Malcolm H. Wiener major Akkadian site at Leilan and many of its neighboring sites were abandoned ca. 2200 B.C.7 Many other Syrian sites were abandoned early in Early Bronze (EB) IVB, with the final wave of destruction and aban- donment coming at the end of EB IVB, Contacts: , Egypt, about the end of the third millennium B.c. 8 In there was a precipitous decline in the number of inhabited sites in EB III— and the Near East circa IVB,9 including a hiatus posited at . In , the Philia phase of the Early 2000 B.C. , "characterised by a uniformity of material culture indicating close connec- tions between different parts of the island"10 and linked to a broader eastern Mediterra- This essay examines the interaction between nean interaction sphere, broke down, per- Minoan Crete, Egypt, the , and Ana- haps because of a general collapse of tolia in the twenty-first and twentieth cen- overseas systems and a reduced demand for turies B.c. and briefly thereafter.' Cypriot copper." With respect to Egypt, Of course contacts began much earlier. Donald Redford states that "[t]he incidence The appearance en masse of pottery of Ana- of famine increases in the late 6th Dynasty tolian derivation in Crete at the beginning and early First Intermediate Period, and a of Early Minoan (EM) I, around 3000 B.C.,2 reduction in rainfall and the annual flooding together with some evidence of destructions of the Nile seems to have afflicted northeast and the occupation of refuge sites at the time, Africa with progressive desiccation as the suggests the arrival of settlers from . third millennium draws to a close."' The "International Age" of the mid-third Contact between regions clearly suffered. millennium B.c. saw the arrival in Crete of At there are no Egyptian pharaonic imports of gold, faience, ivory, Egyptian inscriptions between those of Pepi II at the stone vases, and a silver cylinder seal from end of Dynasty 6 in EB II and Dynasty 12 .' A foot amulet-seal from a tomb in the in the Middle Bronze Age. Evidence of Mesara clearly depends on Egyptian proto- Egyptian contact with Sinai and Nubia in types.' A piece of hippopotamus tusk, prob- this period is practically nonexistent. ably from Egypt, was found in an EM IIA fill Crete also experienced a period of drier above the West Court House at .' climate in EM III," perhaps beginning in In EM III the picture changed, with EM IIB. Around the end of EM IIB, a num- international trade apparently sharply ber of settlements and cemeteries were diminished in some areas. The change may destroyed or abandoned and not reoccupied, have resulted in large measure from a while refuge sites appeared on hilltops where major desiccation event ca. 2250-2050 B.C. access was extremely difficult." Crete seems and its consequences in the form of move- to have recovered relatively quickly, however, ments and invasions.' In Anatolia the arc with late EM III—Middle Minoan (MM) I of destruction included Troy, where the witnessing site nucleation and the beginning great walls of Troy II—III fell into ruin and of monumental architecture at the major cen- Troy IV suffered six destruction levels; sites ters of Knossos, , and Mallia. in Cilicia proper and across the Taurus In the Aegean, the International Age of Mountains at the metallurgical site at EB II was followed by a wave of destruc- Goltepe; and Kiiltepe to the east. In the tions, associated on the islands and at sites Valley in northeastern Syria, the along the mainland coast with the arrival of

34 new groups from Anatolia,' perhaps set in in Attica. Accordingly, the Chrysokamino motion by the climatic factors mentioned evidence neither establishes nor precludes above. Some settlements were abandoned Cretan contact with Cycladic ore sources in and others were established in more remote EM 111.2° and defensible positions with fortifications, While there is some evidence of internal for example at Kastri on Syros, built when disruption in areas of Crete at the end of the the great Early Cycladic (EC) I—II cemetery EM II period, ca. 2300-2250 B.c., on the went out of use, perhaps suggesting the whole Crete escaped the great waves of arrival of new inhabitants. The manufacture destruction in mainland and the of marble objects ceased or declined sharply, Cyclades. In the following EM III—MM I and cist tomb burial went out of fashion. period, ca. 2100-1900 B.C., Crete began a Beginning in Early Helladic (EH) II in the millennium of intense contact with the cul- northern Cyclades and central Greece, and tures of Egypt and the Near East. In sum, continuing into EB III as far as Aigina and the first appearance of monumentality and the southern Cyclades, metal forms and bur- literacy in the Aegean, in EM III—MM I, nished pottery of western Anatolian shape, with its concentration at the preexisting known as the Kastri group or EC ILIA centers of ritual and production at Knossos, intrusive ware, appeared.' Phaistos, and Mallia,21 may be seen as the How did these developments affect Crete? consequence of the happy position of Crete, A cemetery at Hagia Photia on the north- just far enough apart and with sufficient east coast of Crete contained one teapot and population relative to size to resist destruc- a few sherds of Kastri ware, dated around tive incursions, but within range of a wide the end of EM II/beginning of EM variety of stimuli from the civilizations of and a single sherd was found in the fill of Egypt and the Near East around the begin- an MM IA foundation deposit at Knos- ning of the second millennium B.c. sos,' but no other Kastri material has been Egypt may have recovered from the dis- reported from Crete. Sixty kilometers to the array caused by the low Nile floods of the north, at Christiana, the nearest Cycladic First Intermediate Period a short time island to Crete, the situation is far different. before recovery took hold in the Levant and On the saddle of a hill from which Crete Anatolia. By the last quarter of the twenti- is sometimes visible there is a rich scatter eth century B.c., Egyptian expeditions to of EC IIIA intrusive ware, depas handles the Near East, some military in nature, included.' The boundary between the were bringing back enormous amounts of Cyclades and Crete thus marks the abrupt booty, if the Mit Rahina inscription from limit of the expansion of the Kastri group. the court records of Amenemhat II are to Pottery of the subsequent Phylakopi I type is be believed.' While there is evidence of also known from Christiana but absent from Cretan contact with the Near East as well Crete, again indicating a line of demarca- in the period just prior to and at the begin- tion. Some contact with Cycladic or Attic ning of the Minoan First Palace period, copper sources in this period may have ca. 2150-1925 s.c., the contacts with Egypt continued, however. A hilltop on the north seem to have been both earlier and more coast of Crete at Chrysokamino, with traces significant with respect to the emergence of of occupation from Final Neolithic through palatial society on Crete.' Stimulus diffu- EM III, provides the earliest evidence for sion via models of behavior and of technical copper smelting on Crete. The lead isotope knowledge, including knowledge of the composition of the Chrysokamino frag- possible, may have had far greater impor- ments from the slag heaps bears some resem- tance than the specific goods exchanged.' blance to that of the ores of the Cycladic In EM III—MM IA (but perhaps mostly in island of Kythnos and the mines at Lavrion MM IA, if in the central Phaistos—Knossos

35 zone that period began before woo B.c.) in particular the Parading Lions/Spiral Egyptian stone vases, scarabs, and faience Complex (fig. 1), of which fifty-six of the were both imported and imitated locally in eighty examples on Crete—probably made Crete." The use of the hand drill in the from Egyptian hippopotamus tusk—were manufacture of stone vases and seals may found in the Mesara Plain in south-central have followed Egyptian practice. Minoan Crete at the site of Platanos. Seals of the seal production appears to have followed the "White Piece" group, with more than one Egyptian example in the use of ivory and hundred examples, some of scarab shape, faience and in the adoption of cylinder and are a Minoan innovation with no precedent scarab shapes, and perhaps the button shape in Egypt.' They are made, however, from as well." Scarabs were first manufactured in what appears to be heated talc (steatite), Egypt in the First Intermediate Period, used for imports from Egypt and for ca. 2150-2025 B.C., and arrived on Crete by Minoan imitations, some with scarab form at least the latter part of the period, around or and Egyptian-type designs, hence indicative just before the beginning of MM 1.27 Their of an early case of technological and artistic findspots both in Egypt and Crete suggest an transfer in, and limited to, the late Pre- amuletic function with strong funerary asso- palatial period in Crete." Several partial ciations. The Cretan versions depict not the impressions of a Parading Lions seal were indigenous horned variety of beetle, but found in an EM III context at Knossos." instead reproduce the Egyptian models." A Lions are not native to Crete, nor are they local technique was used to produce the likely to have been imported by sea for designs on the seal faces, however, one of zoos. The great majority of those viewing many instances in which Minoan crafts- the seals or seal impressions depicting people adapted foreign models to their own highly stylized lions surely had not observed purposes." The rapidity with which Minoans them firsthand. Rather, the portrayal and learned to imitate the technique of Egyptian intended perception were likely that of a blue glaze, even if the results were fugitive, mythical beast signifying power." shows a knowledge of Egypt beyond that Excavations of cave deposits at Hagios indicated by the copying of imported vases Charalambos and Trapeza in the mountain and scarabs. Daphna Ben-Tor observes that chain surrounding the Lasithi Plain in east- central Crete have produced EM III—MM the ability of Cretan artisans to manu- IA objects made from hippopotamus tusks, facture scarabs using the same material including seals, human figurines, minia- and manufacturing techniques as the ture knife handles, a pommel, pendants, Egyptians suggests close familiarity beads, an abstracted double-headed animal, with Egyptian manufacturing of scar- apes, and an ivory foot amulet, a type that abs, which could have been attained originated in Egypt." The cave at Hagios only by working alongside Egyptian Charalambos served as a site of secondary artisans. This could not take place at burial; the place of primary burial and the Byblos, where no scarab manufactur- location and nature of the settlement(s) of ing is attested during the Middle those buried are still unknown. The recov- Bronze Age." ery of so many objects of foreign origin in so remote an area in the Prepalatial period While the glazing technique is known in came as a surprise, and should serve as a Syria-Palestine as well, the shape of the warning about how the accidents of discov- Cretan seals is entirely Egyptian, as is the ery may affect our distribution maps. One of inspiration for many of the images. Kostas the hippopotamus-ivory seals from Hagios Sbonias in his discussion of seal shapes and Charalambos is ape-shaped, as are some images previously unknown in Crete notes of the seals from south-central Crete; they

36 Cultures in Contact have designs on their bases that are similar Fig. i. Modern r. to the designs on the bases of ape-shaped impression of a seals found in Egypt." Such seals belong to Parading Lions seal. a special tradition in Egypt, with what are Crete, Platanos, likely religious connotations." Monkey/ape Tholos A. Middle seals and pendants have been found in late Minoan I period. Prepalatial levels at , Mara- Heraklion thokephalo, Platanos, Mallia, and Archanes Archaeological Phourni, as well as at the Hagios Charalam- Museum bos and Trapeza caves." Joan Aruz suggests that the seals may have come via the Levant, where such seals have also been found," and Keith Branigan proposed in 1973 that Minoan trade in Egyptian goods in general was conducted via Syria,' but the Levant in the twenty-first and early twentieth centu- ries B.c. was still struggling. Moreover, direct voyages between Egypt and Crete appear more feasible both nautically and logistically, four monumental tombs containing many as will be discussed further below. imported elite objects alongside very simple Egyptian forms and motifs clearly influ- burials with few grave goods.' This distri- enced Minoan crafts, but in all cases they bution suggests that high social status and were subject to Minoan selection and trans- access to foreign prestige goods and knowl- formation, whether of vase shapes or images edge were intimately connected." The of animals.' In MM IA, burial practices in Phourni cemetery in this period (MM IA) elite Minoan tholos tombs in the Mesara has also produced what may be the earliest Plain included the adoption or adaption version of a Cretan Hieroglyphic script.' of some Egyptian funerary practices and The stimulus for this form of writing in equipment, such as the use of clay cof- all likelihood was Egyptian, and a few of fins, stone cosmetic palettes, stone vases of the signs, such as the respective wine ideo- types used in Egypt for funerary purposes, grams, are quite similar." and clay models of bread loaves.' In this The question of possible foreign influ- period the Phourni cemetery at Archanes, ence on the architecture of the Minoan on the slopes of Mount Jouktas, not far palaces has long been debated.' Construc- from Knossos, also shows strong Egyptian tion techniques, architectural designs, and connections, including a stone vase, two the possible spur to aspiration resulting scarabs, and a clay sistrum. Five clay sis- from awareness of buildings in Egypt and/ tra and fragments of another, believed by or the Near East require consideration. the excavator to be MM IA in date, were About 2030 B.c. on the Middle Chronol- deposited in the MM II secondary burial ogy, Mentuhotep Nebhepetra built his great deposit in the Hagios Charalambos Cave.' funerary temple at Deir el-Bahri, perhaps The clay appears to be Cretan, but not local about the time of the imposing structure at to the region. It is the idea of the sistrum Chrysolakkos at Mallia, where evidence of that is imported." While sistra have been a monumental orthostat predates, by about found in the Near East, the ultimate source a century, the construction of the impres- was in all likelihood Egyptian.' The image sive western facades of the palaces at Phais- of a sistrum became a sign in the Linear A tos and Knossos. Chrysolakkos was also script." Phourni gives every indication "bounded by a rubble and mudbrick wall of pronounced social stratification, with topped by a series of rounded capping stones

Contacts: Crete, Egypt, and the Near East circa 2000 B.c. 37 that are unparalleled outside of Egypt" and block-like slow wheel appears in wall paint- contained pointed-bottomed cups of a shape ings of Dynasty 5 (ca. 2475-2300 B.c.). Dur- quite common in Egypt but otherwise ing Dynasty 6 and the First Intermediate without parallel in Crete." With respect to Period, the presence of a central spiral on the architecture of the first palace at Knossos, cups indicates that they were placed on a Alexander MacGillivray has noted that the wheel at some point during the process of wall of the northwest platform, perhaps the manufacture." By at least late in the reign earliest surviving part of the palace and on a of Senwosret I, around 1925 B.c. (and hence different alignment from the rest, was made overlapping the beginning of the Cretan of small cut limestone blocks laid in regular Old Palace period), a somewhat higher and courses, suggesting that the builder may more slender wheel stem was introduced. have been familiar with mudbrick construc- Dorothea Arnold has noted that the depic- tion." Small cut stones were also used in tion of this wheel in the tomb of the the wall flanking Royal Road West at Knos- nomarch Amenemhat at Beni Hasan closely sos. Egypt, where building with small cut resembles that of an MM IB wheel found in stones had been practiced since Dynasty 3, the excavation at Mallia in Crete." One may have provided a stimulus in the form of detail is of particular interest—the oblique buildings such as the Amenemhat I pyramid parallel lines observable on the wheel-top at Lisht (ca. 1990-1970 B.c.). During the in the painting, which find their analogue in reign of Amenemhat large structures of cut the incised lines on the Minoan wheel stone were also erected in the Nile Delta, (figs. 2, 3). The appearance in vast numbers a likely point of initial contact between in cultic and other contexts in Crete of the Minoans and Egyptians. Whether any for- archetypal Minoan vessel, the conical cup, eign inspiration occurred is open to ques- may also be of Egyptian inspiration. Farther tion, however, since the Mesara tholoi show away, in , the conical cup that in EM I Minoan stonemasons could replaced the beveled-rim bowl as the stan- already work and face building stone and dard mass-produced vessel," but the Meso- lay it in courses." potamian cups are generally larger, and their This method of construction was quickly method of manufacture is different. superseded by the erection of palace facades What might Egypt have received from at Knossos and Phaistos, built first on large Crete in MM I, about the time of the con- ashlar vertical orthostats, then on long rect- struction of the first palaces? Silver found in angular courses. The origin of ashlar ortho- Egypt in Dynasty io to 12 contexts contains stat construction is problematic. Though traces of lead consistent with sources in the rare in Egypt, such construction does exist, Cyclades and the Lavrion field on the coast for example, in the pyramid temple of of Attica.' Timber, spices, medicinal herbs, Sahure.55 At in Syria, orthostat con- and decorated fabrics are obvious possibilities struction may be seen in the southwest city for Minoan exports to Egypt. The design of gate," but this may be later than the Cretan the ceiling from the tomb of Hapzefa in the examples. At most, however, it is the idea of reign of Senwosret I was linked by Helene monumentality, plus perhaps the technique Kantor and subsequently by Maria Shaw to of quarrying and transporting large stones the influence of Minoan textiles, in this case and the employment of control marks (see perhaps tapestries.' Egypt has limited graz- the Minoan "masons' marks"),57 that Crete ing land for sheep, and linen does not easily adopted. In the Minoan Prepalatial period accept dyes; accordingly Minoan fabrics may there is no evidence of imitation of foreign have been particularly prized. Elizabeth Bar- architectural plans in general. ber has suggested that the Early Minoan The use of the potter's wheel may also spinning bowls found at Myrtos—Fournou derive from Egyptian example. The low, Korifi, on the south coast of Crete, might

