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Cities in China: Recipes for Economic Development in the Reform Era/ Edited by Jae Ho Chung

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Cities in China: Recipes for Economic Development in the Reform Era/ Edited by Jae Ho Chung Cities in China ‘well conceived, well structured…with a clearly delineated focus…the methodology is appropriate and ingenious…the articles are data-rich, absorbing, well-researched, and support the editor’s conclusions.’ Dorie Solinger, University of California, Irvine Until now, China’s eye-catching economic performance over the last two decades has only been examined from macro-national and provincial perspectives. However, since post-Mao China’s reform strategy has been predominantly regional in nature, further bringing down the level of analysis is a key to understanding China’s remarkable success. This book, for the first time, focuses on sub-provincial cities as territorially based entrepreneurial agents. More importantly, Cities in China provides the widest coverage in the field of contemporary China studies, by comparing the developmental recipes of fourteen cities in eight provinces. Developmental experiences of these cities are analysed using a frame work of three categories: the ‘given’ endowments of location and history; the administrative arrangements and target policies granted by central and provincial governments; local entrepreneurial leaders and locally generated strategies of reform and ‘opening’. Case studies cover: six ‘deputy provincial’ cities in five provinces (Dalian, Qingdao, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Chengdu); three ‘prefecture’ level cities (Wenzhou, Nantong, Fuzhou); three county level cities (Panyu, Nanhai, Zhangjiagang); and two provincial level cities (Tianjin, Chongqing). This volume, written by contributors from a number of different disciplines, suggests that different combinations of factors have contributed to the relative successes and failures in these cities. Endowment factors, preferential policies, and history have all proved to be important. Most importantly, Cities in China suggests that locally generated strategies of development are crucial determinants. This ground-breaking volume reveals, through close detail and broad coverage, how exactly cities have been key agents as well as catalysts for China’s economic development. It will provide much needed data for those working in the fields of comparative politics, development studies, Asian studies, and contemporary China studies. Jae Ho Chung is Assistant Professor in the Department of International Relations at Seoul National University. He is the author of Central Control and Local Discretion in China: Leadership and Implementation during Post-Mao Decollectivization and co-editor of Provincial Strategies of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China. Routledge Studies on China in Transition Series Editor: David S.G.Goodman 1 The Democratisation of China He Baogang 2 Beyond Beijing Dali Yang 3 China’s Enterprise Reform Changing state/society relations after Mao You Ji 4 Industrial Change in China Economic restructuring and conflicting interests Kate Hannan 5 The Entrepreneurial State in China Real estate and commerce departments in reform era Tianjin Jane Duckett 6 Tourism and Modernity in China Tim Oakes 7 Cities in China Recipes for economic development in the reform era Jae Ho Chung Cities in China Recipes for economic development in the reform era Edited by Jae Ho Chung London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1999 Selection and editorial matter, Jae Ho Chung; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cities in China: recipes for economic development in the reform era/ edited by Jae Ho Chung. (Routledge studies on China in transition: 7) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Cities and towns—China. 