Las Subversivas -Revolucionarias En Los Tiempos Del Movimiento Obrero Clásico

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Las Subversivas -Revolucionarias En Los Tiempos Del Movimiento Obrero Clásico Las subversivas Revolucionarias en los tiempos del movimiento obrero clásico por Pepe Gutiérrez-Álvarez lL Biblioteca Virtual OMEGALFA STE libro fue producto de una recopilación de diversos trabajos aparecidos en revistas como Historia 16, Historia E y Vida y Tiempo de Historia, y apareció en la editorial Hacer, Barcelona, 1986, en la que el autor había publicado otras cosas como el primer volumen del Diccionario bibliográfico del socialismo, y había contribuido a la edición de diversos clásicos socialistas. Su título escogido era Mujeres contra la historia, que to- maba una frase de Nietszche, pero fue retocado como Mujeres socialistas, como producto de la adhesión organizativa del editor, Josep Ricou, antiguo militante de Acción Comunista, grupo que estaba en el origen de la propia editorial. Este cambio fue acom- pañado de la idea de colocar un prólogo, en un principio de Mª Aurelia Capmany, pero como no pudo ser de ésta, Ricou hecho mano a una diputada del PSC-PSOE, Rosa Barenys, pero después de una primera lectura me negué a aceptarlo, y finalmente apare- ció con una nota mía que culminaba con una dedicatoria a Eli- zanda Illamola, una amiga y militante de la LCR que se había sui- cidado poco antes. Sin embargo, ni tan siquiera esta dedicatoria fue suficiente para que el sector femenino de esta organización prestara atención a un libro “escrito por un tío”. Para sorpresa de Antonia Rodrigo y de un servidor, en el día de la presentación de la edición en Leviatán, solamente estaba presente Montserrat Cervera. El libro llevó el camino errático propio de una editorial militante sin militancia. Sin embargo, al año siguiente me llamó Paavo, un camarada alemán que en la segunda mitad de los años setenta había estado afincado en Cataluña y había sido el animador de una colección de modestas ediciones llamada “Cuadernos Rojos” a imitación de los “Cahiers Rouge” (entrevistos en uno de los momentos de la película Salvador), y al poco tiempo apareció con el título Sozialistinen (Isp Verlag, Franfukfurt, 1989). En 1995 apa- reció una edición italiana titulada Le sovversive, y tuvo una reedi- Pepe Gutiérrez A. - LAS SUBVERSIVAS - p. 2 ción el año 2005. El editor era un viejo conocido, Roberto Massa- ri quien, según me explicó había contactado con el editor alemán, Pavel B. Kleiser, en un congreso internacional sobre Charles Fou- rier. Massari editorial lo integró en su colección “contracorrente”. Los diversos capítulos han sido “colgados” en Kaosenlared, y en Pintxagorria. Esta reconstrucción contiene algunas modificacio- nes menores en relación al original, sobre todo los añadidos de Margaret Sanger y Louise Bryant. Agradezco a L´Espai Marx que incluya éste y otros trabajos míos dentro de su inapreciable labor de la recuperación de una serie de libros, en su mayor parte muy difíciles de encontrar. Sumario: Las hijas olvidadas de la Revolución Francesa 4 Mary Wollstonecraft...........................................................10 Fanny Wright.......................................................................21 Flora Tristán........................................................................24 George Sand y otras mujeres............................................38 Louise Michel......................................................................45 Rosa Luxemburgo..............................................................57 Clara Zetkin........................................................................74 “Mamma” Jones.................................................................88 Emma Goldman.................................................................97 Margaret Sanger................................................................116 El sufragio militante.........................................................120 Louise Bryant....................................................................136 Angélica Salanova.............................................................143 Alejandra Kollöntai..........................................................149 Pepe Gutiérrez A. - LAS SUBVERSIVAS - p. 3 1 Las hijas (olvidadas) de la revolución francesa ¿Puede el hombre ser libre si la mujer es esclava? Percy B. Shelley Aunque sus orígenes se remontan cuanto menos a la Grecia clási- ca, se puede decir que el feminismo tal como lo entendemos hoy día, como la mayor parte de las grandes ideas modernas, comien- za a cobrar forma en el interior del largo proceso de la revolución democrático burguesa, y lo hará en contra de la mayor parte de sus notables protagonistas masculinos que se mostrarán contra- rios a equiparar los derechos de la mujer a los del hombre libre y propietario. Un caso ejemplar fue el de John Adams, segundo presidente de los Estados Unidos y uno de los redactores de la Declaración de Independencia. A pesar de su radicalismo, Adams tomó a broma la pretensión de su señora, Abigail Smith Adams (1744-1818), cuando ésta trató en una serie de cartas de persua- dirle que incluyera los derechos de la mujer al redactar las leyes del Estado más democrático del mundo entonces. En frente suyo tenía algo tan poderoso como la tradición judeo-cristiana, espe- cialmente reaccionaria en este aspecto como lo había sido con la cuestión de la esclavitud, que para algunos aparecía perfectamente justificada en la Biblia (1). 