and "world community" mean the same thing. grasped: Christians today, if they would emulate Actually, the two things are quite different. It the ancient Church, must appropriate the instru­ is one of the tragedies of our time that the faster ments of the UN for their own ends. Apparently, the fabric of world community has disintegrated, as Mr. Van Kirk reads the history of Christendom, the more frantic have been the efforts to patch the instruments of empire served the ends of re­ it up with a jerry-built political structure. Religion ligion. Shades of theocratic imperialism! is an important factor in the building of world The opportunity to turn Christianity into an in­ community, to the extent that world community is strument for internationalism was not lost on John possible, but not as an adjunct of politics. Foster Dulles, who has become, in effect, the But the NOC spokesmen are trying to use spiritual adviser on foreign policy to the NCC. religion to prop up the UN by making it appear It should be pointed out that while Mr. Van Kirk that the churches are solidly behind it.. "Despite began as a religionist and became an international­ differences as to theology or doctrine," says Mr. ist for supposedly religious ends, Mr. Dunes began Van Kirk, "the Christian community in the United as an internationalist who discovered in religion a States is practically unanimous in its judgment means of promoting his primary purpose. that nation states must surrender to the organized John Foster Dulles has been part of the inter­ international community whateVier measure of national political and commercial scene since the

MARCH 1955 381 first World War, but took little interest in Church the NCe continues to call for support of the UN, matters until the late thirties. In 1937, he at­ and brands those who question it as unchris,tian. tended a conference sponsored by the League of Like the NCC, the World Council of Churches Nations in Europe and, as an ardent international­ supports the idea of a world political order and ist, was dismayed by the nationalist bickering of officially endorses the UN. The wec endorsement the politicians asse.mbled there. He left this con­ of the UN intervention in Korea caused the with­ ference to attend a similar one for churchm'en held drawal of its Chinese me,mbers, one of whom was at Oxford. The churchmen appeared to be free from a president of the weco The Evanston meeting prejudices and nationalistic bias. Mr. Dulles was of the wee last August favored the UN and re­ delighted. He began to observe the ecclesiastical solved that "it is important that a dynamic concept situation closely and found that churchmen had of the world organization be kept aHve and that been working for years to prepare the ground for t4e UN structure be subJected to periodic review." acceptance of some kind of international political It urged that the UN "become more comprehensive order as a Christian imperative. This was enough in membership." It lamented that "little or no to bring Mr. Dulles importantly into American progress has been made toward world disarmament church circles in 1941 as the first chairman of the or the creation of an international police force." Commission on a Just and Durable Peace of the There are organizations set up for the sole pur­ Federal Council of Churches. The efforts to draft pose of propagandizing for the UN, such as the a set of principles on which peace might be built American Association for the United Nations. sounded to him, he said, like an echo of the Gospels. There are related organizations, like the Church Peace Union and the Foreign Policy Association, The Practical Missionary doing a similar job. No one can quarrel w,ith an organization that does what it is set up to do, Mr. Dulles resigned this chairmanship in 1949 even though one may wish to debate the merits of to run for public office, but he still earries weight its case. It is different with the NOC. The NCe, in official church circles. A recent issue of Time according to its own literature, "is not something characterizes him as "a practical missionary of apart from the churches, but those churches them­ Christ,ian politics." Whether Time knows Christian selves doing together -those things which can be from unchristian politics is debatable. What is better done unitedly than separately." There is not debatable is the fact that Mr. Dulles, a life­ a ques,tion of the propriety of an organization long internationalist, happened upon the Church with this announced purpose becoming such a will­ late in life and found in it an instrument ad­ ing sounding board for UN propaganda. In allow­ mirably adapted to his purposes. ing itself to be so used, the Nee has lost its effec­ Just prior to Mr. Dulles' association with the tiveness as an independent voice on moral issues. Federal Council of Churches, in 1940, the first Individual churchmen here and there have found American Study Conference on the Churches and moral issues of first magnitude in the events of the International Situation met in Philadelphia and the past fifteen years, and have spoken out. But resolved that "the Churches, which in themselves the Church has been oddly silent. I have in mind transcend national frontiers, have a peculiar re­ such moral issues as are involved in the con­ sponsibility to help expand men's loyalties to in­ tinuing debate on the genesis of World War Two, clude the whole number of the children of our especially in view of the facts that have been I-Ieavenly Father and the world government required brought to light by revisionist historians. An by their common needs." Following up this lead, institution dedicated to truth and not afraid of Mr. Dunes' Comm'ission in 1942 held a conference being unpopular would have something to say about at Delaware, Ohio. It resolved that "a world of this. Also, it would have raised questions when irresponsible, compe,ting and unrestrained national military necessity was pled as an excuse for aban­ sovereignties, whether acting alone or in alliance doning moral considerations in the conduct of the or in coalition, is a world of international anarchy. war. It would have done penance for the dropping It must make place for a higher and more inclusive of the first atomic bomb, and especially after the authority.... We believe that military establish­ experimental dropping of the second bomb, on a ments should be internationally controlled and be na,tion that had been trying for months to sur­ made subject to law under the community of render. It would have condemned the St.alin-White­ naHons." Morgenthau Plan for the decimation of Germany. This is the line, and there has been no deviation These things the Church did not do. Official from it. In a recent official Nee pamphlet on churchmen were silent, so that the great moral the UN, Mr. Van Kirk wr,ites, "Once the Allied voices of World War Two were a few lonely clergy­ ar.mies had taken the offensive against Hitler, the men, some military men, some lawyers, some pub­ churches took the initiative in demanding that an licists and a number of jus.t ordinary folk. A re­ international organization be created to mainta'in ligious tool of either the State Department or the the peace. ... They were among those who called United Nations is precluded by that fact from for the establishment of the United Nations." And functioning as a true Chureh.

382 THE FREEMAN ILO: Pipeline to Socialism

A u.s. employer delegate to the International Labor By W. L. McGRATH O'rganization tells from first-hand observation how that arm of the UN fosters government regimentation.

Last November the International Labor Organiza­ collective bargaining, precautions against the use tion, an arm of the United Nations, instigated of poisonous substances such as white lead; and by action of its Governing Body a move whereby proposed a series of constructive practices which it might purge itself, on legal and constitutional everybody in our country would agree should apply grounds, of certain of its communist members. to employment conditions the world over. This unparalleled step may not succeed. Its next Then the ideology of socialism came into test will have occurred between the time this ascendancy in Europe, and spread into other article goes to press and the time it appears in parts of the world. This was reflected in the ILO. print. But regardless of the outcome, the initia­ In 1948 it adopted a declaration to the effect that tion of such a move in a United Nations agency anything, in industry, government, finance, or is as surprising as it may, I hope, be prophetic. social systems, that in any way affected the The ILO is unique among United Nations workingman, was a subject for consideration by agencies for two reasons: First: it was not created the ILO, and incorporated this declaration in its by the United Nations. It originated with the constitution. This gave the Socialists, who by League of Nations, with the idea that an in­ that time had gained control of the ILO, a chance ternational organization, devoted to consideration to move in on the organization and use it as of the problems of labor the world over, would a means of promoting their ideology. be a useful adjunct to the League and an instru­ ment on behalf of world peace. The League of Compulsory Welfare Scheme Nations died-but the ILO continued to function, and joined up with the UN after the latter came One of the first things they did was to pro­ into existence. mote the drafting of a proposed international Second: the ILO is not composed solely of law whereby governments would provide all representatives of government. At its Annual citizens-resident or not, employed or not-with Conference each participating nation has four medical benefits, sickness allowances, unemploy­ voting delegates-two representing government, ment allowances, employment injury allowances, one representing labor, and one representing and extra income for each additional child in employers. Worker and employer delegates "speak the family. The tax burden of this program would up" with a freedom that government men, subject be enough to break any free economy-but that to "instructions," do not enjoy. was exactly what the Socialists wanted. The original objective of the ILO was that of Originally included in this scheme was a pro­ endeavoring to raise standards of employment posal that insurance should be compulsory and everywhere; helping to get the workers better subsidized by the government-in short, social­ working conditions, fuller recognition of their ized insurance. Also included was a program of rights, etc. Toward this end the annual ILO Con­ socialized medicine such as they have in England. ference enacts proposals which are, in effect, The Socialists also proposed a plan under which skeleton outlines of legislation which it hopes pregnant women employed in industry should will be adopted by member countries. These may be given two weeks off to have their babies at be passed in the form of a resolution, a recom­ government expense, and. when they came back mendation, or a convention. The strength and should bring their babies to work with them, the danger of the ILO lies in the latter. A con­ putting them in government-suhsidized nurs,eries vention is in fact a draft of a proposed inter­ and getting time off from their machines or national law which, when ratified by member typewriters to nurse the babies at periods pre­ nations, stands as a treaty among them. scribed by law and on company time. In its earlier years the ILO devoted its efforts Recently, Mr. Louis W. Dawson, President of to matters dealing directly with labor. It enacted the Life Insurance Association of America, conventions, for example, on living quarters of pointed out that our compliance with the "mini­ seamen in international marine service, the em­ mum standards" proposed by the ILO could bring ployment of women in underground mines, the our total social security bill to something like employment of children in factories, rights of 28 per cent of taxable payrolls.

MARCH 1955 383 trhere was also a collective bargaining proposal It was in the atmosphere of ILO domination by to the effect that if most of the workers in one a socialist bloc composed chiefly of government particular industry signed a collective bargaining and labor delegates that we arrived at its June agreement, government could automatically com­ 1954 Conference, to find that the Russians, who pel the rest of the workers in the indus'try to sign had been out of the ILO since 1939, had moved up likewise, regardless of whether or not they back in a big way, and were apparently prepared wished to do so. It was also proposed that govern­ to try to either disrupt the ILO or take it over. ment could arbitrarily extend a collective agree­ Iron Curtain countries were not new to the ment, signed with part of the workers in an in­ ILO. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria dustry, to all of the w'orkers in that industry. and Albania had been members for some years. In short, what was suggested was nation-wide But the latter three were behind in their dues, collective bargaining enforced by government and could not vote. Hitherto we had paid little decree. attention to the communist line fed to us by the The underlying socialist philosophy was always Czechs and the Poles because we knew these dele­ one of government compulsion, regulation and gations were merely instructed puppets of the regimentation, as contrasted with free and volun­ Communist Party. tary action. Thus, on the issue of vacations with But with the arrival of the Big Boss, the situa­ pay, we from the United States urged that paid tion was drastically changed. All communist in­ vacations should be determined by free collective fluences could and would be marshalled behind bargaining methods; but the Socialists insisted the Soviet banner. And furthermore, the Russians that provisions should be made for government came back not as one country, but as three-the enforcement of paid vacations. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Byelo­ You may assume that because thus far the russian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Uk­ United States has ratified only a few ILO conven­ rainian Soviet Socialist Republic. tions (a handful dealing chiefly with conditions of maritime employment) they have had little Soviet Credentials Challenged impact upon legislation in other parts of the world. The reverse is the fact. The ILO has now The employers, therefore, and a group of the enacted some 103 conventions. Ratification has workers, decided the time had come to challenge been extensive in Europe. The following table is the credentials of communist so-called "employer" significant: and "worker" delegates and advisers on the con­ stitutional ground that they did not in fact repre­ Number of [LO Conventions Ratified France 68 sent free associations of free employers and work­ United Kingdom 55 ers, respectively. Italy 53 In open debate on this subject before the Plen­ Belgium 51 ary Session of the Conference I said, Netherlands 38 Norway 35 How can there be a "free association of em­ Sweden 34 ployers" in Russia? There are no free employers in Ireland 33 Russia. Government is the employer. Therefore a Austria 27 so-called employer delegate from Russia is in re­ Denmark 21 ality nothing but another Government delegate. Calling him by any other name does not alter South A'merican and Far East,ern countries, and that fact. some countries now communist, have also rati­ fied many ILO conventions. The fact is that the Mr. Delaney, the U. S. Workers' Delegate, ILO has been the spawning ground, over the speaking to the same point said, years, for a large share of the world's social and No matter how vexing the domestic problems that economic as well as labor legislation. Perhaps it confront labor in America, our burdens are blessings was not surprising, therefore, that the ILO began as compared with the lot of workers in a pro­ letarian State where tanks and storm-troopers are to conceive of itself as a world parliament. sent to put down an honest strike. And from where Judge Florence Allen of the United States Cir­ the agents of their oppressors are sent as the al­ cuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, in her leged "worker" representatives of an allegedly book, The Treaty as an Instrument of Legislation, "tripartite" delegation. comments as follows: Summed up, the contention was simply that since "employer" or "worker" delegates or ad­ Does the fact that the ILO, in its Philadelphia Declaration, stated broad human objectives, make visers from Iron Curtain countries could not actu­ it the legislative agent of the world in problems ally represent employers or workers, but could other than those affecting labor? That the ILO only represent government, they should not be thinks so was clearly evidenced in the 1949 Report seated as repres-enting employers or workers in of the Director, who said in his report: "Today the role of the organization as an international parlia­ the ILO. ment has become generally accepted." We pointed out that delegates from communist

