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UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics UC Berkeley Dissertations, Department of Linguistics Title A Synchronic and Diachronic Functional Analysis of Hittite -ma Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7p87k0f2 Author Meacham, Michael Publication Date 2000 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California A Synchronic and Diachronic Functional Analysis of Hittite -ma by Michael David Meacham B.A. (University of Colorado, Boulder) 1985 M.A. (University of California, Berkeley) 1992 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Gary B. Holland, Chair Professor Eve E. Sweetser Professor Ruggero Stefanini Fall 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A Synchronic and Diachronic Functional Analysis of Hittite -ma ©2000 by Michael David Meacham Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. i Acknowledgments The process of writing a dissertation can take place only with the aid of others. I am very grateful to the members of my committee for the guidance and assistance with which they provided me in preparing this study: Gary Holland, my very patient and supportive adviser, who made suggestions informed by wide knowledge and intellectual clarity that were always to my benefit; Eve Sweetser, whose thoughtful and thought-provoking comments without doubt improved the work; and Ruggero Stefanini, who introduced me to Hittite, and who made many helpful recommendations that strengthened the study. To these scholars goes my deepest gratitude. To the staff of the Linguistics Department I owe many thanks, especially to Bel£n Flores and Esther Weiss. For taking action that sustained me throughout the period of writing I am grateful to Ardy and Ernie Ballard, Jeanette and Arvin Billings, Ed Doran, Maggie Law, A. C. Liang, Jo Meacham, Dave Stewart, Laurel Sutton and Quentin Tuck, and Mark Watrous-Heyliger. For their help in equipping me for the task I thank Spencer Ballard and Paul Pogorzelski, Debbie Jan, and Laurel Sutton. 1 am very appreciative of the assistance offered me by several individuals at key points in the process: Bette Anton, Spencer Ballard and Paul Pogorzelski, Barbara De Marco, Madelaine Plauchd, Madalene Rodriguez, and Bill Weigel. Their actions might have seemed trivial to them, but they helped me immensely. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments i Table of Contents ii List of Abbreviations and Symbols vi Notes on Translation and Glossing viii Chapter 1: Introduction I 1.1 Impetus and Inquiry I 1.2 Previous Treatments 5 1.3 Pragmatic Preliminaries 10 1.3.1 Topic 13 1.3.2 Focus 17 1.3.3 Backgrounding 19 1.4 Brief Sketch of Hittite Clause Syntax 19 1.4.1 Basic Syntax with regard to -ma 22 1.4.2 The Form of -ma 23 1.5 Corpus 23 1.6 Prospect 26 Notes to Chapter 1 28 Chapter 2: -ma in Old Hittite 33 2.0 Introduction 33 2.0.1 Texts and Data 34 2.1 Phonological Distribution 34 2.2 Syntax 38 2.3 Pragmatics 42 2.3.1 Topic 42 2.3.2 Focus 47 2.3.2.1 Contrast 49 2.3.2.2 New Referents 53 2.3.3 Orientation 57 2.3.4 Summary 61 2.4 -ma and the Other Enclitic Conjunctions 63 2.4.1 -a vs. -a/-ya 64 2.4.2 -a and -ma 73 2.4.2.1 Phonological Distribution 74 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii 2.4.2.2 Syntax 74 2.4.2.3 Functional Contexts 77 2.4.2.4 More on -a and -al-ya 85 2.4.2.5 Scope of - ma and -a 88 2.4.3 Summary 94 2.5 More on Adversative Marking in Conditional Clauses 95 2.6 Response to Starke and Luraghi 103 Notes to Chapter 2 107 Chapter 3: -ma in Neo-Hittite 117 3.0 Introduction 117 3.0.1 Texts and Data 117 3.1 Phonological Distribution 119 3.2 Syntax 122 3.2.1 -ma with man 123 3.2.2 -ma with nu 125 3.2.3 -ma with Akkadograms and Sumerograms 125 3.2.4 Further Host Syntax 129 3.2.5 Syntax with respect to Neighboring Clauses 130 3.3 Pragmatics 135 3.3.1 Focus 135 3.3.1.1 Contrast 135 3.3.1.1.1 Strong Contrast; Repeated Form 135 3.3.1.1.2 Weak Contrast 141 3.3.1.1.3 Series 143 3.3.1.1.4 Counterexpectation 148 3.3.1.2 New Referents 152 3.3.1.3 Emphasis 156 3.3.1.3.1 Variant Word Order 156 3.3.1.3.2 Orthotonic Personal Pronouns 159 3.3.1.4 -ma's Attachment to Focal Elements 160 3.3.2 Orientation 160 3.3.2.1 Paragraph-Initial -ma 166 3.3.3 Subject Switch 168 3.4 A Brief Look at Neo-Hittite Clause-Connective -al-ya 171 3.4.1 Frequency, Phonological Distribution, and Syntactic Distribution 172 3.4.2 Functional Contexts 176 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv 3.5 Conclusion 182 Notes to Chapter 3 185 Chapter 4: -ma in Middle Hittite 191 4.0 Introduction 191 4.0.1 Texts and Data 192 4.1 Phonological Distribution 194 4.2 Syntactic Distribution 194 