1 El cristianismo y la mujer. “En el mundo moderno, muchos cristianos se han inclinado a adjudicar la mayor parte de sus críticas, no sólo por la ac- titud enfermiza ante el sexo, sino también por el sometimiento de las es- posas a sus maridos en el pensamiento y la práctica del cristianismo pri- mitivo, a la peculiar psicología de san Pablo, quien, naturalmente, se ha- bría visto profundamente influido por su piadosa educación judía (sobre Pepe Gutiérrez A. - LAS SUBVERSIVAS - p. 4 Las primeras feministas que enfocan la posibilidad de una natural equiparación entre ambos sexos surgirán durante la revolución puritana que inicia dicho proceso y pone la primera piedra de la Inglaterra moderna que servirá como modelo para los regímenes la cual, véase Hechos, XXII.3), y concebible también por el hecho de que en Tarso, su ciudad natal, las mujeres llevaban velo en público (Dión Cri- sóstomo, XXXIII.48-49). Debo dejar bien claro, por lo tanto, que, en reali- dad, el sometimiento de la mujer al marido formaba parte de la herencia recibida por el cristianismo del judaísmo, incluyendo necesariamente (como veremos) una absoluta concepción del dominio del marido, que realmente intensificó el cristianismo. Se trata de una cuestión muy im- portante sobre la que hay que hacer hincapié. En los días que corren, en que la mayoría de los cristianos veneran el Antiguo Testamento mucho menos de lo que lo hacía la iglesia primitiva, y ya nadie, como no sean los fundamentalistas más ignorantes y beatos, se toma en serio y literalmen- te los primeros capítulos del Génesis, tal vez tengamos que hacer un gran esfuerzo para acordarnos de tres rasgos que aparecen en el relato de la creación del hombre y la mujer, y de la “Caída” y sus consecuencias, que hace el Génesis, 11-111, y que los cristianos mas ilustrados prefieren mu- chas veces olvidar. 1. En primer lugar, y ello es de la mayor importancia por su influencia práctica en el matrimonio cristiano, tenemos el hecho de que, en Gén., 111.16, el propio Dios proclama la autoridad o señorío del marido sobre la mujer. En el paganismo griego y romano no existía ninguna sanción religiosa de ese estilo del dominio del varón…Un pasaje de Josefo nos hace ver explícitamente la inferioridad de la mujer respecto al marido «en todos los aspectos», según la Ley judía. «Así, que esté so- metida [hypakouetis] , no para humillarla, sino para que se la pueda con- trolar [archetall, pues Dios le dio el poder [kratos] al marido» (C. Apión, 11.201). Se sospecha de la existencia de alguna interpolación, pero, en cualquier caso, este pasaje constituye una buena descripción de la situa- ción de la casada judía del siglo I (véase, e.g. , Baron, SRHJ, 112.236). Filón utiliza un lenguaje más fuerte que el de Josefo: en Hypoth, 7.3, dice que en la ley judía, “por su opinión de que tienen que rendir obediencia en todos los terrenos», las casadas han de «ser esclavas» de sus maridos, y utiliza e mismísimo verbo ouleuein. Creo que debería aprovechar esta oportunidad para mencionar simplemente un pasaje de lo más desagra- dable de Filón, en el que justifica el que los esenios se abstuvieran del matrimonio basándose en que las esposas son desagradables por muchos motivos, así como una fuente de corrupción. Me freno para no reproducir su invectiva: Hypoth. , 11.14.17…” (G.E.M. de Ste Croix, La lucha de clases en el mundo antiguo griego, ed. citada, p. 132). Pepe Gutiérrez A. - LAS SUBVERSIVAS - p. 5 democráticos ulteriores. Los puritanos hirieron de muerte a la monarquía absoluta y afirmaron el derecho de los contribuyentes a elegir a sus representantes políticos. También establecieron la capacidad de cada individuo de entenderse directamente con Dios sin necesidad del Vaticano. Pero no admitieron para la mujer otra igualdad que la de rezar a Dios, pero con la condición de mante- ner un papel subalterno en la institución eclesiástica, no muy dife- rente a la que se le atribuía en el hogar, un terreno en el que más de dos siglos de feminismo no han sido suficientes para introdu- cir cambios significativos. Mucho más allá fueron los ilustrados, dentro de los cuales surgie- ron nombres como el de Condorcet, que llega, casi en solitario, a defender en 1788 (en su obra Ensayo sobre la Constitución
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