384 THE FREEMAN that would mean that representatives of national­ ized industries in socialist countries would also be outlawed as employer representatives. England and France were somewhat on the spot because both these countries had, in the past, brought Dver as members of their employer dele­ gations, managers of government-owned mines. In Scandinavia, nationalization of industry is ap­ parently accepted as the inevitable state of af­ fairs. The underdeveloped countries of the Far East are following the European pattern of na­ tionalization of industries. They have what they term "mixed economies." The difficulty was that the socialist countries could not successfully challenge Russian "employer" participation with­ out likewise challenging their own. The vote of the Conference on the issue was, therefore, a foregone conclusion. It was decided largely by governments. The United States gov­ ernment strenuously opposed and voted against the admission of the challenged com,munist dele­ gates. But we got little support indeed from other governments. Among the 61 governments repre­ sented, the United States and the Philippine government delegates were the only government men who stood up before the Conference and publicly expressed themselves as opposed to the acceptance of communist government-controlled puppets as "worker" and "employer" delegates. The vote to admit communist "employer" dele­ gates and advisers was 105 to 79. In that vote, HWorker" and "employer" delegates, Soviet style only ten governments voted with the United States. Only six countries----China, Cuba, Portu­ countries-government, employer and worker gal, the Philippines, Turkey and the United States alike-always vote as a bloc on every issue. By -voted solidly, employers, workers and govern­ such voting the collective strength of the com~ ments, to exclude Red "employer" delegates. munist nations in the ILO would, in view of fear The vote to admit communist "worker" delegates of the Russians and socialist sympathy with cer~ and advisers was 93 to 83. Worker opposition tain communist basic principles, be sufficient in from free trade unions was strong-but it was many cases to steer the nature and content of overcome by gove-rnm,ents. Here again only ten ILO findings and proposals. In short, if no cor­ governments voted with the United States, and rective measures were taken, the ILO was on the only six countries-this time China, Cuba, Greece, verge of becoming a communist-dominated or­ Ireland, Portugal and the Unit,ed States-voted ganization-and I charged at the Conference that solidly, employers, workers and governments, to "the purpose of the attempted re-entry of Russia exclude communist "worker" delegates. into the ILO is that of disrupting the organiza­ tion and using it as a springboard for communist Socialists Uphold Communis,ts propaganda." When the issue was finally brought to a vote In short, the Russians won. They simply stood before the entire Conference, government repre­ their ground, and the Socialists made their case sentatives were in a dilemma. It was practically for them. Technically, the vote was to the effect a foregone conclusion that no government whose that the ILO Constitution did not make freedom country was close to Russia would vote to exclude of association a "prerequisite to membership or communist "employer" and "worker" delegates. to the exercise of the attributes of membership." But the problem of governments was far deeper Many people assumed that this settled the mat­ than that. ter. In his concluding speech, Mr. Morse, Director The great majority of the nations of the world General of the ILO, laid down the red carpet and have nationalized industries. If communist "em­ welcomed the communist bloc. ployer" delegates were to be refused permission But the matter was not settled. Employer and to sit on committees because they were simply worker groups, with firm convictions on the sub­ government men and were not free employers, ject, refused to let the matter rest-and they

MARCH 1955 385 raised it all over again at the November meeting What happened at that February meeting is of the Governing Body in Rome. They initiated a now history, but this issue of the FREEMAN goes move to amend the ILO Constitution in such a to press too early for the outcome to be reported way as to exclude communist "employer" and here. In any event, it is my conviction that the "worker" delegates and advisers. I summarized effort of the ILO to rid itself of communist-dic­ the situation before the Governing Body as tated "employer" and "worker" delegates and ad­ follows: visers will not be a'bandoned. As a result of my experience in the ILO, I have We did not decide, in Geneva, last June, that come to the following conclusions: should not be a condition of First: membership in the ILO. it is imperative that the Bricker Amend­ All we decided was that the 1LO Constitution ment be passed, in order to protect the United did not say that freedom of association was to be States against socialism slipping in through the a condition of membership; that under the consti­ back door by Senate ratification of conventions tution, as worded, countries in which freedom of which would then stand as treaties with other· association does not exist could seat so-called "employer" and "worker" delegates and advisers. nations and thereby, under our Constitution as This time we're not debating what's in the con­ now worded, become the law of the land. stitution. This time we're considering what ought Second: the two great ideologies abroad in the to be in the constitution. This time we are asking world today are communism and socialism-both the question, should so-called worker and employer delegates and advisers from countries which have branches of Marxian philosophy. Our free com­ neither freedom of association nor freedom of speech petitive system is looked upon as a curious phe­ be ruled ineligible for participation in our confer­ nomenon, suitable perhaps here, but not applic­ ences and committees? We can do this by amep..ding able "over there." the constitution for that specific purpose. Third: the effort being made within the ILO, On the first day of the Rome meeting Mr. however, to exclude communist so-called "work­ Delaney, U. S. Workers' Delegate, said that he er" and "employer" delegates on legal and con­ himself might propose such an amendment. There stitutional grounds is nevertheless of utmost ensued a spontaneous coalition of employers and importance. It is bringing together free employers workers to reach agreement as to specific ways and free workers, from all over the world, on and means of undertaking the mutual objective. the united issue of freedom. It is running con­ It was agreed that to push for immediate action trary to the cause of socialism, because it would would be unproductive, because governments ensure that employer representatives "could could not act that fast, and that the important only be appointed after nomination by organiza­ thing was to get the matter on the agenda of the tions of employers which are free and indepen­ next Governing Body session. dent of their governments." And finally, it is The outcome was that Mr. Roberts, Workers' particularly significant in that if the ILO Con­ Delegate of the United Kingdom, laid before the stitution should be amended as proposed, it might Governing Body, on the last day of its meeting, establish a precedent which could be applied in the following proposal for considerat.ion by the a broader field. Governing Body at its meeting in Geneva in If a "worker" delegate can be disqualified be­ February 1955: cause he does not properly represent workers, and an "employer" delegate can be disqualified That the Governing Body establish a tripartite because he does not properly represent employers, committee, whose terms of reference shall be to cannot the question be raised as to whether a examine Article 3, Section 5 of the Constitution which provides for the appointment of Worker and "government" delegate properly represents a Employer represe'ntatives and to make proposals government? for such amendments as would ensure that Worker Can a Communist, in fact, represent a nation and Employer representatives could only be ap­ -any nation? He owes his allegiance, not to the pointed after nomination by organizations of work­ ers and employers which are free and independent country from which he comes, but to the world of their governments. Communist Party from which he takes his orders.

The United States pays approx,imately 25 per ,cent of the cost of opeJ."ating the International Labor Organization, which for 1955 will come to about $7,082,000. In addition, our government p,ays its ,share of ,the $2,000,000 contr,ibuted yearly by the United (Nations to the ILO for '"'technical assist­ ance." Regardless of ,the waste of the American taxpayer's money, is it a proper function of government to support international socialistic endeavors?

386 THE FREEMAN A Tale of Two Leagues

By WILLIAM H. PETERSON Past attempts to unite nations have failed because supergovernment cannot prevent war.

Vienna, 1815: ,Napoleon's Grand Empire and nounced a new protocol for the Concert of Europe. Hundred Days were bitter memories. 'The Disturber It called for intervention with a vengeance. In the of International Peace was banished to St. Helena; more polite language of diplomacy, it said: two English men-of-war patrolled the island to States belonging to the European alliance, which prevent another Elba. The triumphant heads of have undergone in their internal structure an altera­ State, gathered in the glittering and righteous tion brought about by revolt, whose consequences may Congress of Vienna, were determined to restore be dangerous to other States, cease automatically their battered absolute monarchies on the basis to be members of the alliance. [If such States] of "legitimacy." cause neighboring States to feel an immediate danger, and if action by the Great Powers can be The star-studded Congress was shocked by a effective and beneficial, the Great Powers will take proposition of Tsar Alexander of Russia, a 'mystical steps to bring the disturbed area back into the idealist and champion of self-determination and European system, first of all by friendly representa­ an international order. Alexander boldly pro­ tions, and secondly by force if force becomes neces­ claimed a Holy Alliance of European States to sary to this end. put away the sword of aggression forever and "to Now the world would be safe for autocracy. take for their sole guide the precepts of that Holy The Concert of Europe authorized an Austrian Religion, namely, the precepts of Justice, Christian army to crush one rebellion in the Kingdom of Charity and Peace." Every monarch on the Con­ Naples and another in Piedmont. The Turks were tinent of Europe (save the Mohammedan Turkish allowed to put down a revolt of the Greeks. The Sultan) signed Alexander's Manifesto, perhaps be­ Bourbons of France asked permission to suppress cause its author commanded the largest army in the the new Spanish Constitution, got it, and dispatched world. What did they have to lose? On the side­ 200,000 French regulars across the Pyrenees. Span­ lines for the moment, Prince Metternich of Austria ish revolutionaries were savagely eliminated. It s.miled. was an era of Collective Security. Metternich, guiding hand behind the maneuver­ Ferdinand VII, the Spanish king restored to ing at Vienna, saw in the 'Holy Alliance the basis absolute power, then inquired of the Concert: of making the Restoration binding against political What about Spanish America, parts of which had liberalism. Why not a league of nations, a "Concert broken away as independent "republics"? Before of Europe"? Liberty, he argued, was the disease the Concert of Europe could take action, something that touched off the Napoleonic wars, revolution unforeseen happened. In December 1823, President "the hydra with open jaws to swallow the social Monroe de.clared in a message to Congress that: order." The Holy Alliance must be implemented by ... the American continents, by the free and in­ periodic congresses to survey the "tranquility of dependent condition which they have assumed and Europe." The Quadruple Alliance was proclaimed maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as and the Concert of Europe established. subjects for future colonization by any European Alexander had signed Metternich's s-cheme with powers.... We owe it, therefore, to candor and to amicable relations existing between the United misgivings. What about the right of all peoples to States and those powers, to declare that we should self-determination? Shortly afterward, Alexander's consider any attempt on their part to extend their subject Poles revolted against Russian domination system to any portion of this hemisphere as danger­ and the Cossacks ruthlessly crushed any hope of ous to our peace and safety. Polish independence. Metternich pressed his points America with her bold Monroe Doctrine was no to the dis'illusionedTsar at a private meeting at match for the Concert of Europe. But the U. S. was Troppau in Silesia. Self-determination is fine for joined by a disgruntledex...;member of the Concert, other peoples but never for one's own subjects. England. England, whose navy knew no peer, had Liberty is a scourge that must be eradicated wher­ built up a substantial trade with South America ever it is found. Alexander succumbed and declared and had designs on the former Portuguese and his adherence to the interventionist scheme of the Spanish empires. Two sharp wars against the Austrian. "You have always been right, Prince; United States and a long war against Napoleon, I have always been wrong." Metternich had trans­ however, forced England to bide her time. En­ formed the radical into a reactionary. dorsing the ,Monroe Doctrine would give her time Thus strengthened, Metternich drew up and an- -and narrow competition.

