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William F. Buckley Jr., National Review E a Crítica Conservadora Ao Liberalismo E Os Direitos Civis Nos Eua, 1955-1968

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William F. Buckley Jr., National Review E a Crítica Conservadora Ao Liberalismo E Os Direitos Civis Nos Eua, 1955-1968 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA RODRIGO FARIAS DE SOUSA WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY JR., NATIONAL REVIEW E A CRÍTICA CONSERVADORA AO LIBERALISMO E OS DIREITOS CIVIS NOS EUA, 1955-1968. NITERÓI 2013 RODRIGO FARIAS DE SOUSA WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY JR., NATIONAL REVIEW E A CRÍTICA CONSERVADORA AO LIBERALISMO E OS DIREITOS CIVIS NOS EUA, 1955-1968. Tese apresentada ao curso de Pós-Graduação em História Social da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para o exame de qualificação para o obtenção do Grau de Doutor. Área de concentração: Poder e Sociedade. Orientador: Prof.ª Dra. CECÍLIA AZEVEDO Niterói 2013 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá S725 SOUSA, RODRIGO FARIAS DE. William F. Buckley Jr., National Review e a crítica conservadora ao liberalismo e os direitos civis nos EUA, 1955-1968 / Rodrigo Farias de Sousa. – 2013. 371 f. Orientador: Cecília da Silva Azevedo. Tese (Doutorado em História Social) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2013. Bibliografia: f. 343-371. 1. Conservadorismo. 2. Estados Unidos. 3. Ideologia. 4. Direita (Ciência Política). 5. Liberalismo. 6. National Review (Periódico). 7. Guerra Fria. 8. Raça. 9. Direito Civil. I. Azevedo, Cecília da Silva. II. Universidade Federal RODRIGO FARIAS DE SOUSA WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY JR., NATIONAL REVIEW E A CRÍTICA CONSERVADORA AO LIBERALISMO E OS DIREITOS CIVIS NOS EUA, 1955-1968 Tese apresentada ao curso de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor. Área de concentração: História social. Banca Examinadora Prof.ª Dr.ª Cecília Azevedo – Orientadora Universidade Federal Fluminense Prof. Dr. Francisco Carlos Teixeira da Silva Instituto Universitário de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro Prof. Dr. Thaddeus Gregory Blanchette Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Prof. Dr. Antonio Pedro Tota Pontifícia Universidade Católica - SP Prof. Dr. Modesto Florenzano Universidade de São Paulo Niterói 2013 RESUMO O conservadorismo é hoje a mais importante família ideológica no cenário político norte- americano. Seu significado, no entanto, comporta muitas ambiguidades e suas manifestações ao longo da história americana têm sido as mais variadas. Sua expressão mais recente, uma coalizão de movimentos de oposição ao moderno liberalismo americano, toma forma logo depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial e deve muito de seus temas e posicionamentos ao trabalho de um dos seus "pais fundadores", o jornalista William F. Buckley Jr., e sua revista National Review, criada em 1955. A fim de entender esse conservadorismo do pós-guerra, procede-se a uma breve discussão teórica sobre o conservadorismo como um conceito e, em seguida, a um panorama de algumas das suas principais manifestações na história do pensamento político americano. Depois, usa-se uma seleção de escritos de Buckley e de seus colegas na National Review para uma caracterização da crítica geral que formularam ao "Establishment" liberal dos anos 1950 e 60, a partir do tratamento dado a vários episódios da época. Finalmente, como um caso especial, analisa-se a abordagem de National Review a respeito do movimentos dos direitos civis, com ênfase na luta pela dessegregação escolar nos anos 50 e as campanhas de Martin Luther King na década seguinte. Palavras-chave: Conservadorismo. Estados Unidos. Ideologia. Direita. Liberalismo. National Review. Guerra Fria. Raça. Direitos civis. ABSTRACT Conservatism is the most important ideological family in the American political scene today. Its meaning, however, raises many ambiguities and its manifestations throughout American history have been very diverse. Its more recent incarnation, a coalition of movements opposed to modern American liberalism, appears right after World War II and many of its subjects and positions come from the works of one of its "founding fathers", the journalist Wiliam F. Buckley Jr., and his magazine, National Review, created in 1955. In order to understand this postwar conservatism, there is a brief theoretical discussion of conservatism as a concept, followed by an overview of its main manifestations in American political thought. Then a selection of Buckley's and his National Review colleague's articles are analyzed to illustrate the main traits of their criticism of the liberal "Establishment" of the 1950's and 60's. Finally, as a special case, we investigate National Review's position on the civil rights movement, emphasizing school desegregaton in the 1950's and Martin