38 Cultures in Contact indicate a Cretan origin for the flax-spinning Fig. 2. Depiction of an method employed later in Egypt.' The spiral Egyptian potter's decoration on some Egyptian seals, together wheel. Beni Hasan, with the use in Egypt of stamp seals in the Tomb of Amenemhat. First Intermediate Period, may reflect links Middle Kingdom with Crete as well." A stele of Senwosret II refers to the Horus Keftiu.' Were contacts between Egypt and Crete in the twenty-first and early twentieth cen- turies B.C. direct, or did ships travel from Egypt to Crete by making a counterclock- wise circuit via the Near East, Cyprus, and the Dodecanese? None doubt the relative ease of direct voyages from Crete to Egypt given the prevailing winds and currents, but some have questioned the nautical feasibility Fig. 3. Potter's wheel. of direct Egypt-to-Crete sea travel.66 Such Crete, Mallia. voyages appear practicable at certain times of Middle Minoan IB the year, however, particularly by following the African shoreline from the Nile Delta to Cyrenaica and then turning toward Crete. Sailing vessels traveling at normal speeds would have been out of sight of land for only one day before coming within sight of the White Mountains of Crete, with Egyp- tian knowledge of the night sky surely serv- ing as an aid to navigation. Direct voyages would have avoided the practical and politi- cal problems of arranging for safe anchorage -ft46§,t: and provisioning for ships voyaging up the Levantine coast and then to Cyprus and/or the Dodecanese before reaching Crete and making their way along its south coast." Prepalatial period, depicts a sailing vessel.' Available evidence suggests that the first Of course we cannot be certain that the ves- voyages between Egypt and Crete were sel is Minoan, nor that such vessels did not under Egyptian control, even if the crews exist earlier. In any event the seal owner and shipwrights may have been Levan- clearly wished to signal a role in seafaring. tines familiar with working cedarwood The creation of a sailing vessel was a com- and sea voyaging." Expeditions to Byblos plex and costly undertaking, requiring the are recorded in Egypt by the mid-third accumulation of extensive knowledge millennium B.c. The "ship kit" buried in regarding construction, equipping, and sea- the Khufu pyramid has been reassembled manship, plus the capability of organizing into a ship 43 meters in length." A ship the labors of various crafts. It seems highly of Dynasty 12 whose remains were exca- likely that those who directed the shipbuild- vated at an Egyptian Red Sea port has an ing and the voyages belonged to the ruling estimated length of 30 meters or more (see elite in Crete. Mary Helms has provided the Ward essay, pp. 46-53)7° classic anthropological discussion of how A Minoan seal found in an MM IA travel to and knowledge of distant places may context (ca. 2000 B.C.), at the close of the have been perceived as conferring special

Contacts: Crete, Egypt, and the Near East circa 2000 B.C. 39 powers, and how foreign goods may have presence of EM III—MM I sherds at Kar- been seen as supernatural and powerful." pathos and Kos, the MM I pottery reported The late Prepalatial period in Crete saw from Rhodes and Knidos," and the appear- the nucleation of settlement, with Knossos ance at Knossos of a Cypriot ." reaching an estimated 33 hectares and Phais- Anatolian models may have provided the tos a7 hectares." With respect to Knossos, inspiration for Minoan relief-decorated pot- Todd Whitelaw concluded "that this rela- tery in EM III—MM IA," and by MM IB— tively short phase was a period of very rapid IIA Anatolian influence can be seen in and significant expansion of the commu- fluted kantharoi and animal-headed rhyta.81 nity."' Regarding Phaistos, Simona Todaro The TOd Treasure, found in Egypt in observes that in EM III "a major building copper chests with the cartouche of Amen- project took place which filled in all struc- emhat II and thus dated around 1900 B.C., tures belonging to the previous phase and consists of 153 silver vessels and many silver substantially changed the appearance of the chains and bars. Peter Warren and Vronwy Palace hill."' Monumental mortuary struc- Hankey thought the treasure Minoan, citing tures appeared at Archanes Phourni and in a closely parallel clay cup from the Strati- south-central Crete. A locus of authority graphic Museum excavations at Knossos sufficient to command the leveling of the with repousse circles in the bottom painted summit of the Kephala hill at Knossos, white in possible imitation of silver and including a large number of houses; the cre- other comparanda, whereas ation of the Royal Road, 5 meters wide and Ellen Davis and Vance Watrous have con- almost 1 kilometer long;" and the monu- tended that the treasure is typically Anato- mental construction of the Old Palace is lian:" "[T]he TOci bee seal-amulet suggests clearly present. Cretan contact with Egypt at least an awareness of Minoan work.' appears to have played a prominent role in Conversely, the adoption of bee imagery the marked intensification of complexity in may have derived from Egypt, where the Minoan society at the beginning of the sec- bee was a pharaonic symbol." The same ond millennium B.c. reign witnessed the arrival in the Nile Delta, Notwithstanding the importance of at the site of `Ezbet Rushdi, of MM IB—IIA Cretan contact with Egypt and its chrono- ceramics of fine quality and bearing some logical precedence to major contact with resemblances to some of the silver vessels of the Near East, by the twentieth century B.C. the TOd Treasure." Lead isotope analysis the significance of contact with western was not able to distinguish between Aegean Asia, in particular with regard to metallurgy and Anatolian sources for the silver vessels and the seach for metal sources, seems clear. tested, but the metal of the chains, which Crete has no significant metal resources differed in composition from the rest of the and was thus dependent on foreign sources silver, was consistent with a source on the for copper and tin, the essential constitu- island of Thasos or in the mines of Chal- ents for a Bronze Age society. An inter- cidice in northern Greece." Texts found at ruption of regular access to sources in the Mari on the Euphrates River about a cen- Cyclades may have provided an added spur tury later speak of the arrival of silver vessels to a search for metals in the east. We may from Kaptara, almost certainly Crete." The note in this connection the Cilician-Syrian uncertainty as to whether the silver vessels inspiration of Minoan daggers," the appear- in the TOd Treasure are Minoan or Anato- ance of Minoan daggers and an MM IA lian (or made locally in imitation of foreign bridge-spouted jar in tombs at Lapithos and prototypes) reminds us of the close similar- Vounous on the north coast of Cyprus, a ity of western Asian and Minoan metallurgy Cypriot sherd in an MM I context at the in this period, and of the Minoan depen- south-coast port of Kommos in Crete, the dence on eastern sources of tin and copper

40 Cultures in Contact in particular. One of a group of tablets of on the south coast of Crete and in EM III— ca. 1800-1750 B.c.—MM II on Crete— MM IA at the Phourni cemetery." It is of found at Mari refers to the dispatch of one course difficult on such fragmentary evi- third of a mina of tin to Ugarit, on the dence to determine the nature of this use. Mediterranean, for "the translator [and] the Were the seals initially simply attractive overseer of the merchants from Crete in objects whose possession conferred prestige? Ugarit."" Whether the text refers to a per- Were they used only to decorate cloth, pot- manent colony of Cretan merchants or a tery, or bodies? Perhaps the next stage was group that came in the sailing season, it the use of sealings to identify personal, fam- implies a significant trade in tin. Of the ref- ily, or clan property. Administrative use is erences to Kaptara in the Mari tablets trans- another matter. Sealings may have been used lated to date, ten mention weapons. The to indicate the sources of goods coming armorers of Egypt and the Near East pro- from farmers, pastoralists, or craftspeople; to duced nothing that could compare with the seal chests or storerooms; or to do both and magnificent Minoan swords of this period supplement writing in the creation of a found at the Mallia Palace in Crete." While major system of administration. these swords, with their gold pommels, were Judith Weingarten has argued that by the parade pieces, surely their creation reflected end of the eighteenth century B.C. the Phais- the production of swords for combat as well. tian sealing system was the same in every Taken together, the evidence suggests that detail as the system employed at the site of Minoan contact with the Near East involved Karahoyiik, near Konya in central ." (inter alia) the importation of tin and the This is so important an assertion—the export of bronze weapons9° proposed complete adoption of a particular Cretan contact with the Assyrian colony foreign administrative system by a major period metal-trading network in Anatolia Minoan palace—that it deserves close atten- and with other Anatolian metal sources also tion. Stamp seals survived as the form of seems likely. A critical question with respect choice in Crete and in Anatolia, whereas to the significance of the contact is raised by other areas of the Near East employed cylin- the large cache of sealings discovered in one der seals." Minoan seals of gable shape may room of the palace at Phaistos, preserved in derive from gable seals found in this period the MM IIB destruction level of the late in Syria/Cilicia and at Kiiltepe, a key node eighteenth century s.c." Of course the in the Assyrian trading colony metallurgical chronological level in which sealings are network" A number of Aegean seal shapes recovered may be considerably later than the and motifs have Anatolian parallels at Acem- time when the sealing system represented hoyiik, Bogazkoy, and Alishar Hoyiik, as first came into use. Sealings, which can be well as at Kaltepe and Karahoyiik." A small difficult to recognize in any event, are only percentage of the sealings at both Karah6yiik preserved in Crete if a fire accidentally bakes and Phaistos exhibit some simple designs them and they are protected by a roof col- that are extremely similar if not identical. lapsing before rain comes. Aruz, noting par- It would of course have been possible to allels between the system already employed adopt a foreign sealing system while retain- at Lerna in the Peloponnese in EH II and ing native iconography. Conversely, it that of Arslantepe in Anatolia, has suggested would have been possible to adopt only the an arrival of administrative, rather than idea of affixing seal impressions to objects, merely decorative, seal use on Crete signifi- doors, or pegs closing chests—the principal cantly earlier than the MM IIB destruction elements of the common sealing system deposit at Phaistos." Enigmatic evidence of Weingarten discerns—without intensive some kind of seal use is present in EM II at contact between Crete and the Assyrian the small village of Myrtos—Fournou Korifi colony metal-trading network. A prominent

Contacts: Crete, Egypt, and the Near East circa 2000 B.C. 41 feature of the Anatolian system, the clay ACKNOWLEDGMENTS crescent stamped by seals, thought to act as My thanks are due to Philip Betancourt, a receipt, does not appear in Crete. The James Muhly, Ingo Pini, Glenn Schwartz, Minoan roundel is not a convincing ana- Peter Warren, and Vance Watrous for their logue, in view of its different use of seal corrections and comments on the first draft impressions and its scarcity relative to the of this essay. I am indebted as well to the crescents. Moreover, in western Asia sealing editorial and research assistance of Jayne and writing were often employed jointly, Warner, Erin Hayes, Jason Earle, and whereas in Crete almost no seals are Rebecca Hahn. inscribed, and tablets are not sealed. Signifi- cant differences exist between the systems s. Of recent works addressing the subject across a of Karahoyilk and Phaistos, and evidence broad range, those ofJoan Aruz (2008), dealing for intense direct contact between adminis- with seals and sealings, and Vance Watrous trators at the two sites is lacking. (Watrous 1987; Watrous 1994; Watrous 2004), encompassing a wide array of data and interpreta- In any event, the evidence for some type tion, deserve special mention. of contact, even if not profound, between 2. Warren 1974, pp. 45-42; Betancourt zoo8, p. 103. Phaistos and the Anatolian trading center at 3. Aruz 2008, p. 40. . Karahoyiik, a site whose principal activity 4. Branigan 197013. 5. Aruz 2008, p. 39, n. 158; Phillips 2008, p. 218. was trade in metal, reminds us again of the 6. Weiss et al. 1993; Dalfes, Kukla, and Weiss 1997. dependence of palatial Crete on metal from 7. Weiss et al. 1993. foreign sources. Forty-two percent of the 8. Porter 2007; Schwartz 2007, p. 52; Ur 2010, pp. 388, copper found in the metallurgical workshop 412. of Quartier Mu at Mallia came from Anato- 9. Mazar 1990, pp. 151-73; Falconer 1994. 10. Frankel and Webb 2012, p. 1380, citing Webb and lian sources (as did much of the obsidian Frankel 1999. used in the manufacture of the obsidian s. Frankel and Webb 2012, p. 1380. blades found in the same deposit)." Quart- 12. Redford 1992, pp. 61-62. ier Mu was destroyed at or close to the time 53. Moody, Rackham, and Rapp 1996, p. 287; Moody 245-46. of the MM IIB destruction at Phaistos, 2009, pp. 14. Nowicki z000, pp. 31-32; Watrous 2004, which preserved the sealings discussed pp. 266-67. above. The amount of metal surviving in 15. Forsen 1992, pp. 204- 20, 255-56. the archaeological record is of course only a 16. Broodbank z000, pp. 309-19. very small fraction of what once existed— 17. Davaras and Betancourt 2004, pp. 231-32. I thank Philip Betancourt for the citation and much help- as the quantity of metal recovered from the ful advice. Uluburun shipwreck reminds us—for metal 18. Hood 1971. is universally remelted and reused. It 19. Sotirakopoulou 1993, pp. 16-17. appears likely that the cause of the shift in zo. Betancourt 2006, p. 145; Stos and Gale 2006, p. 304. 21. Catling Hood in the major focus of Minoan trade from Hood in 1973-74, p. 34; Catling 1987-88, p. 69; Tomkins 2012; Whitelaw 2012. Egypt to the Near East over the course of 22. Marcus 2007. the First Palace period, culminating in the 23. See, however, Watrous 1987, who notes, inter marked decline of contacts in the Egyptian alia, the appearance as early as MM IA of the Second Intermediate Period, lay in the goblet and carinated cup vase forms that he believes to be of Syrian/Anatolian inspiration, ceaseless Minoan search for the metals that but who has also discussed the Egyptian cultural have given the Bronze Age its name. Con- impact on Crete in the early Middle Bronze Age tact with Egyptian civilization in the period (Watrous 1998). ca. 2100-195o n.c., however, provided the 24. The actual amount of exchange is always difficult main source of the new ideas and technolo- to estimate in view of the possible trade in perish- ables, metal that is recycled, or wood that is reused. gies that led to the creation of the palatial 2.5. Warren 1969, pp• 71-72, 74-76, 163-64; Phillips culture of Minoan Crete. 2008, pp. 223-27.

42 Cultures in Contact 26. Palmer 1994, p. 40; Aruz 2008, pp. 53, 55-56, 83. 66. Lambrou-Phillipson 1991. 27. Warren 2004, pp. 113, 126, 195; D. Ben-Tor 2006, 67. Watrous 1992, pp. 177-78; Warren 1995, pp. 10-11. p. 78; Hoflmayer 2007. 68. Bietak 2010a; Bietak 2otob; Bietak zoii. lam 28. Phillips 2008, p. 22. grateful to Professor Manfred Bietak for calling 29. Pini 2000. I am grateful to Ingo Pini for this cita- my attention to this question and for his advice. tion and for his advice in this regard. 69. C. A. Ward zomb, p. 154. 3o. D. Ben-Tor 2006, p. 81. 70. C. A. Ward, Zazzaro, and Abd el-Maguid 2010, 31. Sbonias 1995. p. 389. See generally Bard and Fattovich 2007; 32. Watrous 2004, p. 257; Krzyszkowska zoos. Bard and Fattovich 2008; Bard and Fattovich 2011, pp. 33. Hood and Cadogan 91, 234- 35. 2010. Weingarten 764-65 and 34. 2005, pp. n. 34. 71. Broodbank 2000, fig. 115. Other seals depicting 35. H. W. Pendlebury, J. D. S. Pendlebury, and ships with masts have been described as EM III— Money-Coutts 1935-36, pp. 19, 21; J. D. S. MM I, although contexts are frequently uncertain Pendlebury, Money-Coutts, and H. W. Pendle- (Wedde 2000, pp. 331-33). bury 1937-38, p. 2; Aruz 2000; Betancourt 2005; 72. Helms 1988; Helms' 1993. Ferrence 2007; Betancourt 2011; Betancourt 2012, 73. Watrous 2004, pp. 256, 268; Whitelaw 2012, pp. 187-89. p. 144. 36. Aruz 2005, p. 756. 74. Whitelaw 2012, p. 141. 37. Aruz 2000, pp. 2- 3; Ferrence 2007, p. 171. 75. Todaro 2012, p. 212. 38. Ferrence 2007, p. 171. 76. MacGillivray 1 39. Aruz 2000, p. 4. 994, P. 52. 77. The origin of Minoan dagger design may lie in 40. Branigan 1973, pp. 23, 26, cited in Ferrence 2007, p. 171. Syria (Branigan 1968, p. 186). 78. 41. Phillips 2008, pp. 156-217. Watrous 1994, PP. 735- 36, 747- 49. 79. Lambrou-Phillipson 1990, p. 85. 42. Watrous 1998, p. 24; Watrous 2004, pp. 259-60. 43. Betancourt 2011, p. 2. 80. Coldstream 1972, pp. 84-85. Cf. K. P. Foster 1982, 44. The putative process is discussed in detail in pp. 142, 145-46; Betancourt 1985, pp. 84-85. Warren zoos, pp. 223-25. 81. Watrous 1987, p. 67. 45. Betancourt 2011, pp. 2-3. 82. Warren and Hankey 1989, pp. 131- 34 and 46. Betancourt and J. D. Muhly 2006. , pls. 5—it; Davis 1977, pp. 69- 79; Watrous 1994, 47. Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellarak 1997; P. 749. Colburn z008. 83. Aruz 2008, p. 87. 48. Cf. Helms 1988; Helms 1993. 84. Ibid. 49. For a recent discussion of Cretan Hieroglyphic, 85. Lilyquist 1993; Marcus 2007. see Olivier 2010. 86. Menu 1994- so. Palmer 1996, fig. 17.1. 87. Guichard 2005. 51. Watrous 1987, p. 69, and references therein; 88. Assyrian Dictionary 2006, p. 135a, tamlaru, and Schoep 2007; J. W. Shaw 2009. p. 229b, targamannu. See also Malamat 1998, 52. Watrous 1994, P. 729. PP. 413- 14. 53. MacGillivray, unpublished paper presented at the 89. Sandars 1963, p. 119. New York Aegean Bronze Age Colloquium on 90. Other Cretan imports mentioned in the Mari May 1, 1992 (1 am grateful to Alexander MacGil- tablets include sandals, spices, and a ship inlaid livray for permission to refer to the paper); Mac- with lapis lazuli, perhaps a ship model akin to the Gillivray 1994, P. 49. one carried by one of the figures on the Hagia 54. Branigan 1970c, pp. 36- 37, 45, 143- Triada sarcophagus centuries later (Malamat 1998, 55. Arnold (Dieter) 1991, p. 164. 418). See also Guichard 1999; Guichard 2005; 56. Watrous 1987, p. 69. P. Sorensen 2009. 57. F. Arnold 1990. 91. Walberg 1990. 58. Arnold (Dorothea) 1993, PP. 46- 49, 51-52; 92. Aruz z008, 48-49. At least one of the seal Dorothea Arnold, personal communication. pp. impressions was made by a seal created centuries 59. Arnold (Dorothea) 1993, P. 46; Dorothea Arnold, personal communication. See also Hampe and earlier (Betancourt 2010, pp. 87-89). 93. Warren 1972, pp. 226-27; Sakellarakis and A. Winter 1962, p. 117; Evely 1988, P. 94. 6o. Beale 1978, pp. 307-8. Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997. 6,. Gale and Stos-Gale 1981, p. 191. 94. Weingarten 199oa, esp. p. 76; Weingarten 1994. 62. Kantor 1947; M. C. Shaw 1970. See also Alp 1968; Poursat 1994. 63. Discussed in B. Burke 1999, p. 79, n• 24. 95. Aruz 2008, p. 64. Kantor 1947; Quirke and Fitton 1997. Cf. Aruz 96. Ibid., p. 62. 2008, pp. 53-61. 97. Aruz 2006, P. 49. 05. Cline 1994, p. ,08, no. A.7. 98. Poursat and Loubet 2005, p. 1 zo, n. 19.