MARCH 1955 387 The Concert of Europe backed down-its first In November 1919, the Senate, led by Henry defeat. The nineteenth-century league of nations Cabot Lodge, rejected the Treaty o~ Versailles, and tried other interventions but suffered more defeats. its Covenant on the League of ,Nabons. The Bourbons were again overturned, and later The League of Nations was more formal thaI! another Napoleon reared his head. The Decembrist the Concert of Europe. It opera,ted on four levels: Revolution, on the death of Alexander, shook the Assembly, the Council, the Secretariat and the Russia. And in 1848, even Prince Metternich, the specialized agencies such as the World Court and coarchitect of international intervention, was forced the International Labor ,Office. (The structure to flee Vienna in disguise when revolutionaries took was similar to tha,t of the United Nations.) The over Austria. The unholy Holy Alliane-e was dead. League was also more comprehensive. Besides The league of nations idea had failed. political intervention, it sanctioned econo~ic in­ tervention. For example, the Covenant creatIng the Versailles, 1919: The declared perpetrator of World ILO said that univ,ersal peace "can be estab­ War One was exiled in Holland. Allied armies stood lished only if it is based upon social justice." watch on the Rhine. In the brilliantly lighted Hall (The ILO has long since pushed for a world of Mirrors of the old palae-e of the Bourbons were minimum wage, ma,ternity benefits to women gathered the heads of State of the world. Again, workers unemployment compensation and the like.) an idealist calling for self-determination and an But Uk; the Cone-ert, the League was a vehicle international order made an entrance. The earlier for collective security-a vehicle, really, for con­ idealist had come from the East; this one from the solidating the victors' gains and keeping the con­ West. Where Tsar Alexander acted in the name quered in line. War was banned by League fiat. of Christianity, President Woodrow Wilson acted On September 24, 1927, the League of Nations in the name of Democracy. The last of the Pres­ bravely resolved tha,t "all wars of aggression are, ident's Fourteen Points was a proposal for a and shall always be, prohibited." league of nations. Wilson the Crusader declared, The League sputtered in the twenties. The Greeks "The world is faced by a task of terrible propor­ and the Turks took up arms against each other. tions and only the adoption of a cleansing process The French sent an army into the Ruhr to collect would recreate or regenerate the world." delinquent reparations and nearly started a war; Wilson had his Metternichs. The Old World the Americans came to the rescue of Germany politicians would "accomodate" his idealism. with the Young and Dawes Plans. The Locarno Clemenceau of France hated the Germans and T,reaties were negotiated outside the League's would have none of Wilson's "honorable peace" talk. auspices. In the thirties the League fractured Lloyd George of England had been elected on a plat­ itself by multiple failures: the J apanese inv~si~n form which demanded the hanging of the Kaiser. of Manchuria (1931), the Italian attack on EthIopIa So despite Wilson's admonitions, which were cor­ (1935), Soviet and 'German and Italian interv~n­ dially ignored, the "peace" of Versailles was harsh. tion in the Spanish 'Civil War (1936), the SOVIet Secret treaties abounded; stiff reparations were im­ attack on Finland (1939), and Hitler's aggressions posed; German colonies were redistributed; Ger­ in central ,Europe (1934-1939). In April 1946 the many was divided in two to make room for the League of Nations tran~ferred its agencies, facil­ Polish Corridor; armies of occupation were to be it-ies and much of its personnel to the United quartered inside Germany; war guilt was attached Nations and declared itself legally dead, which it to Germany. Wilson, his Fourteen Points notwith­ practically had been since 1939. standing, agreed to all. In return, Wilson got his Again, the League of Nations idea had failed. League of Nations. Now the world would be safe for democracy. The Concert of Europe weathered thirty-three There was one rub. Wilson's internationalist years, the League just nineteen. Were such ages dream, ironically, was not well received at home. unusual in the history -of leagues of nations? Not The country remembered the price of American very. In the history of ancient G,reece we can see interventionism in the European squabble-365,OOO the flickering on and off of various leagues. The casualties, billions in debt. More "international­ DeHan League for defense against Persia was ism" didn't sit well with the American people. perverted into a brief empire for Athens. The On his return from France, Wilson decided to Hellenic League came under the hegemony of stump the nation to whip up popular support for Macedon, first with Philip and then with his son, the League of Nations and force the hand of the Alexander, who transformed the League into a brief Republican Senate on ratifi·cation. The people would world-conquering Juggernaut. The Aetolian and not let him down. At Pueblo, Colorado, he said: Achaean leagues failed because of internal bicker­ You will say, "Is the League an absolute guaran­ ing. These examples of modern and ancient leagues tee against war?" No; I do not know any absolute are not unique. guarantee against the errors of human judgment In six thousand years of history every league or the violence of human passion, but I tell you this: with a cooling space of nine months of human of nations has !ailed-usually obliterated in the passion, not much of it will keep hot. war it was to prevent. Why?

388 THE FREEMAN The irony' of leagues is that they ate made of It is said that a league is no better than its the same instruments that make war: namely, members. Quite so. The League of Nations had as governments. A league is a supergovernment to its members the Italy of Mussolini, the Germany of curb supposedly wayward governments. Yet if Hitler, and the Russia of Stalin. Then China was a governments make war, it is dubious that govern­ "good" member. Today Red China would be a ments can stop war. 'Governments treat symptoms, "bad" member. After all, who are the members of rarely causes. any league? Governments. Where is the "good" Government is coercion. In the words of Wash­ government? The "safe" government? Is parlia­ ington: "Government is not reason, it is not mentarianism the answer? eloquence-it is force! Like fire, it is a dangerous The cure for bad government is not more gov­ servant and a fearful master." A supergovern­ ernment, but less government. Less government ment-e.g., the Concert or the League-is super­ means more freedom. More freedom can create the force. How can it be presumed, then, that a league only kind of league of nations that makes peace, will use its force wisely? It is conceivable that an economic league. An economic league is private if the Concert of Europe had been in existence and nonpolitical-no delegates, no headquarters, earlier, George III would successfully have sought no missions, no cost. It comes through a network its help in putting down the unruly Americans of trade among peoples. Trade multiplies in free­ with their strange ideas of "liberty." dom. Merchant ships, not warships, bring peace.

Trade Under a World Government

By w. M. CURTISS

A professed objective of the United Nations i~ through subsidies. It is empowered to resist dump­ to promote international trade. As with its major ing from the outside. objective of promoting world peace, none can However one chooses to define his terms, the demur. But what are the possibilities of its Schuman Plan is complete socialization of the coal liberating trade? Is it within the realm of politics, and steel industries in member countries. The where all impediments to trade originate, to undo needs and desires of the consumer, which are the what the UN has done? primary objective of trade, are cast aside; the The European Coal and Steel Community, com­ State decides how much shall be produced, who monly referred to as the Schuman Plan, is a shall produce it, who shall consume it, what prime modern example of politics to promote trade prices shall be charged, what wages and other by strangulation. The Schuman Plan has received benefits shall be paid labor, etc. One of the founders high praise from people in this country as well of the Plan said it would "render war unthink­ as Europeans and is considered by ,many as the able." Actually, it will be a source of new conflicts. key to a united Europe. Members of the pool are Just suppose, for example, that steel producers Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and in the United States suddenly found they could the Netherlands. Britain has lately indicated that double their output of steel at half the present cost. she will work with the Community but not as a Would consumers in Schuman Plan countries be able member; she prefers'to retain complete control over to avail themselves of this bonanza? That would her own coal and steel industries. The United break the cartel and undermine its political purpose. States, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Switzerland Another international scheme to promote trade have been accredited special representatives of is GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and diplomatic status to the Community. Trade). At this writing, delegations from 47 coun­ One of the objectives of the Community is to tries are meeting in Geneva in an effort to redraft bring about a "rational distribution of produc­ the General Agreement and construct a code of tion at the highest possible level of productivity world trade rules in permanent form. GATT is a while safeguarding continuity of employment of more or less unofficial arrangement to which 34 member s,tates." Among its functions are to give nations "adhere." A State Department official each member equal access to sources of production, signed for the United States, but it has a provi­ to promote and equalize living and working con­ sional or temporary status. It has never been re­ ditions in member States, and to regulate prices. viewed or approved by the Congress. The Schuman Plan contemplates the regulation of To understand GAT'T, one must study its origin. consumption and production through priorities and A UN-sponsored International Trade Organization quotas and the establishment of equilibrium (ITO) held a conference in Havana in 1948 and

MARCH 1955 389 later adopted the so-called Havana Charter, signed Another type of international scheme to promote by representatives of the United States. Only one trade are the various commodity agreements-tin, nation, Liberia, ever ratified the Havana Charter rubber, coffee, sugar and the like. One of the best without reservations; and in 1950, when the U. s. known is the International Wheat Agreement. This withdrew its support, the Charter collapsed. has gone through several stages starting in 1933, The Havana Charter was international planning the most recent being a 1953 revision of the 1949 on the grand scale. While reduction of barriers to agreement. Each failed in its time, and the most trade was its stated objective, it was most con­ recent one seems about to expire. So long as all the cerned with problems of full employ.ment by gov­ parties to the agreement feel they gain by it, the ernment and help for "underdeveloped" countries, scheme seems to work; but as soon as one country balance of payments, access to resources. That is, feels it is disadvantaged, either an escape clause the free flow of goods and services was to be must be worked out or a new agreement drawn. dammed in the interest of '''social purposes." The objective of the agreement, of cours'e, is to In an attempt to salvage something from the create "equilibrium" between supply and demand tariff negotiations that had taken place in ITO, and and eliminate wide fluctuations in prices. In prac­ even before the Havana Charter had breathed its tice, the agreement has been between a few-three last gasp, G,AiTT was thrown together in 1947 in a or four-of the principal exporting countries and temporary form with "Contracting Parties" repre­ thirty odd importing countries. The exporting coun­ sented ,by delegates from different countries. tries agree to divide the export market in a fixed Not satislfied to confine their efforts to the reduc­ pattern, and the importing countries agree to take tion of trade barriers, they incorporated many of these exports according to plan. Maximum and nlin­ the objectionable socialistic ideas from the Havana imum prices are set, within which the sales must be Charter in the 'General Agreement. While GATT made. has been successful in encouraging a reduction All this may sound fairly simple unless one con­ of tariffs in some countries, it has been handi­ siders what the weather, inflation and a few other capped by sanctioning import quotas, exchange con­ odds and ends may do to a five-year agreement of troIs and the like, which are far more restrictive to this sort. Adher,ence to such a socialistic scheme trade than tariffs. Contracting Parties (nations) cannot take place unless price and production con­ which had "balance of payment difficulties" w,ere trols are placed all the way back to individual pro­ permitted to maintain quotas and other restrictions due-ers of the wheat on the one hand, and consumers while subscribing to the high"'lsounding objectives on the other. And it doesn't take long to find that of the General Agreement. once wheat is controlled, all competing products must also be controlled. Behind the Label If the Schuman Plan, the Havana Charter, com­ modity agreements and G,ATT are samples of what So many of the world betterment schemes have may be 'expected from international schemes to lib­ involved the "full employment" idea. It sounds in­ erate the trade of the world, the outlook is not nocuous enough until one looks behind the label. bright. So long as international planners look on One of the best descriptions of what is meant by the regulation of trade as a means of maintaining "full employ,ment" can be found in a report pub­ "full employment," of insuring curr,ency convert­ lished by the UN' in 194gentitled "National and ibility, of regulating balance of payments, of "help­ International Measures for Full Employment." In ing" underdeveloped countries, of insuring "equal" this repor't we find that unnecessary unemployment access to resources, of leveling incomes and the is due to deficiency in effective demand. And how like-so long as these are the objectives, trade is is this to be corrected? "The attainment of full strangulated, not liberated. employment and its maintenance may therefore But that, of course, is the purpose of the Social­ require sustained action, purposively dir,ected to ists who dominate these international trade conf,er­ that end; and while numerous agencies may coop­ ences. To them, trade is not a means of satisfying erate, the central role must be assumed by govern­ human desires, but rather an instrument for pro­ ment." moting political power. The government interventions recom'mended in­ Typical of many of the statements of interna­ clude offsetting fluctuations in private investments tional planners is that of a high-ranking diplomat by fluctuations in public investments-and enlarged who, on January 1 of this year, became one of the governmental expenditures. They also include con­ under secretaries of the UN. In arguing that the trols of prices and profit margins. "Some countries rich nations of the world should be taxed to aid the may wish to extend this ,principle further and use poor, he said: "We, at our end, do not regard such price control more generally in order to effect a help as charity. We regard it as an international more equitable distribution of income." Noone responsibility. We regard it as the fulfillment of denies that "full employment" can be achieved by the simple principle 'from each according to his these means. It can also be achieved in a slave pow'er, to each according to his need.' " There it is, labor camp. plain for anyone who will read.

