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Paolo Zanotto IL MOVIMENTO LIBERTARIO AMERICANO DAGLI

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Paolo Zanotto IL MOVIMENTO LIBERTARIO AMERICANO DAGLI Paolo Zanotto IL MOVIMENTO LIBERTARIO AMERICANO DAGLI ANNI SESSANTA AD OGGI: RADICI STORICO-DOTTRINALI E DISCRIMINANTI IDEOLOGICO-POLITICHE Collana Monografie DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE STORICHE, GIURIDICHE, POLITICHE E SOCIALI DI. GIPS INDICE ELENCO DELLE PRINCIPALI ABBREVIAZIONI ........................... p. 7 INTRODUZIONE ............................................................. »9 Parte prima LE RADICI STORICO-DOTTRINALI DEL LIBERTARISMO AMERICANO Capitolo I IL PENSIERO CRISTIANO RINASCIMENTALE TRA RIFORMA E CONTRORIFORMA .......................................................... »23 1. Etica protestante e spirito del capitalismo ................. »23 2. La genesi cristiana dell’individualismo moderno ......... »26 3. Le origini dell’austro-liberalismo nella Spagna del “se- colo d’oro”: la scuola di Salamanca .............................. »35 4. Il giusnaturalismo della neoscolastica iberica fra “reali- smo” e “nominalismo” ................................................ »41 Capitolo II I CLASSICI DEL LIBERALISMO E DEL FILONE LIBERTARIO ........... »49 1. Alle origini del Libertarianism .................................. »49 2. Alcuni classici del pensiero politico liberale europeo ed americano.................................................................. »52 3. Le ambivalenze del pensiero democratico di Thomas Jefferson .................................................................... »56 4. L’anarchismo libertario ed individualista americano del- l’Ottocento ................................................................ »60 5. L’“egoismo” individualista nel pensiero politico europeo dell’Ottocento e del primo Novecento ........................... »68 3 6. L’individualismo nel positivismo sociologico evoluzioni- sta dell’Ottocento: Herbert Spencer ............................. p. 73 7. L’indirizzo soggettivistico nella “rivoluzione marginalista” »75 8. Presupposti metodologici e teorie politiche nel liberalismo della scuola austriaca: la figura di Ludwig von Mises ...... »85 9. Ulteriori fonti e contributi alla filosofia libertaria: da Albert Jay Nock ad Ayn Rand ................................................ »93 10. Il capitalismo ‘eroico’ di Frank Lloyd Wright come in- carnazione ‘superomistica’ dell’ideale egotistico randiano »97 11. Paul Goodman e Bruno Leoni................................ »99 12. Alcune osservazioni e considerazioni ...................... » 103 Parte seconda GENESI E SVILUPPO DEL MODERNO LIBERTARIAN MOVEMENT Capitolo III LE DISCRIMINANTI IDEOLOGICO-POLITICHE NEL LIBERTARIANISM CONTEMPORANEO .......................................................... » 107 1. “Minarchici” ed anarchici, utilitaristi e giusnaturalisti: opposte fazioni o prospettive diverse di una medesima ico- na? ........................................................................... » 107 2. L’anarco-capitalismo di matrice giusnaturalista: Murray N. Rothbard............................................................... » 112 3. L’anarco-capitalismo utilitarista: David D. Friedman ... » 137 Capitolo IV STORIA DEL LIBERTARIAN MOVEMENT AMERICANO DAL 1969 AI GIORNI NOSTRI .............................................................. » 143 1. Il movimento libertario statunitense prima del 1969 ... » 143 2. Una parola riguardo ad Ayn Rand ............................ » 149 3. Il Libertarian Movement dal 1969 al 1974 ............... » 152 4. 1975-1980: l’inizio del riflusso ............................... » 161 5. L’intermezzo 1981-1990 ........................................ » 162 6. Dal 1991 ad oggi ................................................... » 169 4 7. Un approfondimento sul Libertarian Party ................. p.170 8. Alcune conclusioni provvisorie ed ulteriori ipotesi di ricerca ...................................................................... » 175 INDICE DEI NOMI ........................................................... » 181 BIBLIOGRAFIA ESSENZIALE ............................................... » 191 ELENCO COLLANE DEL DI. GIPS ....................................... » 203 5 ELENCO DELLE PRINCIPALI ABBREVIAZIONI AC Anarchist Caucus AI Agorist Institute ALF Association for Libertarian Feminists CDIR Committee to Defend Individual Rights CLA Californian Libertarian Alliance CRR Citizens for a Reconstructed Republic et al. et alii (ed altri) FLP Free Libertarian Party LA Libertarian Alliance LC Libertarian Caucus LP Libertarian Party “LR” “Libertarian Review” MLL Movement of the Libertarian Left MYRC Metropolitan Young Republican Club n., No. numero NBI Nathaniel Branden Institute “NL” “New Libertarian” NLA New Libertarian Alliance “NLN” “New Libertarian Notes” “NLW” “New Libertarian Weekly” NO National