Libia: Ficha Del País

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Libia: Ficha Del País OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Libia La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. SEPTIEMBRE 2021 Religión: Islámica (98%), con una gran mayoría sunní y un grupo menor de población de musulmanes ibadíes. El 2 % restante incluye a cristianos, Libia hinduistas, budistas y judíos. Bandera: Tres franjas en colores rojo, negro y verde, con una media luna y una estrella a la derecha de la media luna. Moneda: Dinar libio = 1.000 dirhams. Mar Mediterráneo Forma de Estado: La forma de Estado país será determinada en el próximo Zauiya TÚNEZ TRIPOLI texto constitucional. Misratah Banghazi Yafran Gharyan Tubruq División administrativa: A escala local, la Ley 59 del año 2012 introdujo una nueva división administrativa, recuperando la denominación de baladiyat (la Nalut Sirte Ras Lanuf Ajdabiyah denominación habitual en árabe para los municipios). Se establecieron 99 EGIPTO baladiyat o municipalidades (un número que posteriormente se ha ampliado, Jalu Waddan hasta llegar según las estimaciones a 124 a mediados de 2018). A escala re- gional, el Estado Libio se estructura en principio en tres Gobernaciones (o mu- Sarir hafazat), recuperando las tres divisiones más o menos históricas de Libia, es decir Tripolitania, Cirenaica (Barka / Barca) y Fezán. Sin embargo, por el mo- Awbari Al Uwaynat mento las tres Gobernaciones carecen en la práctica de competencias reales y Zawilah Murzuq de estructuras de gobierno propio, que se concentran en las municipalidades. Nº Residentes españoles: 163 residentes españoles en el RMC; 157 inscritos Al Yauf en PERE y 124 en CERA (agosto 2021) ARGELIA 1.2. Geografía Libia tiene una superficie aproximada de 1.759.540 km² (tres veces y media la NÍGER de España). La extensión de la costa es de mil ochocientos kilómetros. El país consta de tres grandes regiones: dos costeras, Tripolitania y Cirenaica (Barka) y CHAD SUDÁN una completamente interior y desértica (Fezán). La primera, la región de Tripo- litania, presenta una orografía llana y una costa con pocos accidentes naturales; © Ocina de Información Diplomática. sus principales ciudades son: la capital, Trípoli, Misrata, Zuwara, Homs, Sirte y Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. Zawiya. La segunda, la región de Cirenaica o Barka, contiene las únicas zonas verdes extensas del país, bosques mediterráneos y una costa con mayores eleva- ciones y refugios naturales, así como la mayor parte de los campos petrolíferos 1. DATOS BÁSICOS del país; sus centros urbanos más importantes son Bengasi, capital de la región y segunda ciudad del país, y Al-Bayda (Beida), Tobruk y Derna; además, la región actual de Cirenaica (Barka) incluye al sur una gran zona de desierto, en 1.1. Características generales la cual se sitúa el oasis y la ciudad de Kufra. En tercer lugar, la desértica región meridional del Fezán (situada al sur de Tripolitania, en el oeste) presenta vege- Nombre oficial:Estado de Libia, nombre provisional hasta la aprobación del tación y paisaje típicamente saharianos; su principal núcleo urbano es Sebha, próximo texto constitucional. junto a otros menores como Ubari, Murzuq y Ghat; en ella se encuentran los Área: 1.759.540 km². campos petrolíferos de Al-Sharara. Límites: Libia limita al oeste con Túnez y Argelia, al sur con Níger y Chad, al este con Egipto y al sudeste con Sudán. 1.3. Indicadores sociales (est. 2021) Población: 6.778.649 habitantes (agosto 2020) Capital: Trípoli (1.430.293 habitantes, agosto 2020) Densidad de población (hab./km²): 3,9 Otras ciudades importantes: Misrata (841.142 hab./2019); Bengasi (811.143 PIB per cápita: 7.686 $ hab./2019); Al-Zawiya (198.537 hab./2019); Tobruk (137.671 hab/2019) Tasa de alfabetización (%): 85,6% en las mujeres, 96,7 % en los hombres Idioma: Árabe (oficial); amazigh (bereber). Otros idiomas hablados: inglés Esperanza de vida (años): 75,93 e italiano. Crecimiento población (% anual): 1,76 2 FICHA PAÍS LIBIA IDH (2020) (valor numérico - nº orden mundial): 0.724 - (105/189) aplastado momentáneamente en la Tripolitania, logró triunfar en la Cirenaica Población 0-14 años (%): 33,65 y extenderse progresivamente a todo el país hasta su triunfo el 23 de octu- Población urbana %: 80,7 bre, proclamándose la liberación de Libia. Gadafi fue apresado por un grupo Desempleo %: 19,39, (48,7% en población joven) rebelde y murió a manos de sus captores. Fuente: Banco Mundial, Economist Intelligence Unit, FMI, PNUD, CIA World Factbook, OMS, PNUD Las elecciones legislativas celebradas en julio de 2012 llevaron a la forma- ción de un parlamento, el Congreso General Nacional que, como consecuen- 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto cia de acuerdos y componendas, acabó en manos de los islamistas. En mayo de 2014, fuerzas seculares comandadas por el general Jalifa Hafter lanzaron DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES (EST. 2020) % DEL PIB TOTAL la Operación Dignidad. Un