390 THE FREEMAN A Reviewer's Notebook By JOHN CHAMBERLAIN I

"If men are mad enough, they will stiff with the formalities, the elab­ tence, one would say that it had fight. If not, the ordinary means of orately prepared double-talk, the been hammered out at white heat diplomacy will do." "carefully caught regrets" (to use by an angry but fundamentally So said William Graham Sum­ a phrase of T. S. Eliot's) by which hopeful man in the full plenitude ner in answer to a foolish question diplomatic personnel (whether in­ of youthful powers. But the over­ about a "new" diplomacy, and so side a "league of nations" or out) all plan of the book is something the history of every "league of na­ wigwag their signals to groups else again. Taken as an entity, it tions," or attempt to escape from of men in other nations who are is a legacy designed to be deposited the necessities of balancing the trained to know just what degree in a time capsule for excavation a power by means of the "bad old of precision lurks behind the pro­ thousand years hence. This is diplomacy," has tended to prove. fessionally cultivated appearance Garet Garrett's message to eternity, With William Graham Sumner, of polite imprecision. But bored or written by an old man who had the late Garet Garrett knew that not, Garet Garrett had to reckon become convinced that evil had ir­ a "united nations" could not be with what the politicos had done retrievably overwhelmed his own built in a world of individually to divert the traditional American day. sovereign great powers, especially from his passion to be let alone But, says Garet Garrett, the when the aims and ends of the and to be free. A profound student American story was a wonderful separate powers collide. The best of human energy circuits, Garet tale in its time. Not until the era that can be hoped for is that the Garrett had to confront the result of Woodrow Wilson did we make a powers will group themselves into of twentieth-century political tam­ really serious mistake. Unlike the separate systems that will be so pering with the human energy cir­ French Revolution, the American nearly matched in strength that cuit set up by the Founding Fathers Revolution led to no excesses. they will not dare to press an in the late eighteenth century. Where Rousseau managed to sell issue to the point of unlimited Writing his last book, The Ameri­ the French republicans on the war. Any departure from this meth­ can Story (401 pp., Chicago: Reg­ mystique of his General Will, which od of balancing the power must nery, $5), Garrett discovered that let the tyrant come back in the lead to illusion and megalomania, he had a unique tragedy on his sacred name of popular unanimity, and to the chaos that always en­ hands. And, rising to the occasion the creators of the American Con­ sues when signals from the real in a race against time (he died stitution would have none of that. world are ignored. just after reading proofs), he pro­ We got a government of limited Garet Garrett always felt un­ duced a grand elegiac essay on the powers, carefully set up to main­ comfortable in the presence of such America That Was. tain a clearly specified set of in­ phrases as "America's turn to as­ alienable rights. We fought a sec­ sume world leadership." "Leader­ It is not, says Mr. Garrett, an ond war with England, for reasons ship" implies that one great power America that can ever be again. that made no sense. But witless or has the wisdom to know where the "Ex America," is his phrase for it. not, this "unnecessary" war had world ought to be going and is In Garrett's opinion, the modern unexpected consequences, for, as "resolved to take it there." But American, a "frustrated crusader," Mr. Garrett says, after "the Ameri­ what if a great power has lost has lost contact with the values can commissioners won the peace the sense of its own meaning? Then of his fathers. Limited government at Ghent" (we did better in those the attempt to play the "leader" is now merely a "memory," and days), it was possible to "establish must be doubly damned, for the "free, competitive capitalism has the supreme principle of American messiah who doesn't know his own been strangled." As to the how foreign policy - the principle, mind or his own tradition must of restoring the memory to living namely, that Europe should meddle create a spectacle of witless ac­ reality and breathing new vitality no more in the New World." tivity spinning itself out in a moral into a strangled corpse, Garrett The Mexican War was, in some vacuum. That, said Mr. Garrett, is has nothing to say. The American respects, another foolish war. But America today. Story is vivid, tumultuous, studded Mr. Garrett does not follow recent Heaven knows that Garet Gar­ with sharp insights expressed in historians in depicting it as a rett never wanted to write about striking metaphors; taken phrase moral monstrosity. Americans, he international politics. He was bored by phrase and sentence by sen- says, first settled in Texas at the

MARCH 1955 391 invitation of the Mexican govern­ brake, plumbing, refrigeration, and sophical breakthrough. Henry Ford ment. They were promised free a thousand other marvels. started paying a high wage. Since land, and they certainly expected G·arrett tells these things over he had already started producing to be treated as free citizens. When lovingly, and it might be flung in by the moving line method that the Americans-now calling them­ his teeth that he tended to make vastly speeded manufacture, Ford's selves Texans-encountered the ar­ a rosary of quite material things. output per man soared way ahead bitrary changeableness of Mexican But it was not the broadening of wage, high though that might law, they objected. One thing led ingenuity and the pyramiding crea­ be. Once and for all it was demon­ to another, from the Alamo to ture comforts of America that Gar­ strated that wages, even as profits, City. But it was not so rett made his religion. He was are paid out of production-and much a matter of the Americans looking for something spiritual, a the more efficient the production, choosing to seize Texas - and, new bond of Brotherhood. What the more for wages, for profits, later, the rest of the Southwest. really impressed him was the de­ and for the ultimate consumer in As Garrett puts it, "It was the cency between human beings that the shape of lower prices. other way. Texas chose them ... would have come out of the Ameri­ when man and nature are free to can productive system if it had not What deeply angered Garet Gar­ act upon each other, an environ­ been saddled by Planners with a rett is that America's incursion into ment will select its own people whole system of alien burdens. world politics via One Worldism and put a spell upon them; and so In the beginning there were cer­ has killed the chances for a har­ in fact to this day in the life of tain snags which came to America monious resolution at home of the America there is definitely such a with the book of European econom­ social struggle over division of the thing as a Texas race." ics. In the opening years of Eng­ U. S. industrial and agricultural lish industrialism a whole genera­ product. The First World War led With his faculty for finding a tion of economists had insisted to the "rape of American credit." striking figure, Mr. Garrett speaks there was an iron, or a brazen, law This, in turn, had its delayed ef­ of slavery as the Great Two­ of wages. Wages, according to Ri­ fect in 1929. The great depression, Headed Reptile. One head was the cardo and Marx, were paid out of of course, brought the New Deal black slave that was already here; profits. Whatever raised the wages on to the scene. A whole genera­ the other head was the African of labor supposedly lowered the tion of intellectuals who had come slave trade. It took a long time to profits of capital. And in the end of age in Woodrow Wilson's kill the whole reptile. Mr. Garrett the landlord got it all anyway, by America, knowing little of Francis tells the story of its lingering agony monopolizing access to the earth's Amasa Walker's hopeful discov­ and death as well as it has ever surface. So the Europeans said, eries, started applying Fabian been told in short compass, but weltering in their gloom. ideas in Washington under Roose­ this is not the part of the American The first American industrialists velt. The class war idea was re­ saga that is his own special pro­ took the European view of wages vived. Inflation was allowed to dis­ vince and concern. What really en­ and profits over, along with the tort everything. Gold was seized tranced Garrett was the tale of new European textile equipment by the State. In place of freedom technology, which grew out of the and ideas of factory layout. And and inalienable rights and volun­ American aptitude and character. labor responded by unionizing on tary action, the new words were He sings paeans to the McCormick European lines, with class war permission, coercion and compul­ reaper, the rotary printing press, ideas actuating its behavior in the sion. (iGaret Garrett's italics.) public sewerage, the penny news­ Knights of Labor. But then came Mr. Garrett does not think it paper, the elipper ship, the steam­ the American philosophical break­ possible for Americans successfully boat, the railroad and the tele­ through. A homegrown economist, to tread the road of Empire, either graph, all of which happened to Francis Amasa Walker, writing as within the UN or by way of a "this same breathless generation" far back at 1876, prepared the sweeping alliance system. When that lived prior to the Civil War. destruction of what Garrett has Rome was synonymous with Em­ The slavery issue was the big issue called "the two disastrous foreign pire, the Romans made it pay by in those days, but underneath all theories, namely-that there was a taxing the provinces and giving the the divisive bickering over Free natural wage for labor, meaning Pax Romana in return. When Eng­ Soil and the Peculiar Institution the bare living wage, and, that land was Empire, she managed an event for the ages was being profits and wages were in perpetual the terms of trade to her own ad­ prepared. conflict." vantage. But the American, says Once the Civil War is out of the It was not until 1910 that man­ Garrett, pays for the privilege of way, Garrett really hits his stride. agement and labor, in America, trying to run the world and exacts In the thirty years following after started to catch up with Francis nothing in return. The necessity 1860 the U. S. Patent Office granted Amasa Walker. The "quarrel over for pumping energy out into Eu­ 400,000 patents. And patents were division," meaning the conflict be­ rope and Asia means high taxes only part of the picture. Came the tween wage earner and profit taker, and inflation at home - and the steel rail, the steam hammer, the made the last years of the nine­ American citizen can no longer do power excavator, the electric light, teenth century far more unpleasant what he wills with his own. Limited the typesetting machine, cranes, than they needed to be. But sud­ government has been killed by the elevators, wire rope, dynamite, denly there was a management high costs of Empire. petroleum, Pullman cars, the air breakthrough to match the philo-" Strangely enough, this pattern

392 THE FREEMAN of behavior does not make us be­ denberg with the insertion of a which "can be traced to the pro­ loved abroad. And there is a rea­ phrase concerning the importance posal of Stalin at the Teheran son for it: no government with un­ and desirability of justice in the Conference that a similar liquida­ limited powers over its citizens final version of the UN Charter, tion of 50,000 German officers and can be trusted by anybody, any­ but points out that the chapters technicians should take place at the where. That is what Ferrero said dealing with the Security Council, end of the war"; over the death of in his great trilogy on the French "which form the heart of all en­ millions of German expellees and Revolution, and that is what Garet forcement," require it to make such the agony of millions more; and Garrett says in The American Story decisions as will maintain "peace over the evidence available, and when he speaks of there being "no and security," without any refer­ presented in this book, that the security at the top of the world." ence to justice. The late great "strategic bombing" of cities and There is, of course, the possi­ Senator from Ohio wrote: civilian populations was started bility that Garet Garrett erred by by Britain, not by Germany. succumbing so completely to his The United Nations has failed to Every charge made by Mr. Veale gloom. Are we, indeed, through as protect our peace, I believe, because it was organized on an unsound basis is documented and proved, often a land of free citizens? Very pos­ with a veto power in five nations, out of the mouths of those respon­ sibly we are. But there is an angle effective only so long as they agree. sible for the dark deeds he chroni­ to the story that a younger Gar­ I believe the concept can only be cles. His knowledge of history is rett would not have missed: the successful if based on a rule of encyclopaedic; his style combines American productive machine which justice and law between nations. eloquence with understatement and he so loved has been so startlingly Senator Taft's words are im­ sarcasm in the manner of Gibbon. productive that the waste of our mediately relevant to the subject It would be hard to praise Advance resources hasn't killed us-not yet, matter of the books I am reviewing. to Barbarism too highly. Yet this at any rate. And little by little we Tyranny on Trial is an apologia book has for the most part been have been showing an increasing for, or rather a glorification of the desire to reverse the tendencies Nuremberg trials. Advance to Bar­ of the past twenty years. Maybe we barism,! written by an English will pull out of it yet. If we do, it jurist and historian, demonstrates will be because men like Garet how the "war criminal" trials of Garrett have kept the truth alive. the vanquished by the victors The story helped to annul centuries of prog­ ress in establishing civilized rules of how of warfare, and afforded a terrible Modern Barbarism precedent for future wars, as al­ America ready demonstrated by the treat­ Tyranny on Trial: The Evidence ment of American prisoners in happened ... at Nuremberg, by Whitney R. Korea. Documents of Humanity Harris. 608 pp. Dallas: South­ tells the story of some of the sur­ ern Methodist University Press. vivors of the death march of fif­ $6.00 teen million people expropriated Advance to Barbarism, by F. J. P. and driven from their homes in Veale. 305 pp. Appleton, Wis.: Pomerania, East Prussia, Silesia C. C. Nelson. $4.50 and the Sudetenland, for the Documents of Humanity, compiled "crime" of belonging to the Ger­ by K. O. Kurth and edited by man "race," in accordance with the Goettingen Research Com­ the Yalta and Potsdam agreements. mittee. Translated by Helen Tau­ Man's inhumanity to man is an bert and Margaret Brooke. Fore­ old story. It is only in our day by word by Dr. Albert Schweitzer. that something new has been added Garet Garrett 184 pp. New York: Harper and by the insensitivity of the ma­ Brothers. $2.50 jority of our self-styled liberals The improbable account of and humanitarians to the worst how·a fragment of the human A decade ago, when the UN was atrocities, provided that the per­ race - people with nothing founded, Senator Taft foresaw that petrators were "allies" or "pro­ in their hands to begin with gressives." In the words of the - conquered a continental it would not be able to perform wilderness in frantic haste the function for which it was in­ author of Advance to Barbarism, and rose to the top of the tended because it was not based an "Iron Curtain of Discreet Si­ world in :five generations. on "an underlying law and ad­ lence" was drawn down over such Where, asks Mr. Garrett, ministration of justice under that atrocities as the Soviet liquidation do we go from here? law." Writing in 1951 in his book, of 15,000 Polish officers (the $5.00 A Foreign Policy for Americans, he bodies of 4,500 were found in mass called attention to the fact that graves in the Katyn Forest); over Visit Y011r local bookseller the origin of the war crimes trials the original Dumbarton Oaks pro­ REGNERY • CHICAGO posals, "omitted all reference to 1 See also a review by Max Eastman, theFRE.E­ justice." He credits Senator Van- MAN. October 19, 1953.

