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Black Lives and Whitened Stories: from the Lowcountry to the Mountains?

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Black Lives and Whitened Stories: from the Lowcountry to the Mountains? National Park Service <Running Headers> <E> U.S. Department of the Interior Historic Resource Study of Black History at Rock Hill/Connemara Carl Sandburg Home NHS BLACK LIVES AND WHITENED STORIES: From the Lowcountry to the Mountains David E. Whisnant and Anne Mitchell Whisnant CULTURAL RESOURCES SOUTHEAST REGION BLACK LIVES AND WHITENED STORIES: From the Lowcountry to the Mountains By David E. Whisnant, Ph.D. Anne Mitchell Whisnant, Ph.D. Primary Source History Services A HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY OF BLACK HISTORY AT ROCK HILL/CONNEMARA Presented to Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site In Partnership with the Organization of American Historians/National Park Service Southeast Region History Program NATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NOVEMBER 2020 Cultural Resources Division Southeast Regional Office National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404) 507-5847 Black Lives and Whitened Stories: From the Lowcountry to the Mountains By David E. Whisnant and Anne Mitchell Whisnant http://www.nps.gov Cover Photos: Smyth Servants: Black female servant rolling children in stroller. Photograph, Carl Sandburg National Historic Site archives, (1910; Sadie “Boots” & Rosana [?]). Smyth Servants: Swedish House HSR, p. 22; (Collection of William McKay, great-grandson of the Smyths). Also Barn Complex HSR Fig. 11, p. 7: Figure 11. The Smyths’ servants in front of the kitchen building, ca. 1910. (Collection of Smyth great-grandson William McKay). Sylvene: From HSR, Main House, pp. 10, 37: Collection of Juliane Heggoy. Man and 3: Swedish House HSR, p. 22; (Collection of William McKay, great-grandson of the Smyths). Also Barn Complex HSR Fig. 11, p. 7: Figure 11. The Smyths’ servants in front of the kitchen building, ca. 1910. (Collection of Smyth great-grandson William McKay). Charleston House: Henry Capers, The Life and Times of C. G. Memminger (Richmond, VA: Everett Waddey Co., 1893), https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000317414, accessed Feb. 5, 2017. James Fisher: Swedish House HSR Fig. 24, p. 24 says “FIGURE 24. Undated photograph, probably of Smyth’s chauffeur James Robinson.” (CARL3002/10/ 05p) instead of James Fisher. Presumably, it is one or the other, but we have not information that would resolve this. Black Lives and Whitened Stories: From the Lowcountry to the Mountains By David E. Whisnant and Anne Mitchell Whisnant Digitally signed by PAULINE PAULINE ANGELAKIS ANGELAKIS Approved by: Date: 2021.01.26 12:56:33 -05'00' Superintendent, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site Date SIMONE Digitally signed by SIMONE MONTELEONE Date: 2021.02.10 13:42:46 -05'00' Recommended by: MONTELEONE $hief, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science, Interior Region 2 - Date South Atlantic Gulf Digitally signed by KAREN KAREN CUCURULLO Date: 2021.02.19 Recommended by: CUCURULLO 15:37:18 -05'00' Deputy Regional Director, Interior Region 2 South Atlantic Gulf Date Digitally signed by KAREN KAREN CUCURULLO CUCURULLO Date: 2021.02.19 Approved by: 15:37:44 -05'00' 'PS Regional Director, Interior Region 2 - South Atlantic Gulf Date VI TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1 Original Scope of Work 1 Mid-Project Adjustments 2 Structure of This Study 3 Major Conclusions and Interpretive/Management Ideas 5 CHAPTER ONE CHOOSING CARL: COLD CASES, NEW POSSIBILITIES, AND UNSILENCING THE PAST . 9 Introduction. 9 Pre-1968 Published Sources on the Pre-CARL Past . 10 Biographical Studies 10 Historical Narratives and Documents 11 Black History 14 Emerging Consensus: The Formative Moment for CARL. 16 Constructing a Particular Sandburg 18 Two NPS Frames: National and International . 20 The National Frame: Mission 66 20 The International Frame: The Division of International Affairs 21 Carl and CARL: A Template and a Silence . 23 Unsilencing a Past. 29 CHAPTER TWO THE LOWCOUNTRY: RICE AND SLAVERY IN BLACK AND WHITE . .31 What (and Where) Was the Lowcountry?. 31 Slavery and Lowcountry Rice Culture. 