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Case Study: Brak City Region The Use of Renewable Energy Technologies in the Libyan Energy System Case Study: Brak City Region vorgelegt von M.Sc. Giuma Ahmuda Sayah geb. in Brak, Libyen Von der Fakultät VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften – Dr.-Ing. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. rer. pol. Kristin Wellner Gutachter: Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Rainer Mertes Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Bunte Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 19. April 2017 Berlin 2017 Abstract International organizations as well as nations worldwide are seeking to use renewable energy technologies in their energy generation mix in order to decrease dependence on fossil fuels and to promote climate protection. This study elaborates the problems facing Libya’s energy system, and determines the potential for implementing renewable energy technologies to solve these problems. Libya is dependent on oil and gas as primary energy sources for electricity generation. Governmental and corporate consideration of transitioning to renewable energy technologies, as well as consideration of carbon dioxide emissions from this sector, has so far been low. The development policy of the Libyan government does not meet the development requirements as well as climate protection, where confined in develop energy sector by installed power plants depend on fossil fuel as energy source. The current installed capacity is insufficient to meet Libyan society’s demands, where the electricity outages are frequent in hours and in days in some country regions. Libya has considerable potential for feasibly and viably implementing renewable energy technologies - especially solar and wind energy technologies. This may be concluded from the case study of the Brak City region, which focuses on a hybrid renewable energy system design. It determines the advantages of using these technologies, and their contributions to sustainably solving the problems facing the Libyan energy system. The scenarios analyzed in the case study show the cost of energy using renewable energy technologies is lower overall than the current cost. From results of this study can be concluded that the implementation of the renewable energy technologies play an active role in filling the shortage gab in electricity production as well as that they meet the development needs of Libyan society. Renewable energy technologies can enable Libya’s economic, social, and environmental development. At the global level, Libya has the potential to contribute with them to climate protection. ii Zusammenfassung Internationale Organisationen sowie Nationen streben weltweit nach Technologien zur Energieerzeugung mit erneuerbaren Energien. Auf diese Weise soll die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Brennstoffen verringert und der Klimaschutz gefördert werden. Diese Studie stellt die Probleme des libyschen Energiesystems dar und bestimmt, als Beitrag zur Problemlösung das Potenzial der Einführung von erneuerbaren Energietechnologien. Libyen Stromerzeugung ist abhängig von dem Primären Energieträgen Öl und Gas. Überlegungen von Seiten der Regierung und von Unternehmen in Bezug auf die Einführung von erneuerbaren Energietechnologien, ebenso wie Überlegungen zu den Reduzierungen von Emissionen von Kohlendioxid in diesem Sektor, waren bisher gering. Die Entwicklungspolitik der libyschen Regierung erfüllt nicht die Anforderungen des Klima Schutzes. Die derzeit installierte Leistungsfähigkeit reicht nicht aus, um den gesellschaftlichen Anforderungen der lybischen Gesellschaft gerecht zu werden - Stromausfälle sind häufig in Stunden und in Tagen in einigen Regionen des Landes. Libyen hat ein erhebliches Potenzial für realisierbare und mit vertretbarem Aufwand realisierbare Technologien für erneuerbare Energien - vor allem Solar- und Windenergietechnologien. Dies kann aus der Fallstudie des Brak City-Region geschlossen werden, die ein hybrid-erneuerbares Energie-System-Design konzipiert. Dieses bestimmt die Vorteile der Nutzung dieser Technologien, und ihre Beiträge zur nachhaltigen Lösung der Probleme die im libyschen Energiesystem bestehen. Die Szenarien, die in der Fallstudie analysiert werden, zeigen, dass die Kosten für Energietechnologien mit erneuerbaren Energien niedriger sind als die aktuellen Kosten. Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Studie ergab, dass die Umsetzung der Technologien für erneuerbare Energien können zur Füllen der Mangel Gab bei der Stromerzeugung eine aktive Rolle führen werden sowie die Entwicklungsbedürfnisse der libysch Gesellschaft gerecht werden. Erneuerbare Energietechnologien können Libyens wirtschaftliche, soziale und ökologische Entwicklung ermöglichen. Auf globaler Ebene hat Libyen das Potenzial mit ihnen zum Klimaschutz beizutragen. iii Acknowledgements Thanksgiving and Praise be to God the Merciful. I wish to express thanks and gratitude to my parents. I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Rainer Mertes and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Bunte for their interest and scientific guidance throughout the writing of my doctoral thesis. Their support and encouragement is what has made this dissertation possible. Special thanks to my wife, Aisha, for her understanding. I would also like to express thanks and appreciation to my country Libya, which awarded me a scholarship for 3 years to complete my studies at leading international universities. Berlin, 29 September 2016 Giuma Sayah iv Table of Contents Abstract....................................................................................................................... ii Zusammenfassung...................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments...................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents........................................................................................................ v List of Figures ............................................................................................................ ix List of Tables.............................................................................................................. xiv List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................. xv 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Problem Statement..................................................................................... 1 1.2. Research Objectives................................................................................... 5 1.3. Thesis Structure.......................................................................................... 5 1.4. Research Methodology and Workflow Strategy........................................ 6 1.5. Limitations of the Study............................................................................. 9 2. Present Status of Energy Sector in Libya………………...................... 10 2.1. Libya –Country Overview.......................................................................... 10 2.1.1. General Overview...................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Political and Administrative System.......................................................... 12 2.1.3. Energy Sector............................................................................................. 14 2.2. Current Situation of Energy System........................................................... 15 2.2.1. Electricity Supply System.......................................................................... 15 2.2.2. Energy Resources and Production Technology......................................... 17 2.2.3. Energy Consumption and Demand............................................................ 18 2.3. Present use of Renewable Energy Technologies………............................ 20 2.4. Development Challenges and Opportunities.............................................. 21 2.4.1. Challenges.................................................................................................. 21 2.4.2. Opportunities.............................................................................................. 22 2.5. Conclusion.................................................................................................. 22 3. Potential of Renewable Energy Technologies in Libya………………. 24 3.1. Potential of Biomass Energy...................................................................... 24 3.1.1. The Resources and Conversion Techniques............................................... 24 3.1.2. Potential in Libya....................................................................................... 25 3.2. Potential of Geothermal Energy................................................................. 26 3.2.1. The Resources and Technology................................................................. 26 3.2.2. Potential in Libya....................................................................................... 28 3.3. Potential of Hydropower Energy................................................................ 29 v 3.3.1. The Resources and Technology................................................................. 29 3.3.2. Potential in Libya....................................................................................... 30 3.4. Potential of Solar Energy..........................................................................
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