mes después, los islamistas fueron derrotados en Agricultura 1,7 las elecciones legislativas que llevaron a la formación de la nueva Cámara de Industria 56,2 Representantes, con sede en Tobruk, y un Gobierno provisional encabezado Servicios 42,1 por Abdullah Al Thinni, con sede en Al-Bayda. A mediados de julio fuerzas Fuente: CIA World Factbook, Economist Intelligence Unit, Banco Mundial islamistas lanzaron la “Operación Amanecer”, iniciándose con ello un nue- vo conflicto armado. En un claro desafío a la Cámara de Representantes, 1.5. Coyuntura económica diputados del Congreso General Nacional retomaron su actividad parlamen- taria y nombraron un Gobierno de Salvación Nacional encabezado por Omar PIB (millones $) 25.400 Al Hassi. A partir de ese momento, Libia se vio dividida de facto, con dos Crecimiento PIB (%) -3.5 (est. 2021: +4,3) parlamentos, dos gobiernos y sus respectivas milicias enfrentadas sobre el Tasa de inflación media % Media anual del 18,6 (máximo de 22,8% en 2020) terreno, controlando una parte del territorio nacional. Balanza por C.C. (mil. $) -132,0 Reservas internacionales (mill. $) 69.322 En este contexto, las Naciones Unidas impulsaron sucesivas rondas de ne- Deuda externa (mill. $) 3.020 (est.2017) gociación que concluyeron, en diciembre de 2015, con la firma del Acuerdo Tipo de cambio LD/euro 5,36 (agosto 2021) Político Libio (APL) en la localidad marroquí de Sjirat, bajo el liderazgo del Tipo de cambio LD/$ 1 dólar EEUU equivale a 4,42 dinares a agosto de 2021 diplomático español, Bernardino León, a la sazón representante especial del Fuente: Economist Intelligence Unit, FMI, Banco Mundial, OCDE. secretario general de Naciones Unidas para Libia. La firma del acuerdo debía abrir una fase de transición hasta la celebración de nuevas elecciones, fijan- 1.6. Comercio exterior. 2019 do un plazo de dos años. Importaciones FOB (mill. $) 15,1 El Congreso General Nacional, que aceptó finalmente disolverse, se integró Exportaciones FOB (mill. $) 26,3 en las nuevas estructuras y sus antiguos miembros conformaron la nueva Fuente: Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) Cámara de carácter consultivo, el Alto Consejo de Estado. El Gobierno del Acuerdo Nacional, encabezado por Fayez Serraj, como presidente del Con- 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países. (est. 2019) sejo Presidencial y primer ministro, se instaló en Trípoli en abril de 2016. PRINCIPALES CLIENTES % TOTAL Sin embargo, desde comienzos de 2016 la Cámara de Representantes se Italia 18,1 negó a confirmar al Gobierno del Acuerdo Nacional, frustrando las esperanzas España 14,16 de reconciliación abiertas por el Acuerdo de Sjirat. Como consecuencia, se China 16,1 generó una dualidad entre la Cámara de Representantes de Tobruk – reco- Alemania 15 nocida por la comunidad internacional como Parlamento legítimo presidido Francia 5,5 por Aguila Saleh y apoyada por el Ejército Nacional Libio comandado por el Mariscal Hafter – y el Consejo Presidencial y Gobierno de Acuerdo Nacional PRINCIPALES PROVEEDORES % TOTAL de Trípoli, que contó con el apoyo de la cámara consultiva que es el Alto China 15,2 Consejo de Estado y con el reconocimiento de Naciones Undias y parte de la Turquía 12,9 comunidad internacional, EAU 10,2 Italia 8,7 Durante 2016 hubo incluso un tercer Gobierno en Libia. Una parte del an- España 6,2 tiguo CGN encabezada por Abu Sahmain intentó mantenerse en funciones. Fuente: Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) En abril de 2016 creó un nuevo Gobierno de Salvación Nacional con Ghwell como supuesto primer ministro. Estos grupos fueron expulsados de Trípoli en octubre de 2016. En marzo de 2017 hicieron todavía un intento de volver a 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA entrar en Trípoli, pero fracasaron. 2.1 Política interior Situación Política Actual Antecedentes Desde 2019 la Misión de Apoyo de Naciones Unidas a Libia (UNSMIL, es- tablecida en 2011) ha trabajado con el objetivo de celebrar una Conferencia El 17 de febrero de 2011 se inició un levantamiento popular contra el co- Nacional. Sin embargo, las esperanzas quedaron truncadas el 4 de abril, con ronel Gadafi, en el poder desde el golpe de Estado de 1969 que depuso al el inicio de una ofensiva del ENL sobre Trípoli. Desde entonces, los esfuerzos rey Idriss. A pesar del enorme control ejercido por el régimen gadafista, la se han concentrado en trabajar en pos de un cese de las hostilidades y de primavera árabe movilizó al pueblo libio en su lucha por la libertad. En marzo la recuperación de la vía política. A instancias del entonces representante el Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas autorizó el establecimiento de especial de Naciones Unidasy con el apoyo de Alemania, en septiembre se una zona de exclusión aérea y la adopción de medidas para la protección de inició un proceso de consultas entre algunos de los actores regionales, que la población libia por parte de la OTAN.
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