Contacts: Crete, Egypt, and the Near East circa 2000 B.C. 43 Bibliography

Abramishvili zoro. Mikheil Ahituv 1999. Shmuel Ahituv. Alexander 1986. Robert L. archeologiques offert a Pierre Bordreuil, Abramishvili. "In Search of the "Canaanites." In Encyclopedia of the Alexander. The Sculpture and Sculptors edited by Carole Roche, pp. 63-72. Origins of Metallurgy: An Overview of Ancient Egypt, edited of Yazilikaya. Newark, Del., t986. Orient et Mediterranee 2. Paris, 2008. of South Caucasian Evidence." In by Kathryn A. Bard, pp. t86-89. Alexander 1990. Robert L. Al-Maqdissi 2008d. Michel Von Majkop bis Trialeti: Gewinnung London, 1999. Alexander. "S'augga and the Hittite Al-Maqdissi. "Notes und Verbreitung von Metallen und d'archeologie Akkermans 2006. Peter M. M. G. Ivory from Megiddo." Journal of Near levantine, XIV. Les premiers Obsidian in Kaukasien im 4.-2. ft. v. Akkermans. "The Fortress of Ili- Eastern Studies 5o (1995), pp. ,6t -8z. niveaux de la sequence stratigraphique Cl,,'.; Beitrage des Internationalen pada: Middle Assyrian Architecture du chantier B de Tell Sianu (plaine Symposiums in vom 1.-3.Juni Algaze 1993. Guillermo Algaze. at Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria." In Les de Jable)." Syria 85 (2008), pp. 223-28. 2006, edited by Svend Hansen, The Uruk World System: The Dynamics espaces syro-mesopotamiens: Dimensions Andreas Hauptmann, Ingo of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Al-Maqdissi 2008e. M ichel de ('experience humaine au Proche- Motzenbacker, and Ernst Pernicka, Civilization. Chicago, 1993. Al-Maqdissi. "Ras Shamra au Orient ancien; volume d'hommage pp. 167-78. Kolloquien zur Bronze moyen, travaux offert Jean-Claude Margueron, Allen 2008. James P. Allen. 1929-1974 Vor- und Frdhgeschichte 13. Bonn, (I"-XXXV campagnes de fouilles)." edited by Pascal Butterlin et al., "The Historical Inscription 2010. In Ougarit au Bronze moyen et au pp. zoi-ii. Subartu 57. Turnhout, of Khnumhotep at Dahshur: Bronze recent, edited by Yves Calvet Abu Assaf 1990. Ali Abu Assaf. 2006. Preliminary Report." Bulletin of the and Marguerite Yon, pp. 51-71. Der Tempel von Ain Darci. Mainz American Schools of Oriental Research, Akkermans and Rossmeisl 1990. Travaux de la Maison de ('Orient et am Rhein, 199o. no. 352 (November zoo8), pp. 29-39. Peter M. M. G. Akkermans and de la Mediterranee 47. Lyon, zoo8. Acquaviva 2000. Marie-Noelle I. Rossmeisl. "Excavations at Tell Al-Maqdissi 2003. Michel Al-Maqdissi 2008f. Michel Acquaviva. "Les ivoires de l'Egypte Sabi Abyad, Northern Syria: A Al-Maqdissi. "Recherches archeo- AI-Maqdissi. "Reflexions sur ancienne." In Des ivoires et des comes Regional Centre on the Assyrian logiques syriennes 9 Mishirfeh- et sa region." Studio orontica, dans les mondes anciens (Orient- Frontier." Akkadica 66 (199o), Qatna au nord-est de Horns no. 3 (zoo8), pp. Occident), edited by Jean-Claude pp. 13-60. (Emese)." Comptes rendus de 3- 41. Beal and Jean-Claude Goyon, l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles- AI-Maqdissi 2008g. Michel Akkermans and Schwartz 2003. pp. 93-99. Collection de l'Institut Lettres 147, no. 4 ( AI-Maqdissi. "Structures pre- Peter M. M. G. Akkermans and 2003), d'Archeologie et d'Histoire de -1515. palatiales 9 l'emplacement du Palais Glenn M. Schwartz. The Archaeology PP. 1487 l'Antiquite, L'Universite Lumiere royal." In "L'Orient des palais": of Syria: From Complex Hunter- Al-Maqdissi 2006. Michel Lyon 2, vol. 4. Lyon and Paris, 2000, Le palais royal d'Ougarit au Bronze Gatherers to Early Urban Societies Al-Maqdissi. "Notes d'archeologie recent, edited by Michel Al-Maqdissi Adams 1965. Robert McC. Adams. (c. s6,000-300 oc). Cambridge levantine, VIII. Stratigraphie du and Valerie Matoian, pp. 3o-33. Land behind Baghdad: A History of World Archaeology. Cambridge, chantier B de Tell Sianu (plaine de Documents d'archeologie syrienne the Settlement on the Diyala Plains. 2003. Jable)." Syria 83 (2006), pp. 229-45. is. Damascus, 2008. Chicago, 1965. Akkermans and Smits 2008. Al-Maqdissi 2008a. Michel Al-Maqdissi 2009. Michel Adams 1981. Robert McC. Adams. Peter M. M. G. Akkermans and AI-Maqdissi. "Le complexe palatial Al-Maqdissi. "Notes d'archeologie Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Elisabeth Smits. "A Sealed Double de Qatna." In "L'Orient des palais": levantine, XVI. Remarque stir Settlement and Land Use on the Cremation at Middle Assyrian Tell Le palais royal d'Ougarit au Bronze l'organisation urbaine dans la Central Floodplain of the Euphrates. Sabi Abyad, Syria." In Fundstellen: recent, edited by Michel Al-Maqdissi region de Horns a rage du Bronze." Chicago, 1981. Gesammelte Schriften zur Archaologie and Valerie MatoIan, pp. 265-67. Estudos orientaisio (2009), pp. 35- 31. and Geschichte Altvorderasiens; ad Documents d'archeologie syrienne Adamthwaite zoo, Murray R. Issue titled II' Rencontre Syro-Franco- honorem Hartmut Kiihne, edited Is. Damascus, zoo8. Adamthwaite. Late Hittite Emar: Iberique d'Archeologie et d'Histoire by Dominik Bonatz, Rainer M. The Chronology, Synchronisms, and Al-Maqdissi 2008b. Michel Ancienne du Proche-Orient: La basse Czichon, and F. Janoscha Kreppner, Socio-Political Aspects of a Late Bronze Al-Maqdissi. "Materiel pour ('etude et moyenne pall& de l'Euphrate syrien, pp. 251-61. Wiesbaden, zoo8. Age Fortress Town. Ancient Near de la ville en Syrie (premiere partie)." edited by Francisco Caramelo and Eastern Studies, Supplement 8. Albright 0939. William F. Albright. Studio orontica, no. 4 (2008), pp. 5-50. Juan-Luis Montero FenollOs. Leuven, zoos. "Astarte Plaques and Figurines Al-Maqdissi 2008c. Michel AI-Maqdissi zoroa. Michel from Tell Beit Mirsim." In Melanges Aharoni 1962. Yohanan Aharoni. Al-Maqdissi. "Notes d'archeologie Al-Maqdissi. "Introduction aux syriens offerts a M. Rene Dussaud, The Land of the Bible: A Historical levantine, IV. Fouilles de sauvetage travaux archeologiques syriens a secretaire perpetuel de l'Academie des Geography. London, 1962. a Qal'at er-Russ dans la plaine de Mishirfeh." Chronique archeologique Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, par ses Jable." In D'Ougarit a Jerusalem: en Syrie 4 (2010 P. 347. Ahituv 0984. Shmuel Ahituv. amis et ses eleves, vol. 1, pp. 107-zio. ), Recueil d'etudes epigraphiques et Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Bibliotheque archeologique et Egyptian Documents. Jerusalem, 1984. historique 3o. Paris, 1939.

320 Cultures in Contact 2ozob. Michel Jahrtausends v. Chr. in der Kaukasus- Aruz 1995. Joan Aruz. "Syrian Asouti 2003. E. Asouti. "Wood Al-Maqdissi. "Materiel pour region: EM Beitrag zur Herkunft Seals and the Evidence for Cultural Charcoal from Santorini (Thera): l'etude de la ville en Syrie (deux- des Lapislazuli in Troia." Studia Interaction between the Levant New Evidence for Climate, Vege- ieme parcie): Urban Planning in Troica 9 (1999), pp. 511-25. and Crete." In Sceaux minoens et tation and Timber Imports in the Syria during the SUR (Second myceniens, pp. 1-21. Corpus der Aegean Bronze Age." Antiquity 77 Archi 1975. Alfonso Archi. Urban Revolution), (Mid-Third minoischen und mykenischen ( "L'ornitomanzia ittita." Studi 2003), PP. 471- 84. Millennium ac)." Al-Rifidiin, 2010, Siegel, Beiheft 5. Berlin, 1995. micenei ed egeo-anatolici 16 (1975), Assante 2003. Julia Assante. "From pp. 131-45. Issue titled Formation pp. 119-80. Aruz 2000. Joan Aruz. "Artistic Whores to Hierodules: The of Tribal Communities: Integrated Change and Cultural Exchange: Historiographic Invention of Research in the Middle Euphrates, Archi 1979. Alfonso Archi. "II dio The Glyptic Evidence." In Minoisch- Mesopotamian Female Sex Syria, edited by Katsuhito Zawalli: Sul culto dei morn presso mykenische Glyptik: Stil, Ikonographie, Professionals." In Ancient Art and Ohnuma. gli Ittiti." Altorientalische Forschungen Funktion; V Internationales Siegel- Its Historiography, edited by A. A. 6 (1979), pp. 81-94. AI-MagdiSSI 20IOC. Michel Symposium, Marburg, 23.-25. Donohue and M. D. Fullerton, Al-Maqdissi. "Qatna, Syrischer Archi 1985. Alfonso Archi. "Mardu September 1999, edited by Walter pp. 13-47. Cambridge, 2003. Kreis und amurritisches Quadrat." in the Ebla Texts." Orientalia, n.s., Miller, pp. 1-13. Corpus der Assyrian Dictionary 2006. The Antike Welt 41 (20 54, no. 1 7- 13- minoischen und mykenischen 10), PP. 79-83. (1685), pp. Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Siegel, Beiheft 6. Berlin, 200o. Al-Maqdissi and Morandi Archi 1986. Alfonso Archi. "The Institute of the University of Chicago. Bonacossi 2005. Michel Archives of Ebla." In Cuneiform Aruz 2003. Joan Aruz, ed., with Vol. 18. Chicago, 2006. AI-Maqdissi and Daniele Morandi Archives and Libraries: Papers Read Ronald Wallenfels. Art of the First Astour 1979. Michael C. Astour. Bonacossi. The Metropolis of the at the 3ov Rencontre Assyriologique Cities: The Third Millennium o.c. "The Kingdom of Siyannu- Orontes: Art and Archaeology from Internationale, Leiden, 4-8July 1983, from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Uinatu." Ugarit-Forschungen it the Ancient Kingdom of Qatna. Seven edited by Klaas R. Veenhof, Exh. cat. The Metropolitan Years of Syrian-Italian Collaboration at pp. 72-86. Leiden, 1986. Museum of Art, New York. New (1979), PP. 13-28. Mishrifeh/Qatna. Damascus, 2005. York, 2003. Astour 1996. Michael C. Astour. Archi and Biga 2003. Alfonso "Who Was the King of the Hurrian Al-Maqdissi and Souleiman 2004. Archi and Maria Giovanna Biga. Aruz 200.5. Joan Aruz. "Unravelling Troops at the Siege of Emar?" In Michel Al-Maqdissi and Antoine "A Victory over Mari and the Fall the Mysteries of the Well-Travelled Einar: The History, Religion, and Souleiman. "Tell Iris." In Galliano of Ebla."Journal of Cuneiform Studies Seal." In Laffineur and Greco 2005, Culture of a Syrian Town in the Late and Calvet 2004, 55 (200 1-44. vol. 2, pp. 751-58. p. 64. 3), PP- Bronze Age, edited by Mark W. Al-Maqdissi, Morandi Bonacossi, Arnaud 2007. Daniel Arnaud. Aruz 2006. Joan Aruz. "Central Chavalas, pp. 25-56. Bethesda, and Pfalzner 2009. Michel Corpus des textes de bibliotheque de Anatolia and the Aegean (ca. 2650- Md., 1996. Al-Maqdissi, Daniele Morandi Ras Shamra-Ougarit (1936-200o) en 1700 B.C.): Beads, Seals and Ivories- Atap 2008. Mehmet-Ali Atac. Bonacossi, and Peter Pfilzner, eds. sumerien, babylonien et assyrien. Au la Enhancing the Case for Interaction." "King of and Akkad, King Srhiitze des Alten Syrien: Die Ent- Orientalis, Supplementa 23. In Hayat Erkanal'a armagan: of Ur: Figural Types, Astral deckung des Konigreichs Qatna. Exh. Barcelona, 2007. yansimasi /Studies in Honor of Symbols, and Royal Titles in the cat. Landesmuseum Wurttemberg, Hayat Erkanal: Cultural Reflections, Arneth 1999. Martin Arneth. Neo-Sumerian Period." In Stuttgart; 2009-10. Stuttgart, 2009. edited by Betiil Avunf, 48-58. "Wage dich in das Hirtenamt PP. Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Istanbul, 2006. AI-Maqdissi et al. 2002. Michel aber die vier Weltgegenden ein- Assyriologique Internationale Held at Al-Maqdissi, Marta Luciani, setzen': Der `Kronungshymnus Aruz 2008. Joan Aruz. Marks of the Oriental Institute of the University Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, Mirko Assurbanipals' (SAA III, 1) und die Distinction: Seals and Cultural of Chicago, July 18-22, 2005, edited Novak, and Peter Pfalzner, eds. Solarisierung des neuassyrischen Exchange between the Aegean and the by Robert D. Biggs, Jennie Myers, Excavating Qatna. Vol. 1, Preliminary Konintums." Zeitschrtftfiir altoriental- Orient (ca. 2600-1360 it.c.). Corpus and Martha Tobi Roth, pp. 233-46. Report on the 1999 and 2000 Campaigns ische und biblische Rechtsgeschichte 5 der minoischen and mykenischen Studies in Ancient Oriental of the Joint Syrian-Italian-German (1999), PP- 28-53. Siegel, Beiheft 7. Mainz am Rhein, Civilization 62. Chicago, 2008. Archaeological Research Project at Tell 2008. Arnold (Dieter) 1981. Dieter Ara 1961. Atti del II Congresso Mishrifeh. Documents d'archeologie Arnold. Der Tempel des Konigs Aruz 2010. Joan Aruz. "Inter- Internazionale di Archeologia syrienne 4. Damascus and Udine, Mentuhotep von Deir el Bahari. cultural Styles, Animal Combats, Sottomarina, Albenga, 1958. 2002. Vol. 3, Die Koniglichen Beigaben. and the Art of Exchange." In Bordighera, 1961. Alp 1968. Sedat Alp. Zylinder- und Archaologische Veroffentlichungen Die Bedeutung der minoischen and Aufrere 2002. Sydney H. Aufrere. Stempelsiegel aus Karahayiik bei Konya. (Deutsches Archaologisches mykenischen Glyptik: VI. Internatio- "The Deserts and the Fifteenth and Ankara, 1968. Institut, Abteilung Kairo) 23. nales Siegel-Symposium aus A nlass Sixteenth Upper Egyptian Nomes Mainz am Rhein, 1981. des 5o.kihrigen Bestehens des CMS, Alp 1991. Sedat Alp. Hethitische during the Middle Kingdom." In Marburg, 9.-12. Oktober 2008, edited Briefe aus Masat-Hoyak. Ankara, 1991. Arnold (Dieter) 1991. Dieter Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert, by Walter Mailer, pp. 73-82. Arnold. Building in Egypt: Pharaonic edited by Renee Friedman, Altenmiiller and Moussa 5991. Corpus der minoischen und Stone Masonry. Oxford, 1991. pp. 207-14. London, 2002. Hartwig Altenmiiller and Ahmed mykenischen Siegel, Beiheft 8. Moussa. "Die Inschrift Amen- Arnold (Dorothea) 1993. Mainz am Rhein, 2010. Azerbaijan 2009. Deutsches emhets II. aus dem Ptah-Tempel Dorothea Arnold. "Techniques and Archaologisches Institut, Eurasien- Aslanidou 2002. K. Aslanidou. von Memphis: Ein Vorbericht." Traditions of Manufacture in the Abteilung, ed. Azerbaijan-Land "Der minoische Spiralfries aus dem Studien zur Altagyptischen Kultur 18 Pottery of Ancient Egypt." In An between East and West: Transfer of Grabungsareal FUIV in Tell el (1991), PP. 1-48. Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Knowledge and Technology during the Dab`a: Malvorgang und Rekon- Pottery, edited by Dorothea Arnold "First Globalization" of the VIlth- Amiet 1992. Pierre Amiet. Sceaux- struktion." Agypten and Levante 12 and Janine Bourriau, pp. 5-142. lVth Millennium B.C.; International cylindres en hematite ei pierres diverses. (2002), pp. 13-27. Sonderschrift (Deutsche, Archao- Symposium, Baku, April 1-3, 2009/ Corpus des cylindres de Ras Shamra- logisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo) Aslanidou 2005. K. Aslanidou. Azerbaidzhan-Strana, sviazy- Ougarit 2. Ras Shamra-Ougarit 9. 17. Mainz am Rhein, 1993. "The Minoan Wall Paintings vaiushchaia vostok i zapad obmen Editions Recherche sur les civilisa- from Tell el-Dab`aPEzbet Flelmi: znaniiami i tekhnologliami v period tions. Paris, 1992. F. Arnold 199o. Felix Arnold. The Life-Size Male Figures." In "pervoi globalizatsii" VII-IV tys. do The South Cemeteries of Lisht. Vol. 2, Apakidze 1999. Joni Apakidze. Laffineur and Greco 2005, vol. 2, n.e. mezhdunarodnyi simpozium, Baku, The Control Notes and Team Marks. "Lapislazuli-funde des 3. und 2. 463-69. 1-3 aprelia New York, 1990. PP. 2009 goda. Berlin, 2009.