4.2.1 -ma with man 195 4 .2 .2 -ma with na 196 4.2.3 -ma with Akkadograms and Sumerograms 196 4.2.4 Further Host Syntax 197 4.2.5 Syntax with respect to Neighboring Clauses 198 4.3 Pragmatics 199 4.3.1 Focus 199 4.3.1.1 Contrast 199 4.3.1.1.1 Series 202 4.3.1.1.2 Counterexpectation 203 4.3.1.2 New Referents 205 4.3.1.3 Emphasis (Special Focus) 206 4.3.2 Orientation 207 4.3.2.1 Paragraph-Initial-ma 208 4.3.3 Subject Switch 209 4.4 -a in the Ma§at Letters 210 4.5 A Brief Look at Clause-Connective -al-ya in the Ma§at Letters 213 4.5.1 Frequency, Phonological Distribution, and Syntactic Distribution 213 4.5.2 Functional Contexts 216 4.6 Conclusion 218 Notes to Chapter 4 220 Chapter 5: Diachronic Interpretation 227 5.0 Introduction 227 5.1 Changes in Frequency and in Phonological and Syntactic Distribution 228 5.1.1 Overall Frequency 228 5.1.2 Phonological Distribution 229 5.1.3 Syntactic Distribution 231 5.2 Changes in Pragmatic Distribution 236 5.3 Confirmation of Method 244 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V 5.4 -ma in the Chicago Hittite Dictionary 246 5.5 Unusual Placement of -ma 252 5.6 Comparative and Etymological Issues 256 5.7 Summary 261 Notes to Chapter 5 264 Chapter 6: Conclusion 268 Bibliography 274 Appendix 291 Old Hittite Data 291 Neo-Hittite Data 305 Middle Hittite Data 316 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Abbreviations abl: ablative ABoT: Ankara Arkeoloji Miizesinde bulunan Bogazkoy tabletleri AH: Apology of Hattusili = Otten 1981 a.k.: alt kenar ‘lower edge’ all.: allative (cf. CHD L-N:xii-xiii) AM: Annals of Mursili = Gotze 1933 ay.: arkayiiz ‘reverse’ BoTU: Die Boghazkdi-Texte in Umschrift (Emil Forrer, 1922-26, Wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 41-42, Leipzig.) BT: Bronze Tablet = Otten 1988 C: consonant CHD: Chicago Hittite Dictionary = Guterbock and Hoffner 1980ff. CTH: Catalogue des textes hittites = Laroche 1971,1972 IX!: dependent clause HBM: Hethitische Briefe aus Masat-Hoyuk = Alp 1991 a HFAC: Hittite fragments in American collections (Gary Beckman and Harry A. Hoffner, Jr., 1985, Journal o f cuneiform studies 37, Philadelphia.) HKM: Hethitische Keilschrifttafeln aus Ma§at-Hoyiik - Alp 1991b IBoT: Istanbul Arkeoloji Miizelerinde bulunan Bogazkoy tabletleri IC: independent clause IG: Inscriptiones Graecae consilio et auctoritate Academiae litterarum regiae Borussicae editae. v.9, pt.2: Inscriptiones Thessaliae , ed. Otto Kern. Berolini: G. Reimer, 1908 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1966). ILMS: Instruction to the lu .me$s a G = von Schuler 1957:22-34 KBo: Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazkoi KUB: Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazkoi KZ: Zeitschriftfur vergleichende Sprachforschung LPK: Letter of Puduhepa to a King = KUB 21.38 (Stefanini 1964, Helck 1963) MC: main clause MH: Middle Hittite (ca. 1450-1380 BCE) NBC: Nies Babylonian Collection, Yale University NH: Neo-Hittite (ca. 1380-1200 BCE) obv.: obverse oCTH: Catalogue o f Hittite Texts online Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. OH: Old Hittite (ca. 1600-1450 BCE) by.: onyuz ‘obverse’ Rs.: Riickseite ‘reverse’ s.k.: sol kenar ‘left edge’ StBoT: Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten StBoT 8: Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten 8 = Otten and Soubek 1969 SvKK: Staatsvertrag mit Kupanta-dKAL = Friedrich 1926:95-179 ii.k.: iist kenar ‘upper edge’ u. Rd.: unterer Rand ‘lower edge’ V: 1) vowel; 2) verb Vs.: Vorderseite ‘obverse’ / indicates the end of a line on a tablet, or its approximate equivalent in a translation § indicates a paragraph divider on tablet §x where x is a numeral, indicates a section of the text, or a law (x) where x is a numeral, indicates an example within the text #x where x is a numeral, indicates an example in the data in the appendix 1 < x < 100 Old Hittite attestations of -ma and -a 1001 < x < 1412 Neo-Hittite attestations of -ma 3001 < x < 3069 NH attestations of unsure or broken -ma 4001 < x < 4108 NH attestations of -al-ya 5001 < x < 5032 NH attestations of unsure or broken -al-ya 6001 < x < 6070 Middle Hittite attestations of -ma 7001 < x < 7030 MH attestations of unsure or broken -ma 8001 < x < 8023 MH attestations of -al-ya 9001 < x < 9013 MH attestations of unsure or broken -al-ya o text omitted by scribe, whether due to practice or error; also occasionally indicates a graphic entity x indicates an illegible sign Symbols such as brackets [], parentheses (), half-brackets (n and u), and others are in general used following the conventions as described in CHD (L-N:xxix-xxx).
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