MARCH 1955 393 given the silent treatment by our Western principles of equal justice instead of human beings. It is there­ newspapers and journals. under law, due process and equit­ fore as remarkable as it is encour­ There could be no greater con­ able rules of evidence, Mr. Justice aging to find that there were a trast than that between Mr. Veale's Jackson wrote in his preface that goodly number of nationals of the book and the one written by Whit­ "the best features" of the Soviet victorious powers who acted ac­ ney R. Harris, who was Mr. Justice and Western legal systems were cording to the dictates of their con­ Jackson's trial counsel at Nurem­ happily combined in the charter of science instead of on the "superior berg. Tyranny on Trial illustrates the Nuremberg Tribunal. He charac­ orders" of their governments. the strange myopia of our "liber­ terized "Soviet justice" as "follow­ One can only hope that this book, als" who, even today, see nothing ing the Roman system," and which has also been given the reprehensi'ble in our having shared further wrote that: silent treatment by most important the bench at Nuremberg with Soviet There is enough harmony and like­ publications, will eventually pene­ Russia which had perpetrated, and ness in our Western systems of law, trate behind the "Curtain of Dis­ was still actively perpetrating, just including the Soviet, so that five creet Silence" erected by the same as terrible atrocities and crimes separate professions can join in the people who still sing hosannahs to against humanity and peace as the conduct of a legal proceeding. the United Nations. leaders of Nazi Germany; and who The peculiar, but eminently re­ FREDA UTLEY see nothing wrong in our having spectable, "liberal" point of view agreed that the Nurem1berg Tri­ of the author of Tyranny on Trial bunal should judge and punish can be gauged from his chapter on only the crimes "committed in the the Katyn Forest massacre. Mr. Government vs. Liberty interest of the European Axis coun­ Harris evidently felt compelled to The Economic Munich, by Philip tries." The author, together with mention it on account of the Kirsten Cortney. XX pIus 262 pages. New the late Mr. Justice Jackson who Congressional Committee investiga­ York: The Philosophical Library, wrote the preface in February tion. But, in discussing why the 1949. $3.50 1954, failed to realize, even at that Nuremberg Tribunal refused to late date, that: hear the German evidence that this At official banquets where politicians crime had been committed by the and bureaucrats are dined and wined Trials revolving around arbitrary ex post facto crimes, held by trib­ Soviets, while admitting the Com­ at the expense of the t.axpayers, the unals with no sound legal jurisdic­ munist "evidence" that the Ger­ world is told that the main concern tion, in which the same nations serve mans were responsible, he writes of governm·ents is to remove exist­ as both prosecutors and the judges that "from the over-all viewpoint" ing trade barriers and thereby to of their charges, are an affront to it was "a relatively unimportant lower the cost of living. It does not the very fundamentals of sound jurisprudence, either domestic or in­ issue." occur to those listening to these ternational. [Advance to Barbarism, gr,andiose speeches that these trade p. XV] As against the barbaric acts of barriers consist merely in govern­ modern governments there is the mental measures intended to hinder Far from calling attention to consolation that humanity breaks as much as possible the interna­ the fact that Soviet Russia should through even in this cruel era in tional ,exchange of commodities. As have been in the dock instead of which we live. Documents of they see it, tariffs,embargoes, for­ on the bench, or realizing that Humanity is a collection of stories eign exchange restrictions and all Soviet conceptions of justice are told by German expellees, of how kindred provisions are the ,effect of designed only to protect the Com­ individual Frenchmen, Englishmen the operation of some unspecified munist power against its internal and Americans, Poles and Russians sinister forces, and the peoples owe and external enemies, and are and even Czechs, tempered the bru­ to their governments a great debt therefore incompatible with our tality of their governments by acts of gratitude for their ceas·eless ef­ of kindness toward the destitute forts in fighting these evils. and helpless German women and The truth is that the policies of children who were driven from government interference with busi­ their homes, or who fled to escape ness, to which all governm,ents not SOCONY-VACUUM the Red Terror. In Albert Schweit­ outright socialist are today firmly OIL COMPANY zer's words, this book is "one of committed, would be frustrated if INCORPORATED the most significant to appear in they were not implemented by a modern times" because, "in spite of policy of national economic isolation. Dividend January the brutality and inhumanity it If, e.g., a government w,ants to keep, No. 176 25,1955 describes," it is also "a living by various measures, the domestic testament of human kindness and prices of agricultural products above The Board of Directors today compassion." As Dr. Schweitzer the world market level, it must pre­ declared a quarterly dividend of also says in his foreword, in our vent business from thwarting this 50¢ per share on the outstand­ ing capital stock of this Com­ epoch man's natural inclination to f)urpose by 'imports. The present-day pany, payable March 10, 1955, be swayed by feelings of compas­ trend toward each nation's economic to stockholders of record at the close of business February 4, sion has diminished, thanks to the autarky is the indispensable corol­ 1955. incitement given him by "leaders lary of the cherished domestic poli­ W. D. BICKHAM, Secretary and masses" to look upon the citizens cies of interventionism. The govern- of enemy countries as hostile forces (Continued on page 396)

394 THE FREEMAN Advertisement COMING DEFEAT OF SOCIALISM Introducing 6 Serials by Major L. L. B. Angas on Capitalism and How to Convert its Enemies Serial 1, "Capitalist Counter Attack" $1 0

L.L. B. Angas OUR 4 SEPARATE WARS often deceived-particularly the sociologists, humane Socialist philosophy in its various forms is the cause physicists and historians. of four separate wars. The battle is conducted on the following four fronts: The Slogan That "Production Is For Profit, Not For Use".-Take for example the slogan (still used by Dr. 1. Military front-with the USSR and its satel­ Albert Einstein) that 'Production is carried on for profit, lites. not for Use'. 2. Civil front-against the communist Fifth The implication is that businessmen are unethically Column at home. immoral, and care not one whit for the welfare of the 3. Industrial front-the fight between domestic public. A clever smear slogan. Socialist Labor and capitalist employers. The first part of the statement is obviously true! The 4. Religious front-since all Communists are second half however is (obviously?) a Big Lie. For if crusading ,atheists. you, as a manufacturer, do NOT produce for use you make no sales; and if you make no sales you obviously It is only if wider education can remove the Philo­ make no profit. sophical Gauses of these wars, that the world can be saved from high taxes and self-destruction. The world in fact The first thing therefore, if you want to make a profit is witness to a race between Education ,and D,isaster. (and earn a living), is to plan in advance to produce for use. Why Socialism Sweeps the World.-Socialism appeals to the pride of the poor. It gives them an excuse for What Dr. Einstein should say, in the interests of ac­ their poverty. An alibi. It tells them they are robbed by curacy, is capitalists or Qapitalism, by means of profit, rent and in­ 1. Production is for use as well as for profit, be­ terest. It then promises to give this "unearned income" cause if you make no sales (for use) you to the poor. The appeal is to reason, justice-and greed. make no profit. A powerful political combination. 2. Production is for profit as well as for use ... The capitalists reply, "You plan to rob us." The so­ because employers, like workmen-and even cialists say, "You robbed us first." The battle is one socialist writers-do not as a rule like working about which "system" does the thieving. The socialists for nothing, since their stomachs will not al­ say all capitalists are thieves. And vice versa. low it for long. Profit meanwhile is the only Meanwhile businessmen and econom1ists regard each possible form of pay for those whose risky other with mutual disrespect! And the socialist leaders in job is to act as middlemen, or to produce and Asia tell the brown men they are robbed by the (tool­ employ in advance of demand. providing) white man! What Socialism Costs You Personally.-The cost to THE NEW MACHIAVELLIS the reader, of socialist philosophy, is about 1/3rd of his earnings. Arming against the Soviet takes about 250/0. How to Get on in Leftist Politics.-Although it is :not Domestic social services take another lO%-i.e. more the purpose of our pamphlets on capitalism to emphasize than the reader can personally save for his own beloved the defects in character of many socialists-since we be­ family. Other families come first. That is Socialism. lieve that sound theory is more practical than vulgar All told the taxes mean 4 months work a year, or 2 smear (and recognize that capitalists are often just as days a week, or 2 hours every day. bad)-it perhaps might not be amiss to suggest the N.B. The taxes are not all in income taxes. Some are hidden "possible" routines which an unscrupulous ambitionist away in higher prices. might adopt in order to gain votes ... if he really thought his rule would benefit either the whole world, or himself. In addition the reader may lose his life, or his wife, or his children, in an atom bomb disaster. His behaviour, I imagine-if he had read Machiavelli's The Prince or its sequel (Hitler's) Mein Kampf-would How to get Rid of the Wars and the Taxes.-The probably be somewhat of the following order: way to get rid of the wars and taxes is not with armies, 1. Tell the poor they are poor because they are and not with bullets. It is to prove to the Communists brutally exploited. Tell them their poverty is that their Ideology and Economic Diagnoses are all wrong. not their own fault. Give them alibis. Make For the heart of communism lies not in the Red Army. them purr. Flatter the public. Tell them It lies in the Marxism taught in all the schools and uni­ they are saints. versities of the world. And also by the United Nations. Yet, although we spend billions on fighting commun-ists, 2. Paint some minority. group as the cause of we hardly spend a cent on fighting commun-ism. their afflictions. Also point to some 'system' which is definitely to blame. Talk about Rights. (Don't mention Duties). Also choose THE 30 SOCIALIST SLOGANS some long dead economic writer as the nebu­ lous prophet of your cause. The socialists and communists win their way to power 3. Give the people someone or a class, or some by means of the 30 socialist slogans. A political slogan nation, to hate. And of course don't mention is usually a poisoned pill, deliberately constructed in the need to work or save. Promise to lower order to hide a Big Lie in a sugar-coating of Part Truth. both prices and taxes. Offer more pay for The method is merely the age-old Confidence Trick-as less work to all. Promise Utopia when you practised on purpose by crooks on the gullible. But so once are in power. But... don't say who skilled have the Marxist 'quacks' become in their pill­ will be made to produce the extra goods. manufacture that even the cleverest men in the world are ('Continued un page 397) ments and the political parties which businessman and indefatigable cham­ shall be drowned forever under the support them clearly aim at their pion of economic and political free­ muddy yellow flood of "one world." nation's economic isolat.ion. dom, analyzes in this volume the out­ UNESCO, working for the UN with Hypocrisy, said La Rochefoucauld, standing example of this double­ the full cooperation of the collec­ is the homage which vice pays to tongued policy, the International tivists, is to be a deluge to drown virtue. While unswervingly clinging Trade Organization Charter drafted all individuality: every Ark must to a policy of high living costs and in 1948 in Havana by delegates of be smashed, every Noah must be economic isolationism, the govern­ the governments of the civilized na­ liquidated. States' rights and na­ ments pretend to serve the cause of tions. His brilliant criticism pitiless­ tions' rights-men's natural rights cheap prices and of free trade. Their ly exposes the fallacies of contempo­ to their own vine and fig tree, their delegates meet at conferences and rary official economic doctrines and own children, their own poetry of draft conventions ,and charters to poHcies. The main theses of his essay province and loc,ality and differ­ promote good will and free trade are irrefutable. It will outlive this ence, must be drowned forever. among the nations. In fact, special age of political futility and will be UNESCO "seminars" are to force clauses in these documents provide read and reread again as a classic parents into oblivion, and substi­ a legal sanction to the policies of of economic freedom !'ike the works tute some "world authority" in deal­ economic and monetary isolation. of Cobden and Bastiat. ing with diapers or masturbation Mr. Philip Cortney, an eminent LUDWIG VON MISES (if you do not believe this, read pp. 142-144, where it is all quoted, and weep!). "World authority" is Out of Their Own Mouths to ask you: "Do children play sex games with each other?" and "How The Turning of the Tides, by Paul And the men in strategic positions much emphasis is placed on W. Shafer and John Howland of control over education-at the chastity?" Snow. 187 pp. The Long House, Teachers' Colleges: Dr. Rugg, Dr. And instead of loving each rock Inc., P. O. Box 1103, Grand Cen­ Counts, etc.-are quoted in detail, and rill, as Thoreau loved Concord tral Annex, New York 17, N. Y. and their design to exploit the and Whitman the continent, a $3.00 cloth, $2.00 paper schools to seize power over the gen­ "world authority" is to teaeh our erations and to condition minds into children that love of country is a Tolstoy believed that there are mass hypnosis with collectivism is traced crime, and love of the gray ecto­ manias i~ history, seizures by some in grim amplitude. Page after page plasm of a "world government" is obsession that drive men like the documents the terrible record. They good! (See p. 124.) Also, collectiv­ Gadarene swine into the death of did not even abjure violence: Dr. ism is to be indoctrinated: such the deep sea. Such today is the Norman Woelfel (professor of edu­ teaching may "usher in the revolu­ hypnosis of the intellectuals with cation, Ohio State) said: "... we tion (the expression is not too collectivism as a social order and must not blindly shrink from the strong)." And this is not our Ameri­ "one world" (under the UN) as a fact that it may require some use can revolution of freedom, but re­ world State. Both these horrors are of force against those at present action toward socialism. To bring the subject of this quiet but tre­ privileged." Always, they were this revolution, the family is to be mendous book. against and for col­ dissolved-but slyly, gradually, be­ Grimly the authors document the lectivism. Dr. Goodwin Watson cause "there is risk of a revolt, es­ currents of intellectual disaster, (professor of education, Teachers' pecially on the part of mothers, their ris'e in fashionable tides, their College, Columbia University) said: whose continuously sensitive pres­ fury of flood, and the "turning of "One question lingered in our ence and attention are now re­ the tides" that (they believe) have minds. Anna Louise Strong had garded as necessary to the emo­ be,gun to set again toward san­ stated it for us. 'I wish I knew,' she tional security of the children." ity and leave the earth wholesome said, 'whether it will take longer for UNESCO plans to stand the world once more under the wind and sun the Russians to develop efficiency on its head: "To fulfill such of freedom. They convict the col­ or for America to develop social­ expectations it is clear that every­ lectivists and the One Worlders ism. Then I'd know where I wanted thing in the world would have to out of their own mouths. to live.'" be changed." Everything-the mul­ They project the early movement And as this gathers into a flood, tiplication table, the Ten Command­ -Fabian socialism disguised as drowning sanity and freedom under ments, Shakespeare, sunrise, the "industrial democracy," etc~-gath­ its barren brine-and it is docu­ pearl of great price? ering to infiltrate and subvert. mented, proved, indubitable here­ This tremendous book documents Stage by stage we see the deepen­ the horror of its evil for America what we may call the Conspiracy ing waters. Thus, Dr. Willard E. is made greater by its design to of Procrustes. Our neurotic intel­ Givens (then Superintendent of subjugate the world. and lectuals wish to lay humanity down Schools, Oakwood, California, and provincialism, and the vigorous on that bed, and chop it off where for many years Secretary of the American spirit, might survive the it is free and stretch it out where NEA), said in 1934: "A dying flood here. But these would-be com­ it is local and poetic-ruining man laissez-faire must be completely missars understand that, so (as this in the process. The ·UN? UNESCO? destroyed, and all of us, including book inexorably proves) they wish Voltaire had a word for it: "Ecrasez the 'owners,' must be subjected to to make sure that the tang and l'infame!" E. MERRILL ROOT a large degree of social control." flavor, the unique soul of America, (Continued on page 400)