Bibliography 321 Bachhuber 2006. Christoph pp. 219-37. Contributions to Wadi Gawasis for the Seafaring Centuries a.c." In Techne: Bachhuber. "Aegean Interest on the the Chronology of the Eastern Expeditions to Punt."Jaurnal of Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Uluburun Ship." American Journal of Mediterranean 4. Osterreichische Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2, Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Archaeology I to, no. 3 (July 2006), Akademie der Wissenschaften, no. 3 (August 2010), pp. 1-53. Age; Proceedings of the 6th PP. 345-63. Denkschriften der Gesamt- http://jaei.library.arizona.edu. International Aegean Conference/6" akademie 29. Vienna, 2003. Rencontre Egeenne Internationale, Badalyan, Avetisyan, and A. T. Bardet et al. 1984. Guillaume Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 Smith 2009. Ruben S. Badalyan, Bagh 2004. Tine Bagh. "Levantine Bardet, Francis Joannes, Bertrand April 1996, edited by Robert Pavel Avetisyan, and Adam T. Smith. Painted Ware from the Middle Lafont, D. Soubeyran, and Pierre Laffineur and Philip P. "Periodization and Chronology of Bronze Age Tombs at Sidon: New Villard, eds. Archives administratives Betancourt, vol. 1, pp. i53-70. Aegaeum Southern Caucasia: Front the Early Material front the Lebanese Coast." de Mari. Vol. I. Archives royales de 16. Liege arid Austin, 1997. Bronze Age through the Iron Ill Archaeology and History in the Mari 23. Paris, 1984. Period." In The Archaeology and Lebanon, no. 20 (Autumn Bass 1997b. George F. Bass. 2004), Barnett 1982. Richard D. Barnett. Geography of Ancient Transcaucasian "Beneath the Wine Dark Sea: pp. 40-57. Ancient Ivories in the Middle East. Societies, vol. 5, The Foundations of Nautical Archaeology and the Bahrani 1996. Zainab Bahrani. QEDEM Monographs of the Research and Regional Survey in the Phoenicians of the ." In "The Hellenization of Ishtar: Nudity, Institute of Archaeology, The Tsaghkahovit Plain, Armenia, by Greeks and Barbarians: Essays on the Fetishism, and the Production of Hebrew University ofJerusalem 14. Ruben S. Badalyan, Pavel Avetisyan, Interactions between Greeks and Non- Cultural Differentiation in Ancient Jerusalem, 1982. and Adam T. Smith, pp. 33-93. Greeks in Antiquity and the Conse- Art." Oxford Art Journal 19, no. 2 University of Chicago Oriental Bass 1961. George F. Bass. "The quences for Eurocentrism, edited by (1996), PP- 3-16- Institute Publications 134. Chicago, Cape Gelidonya Wreck: Preliminary John E. Coleman and Clark A. 2009. Bahrani 2001. Zainab Bahrani. Report." American Journal of Archae- Walz, pp. 71-101. Occasional Women of : Gender and ology 65, no. 3 (July 1961), pp. 267-76. Publications of the Department Badalyan et al. 2008. Ruben S. Representation in Mesopotamia. of Near Eastern Studies and the Badalyan, Adam T. Smith, Ian Bass 1967. George F. Bass. Cape London, 2001. Program offewish Studies, Cornell Lindsay, Lori Khatchadourian, and Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. University 4. Bethesda, Md., Pavel Avetisyan. "Village, Fortress, Bahrani 2002. Zainab Bahrani. Transactions of the American 1997. and Town in Bronze and Iron Age "The Performative Image: Narra- Philosophical Society, 1).S., 57, Bass 5998. George F. Bass. "Sailing Southern Caucasia: A Preliminary tive, Representation, and the Uruk pt. 8. Philadelphia, 1967. Aegean and the Orient Report on the 2003-2006 Investi- Vase." In Leaving No Stones Unturned: in the Second Millennium Bass 1973. George F. Bass. "Cape BC." In gations of Project A RAGATS on Essays on the and Cline and Harris-Cline 1998, Gelidonya and Bronze Age the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen, 183-91. Maritime Trade." In Orient and PP.p of Armenia." Archaologische Mitteil- edited by Erica Ehrenberg, pp. 55-22. Occident: Essays Presented to Cyrus H. Bass 1999. George F. Bass. "The ungen aus Iran and Turan 40 (2008), Winona Lake, Ind., 2002. Gordon on His Sixty-fifth Birthday, Hull and Anchor of the Cape PP. 45-105. Bahrani 2008. Zainab Bahrani. edited by Harry A. Hoffner Jr., Gelidonya Ship." In Betancourt Bader 2003. Bettina Bader. "The Rituals of War: The Body and Violence pp. 29-38. Neukirchen-Vluyn, et al. 1999, vol. I, pp. 21- 24. Egyptian Jars from Sidon in Their in Mesopotamia. New York, 2.008. 1973. Bass 2010. George F. Bass. "A soth Egyptian Context: A Preliminary Bakhchaliyev, Ashurov, and Bass 1986. George F. Bass. "A Anniversary Reunion at Cape Report." Archaeology and History in Marro 2009. Veli Bakhchaliyev, Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Gelidonya." INA Quarterly the Lebanon, no. 18 (Spring 2003), Safar Ashurov, and Catherine Burun (Ka8): 1984 Campaign." (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) 5-37. PP. 3 Marro. "The Excavations of American Journal of Archaeology 9o, 37, nos. 2-3 (Summer-Fall 2050), Bader et al. 2009. Bettina Bader, Ovcular Tepesi (2006-2008): First no. 3 (July 1986), pp. 269-96. pp. 16-17. Irene Forstner-Miiller, Karine Results and New Perspectives." In Bass 1987. George F. Bass. "Oldest Bass and van Doorninck 1982. Kopetzky, and Claude Doumet- Azerbaijan 2009, pp. 55-62. Known Shipwreck Reveals Bronze George F. Bass and Frederick H. van Serhal. "An Egyptian Jar from Balkan 1957. Kemal Balkan. Letter Age Splendors." National Geographic Doorninck Jr. Yassi Ada. Vol. s, A Sidon in Its Egyptian Context: of King Anum-Hirbi of Mama to King Magazine 572 (1987), pp. 693-733. Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck. Sonic Fresh Evidence." Archaeology Warshama of Kanish. Ankara, 1957. College Station, Texas, 1982. and History in else Lebanon, no. 29 Bass 1988. George F. Bass, "Return (Spring 2009), pp. 79-83. Barber 1997. E. J. W. Barber. to Cape Gelidonya." INA Newsletter Bass and Pulak 1989. George F. "Textiles: Textiles of the Neolithic (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) Bass and Cenral Pulak. "The Badre 1980. Leila Badre. Les figu- through Iron Ages." In The Oxford 15, no. 2 (June 1988), pp. 2-5. Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu rines anthropomorphes en terre cuite d Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Burun: 1986 Campaign." Pt. 1, Page du Bronze en Syrie. Paris, 1980. Bass 1989. George F. Bass. "Cape Near East, edited by Eric M. Meyers, "Excavations at Ulu Burun in Gelidonya: Once More." INA Badre et al. 1994. Leila Badre, vol. 5, pp. 191-95. New York, 1997. 5986." American Journal of Archaeology Newsletter (Institute of Nautical Eric Gubel, Emmanuelle Capet, 93, no. 1 (January 1989), pp. 1- 12. Bard and Fattovich 2007. Archaeology) 16, no. 4 (Winter and Nadine Panayot. "Tell Kazel Kathryn A. Bard and Rodolfo 1989), pp. 12-13. Bass et al. 2004. George F. Bass, (Syrie): Rapport preliminaire sur les Fattovich, eds. Harbor of the Sheila Matthews, J. Richard Steffy, -8' campagnes de fouilles (1988- Bass 1991. George F. Bass. 4' Pharaohs to the Land of Punt: and Frederick H. van Doorninck Jr. 1992)." Syria 71, nos, 3- 4 ( "Evidence of Trade front Bronze 1994), Archaeological Investigations at Serve Liman,: An Eleventh-Century pp. 259-346. Age Shipwrecks." In Bronze Age Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt, Shipwreck. Vol. 1, The Ship and Its Trade in the Mediterranean; Papers Bagh 2003. Tine Bagh. "The 2001- 2005. Naples, 2007. Anchorage, Crew and Passengers. Presented at the Conference Held at Relationship between Levantine College Station, Texas, 2 Bard and Fattovich 2008. Kathryn Rewley House, Oxford, in December 004. Painted Ware, Syro/Cilician Ware A. Bard and Rodolfo Fattovich, eds. 1989, pp. 69-82. Studies in Bass et al. 2009. George F. Bass, and Khabur Ware and the Chrono- "Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, 2007- Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Robert H. Brill, Berta Lied& and logical Implications." In The 2008." Report available online at Jonsered, 1991. Sheila Matthews. Serve Liman': An Synchronisation of Civilisations in the http://www.archaeogate.org. Eleventh-Century Shipwreck. VOL 2, Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Bass 1997a. George F. Bass. The Glass of an Eleventh-Century Millennium B.C., II: Proceedings of Bard and Fattovich 2010. "Prolegomena to a Study of Shipwreck. College Station, Texas, the SCIEM a000--EuroConference, Kathryn A. Bard and Rodolfo Maritime Traffic in Raw Materials 2009. Haindorf 2nd of May-7th of May Fattovich. "Spatial Use of the to the Aegean during the 2001, edited by Manfred Bietak, Twelfth Dynasty Harbor at Mersa/ Fourteenth and Thirteenth

