A Hatalomgyakorlás Lehetőségei És Korlátai a Hettita Birodalomban

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A Hatalomgyakorlás Lehetőségei És Korlátai a Hettita Birodalomban PÉCSI TUDOMÁNYEGYETEM BÖLCSÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR INTERDISZCIPLINÁRIS DOKTORI ISKOLA ÓKORTÖRTÉNETI DOKTORI PROGRAM: A KÁRPÁT-MEDENCE ÉS AZ ANTIK VILÁG NÉPEINEK TÖRTÉNETE, KULTÚRÁJA ÉS KAPCSOLATAIK AZ ÓKORBAN STIPICH BÉLA TAMÁS: A HATALOMGYAKORLÁS LEHETŐSÉGEI ÉS KORLÁTAI A HETTITA BIRODALOMBAN DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ TÉMAVEZETŐ: †DR. VARGYAS PÉTER DSC DR. CSABAI ZOLTÁN PHD EGYETEMI TANÁR EGYETEMI ADJUNKTUS (2004-2009) PÉCS 2018 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK I. Bevezetés .............................................................................................................. 4 I.1. A téma indoklása és kutatástörténeti kitekintés ............................................. 4 I.2. Módszertani megjegyzések ............................................................................ 8 I.3. Köszönetnyilvánítás ....................................................................................... 9 II. A Hettita Birodalom formatív időszaka .............................................................. 12 II.1. Forráshelyzet ................................................................................................ 12 II.2. Közép-Anatólia politikai berendezkedése az óasszír kereskedelmi hálózat működése idején .............................................................................. 14 II.3. Anum-Hirwe birodalma ............................................................................... 19 II.4. Az óasszír kor kereskedelmi hálózatának emlékezete a hettita szövegekben ................................................................................................. 27 II.5. Hatalmi viszonyok Anitta korában – a kussarai dinasztia birodalma .......... 29 II.6. A hettita állam létrejötte............................................................................... 37 III. Politikai viták az államszervezésről a Hettita Óbirodalomban ........................... 43 III.1. A hettita királyság jellegéről ........................................................................ 43 III.2. Az államszervezés kezdeti lépései ............................................................... 52 III.3. A hatalomgyakorlás kérdése a királyi családon belül – az ó- és középhettita történeti-didaktikai irodalom tükrében .................................... 64 III.3.1. A Zalpa-hagyomány ............................................................................. 64 III.3.2. Politikai nevelés és didaktikus szórakoztatás ....................................... 74 IV. A Hettita Újbirodalom szervezésének elvei ........................................................ 90 IV.1. Az államszervezet és hatalomgyakorlás átalakításának mozgatórugói ....... 91 IV.1.1. Kizzuwatna politikai és kulturális integrációja ..................................... 92 IV.1.2. A kaska veszély .................................................................................... 95 IV.2. „… amikor a kaskák elkezdenek kaskaként viselkedni, … a hettiták elkezdenek hettitaként kormányozni” ........................................................ 102 IV.2.2. A „kötelezettség és eskü” műfaj ......................................................... 109 1 IV.2.3. CTH 261 – BĒL MADGALTI-instrukció ............................................ 113 IV.2.4. Maşat Höyük és archívuma ................................................................. 117 IV.2.4.1. Adminisztratív szövegek ............................................................. 120 IV.2.4.2. Maşat-levelek ............................................................................... 124 IV.2.4.3. A Maşat-levelek és a határvédelem ............................................. 127 IV.2.4.3.1. HBM 46 – kémek és állatok ................................................. 128 IV.2.4.3.2. Királyi beavatkozás a végeken ............................................. 130 IV.2.4.3.3. Éhinség Kasipurában ............................................................ 132 V. A Hettita Birodalom államszervezetének leírási lehetőségei ............................ 137 V.1. Weber és a patrimoniális állam .................................................................. 138 V.2. Feudalizmus a Hettita Birodalomban? ....................................................... 147 V.3. Nemesi állam (Herzog) .............................................................................. 152 V.4. Közigazgatás-tudományi megközelítés ..................................................... 157 V.4.1. A közigazgatás szervezetének elemei – példák a Hettita Birodalomból ...................................................................................... 160 V.4.1.1. Emberek: a hivatalnoki réteg ....................................................... 