2. China—Economic policy—1976–. I. Chung, Jae Ho. II. Series: Routledge studies—China in transition: 7. HT147.C48C54 1999 307.76′0951–dc21 98–33135 ISBN 0-203-97608-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-20752-5 (Print Edition) Contents List of illustrations vii List of contributors x Series Editor’s preface xii Preface xiv 1 Recipes for development in post-Mao Chinese cities: themes and 1 variations JAE HO CHUNG 2 Guangzhou and Tianjin: the struggle for development in two 17 Chinese cities PETER T.Y.CHEUNG 3 A comparative analysis of economic reform and development in 51 Hangzhou and Wenzhou cities KEITH FORSTER AND YAO XIANGUO 4 Preferential policies, municipal leadership, and development 103 strategies: a comparative analysis of Qingdao and Dalian JAE HO CHUNG 5 Development patterns and strategies of Xiamen and Fuzhou 139 JUDE HOWELL 6 A tale of two cities: a comparative study of the political and 181 economic development in Chengdu and Chongqing LIJIAN HONG 7 Institutional constraints, path dependence and 213 entrepreneurship: comparing Nantong and Zhangjiagang, 1984– 96 DAVID ZWEIG vi 8 Institutional constraints, leadership and development strategies: 254 Panyu and Nanhai under reform LAM TAO-CHIU Index 294 Illustrations Maps 1.1 Location of the fourteen case cities 8 7.1 Lower Yangtze River Delta 217 8.1 Location of Nanhai and Panyu in the Pearl River Delta 255 Tables 1.1 Seven case-city pairs adopted in the volume 7 2.1 Major economic indicators of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou, 1978 19 2.2 Major economic indicators of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou, 1996 20 2.3 Annual growth rates of Tianjin’s key economic indicators 22 2.4 Select economic indicators of key cities in the Pearl River Delta, 1995 24 2.5 Annual growth rates of Guangzhou’s key economic indicators 24 2.6 Tianjin’s top leaders since 1978 33 2.7 Guangzhou’s top leaders since 1979 38 3.1 Hangzhou and Wenzhou economic data, 1978–96 59 3.2 Passengers and freight volumes, 1995 64 3.3 Use of foreign funds, 1993 70 3.4 The fiscal situation in Hangzhou and Wenzhou, 1978–96 74 3.5 GVIO and work-force by ownership, 1978–95 77 3.6 Comparison of state industry in Hangzhou and Suzhou 78 3.7 Structure of investment in fixed assets, 1991–94 (Hangzhou and Wenzhou) 79 3.8 (First) Secretaries of the CCP Hangzhou City Committee 81 3.9 Mayors (Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee) of Hangzhou 81 3.10 Secretaries of Wenzhou District (City) Party Committee 82 3.11 Mayors (Chairmen of Revolutionary Committee) of Wenzhou City (District) 83 3.12 Development of Wenzhou’s commodity markets 86 3.13 Structure of work-force in the commercial sector 88 3.14 Total retail sales by ownership 88 4.1 Economic development in Qingdao and Dalian: a comparison 106 4.2 Qingdao’s development in comparative perspective, 1978–96 107 4.3 Major privileges granted to Dalian and Qingdao 109 4.4 Post-Mao leaders in Dalian and Qingdao, 1978–96 114 viii 4.5 Changing ownership composition in GVIO in Qingdao and Dalian 120 4.6 Foreign investment in Dalian by country 121 4.7 Foreign investment in Qingdao by country 122 5.1 Gross value of industrial output in Fujian, Xiamen and Fuzhou, 1978–96 143 5.2 GDP of Fujian, Xiamen and Fuzhou, 1978–96 144 5.3 Total value of exports for Fujian, Xiamen and Fuzhou, 1979–96 145 5.4 Agreed foreign capital in Fujian, Xiamen and Fuzhou, 1979–96 146 5.5 Actually utilized foreign capital for Fujian, Xiamen and Fuzhou, 1979–96 147 5.6 Fujian’s political leaders, 1979–95 158 5.7 Mayors and party secretaries of Xiamen 162 5.8 Mayors and party secretaries of Fuzhou 163 5.9 National source of foreign direct investment in Fujian, 1996 166 5.10 National source of foreign direct investment in Xiamen SEZ, 1996 167 5.11 Investment in capital construction by source of funds, 1978–92 170 5.12 Actually utilized foreign capital in Fujian, 1979–96 170 5.13 Contribution of foreign-invested enterprises to Fujian’s industrial output 172 value, 1981–96 5.14 Contribution of foreign-invested enterprises to Xiamen’s industrial output 172 value, 1983–96 5.15 Contribution of foreign-invested enterprises to Fujian’s exports, 1988–96 173 5.16 Contribution of foreign-invested enterprises to Xiamen’s exports, 1988–96 173 5.17 Contribution of foreign-invested enterprises to Fuzhou’s exports, 1986–94 174 6.1 Economic and social indicators of the key cities in China, 1995 183 6.2 Major economic indicators of Chengdu, Chongqing and other western cities, 183 1994 6.3 Economic performance of Chengdu and Chongqing in Sichuan, 1995 183 6.4 Total investment in fixed assets in Chengdu and Chongqing during various 190 periods 6.5 Revenue and expenditure of Sichuan 194 6.6 Total capital construction investment 196 6.7 Major economic performance of Chengdu and Chongqing since 1978 197 7.1 Revenue and funds passed up by prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province 219 7.2 Revenue and funds passed up to higher level government: Nantong and 219 Zhangjiagang, 1989, 1991, 1993 7.3 Direct foreign investment in Jiangsu Province, 1988–95 220 7.4 Zhangjiagang’s GVIO as a percentage of Nantong’s GVIO, 1978–95 221 7.5
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