396 THE FREEMAN COMING DEFEAT OF SOCIALISM (Adv't cont'd)

4. Just prOluise to expropriate the former ex­ propriators. Appeal to envy, hatred, hysteria and to malice. The Author This prescription will be found entirely reliable in any lVlajor Lawrence Lee Bazley Angas. Soldier, then modern 'Humanist-Atheist' democracy. It will invariably economist. Born Feb. 22, 1893. His great grand­ get the leader into power-for a while. father was Chairman of the National Provincial Bank of England (one of the Big Five). M.A. of Magdalen College, Oxford. Past President Oxford ABSURD SOCIALIST PROMISES University Economic Society. Commanded infantry battalion (1st Cheshires) France 1918. Military Next, if you write a book on socialism, handle the sub­ Cross: Croix de Guerre: Twice wounded. Dispatches. ject as follows:-Virtually promise to cure all the world's Joined Anglo-French Bank 1931. Subsequently ills of the past, merely by adopting the magic Ism known stock broker in London. N ow President of an eco­ as socialism. See only one culprit: and only one cure. nomic forecasting service in U. S. A. Make yourself simple, for simple people. Give them one Recreations: travelling, racquets, tennis. Twice winner Alpine guaranteed cure-all medicine, or corn-cure. Ski challenge cup. Former club champion at golf. Make a list of all that went wrong in past history, and then, with an intellectual jump, blame it all on capitalism. Reviews In other words, confuse co-existence with causation. Cor­ rupt and muddle the minds of the gullible voters. 1. 'Investment'.-"Regardedby some as the classic on Investment for Appreciation", Fortune. Then argue that since socialism is 'The Opposite' of ...•• "Best book ever written on the subject," capitalism, socialism will therefore "obviously" cure all the London Daily Telegraph. ....• "An admirable book diseases of the world, as well as those of past Capitalism. for the professional financier. The author has an A typical Part/Whole "unintellectual" fallacy. enviable record." Book of the Month Club, New York. Now back to our analysis of the Slogans. 2. 'Problems of the Foreign Exchanges (1935)'. -"His summing up of the prerequisites for the functioning of a successful gold standard is mas­ IS ABSENTEE PLANT O,WNERSHIP terly". British Institute of Bankers. •.... "The most clear and searching criticism of the gold EXPLOITATIVE standard which I have ever read". London Financial News. •.... "Major Angas exhibits real brilliance Does Inanimate Property Deserve No Reward.­ in his attempts to solve the world's economic and Mr. Frugal, a saver, has a $300 gasoline hand-saw which financial problems". Finance and Industry. cuts down five times as many trees as can a skilled axe­ man. Letting a poor forester use the saw is of social 3. The author has also written 18 published benefit to the axeman. It will quintuple his daily output pamphlets forecasting stocks, bonds and trade, 17 of wood, and rapidly raise his standard of living. of which have been right. "The Coming American Boom (1934)" headed the best seller list in U.S.A. If Mr. Saver riskily provides the saw (which may get Stocks -eventually quadrupled. damaged) he certainly deserves a share in the product, or a profit, or some interest. London Sunday Dispatch.-"Major Angas has re­ stored the lost art of pamphlet writing as a means But the Marxists say that the capitalist (the saver) of expressing opinion among men of consequence "exploits" the poor worker. Actually he is the poor tool­ to the high position which it occupied at the end of less· worker's best friend. the 18th Century." Incidentally why should a worker have the right to seize the saw from the saver, who personally paid for it? And why should a boy with an oilcan, who merely minds a $1,000,000 press or loom, be entitled to the whole of the Capitalism is thus not man-made slavery at all, despite output? the attempted Marxist twists. [Freedom however has its own weak points, in.that a freed slave or serf must now Causes of Poverty.-The chief causes of poverty are look after himself and his familY instead of being de­ (a) Lack of Capitalism; and (b) Nature, and Human pendent on his master or his lordj . nature. Capitalism does not itself 'cause' poverty~(as the horse-cart leftists say). It cures it! Rich Asia is The 'reactionary' socialists bid fair to re-impose slavery. poor for lack of capitalism. It is the price of making the State paternalistic. The corollary of State Support is Lost Freedom. The socialists Conclusion.-Machinery deserves pay because it costs are not "progressive". money: and produces. Absentee ownership is not 'ex­ ploitative'. Tool-less workers get tools, while widows get Family Slavery.-Meanwhile wives should have the im­ interest. Two birds with one happy stone. agination to see that Miss Prim will be coming in fronl next door to tell them how to bring up their children, in the interests of the State.. Ditto how to cook, and what THE FREEDOM FACTOR to read. Miss Prim will have her nose in everything. You see, the world is composed of 2 sorts o~ people. Individual Liberty.-Whereas under capitalism every 1. Individualists. Those wbo dislike big and man is his own work and choose his own little bureaucratic bosses interfering· with boss; under socialism-in the interests of Efficiency-lib­ their private behaviour.... erty to q-qit and to move, and also to make personal pl~ns, 2. Collectivists, who think that the State should will have to be taken away. Labor will get rebellIOUS take over, i.e. that Mr. Bullicrat and Miss and want to strike. rrhis will demand a fierce reign of Prim should organize everything (and every­ Terror! The socialist orators do not mention this. They body). only show you one side of their balance sheet. Incidentally it will also be some local Miss Prim who Wage Slavery ••• or N,ature SIavery.-The Marxists decides whether your daughter shall go into typing, sta­ meanwhile are somewhat tricky in their misrepresenta­ tistics, nursing or broom-slavery. tions and their use of verbal dialectic. For example:­ Alth~ugh Our Serial 4 proves to the hilt that 'regimenting' all the factories all of us are wretched slaves of Nature in that also means regimenting all the men, and also all the girls-drafting we have to work to eat (the Curse of Adam), no man them to go unwillingly to Alamo or to Alaska as the needs of the makes another man work, buy or sell. He can do as he State require. Involunta1'ily split families. likes with his own private time and property. (!Continued on next page) COMING DEFEAT O,F SOCIALISM (Adv~t cont~d)