322 Cultures in Contact Bassiakos and Philaniotou 2007. Beckman 1982b. Gary M. schriftlichen Quellen-Anatolien." Texts. Society of Biblical Literature. Yannis Bassiakos and Olga Beckman. "The Hittite Assembly. Reallexikon der Assyriologie and Writings front the Ancient World 28. Philaniotou. "Early Copper Journal of the American Oriental vorderasiatischen Archaologie, vol. to, Atlanta, 2011. Society 102 435-42. pp. 106-11. Berlin, 2003-5. Production on Kythnos: Archaeo- (1982), PP. A. Ben-Tor 2009. Amnon Ben- logical Evidence and Analytical Beckman 1983. Gary M. Beckman 2003-5b. Gary M. Tor. "A Decorated Jewellery Box Approaches to the Reconstruction Beckman. Hittite Birth Rituals. znd Beckman. "Pantheon-bei den front Hazor." Tel Aviv 36, no. of Metallurgical Process." In ed. Studien zu den Bogazkoy- Hethitern." Reallexikon der (June 2009), pp. 5-67. Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Texten 29. Wiesbaden, 1983. Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Aegean, edited by Peter M. Day and D. Ben-Tor 2006. Daphna Ben- Archaologie, vol. lo, pp. 308-16. Doonan, pp. 19-56. Beckman 1993. Gary M. Tor. "Chronological and Historical Roger C. P. Berlin, 2003-5. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Beckman. "From Cradle to Grave: Implications of the Early Egyptian Archaeology 7. Oxford, 2007. Women's Role in Hittite Medicine Beckman 2004a. Gary M. Scarabs on Crete." In Czerny et al. and Magic."Journal of Ancient Beckman. "Sacrifice, Offerings, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 77-86. Beal 2002. Richard Beal. "Hittite Civilizations 8 (1993), pp. 25- 39. and Votives: Anatolia." In Religions In Magic and Divination in Benzel in preparation. Kim Oracles." of the Ancient World: A Guide, edited World, edited by Leda Beckman 1995. Gary M. Benzel. "Sites of Enchantment: the Ancient by Sarah Iles Johnston, pp. 336-39. Ciraolo and Jonathan Seidel, Beckman. "Royal Ideology and Early Dynastic Jewelry from the Cambridge, Mass., 2004. pp. 57-81, Ancient Magic and State Administration in Hittite 'Royal Cemetery' at Ur, Mesopo- Divination z. Leiden, zooz. Anatolia." In Civilizations of the Beckman 2004b. Gary M. tamia." PhD disc. (in preparation), Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Beckman. "Visual Representation Columbia University, New York. Beale 1978. Thomas Wight Beale. Sasson, vol. t, pp. 529-43. New of Hittite Religion." In Religions of "Bevelled Rim Bowls and Their Beran 1967. Thomas Beran. Die York, 1995. the Ancient World: A Guide, edited Implications for Change and hethitische Glyptik von Bogazkiiy. by Sarah Iles Johnston, pp. 610-12. Economic Organization in the Beckman 1996. Gary M. Pt. 1, Die Siegel and Siegelabdriicke Cambridge, Mass., 2004. Later Fourth Millennium n.c." Beckman. Hittite Diplomatic Texts. der Vor- and althethitischen Perioden Journal of Near Eastern Studies 37, Edited by Harry A. Hoffner Jr.. Beckman 2005. Gary M. and die Siegel der hethitischen no. 4 (October 1978), pp. 289- 3 13. Writings from the Ancient World 7. Beckman. "How Religion Was Grosskonige. Bogazkoy-Hattu'ia 5. Atlanta, 1996. [Also available as an Done." In A Companion to the Berlin, 1967. C. Becker Cornelia Becker. 1994. American Council of Learned Ancient Near East, edited by Daniel "Elfenbein aus den syrischen Bertram 2005. Jan-K. Bertram. Societies Humanities E-Book. C. Snell, pp. 343-53. London, 2005. Steppen? Gedanken zum "Befestigte Grossanlagen in der Accessed May 22, 20121 Vorkommen von Elefanten in Beckman 2009. Gary M. Siidkaukasusregion: Ein Beitrag Nordostsyrien ins Spatholozin." Beckman n999a. Gary M. Beckman. "Hittite Literature." In zum Siedlungswesen des 2. and In Beitrage zur Archaozoologie und Beckman. Hittite Diplomatic Texts. From an Antique Land: An Introduction friihen 1. Jts v. Chr." Praltistorischen Anthropologic, edited Edited by Harry A. Haffner Jr. to Ancient Near Eastern Literature, (Bochum) 12, nos. 1-2 (2005), by M. Kokabi and J. Wahl, and ed. Writings from the Ancient edited by Carl S. Ehrlich, pp. 215-54. PP. 69- 79. pp. 169-81. Forschungen und World 7. Atlanta, 1999. Lanham, Md., 2009. Bertsch 2011. Julia Bertsch. Vor- und Berichte zur Beckman 1999b. Gary M. Beckman zoroa. Gary M. "Elfenbein- und Knocheneinlagen Friihgeschichte in Baden- Beckman. "The Tongue Is a Beckman. "On Hittite Dreams." In aus der Konigsgruft von Qatna." In WUrttemberg 53. Stuttgart, 1994. Bridge: Communication between Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented Interdiszipliniire Untersuchungen zur C. Becker 2005-6. Cornelia Humans and Gods in Hittite toJ. David Hawkins on the Occasion Koingsgroli von Qatna, edited by Becker. "Small Numbers, Large Anatolia." Atrial) Orientalni 67 of His loth Birthday, edited by Itamar Peter Pfilzner, pp. 249-58. Qatna Potential: New Prehistoric Finds (1999), PP. 519- 34. Singer, pp. 26-31. Tel Aviv, zoio. Studien I. Wiesbaden, 2011. of Elephant and Beaver from the Beckman 2001. Gary M. Beckman zoiob. Gary M. Betancourt 1985. Philip P. Khabur River/Syria." In Homenaje Beckman. "The Hittite Gilgamesh." Beckman. "Temple Building Betancourt. The History of Minoan a Jesus Altuna, vol. 1, Paleontologia y In The Epic if Gilgamesh, translated among the ." In From the Pottery. Princeton, N.J., 1985. 445-56. San Arqueozoologia, pp. and edited by Benjamin R. Foster, Foundations to the Crenellations: Essays Sebastian, 2005-6. Betancourt 2005. Philip P. pp. 157-65. New York, 2001. on Temple Building in the Ancient Betancourt. "Egyptian Connections Becker 2008. Cornelia Becker. Near East and Hebrew Bible, edited by C. Beckman 200z. Gary M. at Hagios Charalambos." In "Die Tierknochenfunde aus Tall Mark J. Boda and Jamie Novotny, Beckman. "'My Sun-God': Laffineur and Greco zoos, vol. 2, S'EI3 Hamad/Dur-Katlimmu: Eine pp. 71-89. Alter Orient und Altes Reflections of Mesopotamian PP. 449- 53. zoogeographisch-haustierkundliche Testament 366. Miinster, zoio. Conceptions of Kingship among Studie." In Umwelt and Subsistenz Betancourt 2006. Philip P. the Hittites." In Ideologies as Inter- Beckman forthcoming a. Gary der assyrischen Stadt Dur-Katlistimu Betancourt. "Other Metallurgical cultural Phenomena: Proceedings of M. Beckman. "The Horns of a am Unteren Hiibur, edited by Hartnitic Materials." In The Chrysokamino the Third Annual Symposium of the Dilemma, or On the Divine Kiihne, pp. 61-125. Beridhte der Metallurgy Workshop and Its Territory, Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Nature of the Hittite King." In Ausgrabung Tall Hamad/Dfir- by Philip P. Betancourt, with con- t'el) Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, Proceedings of the 54th Renrontre Katlimmu 8. Wiesbaden, 2008. tributions by Eleni A. Arinpis et USA, October 27-31, 2000, edited Assyriologique Internationale, Wurzburg, al., pp. 137- 47. Hesperia, by Antonio Panaino and Giovanni July zoo8, edited by Gernot J. Becker, Hempelmann, and Supplement 36. Princeton, NJ., Ralph Pettinato, pp. 37-43. Melammu Wilhelm. Wiesbaden, Forthcoming. Rehm 2010. Jorg Becker, 2006. and Ellen Rehm, Symposia 3. Milan, 2002. Hempelmann, Beckman forthcoming b. Gary M. eds. Kulturlandschaft Syrien: Zentrum Betancourt 2008. Philip P. Beckman 2003. Gary M. Beckman. Beckman. "Shamash among the and Peripherie. FestschrfftfiirJan- Betancourt. The Bronze Age Begins: "Gilgamesh in Hatti." In Hittite Hittites." In proceedings of the Waalke Meyer. Alte Orient und The Ceramics Revolution of Early Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner, conference "Theory and Practice Altes Testament 371. Munster, zolo. Minoan I and the New Forms of Jr. on the Occasion His 65th of Knowledge Transfer," held in qf Wealth that Transformed Prehistoric Birthday, edited by Gary M. Leiden, December 17-19, 2008. Beckman 1982a. Gary M. Society. Philadelphia, 2008. Beckman. "The Anatolian Myth Beckman, Richard Beal, and Edited by E. van Soldt. Leiden. of Illuyanka." Journal of the Ancient Gregory McMahon, pp. 37-57. Forthcoming. Betancourt 2010. Philip P. Near Eastern Society 14 (1982), Winona Lake, Ind., .2003. Betancourt. "The Importance of Beckman, Bryce, and Cline 2011. pp. 1 1-25. Contexts in the Dating of Aegean Beckman 2003-5a. Gary M. Gary M. Beckman, Trevor Bryce, Artifacts." In Die Bedeutung der Beckman. "Opfer nach and Eric H. Cline. The Ahhiyawa

Bibliography 323 minoischen and mykenischen Glyptik: Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: N. Marinatos, and Palivou 200713, Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der VI. Internationales Siegel-Symposium Interconnections in the Second pp. 67-86. Gesamtakademie 43. Unter- aus Anlass des sojahrigen Bestehens Millennium nc, edited by W. Vivian suchungen der Zweigstelle Kairo Bietak 2009a. Manfred Bietak. des CMS, Marburg, 9.-12. Oktober Davies and Louise Schofield, des Osterreichischen Archao- "Perunefer: The Principal New zoo8, edited by Walter Muller, pp. 19-28. London, 1995. logischen Institutes 27. Vienna, Kingdom Naval Base." Egyptian pp. 83-9o. Corpus der minoischen 2007. Bietak /996. Manfred Bietak. Archaeology 34 (2059), pp. 15-17. und mykenischen Siegel, Beiheft 8. Avaris, the Capital of the : Biga 2008. Maria Giovanna Biga. Mainz am Rhein, 2010. Bietak zo09b. Manfred Bietak. Recent Excavations at Tell el-Dab'a. "Au-deli des frontieres: Guerre et "Perunefer: An Update." Egyptian Betancourt 2011. Philip P. London, 1996. diplomatic 5 Ebla." Orientalia, n.s., Archaeology 35 (2009), pp. 16-17. Betancourt. "Newly Excavated (2008), pp. 289 Bietak 1997. Manfred Bietak. 77 - 334. Artifacts from Hagios Charalambos, Bietak zotoa. Manfred Bietak. "Avaris, Capital of the Hyksos Birtacha et al. forthcoming. Crete, with Egyptian Connections." "From Where Came the Hyksos Kingdom: New Results of K. Birtacha, S. Sotiropoulou, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Inter- and Where Did They Go?" In The Excavations." In The Hyksos: V. Perdikatsis, and Ch. Apostolaki. connections 3, no. 2 (May 2011), Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth- New Historical and Archaeological "Chromata: Nea dedomena gia to pp. 5-5. http://jaei.library Seventeenth Dynasties): Current Perspectives, edited by Eliezer D. ylika, ten epexergasia kai to chrese .arizona,edu. Research, Future Prospects, edited Oren, pp. 87-139. Philadelphia, tous ston proistoriko oikismo tou by Marcel Margie, pp. 139-85. Betancourt 2012. Philip P. 1997. Akroteriou" (Colors: New Data on Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta Betancourt. "Trade and Their Materials, Processing, and Bietak 2000a. Manfred Bietak. 192. Leuven, 2010. Interconnections in Lasithi Use in the Prehistoric Settlement "The Mode of Representation in between EM II and MM I: Bietak 2010b. Manfred Bietak. of Akrotiri). In Akroteri Thiras: Egyptian Art in Comparison to The Evidence from the Ayios "Minoan Presence in the Pharaonic Chronia Ereunas Aegean Bronze Age Art." In 40 (5967-2007) Charalambos Cave." In Schoep, Naval Base of Peru-nefer." In Cretan (Akrotiri, Thera: 40 Years of S. Sherratt 2000, vol. 5, pp. 209-46. Tomkins, and Driessen 2012, Offerings: Studies in Honour of Peter Research [1967-2007]), edited by PP. 184- 94. Bietak z000b. Manfred Bietak. Warren, edited by Olga Krzyszkowska, Christos G. Doumas and T. Devetzi. "'Rich beyond the Dreams of pp. 11-24. He en Athenais Archaiologike Betancourt and J. D. Muhly Avaris: Tell el-Dab`a and the Studies 18. London, 2010. Hetaireia (The Athens Archaeo- 2006. Philip P. Betancourt and Aegean World. A Guide for the logical Society). Forthcoming. James D. Muhly. "The Sistra from Bietak 2011. Manfred Bietak. Perplexed.' A Response to Eric H. the Minoan Burial Cave at Hagios "The Aftermath of the Hyksos in von Bissing 1923-24. Friedrich Cline." Annual of the British School Charalambos." In Czerny et al. Avaris." In Culture Contacts and the Wilhelm, Freiherr von Bissing. at Athens 95 (200o), pp. 185-205. 2006, vol. 2, pp. 429-35. Making of Cultures: Papers in Homage "Zur Geschichte der antiken Bietak 2001. Manfred Bietak. to Itamar Even-Zohar, edited by Rhyta." Archaologischer Anzeiger, Betancourt et al. 1999. Philip P. "Hyksos." In The Oxford Encyclope- Rakefet Sela-Sheffy and Gideon 1923-21., nos. 1-2, cols. ,o6-8. Betancourt, Vassos Karageorghis, dia of Ancient Egypt, edited by Toury, pp. 19-65. Tel Aviv, 2011. Robert Laffineur, and Wolf-Dietrich Bittel 1975. Kurt Bittel. Das Donald Redford, vol. 2, pp. 136- 43- Niemeier, eds. Meletemata: Studies Bietak and Kopetzky 2009. hethitische Felsheiligtum YazNkaya. Oxford, 2005. in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Manfred Bietak and Karin Kopetzky. Bogazkoy-Hattuga 9. Berlin, 1975. Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters His Bietak 2005. Manfred Bietak. "The Dolphin Jug: A Typological Bittel 1976a. Kurt Bittel. Die 65th Year. 3 vols. Aegaeum 20. Liege "Neue Palaste aus der 18. Dynastic." and Chronological Assessment." In Hethiter: Die Kunst Anatoliens vim and Austin, 1999. In Structure and Significance: Thoughts Exploring the Longue Duree: Essays in Ende des 3. bis zum Anfang des 5. on Ancient Egyptian Architecture, Honor of Lawrence E. Stager, edited Beyond Babylon. Beyond Babylon: Jahrtausends v. Chr. Universum der edited by Peter Janos', pp. 131-68. by J. David Schloen, pp. 17- 34. Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Kunst 24. Munich, 1976. Untersuchungen der Zweigstelle Winona Lake, Ind., 2009. Second Millennium o.c. Exh. Kairo des Osterreichischen Bittel 1976b. Kurt Bittel. Les cat, edited by Joan Aruz, Kim Bietak and N. Marinatos 1995. Archaologischen Institutes 25. Hittites. Univers des formes Benzel, and Jean M. Evans. The Manfred Bietak and Nann6 24. Vienna, 2005. Paris, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Marinatos. "The Minoan Wall 1976. York; 2008-9. New York, 2008. Bietak 2007a. Manfred Bietak. Paintings from Avaris." Agypten und Black and Green 1992. Jeremy A. "Bronze Age Paintings in the Levante 5 ( 49-62. Black and Anthony Green. Gods, Bichta 2003. K. Bichta. "Luxuria 1995), PP. Levant: Chronological and Demons, and Symbols of Ancient ex Oriente: Ena proistoriko taxidi Bietak, Dorner, and Janosi 2001. Cultural Considerations." In The ildesopotamia: An Illustrated apo to Thera sten Anatole" (Luxuria Manfred Bietak, Josef Dorner, and Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Dictionary. London, 5992. ex Oriente: A Prehistoric Journey Peter janosi. "Ausgrabungen in Eastern Mediterranean in the Second from Thera to the East), In dens Palastbezirk von Avaris, Black et al. 2004. Jeremy Black, Millennium 0.c., III: Proceedings of the Argonautis: Timetikos toms gia ton Vorbericht Tell el-Dab`a/1Ezbet Graham Cunningham, Eleanor SCIEM 2000-2nd EuroConference, kathegete Christo G. Dauma: Apo Helmi, 1993-2000." Agypten and Robson, and Gabor ZOlyomi. The Vienna, 28th of May-1st ofJune 2003, tous matheies tou sto Panepistentio Levante It (2005), pp. 27-119. Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford, edited by Manfred Bietak and Ernst Athen5n (Argonaut: A Volume in 2004. Czerny, pp. 269-300. Contributions Bietak, N. Marinatos, and Honor of Professor Christos G. to the Chronology of the Eastern Palivou zoo7a. Manfred Bietak, Bleiberg t984. Edward Bleiberg. Doumas from His Students at the Mediterranean 9. Osterreichische Nanno Marinatos, and Clairy "The King's Privy Purse during the University of Athens), edited by Akademie der Wissenschaften, Palivou. "Fragments of the Bull New Kingdom: An Examination A. Vlachopouloskai and K. Birtacha, Denkschriften der Gesarntakadernie Painting from Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a/ of INW."Journal of the American pp. 542-53. Athens, 2003. 37. Vienna, 2007. `Ezbet Helmi) and Their Recon- Research Center in Egypt at (1984), Bietak 1991. Manfred Bietak. struction." In Bietak, N. Marinatos, -67. Bietak 2oo7b. Manfred Bietak. PP. 155 "Egypt and Canaan during the and Palivou 20071), pp. 45-66. "Context and Date of the Wall Blocher 2009. Felix Blocher. Middle Bronze Age." Bulletin of the Paintings." In Bietak, N. Marinatos, Bietak, N. Marinatos, and "Der Osten ist fern: Qatnas American Schools of Oriental Research, and Palivou 2007b, pp. 13-43. Palivou 2007b. Manfred Bietak, Kontakte nach Mesopotamien." In no. 281 (February 1991), pp. 27-72. NannO Marinatos, and Clairy Al-Magdissi, Morandi Bonacossi, Bietak 2007c. Manfred Bietak. Bietak 1995. Manfred Bietak. Palivou. Taureador Scenes in Tell el- and Pfalzner 2009, pp. 258-65. "Discussion of the Taureador "Connections between Egypt and Dab'a (Avaris) and Knossos. With a Scenes from Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a/ Blumenthal, Muller, and Reineke the Minoan World: New Results contribution by Ann Brysbaert. `Ezbet Helmi)." In Bietak, 1984. Elke Blumenthal, Ingeborg from Tell el-Dab`a/Avaris." In Osterreichische Akademie der

