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Hittite Rock Reliefs in Southeastern Anatolia As a Religious Manifestation of the Late Bronze and Iron Ages

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Hittite Rock Reliefs in Southeastern Anatolia As a Religious Manifestation of the Late Bronze and Iron Ages HITTITE ROCK RELIEFS IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA AS A RELIGIOUS MANIFESTATION OF THE LATE BRONZE AND IRON AGES A Master’s Thesis by HANDE KÖPÜRLÜOĞLU Department of Archaeology İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara September 2016 HITTITE ROCK RELIEFS IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA AS A RELIGIOUS MANIFESTATION OF THE LATE BRONZE AND IRON AGES The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by Hande KÖPÜRLÜOĞLU In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY September 2016 ABSTRACT HITTITE ROCK RELIEFS IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA AS A RELIGIOUS MANIFASTATION OF THE LATE BRONZE AND IRON AGES Köpürlüoğlu, Hande M.A., Department of Archaeology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates September 2016 The LBA rock reliefs are the works of the last three or four generations of the Hittite Empire. The first appearance of the Hittite rock relief is dated to the reign of Muwatalli II who not only sets up an image on a living rock but also shows his own image on his seals with his tutelary deity, the Storm-god. The ex-urban settings of the LBA rock reliefs and the sacred nature of the religion make the work on this subject harder because it also requires philosophical and theological evaluations. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the reasons for executing rock reliefs, understanding the depicted scenes, revealing the subject of the depicted figures, and to interpret the purposes of the rock reliefs in LBA and IA. Furthermore, the meaning behind the visualized religious statements will be investigated. Whether there was a cultural continuity in the IA in the context of iconography, functions, and meanings will be proposed. Various iconographies depicted on the living rock and used on the royal seals reveal that the politico-religious discourse of the Hittite kingship gained a new ideological perspective. The IA rock iii monuments indicate a Hittite cultural inheritance along with the Assyrian influence. However, IA states also produced a number of inscribed colossal statues and stelae, and rock reliefs. In general, the Hittites were executing rock monuments which carry religious elements as a way of promulgating their political propaganda, and attributing the authority of the king to the mighty god/s. The Key Words: Hittite Empire, Late Bronze and Iron Age Anatolia, Neo-Hittite, Religion, Rock Reliefs iv ÖZET GEÇ TUNÇ VE DEMİR ÇAĞLARINDA DİNİ BİR MANİFESTO OLARAK GÜNEYDOĞU’DA HİTİT KAYA KABARTMALARI Köpürlüoğlu, Hande Yüksek Lisans, Arkeoloji Bölümü Danışman: Doç. Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates EYLÜL 2016 Geç Tunç Çağı kaya kabartmaları Hitit İmparatorluğu’nun son üç ya da dört jenerasyonunun çalışmasıdır. Hitit kaya kabartmasının ilk ortaya çıkışı II. Muwatalli zamanına tarihlenmektedir. II. Muwatalli yalnızca bununla sınırlı kalmayıp, aynı zamanda kendi mühürleri üzerinde de kendisini Fırtına Tanrısı ile betimletmiştir. Geç Tunç Çağı kaya kabartmalarının yerleşim dışındaki konumları ve dinin kutsal doğası felsefi ve teolojik yaklaşımlar gerektirdiği için bu konu üzerine çalışmayı zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu tez kaya kabartmalarının ortaya çıkış sebeplerini değerlendirmek, betimlenen sahneleri anlamak, ve Geç Tunç ve Demir Çağları’nda kullanılan kaya kabartmalarının amaçlarını yorumlayabilmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda görselleştirilmiş dini söylemlerin arkasındaki anlamlar incelenecektir. Demir Çağı’nda aynı geleneğin devam edip etmediği hakkında, ikonografik, fonksiyon ve anlam açısından çeşitli öneriler sunulacaktır. Kaya üzerinde ve mühürlerde betimlenen çeşitli ikonografiler, Hitit krallığının politik-dini söyleminin yeni bir ideolojik bakış açısı v kazandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Demir Çağı kaya kabartmaları Hitit kültürel mirasının yanı sıra Assur etkisi de göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda, Demir Çağı kentleri oldukça fazla sayıda stel, yazıtla süslenmiş heykel, ve kaya kabartması üretmiştir. Genel olarak, Hititler kendi politik propagandalarını yaymak ve kralın otoriterisini yüce tanrı/lara dayandırmak amacıyla dini elementler taşıyan kaya kabartmalarını yapmışlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Din, Geç Tunç ve Demir Çağı Anadolusu, Hitit Devleti, Kaya Kabartmaları, Yeni Hitit vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere regards to my advisor, Associate Professor Dr. Marie- Henriette Gates, for her great patience and guidance during my study and thesis period at Bilkent University. I would also like to thank to my examining committee members, Associate Professor Dr. Julian Bennett, and Assistant Professor Dr. Selim Ferruh Adalı for their insightful, and eye-opening comments. I also thank my friends, Kasia Kuncewicz, Nurcan Küçükarslan, Rida Arif, Simon Halama, and Emre Dalkılıç for their moral support. I would like to express my special thanks to Andrew Beard who went over my text and helped me edit it. Lastly, I owe special thanks to my parents who always support me during my study. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ...................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 1.1 General Outline of the Rock Reliefs ........................................................................1 1.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................2 CHAPTER 2: THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF HITTITE ROCK RELIEFS IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE .........................................................................................................6 2.1 The Introduction of the Royal Relief Type ..............................................................7 2.1.1 Relief of Muwatalli II .....................................................................................8 2.1.2 Iconography of the Relief and Seals .............................................................11 2.2 Later Relief Types..................................................................................................16 2.2.1 Cilicia (Hemite) ............................................................................................16 2.2.2 Eastern Group (Fıraktin, Taşçı 1 and 2, Hanyeri, İmamkulu) ......................18 2.2.3 Central and Western Anatolian Group (Hatip and Karabel) .........................29 2.3 Landscape Settings of the Late Bronze Age Rock Reliefs ...................................34 viii 2.4 Some Suggestions on the Origin and Development of the Idea of Carving Figures on the Living Rock .....................................................................................................37 CHAPTER 3: IRON AGE ROCK MONUMENTS ..........................................................42 3.1 Related Rock Monuments ....................................................................................43 3.1.1 Southern (Tuwana) Group/Tabal Region (Tavşantepe and İvriz) ................45 3.2 Cilician Rock Reliefs and Their Iconography ......................................................51 3.2.1 Çineköy .........................................................................................................52 3.2.2 Karatepe (Azatiwataya) ................................................................................55 3.2.3 Arsuz 1 and 2 ................................................................................................58 3.3 Landscape Settings of the Iron Age Rock Reliefs ................................................63 3.4 Some Suggestions on the Origin and Development of the Idea of Carving Figures on the Living Rock .....................................................................................................68 CHAPTER 4: VISUALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS DISCOURSES ON THE LIVING ROCK ................................................................................................................................71 4.1 Identifying the Subject of the Rock Monuments ..................................................72 4.2 Deciphering the Functions/Purposes of the Reliefs .............................................79 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................82 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................91 FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................96 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The distribution map of LBA rock reliefs (adapted from Google maps) ...........96 Figure 2: The distribution of IA rock reliefs (adapted from Google maps).......................97 Figure 3: Muwatalli II’s relief at Sirkeli ............................................................................98 Figure 4: The illustration of Muwatalli II’s
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