IS PROFIT IMMORAL Now look at the slogans re Risk and Speculation. 'rhe chief of all vote-winning Marxist slogans however SPECULA110N IN LABOR. Risk-hearing is that "the profit made .by a capitalist is immoral", since it can only be made, so the socialists say, by over-charging Speculating "Wickedly" in Labor.-Although a labor­ consumers or underpaying workers. In fact the social­ er is not a ,commodity, his labor definitely is. A manu­ ists do not regard profit as 'pay' for any useful forin facturer speculatively bottles the specialized labor of his of economic service. This firm Marxist belief is the skilled team in materials, and then offers the product to crux and core of the Soviet Constitution (see its Articles the public-who have Freedom of Choice not to buy. He 9 & 12). In fact socialists win their way to power by depends on the Consumer Dollar Vote. Most dangerous! promising to give to the poor the "unearned" profits of Poor Profit-slave! the rich. Meanwhile he has paid his labor-his wage-slaves-a weekly wage in advance, because they want no part of But if a dressmaker prefers $10 to a frock, and a typist the long wait, or the speculative risks. [But the socialists prefers the same frock to $1 12,a middleman capitalist can say the Wages System is both cruel and immoral!]. make himself useful to both these "Disagreers-about­ Relative-Values" if he brings them together and marries Other Speculations.-The capitalist also provides the their Opposite Preferences via his shop. worker with tools, and with materials to work on, and a factory to work in. The whole of his life is occupied How To Make An Honest Million with these four speculations ... which mayor may not give him profit. Consumers decide! It is they who finally To show how profit is born solely from Opposite Pref­ boss the system (and the bosses) democratically. erences, watch a Canadian fruiterer make a million (hon­ The only 'power' that the "bloated bankers" have is to estly) . Let us take an extreme case, to start with: initiate NEW business-for the consumer to approve or In Canada you can get ten apples for an orange. In reject with his Dollar Vote. California ten oranges for an apple:- The ever-anxious retailer meanwhile holds goods most i. Swap one apple for 10 oranges in California. dangerously on offer. If the haughty housewife is not ii. Swap the 10 oranges in Canada for 100 pleased, the shopkeeper makes a loss. His only possible apples. form of pay is out of gross profit. But the socialist calls such income and earnings "unearned"-and therefore un­ iii. Swap them for 1000 oranges in California. ethical! iv. Three more journeys, and you have made your million-by pleasing both the y,anks Marx however, an historian and son of a lawyer, did and the Canucks. Exploiter-of disagree­ not know what Risk (or Business) was. He thought it was 'wrong' to hire men, i.e. speculate in labor! He did ments about relative values, only! not understand Time, Value, Savings, Risk, Exchange or Now perform the whole trade with money, taking one Profit. And neither do the parrots who repeat his famous cent and ten cents as the money prices. The profit is a fallacies-always in half-lie slogan form. million cents. To kill the Marxists you must kill the Slogans-by * * * explaining how Capitalisrn really works. Next allow for transport, packing, staff and other costs. The risks are terriffic: All profit may be wiped out. In­ deed, if it costs you 9 cents to distribute a one cent HOW NOT TO DIAGNOSE orange, you will not make a profit at all. CAP-ISM NOT SOLE CAUSE OF ALL OUR WOES And yet payout of gross profit is the 'only possible' The super-folly however of the Socialist Party is that it form of pay for the 'socially useful' middlemen. But the confuses capitalism with the economy as a whole. Capital­ amazing Intellectuals say it is immoral! ism-if the word is to mea'n anything at all politically­ To amplify their unscientific nonsense, please also read can only be that part of the total economy as would disap­ the "child's play" which follows: It is meant to prove pear on a switch to full socialism. that profit is not immoral unless it is immoral for people Capitalism is not the economy as a whole. It is merely to have Opposite Private Preferences. one of several co-existent sister-systems-each of which You :Made a Measurahle Profit .• You Scoundrel (others) would also exist under socialism and could equally cause socialism to break down. For instance: If boy A swaps ten marbles for five apples, and then A. Wages system. (Rates usually too high or too low). swaps the 5 apples for 10 pears, the bishops of Socialism make no inquisition, for simple exchange is to them no B. Money system-(gold and credit, which are always robbery. [N.B. He has not yet gotten back into the same misbehaving). sort of ,capital, namely marbles, that he started with]. C. Land Tenure system. (In some countries disas- But if boy A then swaps the 10 pears for 12 bars of trous). chocolate, and then swaps the 12 bars for 20 marbles D. Taxation system (usually quite crazy). (with boy B aged 14 who has given up the game), the E. Savings and Credit system (often much dislocated). local Marxists send boy A to jail, because he made a F. Capitalist system proper. Freedom of enterprise. "measurable" profit. Then all the other boys ,are lined up to swear that Boy Pet Culprit : Pet Cure Number One exploited them, and was a Dirty capitalist. Each of these sister-systems has faults of its own (par­ The truth is, of course, that the intellectual Marxist ticularly the Money System), and can therefore drag down economists have not the foggiest idea of what Exchange capitalism, and the economy-as-a-whole, with it. or Profit really is-or how it is derived solely from the Systemic Disorders:-Thus, if the eco'nomy as a whole finding of people with Opposite Private Preferences. is a sextette of systems (A to F)-while capitalism­ N.B. The reason why the Left does not understand Profit is because our rightist professors teach a wrong Theory of Exchange. They say proper is merely System-,F-it is wrong to blame System-F that values in exchange are equal (the Equational theory)-when only for all the faults of all the other sister-system,s A to E. a moron who liked wasting time would exchange, if the values to him To do so is to confuse a part with the whole. It is like were equal ... and not differential. Teaching the Right to teach the blaming the thumb for the faults of all the fingers. The Left is perhaps the major problem of our day. Hence these half· angry, half-smiling pamphlets. Socialist doctors lack knowledge of the Anatomy of our ------Economy. Value.-Value, by the way, is a matter of Opinion ..• like admira­ tion in relation to beauty. It is not determined solely by costs, as N on-systemic Disorders:-Furthermore since the E,co­ Marx thought. One object can have 2 values, simultaneously, sub­ nomy-as-a-Whole can be upset by forces other than de­ jectively. Meanwhile individuals only agree to effect exchanges if· they fects in .the structure of Man's chief systems, neither first dis-agree about relative values. In this simple factor of Opposite Private Preferences is to be found the root theory of all good and bad capitalism (nor its sister systems) should be blamed for Trade under Captalism. i.e. The MutualOf' Twin Profits Systeml disturbances of aNon-systemic nature. BEATING THE WRONG DOG Involuntary Illusions:-In fine .•• although men may deliberately tell lies which they know to be untrue, no Hence, since many of Man's economic woes are due to man wilfully suffers from illusions. But since no man Man's own imbecilities, or to Nature, or to the actions of knows when he suffers from economic bad breath or illu­ hostile foreigners, blaming system-F and its structure for sions-or wrongly "sees" the sun go round the earth­ these non-systemic adverse factors is inerudite economic it needs some other kind friend to tell him. Be that kind dia~nosis. It is blaming the victim instead of the cul­ friend! Buy a few of these pamphlets. Then leave them prit. It constitutes false witness and beating the wrong around where socialists gather. [They will not burn them, dog. Such factors could equally drag down socialism. but read them, we 'assure you. And before a week Money the Chief Culprit: Actually capitalism has elapses, they too will be "your" comrades, who will start never yet had a fair chance for it has never had stable to UNdermine their former fellow travellers]. money for more than 4 years on end. It is nobody's Do not try to defeat ideas with armies. Bulletins (and fault, since our habit of using three different forms of laughter) are more murderous than billions, bombs, money, one pyramided on the other-with the reserve base and bullets. Fight the war in a sane way. exportable-gradually grew up out of past history. But so ignorant are both capitalists and the unions about our Bank-money system, and its 6 main diseases, LEiCTURE BY MAJOR ANGAS that when Money-the chief snake in the grass-stings Wed., March 16 both Capital and Labor on the heel simultaneously, they both turn round and attack each other, instead of their Waldorf-Astoria; Starlight Roof at 5.15 p.m. joint enemy the snake. Part I. How to Convert a Co.mmunist! If the communists would learn capitalism ... and the Our armory of answers to the 30 Socialist capitalists would learn money ... and if both would learn Slogans ethics ... we would soon put an end to our slums and II. Why Prosperity need not always end in slumps. Depression. Secure ticket well in advance, rather than at door. $2 each. Two for $3. VICTORY AHEAD .• FOR THE RIGHT The next election, and the next war, will both be fought about Capitalism. The ri~ht cannot hope to win its war with the left if the quality of its arguments rem;ain as at present: "Amer­ ica has more bathtubs than Russia", and "Liberty is better "Capitalist Counter Attack" than slavery". Something more lively and convincing is required in Since this advertisement is an outline of Serial I, en­ order to change the beliefs of the communists. titled "Capitalist Counter Attack", we suggest you begin by reading Serial 6, "Insecurity, Risk & Speculation: What is needed is (i) A clear Capitalist Manifesto, or HvVhat Every Worker should Know about Losses, and Oi) More knowledge about Money, and, (iii) A convinc­ His (or Her) Boss". ing set of answers to the lying Socialist Slogans. It is designed as something to be given by an employer * * to an enlployee, saying "Look Who & What really deter­ * mines your weekly wage: and Who & What actually This essay however is only an advertisement. It can­ causes your occasional Unemployment". not do much more than X-ray the flabby backbone of Socialism. Longer pamphlets are needed to high-light This pamphlet will enable almost any employer to all the nonsense-and to give clear answers to ALL convert almost any Marxist worker in one day. Believe THIRTY of the socialist slogans. Moreover the comedy or not. .. For accurately to define capitalism is auto­ of the battle is spoilt by too much attempted brevity. matically to defend it. *** Exposing the Left to the Art of (Non-illicit) Argument The other 4 Serials are:-No. 2, ABC of Capitalism. Socialists meanwhile are easy to convert, since all of Its 8 Main Features, a.nd its Clockwork. No.3, them pride themselves on their 'intellects'. I find it takes Who & What Controls Capitalism. The 5 Hidden less than 5 hours to convert one. Indeed merely explain­ Hands. No.4, X YZ of Socialism. Why 100% So­ in.g' "how profit is born" (out of Opposite Preferences) cialisrn lJlust Mean Terrorism. No.5, False Witness will win most of them over in less than 20 minutes. But you of The Left. How to Beat Wrong Dogs. An analysis of have to thank "them" for telling "you", since the self­ the Lunacy of our 'Humanist' Professors. esteem of a World Planner is something not to toy with. The convertee then becomes your secret agent, for this reason: Pamphlets $1 ea. 24-32 pp. Each readable separately. Socialists on the Run.-If once you have shown a ORDER FORM socialist where he is wrong about a theory, the first thin~ he does is to ring- up yet another socialist and "put hhn To Major L.L.B. Angas~ Inc., right" also ... for there is nothin~ in the world that a Leftist likes better than pointing out to ,a fellow (or 480 Lexington Ave.., New York 17, N. Y. rival) cOlnrade, where the latter's eyesight or mindsight 1. Send Serial 6 only, "Insecurity, Risk & has goone wrong-. The Need for Speculation" $1.00 0 The second cO'11.rade thpn phoneR a third 'scientist'. In Half price to Students or Teachers (Letterheads) 50 cents 0 fact you start off a race betvleen the ever-lively Leftists. A small seed spreads like a chain-reaction fire. The pro­ 2. Send Seri;als 1 to 6 $5.00 0 fessors will race to beat their puuils to the gun. And the (i) Money back guarantee (Business letterheads) punils will race to beat the urofessors. All you need is (ii) Half price (for 1 to 6) to Students, Teachers, Clergy to know yonr economjcs-and +'0 find about 10 capitalists (letterheads) $3.00 0 who do not talk nonsense. Distributing these pamph­ lets will train these 10 apoRtles ... who will then pro­ 3. Send () Gift Sets (1 to 6) at half price ceed to assassinate the socialists with convincing counter­ ($3) [] $ slogans. We will mail them, if you wish W01£ Into Lamb 4. Fee for () lecture tickets $ The secondary psychological result is that the already Cash or check enclosed with order. $ nuzzled Leftists will become ashamed of what they have been saying- in the past. They will wish they could· undo Name their own past writings and sneeches. They will lose all Address enthusiasm for their cause. Some may even desert, and Give a set to your library: your old school: etc. join the winning Right. Invest $lOo-to cut your own Taxes-and help win World War III enemies is another question entirely. can dollars, as Saudi Arabia or Precise Prophet Mr. Hazlitt gives this the double­ Venezuela have done, private inves­ tors would pour millions into their Illusions of Point Four and Will entry treatment. He points out that development, which would make Dollars Save the World?, by this forced transfer of wealth makes you happier when you figure your Henry Hazlitt. 48 and 95 pp. re­ the transferer as much poorer as income tax. spectively. Irvington-on-Hudson, the transferee is made richer. He As it is, our governmental charity N. Y.: The Foundation for Eco­ thinks the money could be better spent, say, for expanding America's helps socialistic foreign politicians nomic Education. $.50 and $.75 schools and hospitals, now so to hold on to their jobs at your ex­ The American people are said to be crowded. And, moreover, if these pense. All this in the sacred name of money grubbers. Nevertheless, most troubled lands set up governments a "free" world! of them would rather pay taxe9 than that would give security to Ameri- SAMUEL B. PETTENGILL think. Our foreign policy has been based on emotion and propaganda. But in time the facts always trip The UN Adds to World Tension up the majority that emotes. Few are they who try to get the The Evolution of Diplomatic Meth­ should not be taken on Germany, facts before they go broke on emo­ od, by Harold Nicolson. 93 pp. whose forces should be kept avail­ tion's wild binge. One of this minor­ New York: The Macmillan Com­ able to oppose Stalin's aggressions. ity is Henry HazIitt, a prophet with­ pany. $2.25 But Nicolson never made that point out enough honor in his own country. -nor did he in any way suggest But even though the hour is late, Harold Nicolson is the son of Sir how the lessons of Vienna should Mr. Hazlitt's precise and logical Arthur Nicolson, later Lord Car­ be applied in the then impending thinking may still help us pick up nock, one of the great figures of peace negotiations. The book had no some of the piece'S in the cold gray British diplomacy in the days before visible effect on public opinion. light of the morning after the binge. World War One. He himself entered Illusions of Point Four was writ­ the British foreign service and The Evolution of Diplomatic Meth­ ten some four years ago, which participated in a number of impor­ od traces the development of diplo­ makes it all the better. One by one, tant conferences, including that at macy from the days of Greece and Mr. Hazlitt takes up the various Paris in 1919. Eventually he re­ Rome. Its final chapter describes the illusions of Point Four, a sort of signed and devoted himself to writ­ frustration of traditional diplomatic nephew of the , and ing diplomat.ic history. He has methods, the product of centuries, by the favorite godchild of Harry S. published a number of volumes, all the League of Nations and the Truman, now in process of adoption of them clear, lucid, witty and in United Nations. The League of Na­ by Dwight D. Eisenhower. The book­ many respects profound. If there tions led "the ordinary peaceful let is a sequel to Will Dollars Save is any criticism to be made of Mr. citizen ... to suppose that violence the World? which Mr. Hazlitt wrote Nicolson it is of his failure to point could be restrained by reason: it in 1947, and which raises a ques­ up the practical conclusions to be was not until it was too late that tion more pertinent now than then, drawn from the events he so ably he understood that it could only be as the fiascos in China, Korea and describes. restrained by force. .. In place of Indo-China make clear. Thus, in 1944 Nicolson published the old methods of stability, a new The Congress of Vienna. The Con­ method of the utmost instability was In the later booklet, each of the gress of Vienna, and I use the term introduced." And now the United illusions of Point Four which tickle to refer to the system of treaties Nations organization tends "to pro­ the mass-mind is given the treat­ made by the European powers upon mote rather than allay suspicion, ment it deserves. But the illusion the overthrow of Napoleon, achieved and to create those very states of that chiefly flatters the Santa Claus with unparalleled success a solution uncertaint.y which it is the purpose spirit of Boobus Americanus is that of the international problems of that of good diplomatic method to pre­ Point Four makes the world richer time. There was no general war for vent... All rational discussion [is] and must therefore buy us many ninety-nine years-the longest peace abandoned in favor of interminable true friends in far places. This illu­ modern civilization has ever known. propaganda speeches. .. The invec­ sion is very convincing to IQ's that In this book Nicolson told how Lord tives there exchanged ... add to the cannot reach beyond single-entry Castlereagh, Britain's greatest For­ sum of human tension and bewilder­ bookkeeping-a mental failure that eign Minister, insisted on leniency ment." is of epidemic proportions in Ameri­ to Franc,e and st.ernly opposed the Most criticism of the United Na­ ca today. How the Culture Clubs Russian aggrandizement sought by tions in this country emphasizes the love to hear what a million dollars Tsar Alexander, a brutal tyrant who way it defeats American interests. of our tax money did (or is claimed talked the patter of progress and be­ Such arguments make little impres­ to have done) in some never-heard­ witched the naive liberals. When sion on our intelligentsia because of village in Backwardarea in Alexande,r seemed obdurate, Castle­ they have been convinced for rea­ the shadow of the Iron or Bamboo reagh promptly allied Great Britain sons satisfactory to themselves that Curtain! with France, her bitter enemy for the welfare of mankind requires the Maybe so. But whether it has over twenty years. Alexander yielded. sacrifice, or at least the subordina­ made the world richer or poorer, or To an American reader the deduc­ tion, of American interests. Nicolson, made us stout friends or envious tion seemed obvious: vengeance however, does not care about Ameri-