324 Cultures in Contact Muller, and Walter F. Reineke, eds. Bonatz 2000. Dominik Bonatz. R. J. Braidwood 1937. Roberti Lexikon der Agyptologie, edited by Urkunden der t8. Dynastie. [Vol. a], Das syro-hethitische Grabdenkmal: Braidwood. Mounds in the Plain of Wolfgang Helck and Eberhard Otto, Ubersetzung zu den Heften 5-16. Untersuchungen zur Entstehung einer Antioch: An Archaeological Survey. vol. 2, cols. 573-85. Wiesbaden, 1977. Bildgattung in der Eisenzeit im University of Chicago Oriental Berlin, 1984. neuen Bryan 1996. Betsy M. Bryan. "Art, nordsyrisch-stidostanatolischen Raum. Institute Publications 48. Chicago, Bobokhyan 2008. Arsen Empire, and the End of the Late Mainz am Rhein, z000. 1937. Bobokhyan. Kommunikation und Bronze Age." In The Study of the Austausch im Hochland zwischen Bordreuil and Al-Maqdissi 2007. R. J. Braidwood and L. S. Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Kaukasus und Taurus, ca. 2500-1500 Pierre Bordreuil and Michel Braidwood 1960. Robert J. Century: The William Foxwell v. Chr. BAR International Series Al-Maqdissi. "Le cercle des Braidwood and Linda S. Braidwood. Albright Centennial Conference, 1853. Oxford, 2008. monarques disparus: La veneration Excavations in the Plain of Antioch. edited by Jerrold S. Cooper and des ancetres en Syrie 5 la fin du IV Vol. 1, The Earlier Assemblages: Glenn M. Schwartz, pp. 33-79. Bobokhyan 2010. Arsen millenaire avant notre ere." Religions Phases A-J. Chicago, 5960. Papers presented at a conference Bobokhyan. "'Side caucasien': Zur et histoire, no. 13 (March-April 2007), held at Johns Hopkins University, Frage der bronzezeitlichen Gewichts- Branigan 1968. Keith Branigan. 49. Baltimore, May 5991. Winona Majkop bis Trialeti: PP. 46- "A Transitional Phase in Minoan systeme." In Von Lake, Ind., 1996. Gewinnung und Verbreitung von Borker-Klahn 1982. Jutta Borker- Metallurgy." Annual of the British Metallen und Obsidian in Kaukasien Krahn. Altvorderasiatische Bildstelen School at Athens 63 (1968), Bryce 1989. Trevor R. Bryce. im 4.-2. ft. v. Chr.; Beitrage des und vergleichbare Felsreliefs. Baghdader pp. 185- 203. "Ahhiyawans and Mycenaeans: Symposiums in Berlin Forschungen 4. Mainz, 1982. An Anatolian Viewpoint." Oxford Internationalen Branigan 1970a. Keith Branigan. vom 2006, edited by Svend Journal of Archaeology 8, no. 3 Borker-Klahn 1993. Jutta Borker- The Foundations of Palatial Crete. Hansen, Andreas Hauptmann, Ingo (November 1989), pp. 297-310. KIThn. "Noch einmal Iflatun New York, 1970. Motzenbacker, and Ernst Pernicka, Pinar." In Nimet Ozguc'e Armag'an: Bryce 1998. Trevor R. Bryce. The pp. 197-203. Kolloquien zur Vor- Branigan 197ob. Keith Branigan. Aspects of Art and Iconography, Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, 5998. Friihgeschichte 13. Bonn, 2010. "Minoan Foot Amulets and Their und Anatolia and Its Neighbors; Studies in Near Eastern Counterparts." Studi Brysbaert 2002. Ann Brysbaert. Honor of Nimet Ozgac, edited by Boehmer 1983. Rainer Michael micenei ed egeo-anatolici i i (1970), "Common Craftsmanship in the Reliefkeramik von Machteld J. Mellink, Edith Porada, Boehmer. Die pp. 8-23. Aegean and East Mediterranean Ozgii4, Betazkay: Grabungskampagnen, and Tahsin pp. 339- 55. Bronze Age: Preliminary Techno- Branigan 1970c. Keith Branigan. 1906-1912, 5935-5939, 1952-1978. Ankara, 1993. logical Evidence with Emphasis on BogazkOy-Hattuia 13. Berlin, 1983. The Tombs of the Mesara: A Study of Borojevic et al. 2010. Ksenija the Painted Plaster from Tell el- Funerary Architecture and Ritual in Borojevic, Warren E. Steiner Jr., Dab'a, Egypt." Agypten und Levante Boehmer and Kossack 2000. Southern Crete, 2800-5700 u.c. and Rainer Gerisch, Chiara Zazzaro, 12 (2002), pp. 95-507. Rainer Michael Boehmer London, 1970. an Georg Kossack. "Der figiirlich and Cheryl A. Ward. "Pests in Brysbaert 2007a. Ann Brysbaert. Egyptian Harbor."Journal Branigan 1973. Keith Branigan. verzierte Becher von Karagamb." In Ancient "Cross-craft and Cross-cultural Science 37, no. so "Crete, the Levant and Egypt in Variatio Delectat: Iran und der Westen; of Archaeological Interactions during the Aegean and 2010), the Early Second Millennium B.c." Gedenkschtlft far Peter Calmeyer, (October pp. 2449-58. Eastern Mediterranean Late Bronze edited by Reinhard Dittmann et al., In Pepragmena tou 3. Diethnous Softer() 1949. Jean Bottero. "Les Age." In Mediterranean Crossroads, pp. 9-75. Alter Orient und Altes Kretologikou Synedriou (Proceedings inventaires de Qatna." Revue edited by Sophia Antoniadou and Testament 272. Munster, 2000. of the 3rd International Cretological d'assyriologie et d'archeologie orientate Anthony Pace, pp. 325-59. Athens, Congress), pp. 22-27. Athens, 5973. Boessneck 1953. Joachim Boessneck. 43 (5949), pp. 2- 40. 2007. Die Hau.ctiere in Altagypten. Munich, Breasted 1906-7. James A. Bottero 1995. Jean Bottero. Brysbaert 2007b. Ann Brysbaert. Breasted, ed. Ancient Records of 1953. "Akkadian Literature: An Overview." "Murex Uses in Plaster Features Egypt: Historical Documents from the In Civilizations of the Ancient Near in the Aegean and Eastern Boessneck and von den Driesch Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Joachim Boessneck and East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, Mediterranean Bronze Age." 1986. 5 vols. Chicago, 1906-7. Angela von den Driesch. VOL 4, pp. 2293-2303. New York, Mediterranean Archaeology and "Tierknochen- und Mollusk- 5995. Bretschneider and van Lerberghe Archaeometry 7, no. 2 (2007), enfunde aus Munba'qa." Mitteilungen 2008. Joachim Bretschneider and PP. 29- 51. Boulotis 2005. Christos Boulotis. der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Karel van Lerberghe, eds. In Search "Aspects of Religious Expression at Brysbaert 2007c. Ann Brysbaert. Berlin, no. 118 (1986), pp. 60. of Gibala: An Archaeological and [47- Akrotiri." A LS 3 (zoos), "A Technological Approach to the pp. 20- 75. Historical Study Based on Eight Boessneck and Peters 0988. Painted Plaster of Tell el-Dab`a, Bounni 1982. Adnan Bounni. "Ras Seasons of Excavations at Tell Tweini Joachim Boessneck and Joris Peters. Egypt: Microscopy and Scientific Ibn Hani au Bronze recent." In (Syria) in the A and C Fields (t999- "Tierknochen- und Mollusk- Analysis." In Bietak, N. Marinatos, Archeologie au Levant: Receuil a la 2007). Aula Orientalis, Supplementa enfunde aus dem Grabungsbereich and Palivou 2007b, pp. 55t-62. memoire de Roget Saidah, pp. 147- 54. 24. Sabadell, 2008. 'Kuppe' in Tall Munb5qa." Collection de la Maison de l'Orient Brysbaert 2008. Ann Brysbaert. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient- Bronk Ramsey et al. 2010. mediterraneen 12. Lyon, 1982. The Power of Technology in the Bronze Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 520 (1988), Age Eastern Mediterranean: The Case Bouquillon et al. 2007. Anne Michael W. Dee, Joanne M. pp. 51-58. of the Painted Plaster. Monographs in Bouquillon, Annie Caubet, Rowland, Thomas F. G. Higham, Bokonyi 1986. Sandor Bokonyi. Mediterranean Archaeology 12. Alexandre Kaczmarczyk, and Stephen A. Harris, Fiona Brock, "Subfossile Elefantenknochen aus London, 2008. Valerie MatoIan. Faiences et matieres Anita Quiles, Eva M. Wild, Ezra S. Vorderasien." In Bericht fiber die vitreuses de l'Orient ancient: Etudes Marcus, and Andrew J. Shortland. Brysbaert zont. Ann Brysbaert. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen in Kdmid physico-chimique et catalogue des "Radiocarbon-Based Chronology "The Painted Plaster from Qatna: 1977-5985, edited by Rolf oeuvres du Departement des Antiquites for Dynastic Egypt." Science 328 A Technological Study." In von Hachmann, pp. [87-89. Saarbrucker Orientates. Musee du Louvre, Paris. (June [8, 2010), pp. 1554- 57. Riiden 2011, pp. 249-69, 329-35. Beitrge zur Altertumskunde 36. Ghent and Paris, 2007. Bonn, 1986. Broodbank 2000. Cyprian Brysbaert, Melessanaki, and Bourriau 1987. Janine Bourriau. Broodbank. An Island Archaeology of Anglos 2006. Ann Brysbaert, Bokonyi 1990. Sandor Bokonyi. "Pottery Figure Vases of the New the Early Cyclades. Cambridge, 2000. K. Melessanaki, and D. Anglos. Kcimid el-Liiz. 12, Tierhaltung und Kingdom." In Cahiers de la ceramique "Pigment Analysis in Bronze Age Jagd. Saarbrucker Beittige zur Brunner-Traut 1977. Emma egyptienne 1 (5987), pp. 85-96. Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Brunner-Traut. "Gesten." In Altertumskunde 42. Bonn, 599o. Painted Plaster by Laser-induced

Bibliography 325 Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIDS)." by Lamia al-Gailani Werr et al., Implications." Ugarit-Forschungen 26 ougaritiques. VOL 2, Textes religieux, Journal of Archaeological Science 33, pp. 11-31. London, 2002. (1994), pp. 1-20. rituels, correspondance. Paris, '989. no. 8 (2006), pp. 1095- ' 104. G. Buccellati and Kelly- A. Burke 2008. Aaron A. Burke. Carr 2005. David M. Carr. Writing F. Buccellati 2010. Federico Buccellati 2004. Giorgio "Walled up to Heaven": The on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Buccellati. "The Monumental Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- Evolution of Middle Bronze Age Scripture and Literature. Oxford, zoos. Temple Terrace at and Its Buccellati. "Der monumentale Fortification Strategies in she Levant. Carruba 1966. Onofrio Carruba. Setting." In J. Becker, Hempelmann, Palasthof von Tall Mozan/Urkel Winona Lake, Ind., 2008. Das Beschwarungsritualpr die Giittin and Rehm 2010, pp. 71-85. und die stratigraphische Geschichte B. Burke 1999. Brendan Burke. Wilurijanza. Studien zu den des obi: Bericht iiber die is. G. Buccellati zoloa. Giorgio "Purple and Aegean Textile Trade Bogazkoy-Texten 2. Wiesbaden, Kampagne 2002." Mitteilungen der Buccellati. "The Semiotics of in the Early Second Millennium B.C." 1966. Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Ethnicity: The Case of Hurrian In Betancourt et al. 1999, vol. 1, Berlin, no. 136 (2004), PP. 13- 39. Carruba 1967. Onofrio Carruba. Urkesh." In Festschrift fiir Gernot PP- 75-82. "Rhyta in den hethitischen Texten." Wilhelm anlasslich seines 65. G. Buccellati and Kelly- Burns 2010. Bryan E. Burns. Kadmos 6 (5967), pp. 38-97. Geburtstages am 28. Januar 2010, Buccellati zoos. Giorgio , Mediterranean edited by Jeanette C. Fincke, Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- Carruba 1974. Onofrio Carruba. Commerce, and the Formation of pp. 79-90. Dresden, 2010. Buccellati. "Urkesh as a Hurrian "Tahurwaili von Hatti und die Identity. Cambridge, 2010. Religious Center." Studi micenei ed hethitische Geschichte um isoo v. G. Buccellati zotob. Giorgio egeo-anatolici 47 ( pp. 27-59. Busch 2006. Angela Busch. "Ober Chr." In Anatolian Studies Presented Buccellati. "The Urkesh Temple 2005), Herkunft und Handel von Elfen- to Hans Gustav Guterbock on the Terrace: Function and Perception." G. Buccellati and Kelly- bein im Neuen Reich." Studien zur Occasion of His 65th Birthday, edited In J. Becker, Hempelmann, and Buccellati 2007. Giorgio altagyptischen Kultur 34 (2006), by Kurt Bittel, Ph. H. J. Houwink Rehm 2010, pp. 87-121. Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- . ten Cate, and Erica Reiner, Buccellati. "Urkesh and the PP. 79- 96 pp. 73- 93. G. Buccellati forthcoming. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Question of the Hurrian Home- Buschor 1919. Ernst Buschor. Giorgio Buccellati. "Persistence of Historisch-Archaeologisch land." Bulletin of the Georgian "Das Krokodil des Sotades." Tradition at Urkeih: The Temple lnstituut to Istanbul 35. Istanbul, National Academy of Sciences 175, AiliinchenerJahrbuch der hildenden Terrace from Protoliterate to 1974. no. 2 (2 Kunst i t (19 Mittani." To be published in a 007), PP. 141-5 1. 19), PP. 1-43. C. Carter 1988. Charles Carter. memorial volume for Paolo Emilio G. Buccellati and Kelly- Butterlin 2003. Pascal Butterlin. "Athletic Contests in Hittite Pecorella. Buccellati 2009. Giorgio Les temps proto-urbains de M&opotanne: Religious Festivals." Journal of Near Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- Contacts es acculturation d Pepoque G. Buccellati and Kelly- Eastern Studies 47, 3 (July 1988), Buccellati. "The Great Temple d'Uruk au Moyen-Orient. Paris, 2003. no. Buccellati 1995-96. Giorgio Terrace at Urkesh and the Lions of PP. 185-87. Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- Butterlin 2007. Pascal Butterlin. Tish-atal." In General Studies and R. A. Carter and Philip 2010. Buccellati. "The Royal Storehouse "Mari, les $akkanakku et la crise Excavations at Nuzi 11/2 in Honor Robert A. Carter and Graham of Urkesh: The Glyptic Evidence de la fin du troisieme millenaire." of David I. Owen on the Occasion of Philip, eds. Beyond the Ubaid: from the SouthWestern Wing." In Kuzucuoglu and Marro 2007, His 65th Birthday, October 28, 2005, Transformation and Integration in the Archly fur Orientforschung 42-43 PP. 227- 45. edited by Gernot Wilhelm, pp. 33- Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle (1995- 96), pp. 5-32. 70. Studies on the Civilization and Cameron 1979. Mark A. S. East; Papers from: The Ubaid Expan- G. Buccellati and Kelly- Culture of Nuzi and the Cameron. "'Stars of David' on sion? Cultural Meaning, Identity and Buccellati 5996. Giorgio 18. Bethesda, Md., woo. a Mural Plaster Fragment from the Lead-up to Urbanism; International BUccellati and Marilyn Kelly- Knossos." Kadmos t8 (1979), Workshop Held at Gray College, Buchanan 0966. Briggs Buchanan. Buccellati. "The Seals of the King PP• 40-46. University of Durham, 20-22 April Catalogue of Ancient Near Eastern of Urkesh: Evidence from the 2006. Studies in Ancient Civili- Seals in the . Cameron 1987. Mark A. S. Western Wing of the Royal zation 63. Chicago, 2010. Vol. 1, Cylinder Seals. Oxford, 1966. Cameron. "The 'Palatial' Thematic Storehouse AK." Wiener Zeitschrift System in the Knossos Murals: Last Castel and Peltenburg 2007. Pr die Kunde des Morgenlandes 86 Buchanan 1981. Briggs Buchanan, Notes on Knossos Frescoes." In Corinne Castel and Edgar (5996), pp. 65-98. Issue titled Early Near Eastern Seals in the Yale Hogg and N. Marinatos 1987, Peltenburg. "Urbanism on the Festschrift fur Hans Hirsch zum 65. Babylonian Collection. New Haven, pp. 320-28. Margins: Third Millennium BC Geburtstaggewidmet von semen 1981. Al-Rawda in the Arid Zone of Freunden, Kollegen und Schuiern. Cancik-Kirschbaum 2008. Buchholz 1980. Hans-Gunter Syria." Antiquity E. Cancik-Kirschbaum. "Emar aus 81 (September G. Buccellati and Kelly- Buchholz. "Some Observations 2007), pp. 601-16. der Perspektive Assurs ins 53. J h. v. Buccellati zooza. Giorgio concerning Thera's Contacts Chr." In The City of Emar among the Castillo 2005. Jorge Silva Castillo. Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- Overseas during the Bronze Age." Late Bronze Age Empires: History, "Nomadism through the Ages." In Buccellati. "Die Grosse Schnitt- In Thera and the Aegean World, Landscape, and Society; Proceedings A Companion to the Ancient Near stelle: Bericht fiber die 54. Kampagne vol. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the of the Konstanz Emar Conference, East, edited by Daniel C. Snell, in Tall Mozan/Urkei: Ausgrabungen Second International Congress, Santorini, 25.-26.04.2006, edited by Lorenzo Pp. 142-56. Oxford, zoos. ins Gebiet AA, Juni-Oktober 2001." Greece, August 1978, edited by d'Alfonso, Yoram Cohen, and Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient- Christos G. Doumas, vol. 2, Catling 1964. H. W. Catling. Dietrich Sul-en hagen, pp. 95-99. Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 534 (2002) pp. 227-40. London, 5980. Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean Alter Orient und Altes Testament pp. 103-30. World. Oxford Monographs on Buchholz and Karageorghis 349. Munster, 20°8. Classical Archaeology. Oxford, 1 G. Buccellati and Kelly- 1973. Hans-Gunter Buchholz and 964. Caquot, Sznycer, and Herdner Buccellati zoozb. Giorgio Vassos Karageorghis. Prehistoric Catling H. W. Carling. 1974. Andre Caquot, Maurice 1973-74• Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- Greece and Cyprus: An Archaeological "Archaeology in Greece, Sznycer, and Andree Herdner. 1973- 74." Buccellati. "Tar'am-Agade, Daughter Handbook. London, 5973. Archaeological Reports, no. zo Textes ougaritiques. Vol. 1, ildythes of Naram-Sin, at Urkesh." In Of (1973- Bunimovitz 1994. Shlomo et legendes. Paris, 5974. 74), pp. 3- 41. Pots and Plans: Papers on the Archaeo- Bunimovitz. "The Problem of Catling 5987-88. H. W. Catling. logy and and Caquot, de Tarragon, and Human Resources in Late Bronze "Archaeology in Greece, 1987-88." Syria Presented to David Oates in Cunchillos 1989. Andre Caquot, Age Palestine and Its Socioeconomic Archaeological Reports, no. Honour of His 75th Birthday, edited Jean-Michel de Tarragon, and 34 3-85. Jesus-Luis Cunchillos. Textes (5987-88), pp.