Luther King's campaigns of the next decade. Keywords: Conservatism. United States. Ideology. Right. Liberalism. National Review. Cold War. Race. Civil rights. AGRADECIMENTOS Para quem apenas lê um trabalho acadêmico, a seção Agradecimentos é um daqueles componentes rituais prontamente ignorados. Mas, para quem escreve, os agradecimentos são um acerto de contas tardio por uma série de pequenas e grandes contribuições sem as quais o texto ora apresentado não existiria ou teria sido ainda mais difícil. Não é diferente com esta tese, e que fique registrado que, embora seja meu o nome que encima o seu título, ela foi, como quase tudo o mais, o resultado de uma convergência de mentes e corações, alguns dos quais, os mais próximos e constantes, desejo mencionar aqui, por ordem cronológica: Em primeiro lugar, minha família, a base de tudo. Pela educação, o amor, os muitos livros, a paciência. Vocês sempre fora o pressuposto, o sine qua non da minha vida, e se estou recebendo mais um título, considerem-se os coautores dele. As razões são numerosas demais para listar, mas vocês as conhecem tão bem quanto eu. Obrigado, pois. Em segundo lugar, algumas pessoas que jamais encontrei pessoalmente, mas que foram parte da minha vida em alguns anos cruciais. Em listas de discussão e fóruns virtuais, gente como Alexander Gieg, Fábio Lins e Ricardo Dirani — com quem tive e tenho uma infinidade de discordâncias — me estimulou a pensar e argumentar, às vezes mesmo sobre o que eu julgava ser “óbvio” demais para merecer uma defesa. Perdi a conta de quantas vezes vocês me fizeram “pensar fora da caixa”, além de terem sido meus primeiros interlocutores em questões sobre o pensamento político em geral, e o conservador em particular. Sou-lhes, portanto, eternamente devedor. A George H. Nash, autor de uma das histórias intelectuais mais empolgantes já escritas e inspiração direta desta pesquisa. Os professores e colegas da UFF, que me deram seu suporte na aventura da pós- graduação. Em particular, minha orientadora, Cecília Azevedo, sempre gentil e a postos na missão de multiplicar e qualificar nossa pequena tribo de americanistas; o meu ex-professor Thaddeus Blanchette, pelas conversas animadas sobre o Brasil, os EUA e outras “nerdices” menos acadêmicas; e, claro, o Prof. Daniel Aarão Reis, meu orientador no mestrado, que não só me apresentou Cecília, como também me permitiu minhas primeiras incursões no campo da pesquisa sobre a sociedade norte-americana. Os amigos “presenciais”, como Gabriel Romero Trigueiro e Maurício Santoro, pelos muitos cafés e conversas deliciosas sobre livros, o mundo e a vida. Tê-los como amigos é praticamente uma universidade paralela. A Priscila Azeredo, pelo amor, o companheirismo e a paciência. Ter um noivo doutorando com intercâmbio à vista pode ser uma prova de fogo e você sobreviveu com honras. A Annette Y. Kirk, do Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal, de Mecosta, Michigan, que foi quem primeiro me falou a respeito das bolsas de pesquisa na instituição e me pôs em contato com Alex Catharino e Márcia Xavier de Brito, responsáveis pelas edições brasileiras de Russell Kirk, muito superiores às disponíveis nos EUA. Graças a vocês, pude não apenas ir aos EUA pesquisar na maravilhosa biblioteca do Kirk Center, mas também ampliar minha visão do que o conservadorismo americano é e pode ainda ser. Thanks very, very much! Como não poderia deixar de ser, a todos os propagadores das ideias conservadoras americanas no Brasil. Como em todo movimento, há os sérios, honestos e profundos, como também os que pensam mais por slogans que por análises, os manipuladores e “líderes de torcida”... Mas, em seu conjunto, é graças a vocês que cheguei ao tema. Finalmente, a Deus. Ele sabe por quê. “Tout commence en mystique et finit en politique.” - Charles Péguy. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................................... 12 1 – O CONSERVADORISMO E SUAS MUITAS DEFINIÇÕES .................................... 24 1.1 – O CONSERVADORISMO COMO CONCEITO: ALGUMAS ABORDAGENS TEÓRICAS. ..................................................................................................................................... 26 1.1.1 O CONSERVADORISMO SEGUNDO KARL MANNHEIM. ................................................ 28 1.1.2 O CONSERVADORISMO COMO SISTEMA AUTÔNOMO: M. MORTON AUERBACH ... 36 1.1.3 O CONSERVADORISMO COMO IDEOLOGIA POSICIONAL ............................................ 42 1.1.4 O CONSERVADORISMO COMO IDEOLOGIA MULTIDIMENSIONAL ............................ 53 1.1.5 O CONSERVADORISMO COMO INSTRUMENTO DE SUBORDINAÇÃO ....................... 56 1.2 O CONSERVADORISMO AMERICANO COMO FENÔMENO ESPECÍFICO ............... 60 2 – AS VARIEDADES DA EXPERIÊNCIA CONSERVADORA: DE BURKE A NOCK .................................................................................................................................................
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