33 The Black Majority and Antebellum Charleston . 37 Elite White Charleston: Markers of Cultural Status . 42 Grand Charleston Houses and Skilled Enslaved Charleston Workers . 44 VII Table of Contents CHAPTER THREE LOWCOUNTRY, MID-COUNTRY, UpcOUNTRY AND MOUNTAINS: PUSHES AND PULLS ALONG THE WAY . .47 Pushes and Pulls within Charleston . 47 The Epidemiological Arc . 50 Time to Go and Time to Come Back: The Annual Calendar . 51 The Years-long Stream as Historical Process. 53 Coastal Towns and Cities 55 Pinelands 55 Middle Country 57 Upcountry 57 Two Versions of the Story: Brewster and Patton. 61 CHAPTER FOUR SLAVERY IN NORTH CAROLINA, “APPA AL CHIA” AND WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA . .65 Slavery in North Carolina, 1700–1860. 65 Defining “Appalachia” . 67 Slavery and Blacks in Appalachia: Post-1960s Accounts . 70 Slavery in Western North Carolina: Early Commentators . 78 Horace Kephart (1913) 79 John Preston Arthur (1914) 79 John C Campbell (1921) 81 Recent Scholarship: Perdue, Inscoe and Dunaway . 82 CHAPTER FIVE BLACKS IN CIVIL WAR-ERA HENDERSON COUNTY AND FLAT ROCK . .87 Introduction. 87 Early Records at St. John in the Wilderness: Webber (1939) and Pinckney (1962). 88 Census Records and Recent Scholarship . 90 The Secession Moment and Blacks’ Petitions for Free Status . 92 Two Wars: Refugee Planters and Local People . 94 CHAPTER SIX BLACKS AND WORKERS IN CHRISTOPHER MEMMINGER’S WORLD . .99 Whitening (and Unwhitening) History at Flat Rock: Three Principal Figures. 99 Memminger and Slavery: The Received Account. 103 VIII Table of Contents Memminger and Slavery: Filling Out the Record. 105 Memminger and the Ideology and Policy of Slavery. 108 The Texture of Black and White Labor at Rock Hill. 110 Memminger: The Richmond Interval . 116 North Carolina’s “Inner Civil War” on the Memminger Doorstep . 117 Orphaned Black Children and Memminger’s Quest for Pardon and Restitution . 120 Memminger, His “Elegant Home,” and Charleston’s Orphans’ Home: Two Sides of the Story 120 After Restitution: Old Views and New Work. 125 The Long View: Memminger as Slaveowner and Employer of Blacks, 1840–1888 . 128 CHAPTER SEVEN RECONSTRUCTION AND POST-RECONSTRUCTION . 133 North Carolina . 135 Western North Carolina. 139 Post-Reconstruction: A “New Mountain South”—and the Resurgence of the Old One. 143 Black Gains during Post-Reconstruction Years 145 Fusion Politics 145 Lynching 147 White Supremacy and Red Shirt Violence 150 Black Disfranchisement 153 CHAPTER EIGHT FAMILY, FACTORIES AND FLAT ROCK: THE GREGG FAMILY CONUNDRUM . 155 William Gregg Sr. 156 Vaucluse and Graniteville Mills: The Grand Vision 156 Gregg’s Graniteville Mill: Devils in the Details 161 The Family Seat at Kalmia 163 William Gregg Jr.. 165 Family and Early Experience at Graniteville Mill 165 Entrepreneurial Efforts and Financial and Legal Challenges 166 The Greggs and Rock Hill 172 Disposing of Rock Hill 175 IX Table of Contents CHAPTER NINE THE GOLDEN HAZE OF MEMORY AND “LITTLE CHARLESTON OF THE MOUNTAINS” . 177 Introduction. 177 Emergence of the “Little Charleston” Name . 178 The City, the Haze, and the Name. 180 Assembling and Deploying the Elements, 1840–1947 . 182 A “Mountain Home” Christmas Party, 1840 182 Mary Chesnut’s Diary, 1862 183 Ravenel’s Romanticized Charleston (1906) 185 Trenholm’s Sketch of the Flat Rock Past (1908) 186 Gayly Dressed Cavaliers and Ebony Children of the Sun: Morley’s The Carolina Mountains (1913) 187 Little Charleston and the “Land of the Sky”: Competing Discourses 190 Mythicizing and Preserving Charleston (1917–1939) 191 Perpetuating the “Lost Cause” in Flat Rock: Fletcher’s “Little Charleston” Memoria 194 Sadie Smathers Patton’s The Story of Henderson County (1947) 197 Appeal of a Whites-only Narrative . 200 Examining the Unexamined . 201 Challenging the Consensus: Brewster’s Summer Migrations . 202 Silenced History: The Global Reach of the Barings (Family) Bank 203 CHAPTER TEN INSCRIBING THE “LITTLE CHARLESTON” IDEA AND IMAGE ON THE LAND . 207 Boundaries, Landscapes, History, and Culture. 207 “Little Charleston” and Developed Flat Rock. 208 Renaming and Repurposing the Landscape . 210 The Lowcountry-to-Mountains Exchange as Socioeconomic and Cultural Process: Costs and Benefits . ..
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