326 Cultures in Contact Caubet t991. Annie Caubet. Herrmann, pp. 61-72. Mainz am Cline 1990. Eric H. Cline. "An East during the Bronze Age." In "Repertoire de la vaisselle de Rhein, 1996. Unpublished Amenhotep III From Minoan Farmers to Roman pierre: Ougarit, 1929-1988." In Faience Plaque from Mycenae." Cecchini, Mazzoni, and Traders: Sidelights on the Economy of Arts et industries de la pierre, edited Journal of the American Oriental Scigliuzzo 2009. Serena Maria Ancient Crete, edited by Angelos by Marguerite Yon, pp. 205- Society t to, no. z (April-June Chaniotis, 64. Cecchini, Stefania Mazzoni, and 1990), pp. 555-43. Munich, 1999. Ras Shamra-Ougarit 6. Editions pp. 200 - 212. Elena Scigliuzzo, eds. Syrian and Cline Recherche sur les civilisations. 2005. Eric H. Cline. "The Phoenician Ivories of the Early First Cline 1991a. Eric Paris, 1991. H. Cline. Multivalent Nature of Imported Millennium BCE: Chronology, Regional "Hittite Objects in the Bronze Objects in the Ancient Mediterranean Caubet 1998. Annie Caubet. "The Styles and Iconographic Repertories, Age Aegean." Anatolian Studies 41 World." In Laffineur and Greco International Style: A Point of Patterns of Inter-Regional Distributions. 0990, PP. 133- 43. 2005, vol. t, pp. 45-51. View from the Levant and Syria." Ricerche di archeologia del Vicino Cline 1991b. Eric H. Cline. "A Cline 2010. Eric In Cline and Harris-Cline 1998, Oriente 3. Acts of the International H. Cline. "Bronze Possible Hittite Embargo against Age pp. 105-13. Workshop held December 9-11, Interactions between the Aegean the Mycenaeans." Historia: Zeitschrtft and the Eastern Mediterranean in the Aula Magna Storica, Caubet 1999. Annie Caubet. fur alte Geschichte 40 pp. Revisited: Mainstream, Periphery, Palazzo La Sapienza, University (1990, 1-9. "Chancres et devins: Deux cas de or Margin?" In Archaic State Inter- degli Studi di Pisa. Pisa, 2009. Cline 1994. Eric H. Cline. Sailing pratiques de la musique 5 Ougarit." action: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Wine-Dark Sea: International In "Schnittpunkt" Ugarit, edited by Chapman t997. Rupert Chapman. the Bronze Age, Trade and the Late Bronze Age edited by William A. Manfred Kropp and Andreas "Weapons and Warfare." In Oxford Parkinson and Michael L. Galaty, Aegean. Bar International Series 591. Wagner, pp. 9-29. Frankfurt am Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the pp. 161-80. Santa Fe, 2010. Oxford, 1994. [Reprint ed., 200 Main, 1999. Near East, edited by Eric M. Myers, 9.) Cline and Harris-Cline 1998. Eric vol. 5, pp. 334-39. New York, t997. Cline 1995. Eric H. Cline. "'My Caubet forthcoming. Annie H. Cline and Diane Harris-Cline, Brother, My Son': Rulership and Caubet. "Considerations sur des Charaf 2004. Hanan Charaf. "An eds. The Aegean and the Orient in Trade between the LBA Aegean, gobelets de faience y visage Assessment of the Continuity and the Second Millennium: Proceedings Egypt and the Near East." In The ferninins." In Hommage d Leila Change in the LBI Pottery at Tell of the 50th Anniversary Symposium, Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Badre, edited by Pierre Bordreuil, Arqa, Lebanon." Agypten and Cincinnati, 18-20 April 5997. Aegean: Proceedings of a Panel F. Briquel-Chatonnet, E. Capet, Levante 14 (200 Aegaeum 18. 4), PP. 231-48. Discussion Presented at the Annual Liege and Austin, Eric Gubel, and C. Roche. Charpin 1988. Dominique Meeting of 1998. Forthcoming. the Archaeological Institute Charpin. "Les representants de of America, New Orleans, Louisiana, Cline and Stannish 2011. Eric H. Caubet and Gaborit-Chopin Maria Babylone." In Archives 28 December t992, with Additions, Cline and Steven M. Stannish. 2004. Annie Caubet and Danielle epistolaires de Mari, I/2, edited edited by Paul Rehak, pp. 143-50. "Sailing the Great Green Sea? Gaborit-Chopin. Ivoires de ('Orient by Dominique Charpin et al., Aegaeum II. Liege, 1995. Amenhotep Ill's 'Aegean List' from ancien aux temps modernes. Exh. cat. pp. 539-205. Archives royales Kom el-Hetan, Once More."Journal Cline 1996. Eric H. Cline. Musee du Louvre, Paris. Paris, 2004. de Mari 26/2. Paris, 1988. of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 3, "Aiiuwa and the Achaeans: The no. 2 (201 1), pp. 6-16. Caubet and Poplin 1987. Annie Charpin 2004. Dominique 'Mycenaean' Sword at Hattugas and Caubet and Francois Poplin. "Les Charpin. "Histoire politique du Its Possible Implications." Annual of Cline and Yasur-Landau 2007. objets de mariere dure animale: Proche-Orient Arnorrite (2002- the British School at Athens 91 (1996), Eric H. Cline and Assaf Yasur- Etude de materiau." In Le centre de '595)." In Mesopotamien: Die pp. 137- 51. Landau. "Poetry in Motion: la ville, campagnes (5978-1984), althabylonische Zeit, edited by Pascal Canaanite Rulership Cline 5997. Eric H. Cline. and Aegean edited by Marguerite Yon, pp. 273- Attinger, Walther Sallaberger, Narrative at Kabri." In Epos: "Achilles in Anatolia: Myth, 306. Ras Shamra-Ougarit 3 and Markus Wafler, pp. 25-480. Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean History, and the Ailuwa Rebellion." (memoire 72). Editions Recherche Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160, Bronze Age Archaeology; Proceedings In Crossing Boundaries and Linking sur les civilisations. Paris, 1987. Ann5herungen 4. Fribourg and of the t tth International Aegean Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael Gottingen, 2004. Conference/it' Rencontre Egeenne Caubet and Poplin 1992. Annie Astour on His 8o5h Birthday, edited Internationale, Los Angeles, UCLA, Caubet and Francois Poplin. "La Charpin 2008. Dominique by Gordon D. Young, Mark W. theJ. Paul Getty Villa, 20-23 April place des ivoires d'Ougarit dans Charpin. "Les archives de l'epoque Chavalas, and Richard E. Averbeck, 2006, edited by Sarah P. Morris and la production du Proche Orient amorrite." In Supplement au Diction- pp. 189-2ro. Bethesda, Md., 1997. ancien." In Ivory in Greece and the noire de la Bible, nos. 77-78, Robert Laffineur, pp. 157-65. Cline 1998a. Eric H. Cline. Aegaeum 28. Liege and Austin, 2007. Eastern Mediterranean from the PP. 233-48. Paris, 2008. "Amenhotep III, the Aegean and Bronze Age to the , Cline, Yasur-Landau, Charpin and Ziegler 2003. Anatolia." In Amenhotep and edited byJ. Lesley Fitton, pp. 9t-too. Goshen 2011. Eric H. Cline, Assaf Dominique Charpin and Nele Perspectives on His Reign, edited by Occasional Paper (British Museum) Yasur-Landau, and Nurith Ziegler. Florilegium Marianum V: David B. O'Connor and Eric H. Goshen. 85. London, 1992. "New Fragments of Mari et le Proche-Orient d Pepoque Cline, pp. 236-50. Ann Arbor, Aegean-Style Painted Plaster from Tel Kabri, Caubet and Poplin 2010. Annie amorrite. Essai d'histoire politique. 1998. ." American Caubet and Francois Poplin. Memoires de Nouvelles Assyriolo- Journal of Archaeology Cline 1998b. Eric H. Cline. "Rich "Reflexions sur la question de giques Breves et Utiliaires 6. Paris, 1 15, no. 2 (April 2050, pp. 245-6t. beyond the Dreams of Avaris: Tell ('elephant syrien." In Dur-Katlimmu 2003. Clutton-Brock 1987. Juliet el-Dab`a and the Aegean World. A 2008 and Beyond, edited by Hartmut Clutton-Brock. A Natural History of Clark 1986. Grahame Clark. Guide for the Perplexed." Annual of Kiihne, pp. 1-9. Studia Chaburensia Domesticated Animals. Cambridge, Symbols of Excellence: Precious the British School at Athens 93 (5998), 1. Wiesbaden, 2010. 1987. Materials as Expressions of Status. pp. 09-259. Caubet and Yon t996. Annie Cambridge, 1986. Cluzan, Moulierac, and Bounni Cline 1999a. Eric H. Cline. "Coals Caubet and Marguerite Yon. "Le 1993. Sophie Cluzan, Jeanne Cline 1987. Eric H. Cline. to Newcastle, Wallbrackets to mobilier d'Ougarit (d'apres les Moulierac, and Adnan Bounni, "Amenhotep III and the Aegean: Tiryns: Irrationality, Gift Exchange, travaux recents)." In The Furniture eds. Syne: Memoire et civilisation. A Reassessment of Egypto-Aegean and Distance Value." In Betancourt of Western Asia, Ancient and Exh. cat. Institut du Monde Arabe, Relations in the 14th Century et al. 1999, vol. Traditional: Papers of the Conference ec." 1, pp. 159-23. Orientalia, n.s., 56, no. 1 (1987), Paris; 1993-94. Paris, 1993. Held as the Institute of Archaeology, Cline 1999b. Eric H. Cline. "The pp. 1-36. Cohen-Weinberger and Goren University College London, June 28 to Nature of the Economic Relations zoo4. Anat Cohen-Weinberger and 30, 1993, edited by Georgina of Crete with Egypt and the Near

Bibliography 327 Yuval Goren. "Levantine-Egyptian Collon et al. 1975. Dominique of Excavations, 1982-83." Abr- Davis 1977. Ellen N. Davis. The Interactions during the 12th to the Collon, C. Otte, M. Otte, and Nahrain 2z (1983-84). pp. 29-63. Vapheio Cups and Aegean Gold and 15th Dynasties Based on the A. Zaqzouq. Sondages au Jlanc sud du Silver Ware. Outstanding Disserta- Czerny et al. 2oo6. Ernst Czerny, Petrography of the Canaanite tell de Qala'at el Mudiq: Neolithique, tions in the Fine Arts. New York, Irmgard Hein, Hermann Hunger, Pottery from Tell el-Dab`a." chalcolithique, bronze ancien, 1970, Dagmar Melman, and Angela 1977. Agypten und Levante 14 (2004), 1972, 1973. Fouilles d'Apainee de Schwab, eds. Timelines: Studies in Davis 1979. Ellen N. Davis. "The pp. 69-100. Syrie, Miscellanea 11. Brussels, 1975. Honour of Manfred Bietak. 3 vols. Silver Kantharos from Gournia." In Colbum 2008. Cynthia S. J. Cooper 1972. Jerrold S. Cooper. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta Temple University Aegean Symposium 4, Colburn. "Exotica and the Early "Bilinguals from Bogazkoy. II." 149. Leuven, 2006. pp. 34-45. Proceedings of the sym- Minoan Elite: Eastern Imports in Zeitschrift Jur Assyriologie and vorder- posium "Gournia, Crete: The 75th Dalfes, Kukla, and Weiss 1997. Prepalatial Crete." American Journal asiatische Archaalogie 62, no. I (1972), Anniversary of the Excavations," Hasan Niihzet Dalfes, George of Archaeology 112, no. 2 (April 2008), pp. 6z-81. sponsored by the Department of Kukla, and Harvey Weiss, eds. PP. 203-24. Art History, Temple University, L. Cooper 2006. Lisa Cooper. Third Millennium tic Climate Change Philadelphia, March 2, 1979. Coldstream 1972. John Nicolas Early Urbanism on the Syrian and Old World Collapse. Proceedings Philadelphia, 1979. Coldstream. "Deposits of Pottery Euphrates. London, zoo6. ofa conference held at Kerner, from the Settlement." In Kythera: Turkey, September Davis 1986. Ellen N. Davis. Cornelius 1994. Izak Cornelius. 19-24, 1994. Excavations and Studies; Conducted NATO Advanced Science Institute "Youth and Age in the Thera The Iconography of the Canaanite by the University of Pennsylvania Series, Global Environmental Frescoes." American Journal of Gods Reshef and Beal: Late Bronze Museum and the British School at Change 49. Berlin, Archaeology 90, (October and Iron Age I Periods (c. 15oo-10o0111:12). 1997. no. 4 Athens, edited by John Nicolas 406. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 140. Damrosch 2003. David Damrosch. 1986). PP. 399- Coldstream and George Leonard Fribourg and Gottingen, 1994. What Is World Literature? Princeton, Day 1992a. John Day. "Asherah." Huxley, pp. 77-204. London, 1972. N.J., 2003. In. The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Cornelius 2004. Izak Cornelius. Collins 1995. Billie Jean Collins. edited by David Noel Freedman, The Many Faces of the Goddess: The Damrosch 2004: David Damrosch, "Ritual Meals in the Hittite Cult." vol. 1, pp. 483-87. New York, 1992. Iconography of the Syro-Palestinian ed. The Longman Anthology of World I is Ancient Magic and Ritual Power, Goddesses Anal, Astarte, Qedeshet, Literature. Vol. A, The Ancient Day 199213. John Day. "Ashtoreth." edited by Marvin Meyer and Paul and Asherah, c. 1500-1000 11c5. World. New York, In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Mirecki, pp. 77-92. Religions in 2004. Fribourg and Gottingen, 2004. edited by David Noel Freedman, the Graeco-Roman World 129. von Dassow 2008. Eva von vol. 1. 491-94. New York, 1992. Leiden, 1995. Courtois [969. Jean-Claude Dassow. State and Society in the Late pp. Courtois. "La Maison du pretre Bronze Age: Alalab under the Mittani De Meyer et al. 2005-6. Marleen Collins 2004. Billie Jean Collins. aux modeles de poumon et de foies Empire. Edited by David I. Owen De Meyer, Wim van Neer, Christoph "A Channel to the Underworld in d'Ugarir." In Ugaritica VI: Publie and Gernot Wilhelm. Studies on Peeters, and Harco Willems. "The Syria." Near Eastern Archaeology 67, l'occasion de la XXX' rampagne de the Civilization and Culture of Role of Animals in the Funerary no. I (March pp. 54-56. 2004), fouilles a Ras Shamra (1968), edited Nuzi and the Hurrians 17. Rites at Dayr al-Barshi"Journal of Collon 1975. Dominique Collon. by Claude Frederic-Armand Bethesda, Md., 2008. the American Research Center in Egypt The Seal Impressionsfrom Tell Atchana / Schaeffer, pp. 91-119. Mission 42 (2005-6), pp. 45- 71. Daston 2004. Lorraine Daston, ed. Alalakh. Alter Orient und Altes de Ras Shamra 17. Paris, 1969. Things That Talk: Object Lessons from Derchain 1962. Philippe Derchain. Testament 27. Kevelaer, 1975. Courtois 1973. Jean-Claude Art and Science. Brooklyn and Rites egyptiens. Vol. I, Le sacrifice de Collon 1977. Dominique Collon. Courtois. "Prospection archeo- Cambridge, Mass., 2004. l'oryx. Brussels, 1962. "Ivory." Iraq 39 (1977), pp. 219-22. logique dans la moyenne vallee de Davaras 1976. Costis Davaras. Desroches-Noblecourt 1956. l'Oronte (El-Ghab et Er Roudj. Collon 1981. Dominique Collon. Guide to Cretan Antiquities. Park C. Desroches-Noblecourt. Syrie du Nord-Ouest)." Syria 5o "The Aleppo Workshop: A Seal- Ridge, NJ., 1976. "Interpretation et datation dune Cutters' Workshop in Syria in the (1973), pp. 53- 99. scene gravee sur deux fragments de Davaras and Betancourt 2004. Second Half of the Eighteenth Couser, C. A. Ward, and recipient en albitre provenant des Costis Davaras and Philip P. Century 8.c." Ugarit-Forschungen 13 Vosmer 2009. Patrick Couser, fouilles du palais d'Ugarit." In Betancourt. The Hagia Photia (1981), Cheryl A. Ward, and Toni Vosmer. Ugaritica III: Sceaux et cylindres pp. 33- 43. Cemetery I: The Tomb Groups and "Hypothetical Reconstruction of hittites, epee graver du cartouche de Collon 1982. Dominique Collon. Architecture. Prehistory Monographs an Ancient Egyptian Sea-Going Mineptah, tablettes chypro-minoennes "Some Bucket Handles." Iraq 44, 14. Philadelphia, 2004. Vessel from the Reign of et autres decouvertes nouvelles de Ras no. i (Spring 1982), pp. 95-101. Hatshepsut, 1500 BCE." In Historic Davies (Nina M.) 1936. Nina M. Shamra, edited by Claude Frederic- Collon 1987. Dominique Collon. Ships: The Royal Institution of Naval Davies, with Alan H. Gardiner. Armand Schaeffer, pp. 179-220. First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Architects, 19--20 November 2009, Ancient Egyptian Paintings. 3 vols. Mission de Ras Shamra 8. Paris, 1956. Ancient Near East. London, 1987. pp. 86-139. London, 2009. Oriental Institute Special Devetzi 2000. Anastasia Devetzi. [Rev. ed., zoos.] Publication. Chicago, 1936. Cross 1980. Frank Moore Cross. "The 'Imported' Stone Vases at Collon 2000. Dominique Collon. "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Davies (Norman de Garis) 1943. Akrotiri, Thera: A New Approach "Syrian Glyptic and the Thera Wall Canaanite and Early Phoenician Norman de Garis Davies. The Tomb to the Material." Annual of the Paintings." In S. Sherratt 2000, Scripts." Bulletin of the American of Rekh-mi-re at Thebes. Publications British School at Athens 95 (2000), vol. 1, pp. 283- 94. Schools of Oriental Research, no. 238 of The Metropolitan Museum of pp. 121-39. (April 1980), pp. 1-20. Art Egyptian Expedition 11. New Collon 2006. Dominique Collon. Devetzi 2008. Anastasia Devetzi. York, 1 "Seal Report from the 2006 Crowley 1989. Janice L. Crowley. 943. "Ta eisegmena lithina angeia tou Excavation Season." Unpublished The Aegean and the East: An Investi- Davies (Norman de Garis) Akroteriou: Mia nea prosengisE" report, excavation archives, 2006. gation into the Transference of Artistic 1943/1973, Norman de Garis (The Imported Stone Vases from Motifs between the Aegean, Egypt, Davies. The Tomb of Rekh-mi-re Akrotiri: A New Approach). In Collon 2010. Dominique Collon. and the Near East in the Bronze Age. at Thebes. Publications of The Doumas 2.008a, pp. 453-74. "Report on the Seals and Sealings Jonsered, 5989. Metropolitan Museum of Art Found at Tell Atchana (Alalakh) Dhorme n940. Edouard ,Dhorme. Egyptian Expedition 11. New York, during the 2003 Season of Culican and McClellan 1983-84. "Textes accadiens transcrits en 1943. Reprint ed., New York, 1973. Excavation." In Yener 2010, William Culican and Thomas L. ecricure alphabetique de Ras pp. 89-97. McClellan. "El-Qitar: First Season Shanira." Revue d'assyriologie et