160 V.4.1.2. Működést szabályozó előírások és rendelkezések – a „kötelezettség és eskü” műfajának átalakulása a hettita Újbirodalom idején ...................................................................... 163 V.4.2. A közigazgatás szervezetét befolyásoló tényezők – példák a Hettita Birodalomból ...................................................................................... 166 V.4.2.1 Földrajzi adottságok meghatározó szerepe .................................. 166 V.4.2.2. Politikai viszonyok változása ...................................................... 170 V.4.2.2.1. A kaska veszély és a megoldási stratégiák ........................... 170 V.4.2.2.2. Legitimációs krízis – III. Hattusili és IV. Tudhaliya ............ 171 V.4.2.3. Nemzetközi kapcsolatok alakulása – a nagyhatalmi státusz kiépítésének hatásai a közigazgatás szervezetére ........................ 181 VI. Összegzés és kitekintés ..................................................................................... 186 2 Felhasznált irodalom ................................................................................................ 198 Rövidítések jegyzéke ............................................................................................... 236 Ábrák, illusztrációk jegyzéke ................................................................................... 239 3 I. BEVEZETÉS I.1. A TÉMA INDOKLÁSA ÉS KUTATÁSTÖRTÉNETI KITEKINTÉS Az ókor(i Kelet) nagy birodalmainak történetét fel lehet fogni úgy is, mint arra tett kísérlet(ek)et, hogy hatalmas, földrajzilag nem mindig összefüggő területeket politikailag megszervezzenek. Ebből a szempontból nézve, a keletkezésük és a belső felépítésük (és hanyatlásuk, majd bukásuk) is olyan kutatási téma, amely a mai napig foglalkoztatja az ókortudósokat, már csak azért is, mert a témának általános történeti relevanciája (és napi aktualitása) is van1 – a sikeresség vagy sikertelenség okának vagy okainak megragadása és felmutatása a történész fontos feladata. Hiszen az adott esetben erőszakkal megszerzett területeket sokkal ökonomikusabb erőszakszervezet (katonaság) állomásoztatása nélkül igazgatni, azok gazdasági erőforrásait jobban kiaknázni – ezért általános törekvésnek tekinthető a hatalom konszolidációja, a legitimitás megteremtése, sőt akár a közösségek kooperációs készségének és lojalitásának megnyerése. Ehhez azonban megfelelő szervezőmunkára és intézményrendszerre van szükség, aminek megteremtése minden államalakulatnak alapvető érdeke és célja, függetlenül attól, hogy a rendszer (eleinte) mennyire fejlett vagy kidolgozott. Az igazgatási rendszerek (akár összehasonlító célzatú) kutatása és leírása amellett, hogy az adott államalakulatról mond el sokat, arról is tanúságot tehet, hogy az állam az alattvalóinak viszonya a mindennapok során hogy alakult – szerencsés forráshelyzet esetén. Ezért az igazgatás fogalmát egyelőre tágan értelmezzük, és minden olyan cselekvési módot annak tekintünk, amit egy adott államalakulat az alattvalóival szemben foganatosít, akár az erőszak alkalmazását is ideértve.2 A birodalmak természetesen sosem légüres térben keletkeznek, hanem valamilyen eszközzel egy magasabb szintű integrációra törekednek. Ez azt jelenti, hogy a korábban létező hatalmi struktúrák válaszút elé kerülnek: vagy megszűnnek és átadják helyüket a felülről meghatározott rendszereknek, vagy az együttműködést választják, és részeivé válnak az új berendezkedésnek. Utóbbi esetben az a helyzet is előállhat, hogy az új hatalom átveszi a régi rendszer működtetését és korábban kiépült hálózatait – a két pólus egymásra hatása rendkívül érdekes kutatási téma. 1 FREI – KOCH 1996 8. Az alábbi kifejtés az itt lefektetett gondolatokon nyugszik. 2 Contra FREI – KOCH 1996 9. 4 Az uralkodás és kormányzás módozatainak és stratégiáinak összehasonlító vizsgálata a 2000-es években új lendületet kapott, abból a felismerésből kiindulva, hogy az ókorban számos olyan birodalom létezett, amelyek hegemoniális uralmi formának nevezhetőek, mégis a hatalomgyakorlásnak egészen eltérő módszereit és formáit alkalmazták fennállásuk során. Az ezekről szóló intenzív tudományos diskurzus azt is megmutatta, hogy a szűkebb értelemben vett intézménytörténeti megközelítés nem alkalmas arra, hogy a detektált sokféleséget adekvát módon magyarázza és érthetővé tegye.3 Ezek megfontolások alapján létjogosultságot nyer a fogalmi keretek tágítása és olyan, a modern államtudományokban kifejlesztett és használt kategóriák alkalmazása az ókori államalakulatokra, mint pl. a globalizáció bizonyos megjelenési formái, a kormányzás-tudomány eredményei, illetve a kölcsönösségen alapuló folyamatok fontosságának felismerése. A tér szociológiájával kapcsolatos kutatások is rendkívüli új impulzusokkal tudja gazdagítani a hatalomgyakorlás módszertani arzenálját vizsgáló kutatásokat, illetve a birodalom térbeli és fizikai korlátokon túlmutató felfogása is érdekes
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