400 THE FREEMAN can interests; his thesis, that the cuses for war by every international their fields, free to cultivat,e as their United Nations provides a very poor imperialist since the time of Alex­ judgment dictated and to claim the method of conducting international ander the Great! Such men look fruits of their labor as their own. relations, facilitates Soviet propa­ upon international treaties and alli­ Under the spur of new incentive, ganda and increases world instabil­ ances as devices for insuring that ambition soared, inventions multi­ ity, might well be heeded. every minor incident may become an plied, methods improved, and soon One must regret that this analysis, international issue, justifying fur­ the world was eating better than ever buried at the end of a volume of ther war for world conquest. before. The dawn of free enterprise diplomatic history, will in all like­ The foreign aid policy of the was at hand. All this we learn from lihood receive no more attention in United States is submitted as an Hunger and History. relation to contemporary issues than example of the way in which one Prompted by study of Hunger and did The Congress of Vienna. Perhaps nation tries to break down the in­ History, the UN delegates might some day Nicolson will publish a dependent spirit of other peoples. If come to see that this business of book entitled, Why the United Na­ that was not the underlying motive collectivism-which term, of course, tions Should Be Dissolved, in which of the Marshall Plan, at least it has includes socialism and communism­ he will directly marshal the argu­ been the consequence in the eyes of isn't all it is cracked up to be; that ments in support of that proposi­ other nations. The United States­ it is really collectivism which breeds tion. C. DICKERMAN WILLIAMS financed World Bank merits a chap­ poverty, and not the other way ter of rejection for the same reason. around, as many think. That the The World State Craze concludes more collectivist a nation, the lower with what some persons would call its living standards. Soviet Russia, a gross understatement of the rela­ for instance. And the less collectivist, Well-Tried Failure tion between Soviet aspirations and the better off its people. The U.S.A., the growth of United Nations. On The World State Craze and Real for example. They might note that the whole, it is a restrained report Freedom, by Charles T. Sprading. there isn't a rich collectivist nation 109 pp. and 103 pp. respectively. on a current threat to liberty which on earth-or a poor capitalist nation. Los Angeles : Wetzel Publishing the author keenly resents. It should They might come to realize, those be read along with his other recent Company. Each $2.00 delegates, that capitalism, which book, Real Freedom. they scorn as the very antithesis of It is not enough to point out that PAUL L. POIROT collectivism, is largely synonymous the world State idea is a well-tried with freedom, being merely fr0edom failure. Perhaps that is why Charles as applied to trade and production. T. Sprading offers a companion piece They might even in time grasp the to The World State Craze, entitled If They Only Would profound truth that capitalism is the Real Freedom, in which he concludes: only economic system the world has Hunger and History, by E. Parma­ ever known in which men at all You serve mankind better by pro­ lee P'rentice. 269 pp. Caldwell, moting your own business than by levels may attair.. to any appreciable hampering your neighbor's. You can Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd. measure of freedom and economic accomplish more by teaching than $5.00 well-being. by persecution. Your example is If the delegates went that far, better than your dictation. Until it Here is a book that delegates to the is performed, every duty of man is United Nations should read. Though they would be moved to alter their a debt to himself. You can best of pre-UN vintage - it was first objectives radically-to the vast bet­ teach this duty to another by per­ published in 1939-it carries a terment of all mankind. Those of forrrling your own. lesson that UNers seem to have them, that is, who hadn't already With such a creed, a man could missed: human freedom and material been yanked home to be purged­ not be expected to endorse interna­ progress go hand in hand. The idea purging being part and parcel of tional government, though he might wEI he novel, of course. Most of collectivism in its more rarefied form. accept nationalism as the lesser of the UN nations are deeply smeared Distinctly a worthwhile book, two evils. His point would be that with collectivism, some of them this. C. O. STEELE the further the departure from self.­ soaked in it. And collectivism takes government or self-control, the less a dim view of human freedom. It WANTED: BOOK MANUSCRIPTS is the likelihood that a society will holds that men in the mass are too Boole publisher will ,be happy to read your manu­ SCl'j pt on any subject. Intell igent editing, aggressive be well-governed. dumb to take care of themselves; promotion campaign, a fair, honest, cooperative con­ Mr. Sprading does not understand tract if your worl< is acceptable. Write, or mail government must do it for them. your manuscrillt directly, without obligation. why a citizen of the United States This book offers another sIant. GREENWICH BOOK PUBLISHERS, INC. should even consider a supergovern­ For some 2,300 years, 500 BC to Attention-Mr. Ferguson 489 Fifth Avenue New York 17, N.Y. mental arrangement in which he 1800 AD, roughly, most of the 'would find himself outvoted two to people of the world were hungry one by open proponents of socialism. lTIOst of the time. Wresting a living To repeal the Declaration of Inde­ from Old Mother Earth was more of Any book reviewed in this Book Section pendence by voluntary submission a back-breaking than a stomach-fill­ (or any other current book) supplied by to United Nations rule would be like ing job. Then, in the course of a few return mail. You pay only the bookstore price. We pay the postage, anywhere in stepping backward two centuries, years, commons were abolished, re­ the world. Catalogue on request. and for what? The promise of peace, strictions lifted, taxes eased. Men THE BOOKMAILER, Box 101, New York 16 which has been perverted into ex- were granted individual contl~ol of

MARCH 1955 40] Author (47 East on S. Temple St.), World Affairs Reading List 1952. 35 pp. -Compiled by BETTINA BIEN Garrett, Garet. The American Story. (Reviewed in this issue.) Rise of Empire. Caldwell, Idaho: These references are intended to supplement mate­ The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1952. 61 pp. rial in this issue. For lack of space, many excellent (Reprinted in book form with two m.agazine articles have necessarily been omitted. earlier essays by the same author, The People's Pottage, Caxton, 1953.) Organization and Structure of the Hudson, New York: The Foundation United Nalions and Its Specialized for Economic Education, 1952. 46 pp. Economics 01 I nternational Collec­ tivist Planning Agencies Hazlitt, Henry. Illusions of Point Four Heilperin, Michael A. The Trade of and Will Dollars Save the World? (Re­ Cortney, PhiLip. The Economic Munich. Nations (2nd ed., enlarged) New York: viewed in this issue.) (Reviewed in this -issue.) Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. xix:302 pp. Roepke, Wilhelm. The Economics of Mises, Ludwig von. Omnipotent Gov­ Index. Full Employment: An Analysis of the ernment: The Rise of the Total State U. N. Dept. of Public Information. U. N. Report on National and Inter­ and of Total War. New Haven: Yale Everyman's United Nations: A Ready national Measures for Full Employ­ University Press, 1944. 291 pp. (See Reference to the Structure, Functions ment (Nat'l. Econ. Probe Sere #444). especially Chapters XI and XII, "The and Work of the United Nations and New York 17: American Enterprise Delusions of World Planning" and its Related Agencies. (4th ed.) New Ass'n., Inc. (4 E. 41 st.), 1952. 34 pp. "Peace Schemes.") York: Columbia University Press, Shafer, Paul W. & Snow, John How­ 1953. 433 pp. Index. Robbins, Lionel. Economic Planning land. The Turning of the Tides. (Re­ and International Order. London: Mac­ U. S. Senate Subcommittee on the viewed in this issue.) millan & Co., Ltd., 1938. 330 pp. United Nations Charter (83rd Con­ gress, 2nd Session). Review of the Threat to U. S. Constitutional Gov· Causes of Internlltional Conflict United Nations Charter: A Collection ernment through U. N. Commit­ of Documents. (Sen. Doc. #87). Wash.: ""ents and Other Treaties Hayek, Friedrich August von. The Gov't Printing Office, 1954. 895 pp. Road to Serfdorn. Chicago: University Abbott, Charles C. The International of Chicago Press, 1944. 250 pp. Index. Personnel of the United Nations Position and Commitments of the (See especially Chapter XV, "The United States (Nat'l. Eco'n. Probe Sere Prospects of International Order.") Flynn, John T. While You Slept: Our #449). New York 17: American En­ Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It. terprise Ass'n., Inc. (4 E. 41 St.), 1953. Mises, Ludwig von. "The Decay of New York: The Devin-Adair Co., 1951. 36 pp. International Trade" in The World 192 pp. Crisis, a collection of essays by the Allen, Florence E. The Treaty as an Professors of the Graduate Institute of Manly, Chesly. Instrument of Legislation. New York: The Twenty Year International Studies, Geneva, Switz. The Macmillan Co., 1952. 114 pp. Revolution Frorn Roosevelt to Eisen­ New York: Longmans, Green & Co., hower. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., Foundation for Study of Treaty Law. 1938. 382 pp. 1954. 272. pp. Index. ( See especially Treaty Law Manual. Wash., D. C.: Chapters XI and XII, "The United Foundation for Study of Treaty Law Robbins, Lionel. The Economic Causes Nations Conspiracy," a'nd "Revolution (Rm. 422, 1001 Conn. Ave., N.W.), of War. New York: The Macmillan Co., by Treaty.") 1953. 61 pp. 1940. 124 pp. U. S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee Holman, Frank E. Story of. the Sulzbach, Walter. "Capitalistic War­ to Investigate the Administration of "Bricker" Amendment: The First mongers:" A Modern Superstition. the Internal Security Act and Other Phase. New York 17: Committee for Chicago: The UniversHy of Chicago Internal Security Laws. (83rd Con­ Constitutional Gov't., Inc. (205 E. 42 Press, 1942. 35 pp. gress.) Activities of United States St.), 1954. 179 pp. (See the author's Citizens Ernployed by the United bibliography, pp. 177-179, for addi­ Economics of True Nations. Report of January 2, 1953, 18 tional references on the legal aspects pp. Second Report, March 22, 1954, 53 "One W orldism" of "treaty law.") pp. Wash., D. C.: Gov't Printing Office, The United Nations: A Hope or a Mises, Ludwig von. Human Action. 1953 & 1954. Menace? Seattle 4, Wash.: Author New Haven: Yale University Press, (Hoge Bldg.), 1952. 32 pp. 1949. 889 pp. Index. (See Chapter 1 Criticism of Specific Programs XXXIV, pp. 817-828, "Economics of U. S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee War.") Calhoun, Leonard J. The International on Constitutional Amendments (83rd Labor Organization and United States Congress, 1st Session). Treaties and Prentice·, E. Parm,alee. Hunger and Domestic Law (National Economic Executive Agreements: Hearings, 1267 History. (Rev1iewed in this issue.) Proble,ms Series #450). New York 17: pp. (Feb-April, 1953) and Report, 63 American Enterprise Ass'n., Inc. (4 E. pp. (#412, June 15, 1953). Wash., Sennholz, Hans. How Can Europe Sur­ 41 St.)" 1953, 49 PD. D. C.: Gov't Printing Office, 1953. vive? New York: D. Van Nostrand Clinchy, Russell J. Human Rights and Co., Inc., March 1955. 319 pp. Index. the United Nations. Irvington-on- Our Governments Changing Role in International Aflairs Yeager, Leland B. Free Trade: Amer­ 1 Additional references to articles criticizing spe­ ica's Opportunity. New York: Robert cific UN programs may be obtained by writing to: Clark, J. Reuben, Jr. Our Dwindling Schalkenbach Foundation (50 E. 69 The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. Sovereignty. Salt Lake City, Utah: St.), 1954. 88 pp.

402 THE FREEMAN UJanL JlX1JuL mpiRA of.. l:ltid.- U 'YL idAuL ?

J.oIL A1.JuJJulLL? J~?

JJl.iRndL?

£i6Ju:lJl.iJuL ? IWu1.inrJ- J.a61Ju.. ?

9t AlJ, jill .o.uL .ancL mail 1JiuL atJLt:l. Again ... one of the most remarkable votes of public confidence in the history of American industry

1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

1926 1927 1928 1929 1930

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

1941

1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947

Again in 1955 ... as in every single year for the past 40 years: MORE PEOPLE RIDE ON GOODYEAR TIRES THAN ON ANY OTHER KIND EAR GOODJ Super.Cushion, T. M.-The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron 16. Ohio