Office NYLA New York Libertarian Association NYULA New York University Libertarian Alliance RC Radical Caucus RLA Radical Libertarian Alliance s. a. sine anno (senza data di edizione) SDS Students for a Democratic Society SIL Students for Individual Liberty s. l. sine loco (senza luogo di edizione) 7 SLAM Student Libertarian Action Movement “SNLA” “Strategy of the New Libertarian Alliance” SRI Students for Rational Individualism USC University of Southern California UWLA University of Wisconsin Libertarian Alliance vs. versus (contro, in opposizione a) YAF Young Americans for Freedom 8 INTRODUZIONE L’argomento del presente lavoro è costituito da un fenomeno relativamente recente nella propria manifestazione estrinseca e com- piuta, ancorché retaggio di una lunga ed importante gestazione intellettuale: il Libertarian Movement americano e la sua tradizio- ne di riferimento ideologico-culturale. Anche a dispetto della pro- pria consistenza apparentemente limitata, infatti, esso ha investito con forza e all’improvviso il dibattito politico e politologico inter- nazionale degli ultimi trent’anni, ponendosi prepotentemente al centro dell’attenzione. Questo studio tenta, in definitiva, di rico- struire la storia di un ideale, espresso dal concetto di liberty, in quei pensatori politici che l’hanno interpretato come indissolubil- mente correlato ad altri due: l’idea-guida di property e quella di free market. Dall’analisi svolta nella ricognizione, così come dal fenomeno in sé, emerge un contesto complesso e variegato, ricco di implicazioni, il quale suggerisce numerosi spunti di riflessione. Ai già stimolanti problemi posti sul terreno dalla questione del Libertarian Party americano – fondato agli inizi degli anni settanta –, che vertono essenzialmente sulla conciliabilità tra ideale anar- chico e partito organizzato, se ne aggiungono altri, i quali spaziano dai presupposti metodologico-dottrinali, alla questione relativa alla consequenzialità delle idee, nonché al problema del rapporto stes- so fra teorizzazione concettuale e realizzazioni pratiche. Ma i motivi d’interesse e gli argomenti di ricerca non si esau- riscono qui: basti pensare al sostanziale sconvolgimento della vi- sione, predominante nel pensiero politico europeo occidentale del- l’Ottocento e del primo Novecento, della filosofia liberale quale espressione più compiuta del ‘moderatismo’ politico-sociale, ed il suo ribaltamento in un qualcosa di assai più dirompente ed estre- mo. Ciò svela l’ennesima dualità, l’essenza intimamente ‘bifronte’ delle categorie politiche più generali e controverse, ed evidenzia 9 l’importanza – l’importanza in quanto tale, a prescindere da connotazioni valutative in positivo o in negativo – di opportuni ‘filtri’ teorico-interpretativi. Quanto appena osservato, inoltre, contribui- sce – se mai ce ne fosse il bisogno – a confermare l’inopportunità e l’inadeguatezza di un impiego concreto di taluni stereotipi categoriali, dal quale deriva, conseguentemente, la necessità di far loro assume- re contorni ben più ampi ed indeterminati di quelli che, altrimenti, un mero ruolo euristico di idealtipi, di modelli di riferimento, cioè, po- litico-ideali, prevederebbe. Talvolta, poi, è la valenza del loro stesso utilizzo teorico ad essere posta in discussione. È questo il caso, ad esempio, del concetto, prettamente italiano, di “liberismo”, il quale non trova – se non controverse – ‘definizioni-ombrello’ in grado di ricomprenderne le varie sottospecie esistenti. Sua principale caratte- ristica è la particolarità lessicale di non avere un calco corrispettivo nelle altre lingue, tanto da doversi ricorrere, internazionalmente, al- l’espressione francese – peraltro alquanto connotata sotto il profilo storico – laissez faire1, il cui ambito semantico, tuttavia, non è coestensivo rispetto al termine “liberismo”2. Tale unità lessicale, in- 1 Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de l’Aulne, (1727-1781) attribuiva tale massima alla risposta che il mercante Thomas Le Gendre (1638-1706) avrebbe dato al ministro Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), il quale domanda- va che cosa gli uomini d’affari si attendessero, nel loro interesse, da parte del governo: “laissez-nous faire!” fu la secca replica dell’uomo. La formula citata nel testo è forma abbreviata del motto ottimistico, storicamente attribuibile alla scuo- la economica dei fisiocratici, laissez faire et laissez passer, le monde va de lui même (“lasciate fare e lasciate passare, il mondo va avanti da solo”). Essa venne definita, da John Stuart Mill, come Non-interference Principle (“principio di non intervento”). 2 Il vocabolo “liberismo”, che, pure, ha conosciuto molti impieghi differenti, sembrerebbe, infatti, ricomprendere in sé una duplice accezione, con riferimento alla distinzione – anch’essa di milliana memoria – fra momento ‘produttivo’ e fase ‘distributiva’ nel processo
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