328 Cultures in Contact d'archeologie orientate 37 (194.0), Doumas 1985. Christos G. Doumas. sten alphavetike graphe: Mythos kai Ideen and Technologien in der Agais PP. 83- 91. "Conventions artistiques a Thera archaiologike martyria" (From und im ostlichen Mittelmeer von der et dans la Mediterranee orientate Potter's Marks to Alphabetical prahistorischen bis zu der archaischen Dietrich and Loretz 1969. l'epoque prehistorique." In Writing: Myth and Archaeological Zeit; 19.-21.05 in Ohlstadt/Obb. Manfried Dietrich and Oswald L'iconographie minoenne: Actes de la Testimony). In "To Aigaio sten Deutschland, pp. 39-56. Weilheim, Loretz. "Beschriftete Lungen- Table Ronde d'Athenes (21- 22 avril Proime Epoche tou Siderou": Praktika 2008. und Lebermodelle aus Ugarit." 1983), edited by Pascal Darque and tou Diethnous Symposiou, Rodos 1- In Ugaritica VI: Publie a l'occasion 4 Doumas 2000. Christos G. Jean-Claude Poursat, pp. 29- Noemvriou 2002 (The Aegean in the de la XXXr campagne de fouilles a 34. Doumas. "Akrotiri." In The Oxford Bulletin de correspondance Early Iron Age: Proceedings of the Ras Shamra (1968), edited by Claude Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean hellenique, suppl. 55. Athens and International Symposium, Rhodes, Frederic-Armand Schaeffer, (ca. 3000-1000 ric), edited by Eric H. Paris, 1985. 1-4 November 2002), edited pp. 165-79. Mission de Ras Sharnra Cline, pp. 752-65. Oxford, 2010. by N. Chr. Scambolides and 57. Paris, 1969. Doumas 1987. Christos G. A. Giannikoure, pp. 495-503. Doumet-Serhal zoo4. Claude Doumas. "Ha Xeste 3 kai oi Dietrich and Mayer 0999. Athens, Doumet-Serhal. "Warrior Burial kyanokephaloi tes Theras" (Xeste 3 2004. Manfried Dietrich and Walter 27 at Sidon." Archaeology and History and the "Kyanokephaloi" of Doumas 2004b. Christos G. Mayer. "The Hurrian and Hittite in the Lebanon, no. 20 (Autumn Thera). In Eilapine: Tomos timetikos Doumas. "Oi epharmoges tes Texts." In Handbook of Ugaritic 2004), PP. gia ton Nik. Platona (Eilapine: photias ste Thera (Santorine) tes 21-29. Studies, edited by Wilfred G. E. Honorific Volume for Nikolaos Platon), Epoches tou Chalkou" (The Doumet-Serhal zo06. Claude Watson and Nicolas Wyatt, pp. 555-59. Heraklion, 5987. Applications of Fire on Thera Doumet-Serhal. "Sidon: Mediter- pp. 58-75. Leiden, 1999. [Santorini] in the Bronze Age). ranean Contacts in the Early and Doumas 1992. Christos G. Dietrich, Loretz, and Sanmartin In Althellenische Technologie und Middle Bronze Age. Preliminary Doumas. The Wall-Paintings of 1995.• Manfried Dietrich, Oswald Technik: Von der prahistorischen bis Report." Archaeology and History in Thera. Athens, 1992. Loretz, and Joaquin Sanmartin. zur hellenistischen Zeit mit Schwerpunkt the Lebanon, no. 24 (Winter 2006), The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Doumas 1994. Christos G. auf der prahistorischen Epoche; 21.-23. PP. 34- 47. Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places Doumas. "Anaskaphe Akroteriou 2003 in Ohlstadt/Obb. Deutschland; Doumet-Serhal zoo8. Claude (KTU). Abhandlungen zur Literatur Theras" (Excavation of Akrotiri Tagung, pp. 405-25. Weilheim, 2004. Doumet-Serhal. "The Kingdom of Alt-Syrien-Palastinas und on Thera). PAE, 1 PP. 155-66. 994, Doumas zoo6a. Christos G. Sidon and Its Mediterranean Mesopotamiens 8. Munster, 1995. Doumas 1995. Christos G. Doumas. "Quality not Quantity." Connections." In Networking Patterns Dohmann-Pfalzner and Pfalzner Doumas. Die Wandmalereien ALS 4 (2006), pp. 57-60. of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant: 2008. Heike Dohmann-Pfalzner von Thera. Munich, 5995. The Lebanon and Its Mediterranean Doumas 20066. Christos G. and Peter Pfalzner. "Die Connections, edited by Claude Doumas 1999. Christos G. Doumas. "Staphyli kai krasiste Ausgrabungen 2007 und 2008 im Doumet-Serhal, with Anne Rabate Doumas. "Anaskaphe Akroteriou Thera edo kai treisemisi chiliades Konigspalast von Qatna: Vorbericht and Andrea Resek, pp. 2-70. Theras" (Excavation of Akrotiri chronia" (Three and a Half des syrisch-deutschen Kooperations- [London], 2008. on Thera). PAE, 1999, pp. 155-2o2. Thousand Years of Grapes and projektes in Tall Miirife/Qatna." Wine at Thera). In Ampelos 2003: so Doumet-Serhal 2009. Claude Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient- Doumas z000a. Christos G. Diethnes Synedrio gia to Ampeli 5-7 Doumet-Serhal. "Second Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 140 Doumas. "Age and Gender in the louniou, Santorini (Vine 2003: First Millennium ac Levantine (2008), pp. 17-74. Theran Wall Paintings." In S. Sherratt International Conference on the Ceremonial Feasts: Sidon a Case 2000, vol. 2, pp. 971-81. Dohmann-Pfalzner and Pfalzner Vine, 5-7 June, Santorini), Study." In Interconnections in the zoti. Heike Dohmann-Pfalzner Doumas z000b. Christos G. pp. 1-11. Athens, 2006. Eastern Mediterranean: Lebanon in and Peter Pfalzner. "Die Doumas. "Anaskaphe Akroteriou the Bronze and Iron Ages; Proceedings Doumas 2oo6c. Christos G. Ausgrabungen 2009 und 2010 im Theras" (Excavation of Akrotiri of the International Symposium, Beirut Doumas. "Thera: Prehistoric Times." Konigspalast von Qatna: Vorbericht on Thera). PAE, 2000, pp. 169-72, 2008, pp. 229- 44. Bulletin In Archaeology: Aegean Islands, des syrisch-deutschen Kooperations- pls. 5 58-24. d'archeologie et d'architecture edited by Andreas G. Vlachopoulos, projektes in Tall Mgrife/Qatna." libanaises, hors-serie, 6. Beirut, 2009. Doumas 2001. Christos G. pp. 312-59. Athens, 2006. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient- Doumas. "Anaskaphe Akroteriou Doumet-Serhal 2011-t2. Claude Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 143 (201 1), Doumas 2007. Christos G. Theras" (Excavation of Akrotiri Doumet-Serhal. "A Decorated Box pp. 5-62. Doumas. "Akrotiri on Thera: The on Thera). PAE, 2001, pp. 529-30, From Sidon." Archaeology and History Excavation of a Buried City." In Dossin 1938. Georges Dossin. "Les pls. 77-83. in the Lebanon, 35 (Autumn- Great Moments in Greek Archaeology, nos. 34- archives epistolaires du Palais de Spring 2011-12), pp. 93-103. Issue Doumas 2003a. Christos G. edited by Panos Valavanis, pp. 236-55. Mari." Syria 19, no. 2 (1938), titled "And Canaan Begat Sidon His Doumas. "Bringing to Life a Dead Athens, 2007. pp. 105-26. Firstborn . . . Gm. to, 15; 1 Chr. 1, 13": City at Akrotiri on the Island of Doumas zoo8a. Christos G. A Tribute to Dr. John Curtis on His Dossin 1939. Georges Dossin. "Les Thera." ALS t (2003), PP. 43-65. Doumas, ed. Akroteri Theras: 65th Birthday, edited by Claude archives economiques du Palais de Doumas 2003b. Christos G. Trianta chronia ereunas, 1967-1997 Doumet-Serhal, with Anne Rebate Mari." Syria 20, no. 2 (1 939), Doumas. "To Neo Stegastro tou (Akrotiri: Thirty Years of Research, and Andrea Resek. pp. 97- 113. Archaiologikou Chorou sto 5967-5997). Athens, zoos. von den Driesch 1996. Angela Dossin 1970. Georges Dossin. "La Akroteri Theras" (The New Roof Doumas 20086. Christos G. von den Driesch. "Faunenhistorische route de l'etain en Mesopotamie of the Archaeological Site of Doumas. Die Fruhgeschichte der Agais Untersuchungen am prahistorischen au temps de Zimri-Lim." Revue Akrotiri on Thera). Hyli kai Kterio im Licht der aktuellsten archaologischen Tierknochenmaterial vom Sirkeli d'assyriologie et d'archeologie orientate 63 (2003), pp. 44-45. [Issue titled Funde von Akrotiri, Thera. Weilheim Hoy ik, Adana/Tiirkei." Istanbuler 64 (197o), pp. 97-106. To eo Stegastro tou Archaiologikou and Athens, 2008. Mitteilungen Chorou sto Akrotiri tes Santorines: Oi 46 (1996), PP. 27-39. Downes 1980. Christos G. Doumas. Technologies kataskeuestou (The New Doumas 2008c. Christos G. Driessen 2007. Jan M. Driessen. "Pitaria me endeixigia to ygro Shelter of the Archaeological Site Doumas. "Ti epheran oi Argonautes "I1B or not IIB? On the Beginnings periechomeno tous" (Jars with of Akrotiri on Santorini: Its apo ten Kolchida? Oi endeixeis apo of Minoan Monument Building." Indication of Their Liquid Contents). Manufacturing Techniques).] to Aktoteri Theras" (What Did the In Power and Architecture: Monumental In STELE Mnemi N. M. Kontoleontos Argonauts Bring from Colchis? Public Architecture in the Bronze Age (STELE: Papers in Memory of Doumas zoo4a. Christos G. The Evidence from Akrotiri, Thera). Near East and Aegean, edited by N. M. Kondoleon), pp. 117-24. Doumas. "Apo to semeia kerameos In Tagung Austausch von Ciitern: Joachim Bretschneider, Jan M. Athens, 1980.

Bibliography 329 Driessen, and Karel van Lerberghe, anciennes du Proche-Orient t6-18. El-Raziq, Castel, and Tallet 'Konigliche Sonne' (°UTU0') bei pp. 73-92. Orientalia Lovaniensia Paris, 5997-2000. 2006. Mohamed El-Raziq, Georges den Hethitern." Ugarit-Forschungen Analecta 156. Leuven, 2007. Castel, and Pierre Tallet. "Ayn (1979), pp. Durand zoo8. Jean-Marie Durand. 227-63. Issue titled Souknah et la Mer Rouge." Egypte, Festschrift fur Claude Driessen, Schoep, and Laffineur "La religion amorrite en Syrie F. A. Schaeffer Afrique & Orient 41 (April 2006), zum 80. Geburtstag ant 6. 2002. Jan M. Driessen, Ilse Schoep, l'epoque des archives de Mari." Marz 1979. PP. 3-6. and Robert Laffineur, eds. Monuments In Mythologie et religion des simites Fazal 2007. Tanisha M. Fazal. State of Minos: Rethinking the Minoan occidentaux, vol. 1, Ebla, Mari, Ergenzinger and Kiihne 1991. Death: The Politics and Geography of Palaces; Proceedings of the International edited by Gregorio del Ohno Lete, Peter J. Ergenzinger and Hartmut Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation. Workshop "Crete of the Hundred pp. 163-703. Leuven, zoo8. Kiihne. "Ein regionales Bewas- Princeton, NJ., 2007. Palaces?," Held at the Universid serungssystern am tibOr." In Die Duru 2003. Refik Duru. Feldman 2002. Marian H. Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la- rezente Umwelt von Tall Hamad Unutulmus bir baskent: Tilmen. Feldman. "Luxurious Forms: Neuve, 14-15 December 2005. Aegaeum und Daten zur Umweltrekonstruktion Isldhiye bolgesi'nde 540o yillik bir Redefining a Mediterranean 23. Liege and Austin, 2002. der assyrischen Stadt Diir-Katlimmu, yerleymenin oykusu/A Forgotten 'International Style,' 1400-5200 B.C.E." edited by HartrilUt Kiihne, pp. 163- Dschaparidze 2001. Othar Capital City: Tilmen. The Story of Art Bulletin 84, no. t (March 2002), 90. Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Dschaparidze [Dzhaparidze]. "Zur a 5400 Year Old Settlement in the pp. 6-z9. Seh Hamad/D6r-Katlimmu 1. Era Metallurgic Georgiens vom 3. Islahiye Region, Southeast Anatolia. Berlin, 1991. Feldman zoo4. Marian H. bis zum i. Jahrtausend v. Chr." In Istanbul, 2003. Feldman. "Niniveh to Thebes and Georgien: Schdtze aus dem Land des Erman 1894/2972. Adolf Erman. Dzhaparidze 5988. N. 0. Back: Art and Politics between goldenen Vlies, edited by trine Life in Ancient Egypt. London, 1894. Dzhaparidze. Juvelirnoe iskusstvo and Egypt in the Seventh Gambaschidze et al., pp. 92-1 19. Reprinted., New York, 1971. epokhi bronzy v gruzii: Trialetskaja Century BCE." Iraq 66 Exh. cat. Deutsches Bergbau- (2004), kul'tura (Jeweler's Art of the Bronze Evans 1906. . The 141-50. Issue titled Nineveh: Museum, Bochum. Bochum, 2001. PP. Age in Georgia). Tbilisi, 1988. Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos. Pt. 1, The Papers cf the XLIX' Rencontre Duhoux 2003. Yves Duhoux. Cemetery of Zafer Papoura. Pt. 2, The Assyriologique Internationale, London, Ebeling 1915-23. Erich Ebeling. Des Minoens en Egypte? "Keftiou" Royal Tomb of lsopata. London, 1906. 7-1 t July 2003, pt. 5, edited by KeilschrtIttexte aus Assurreligiosen et "les Iles au milieu du Grand Vert." [Reprinted from Archaeologia 59.] Dominique Collon and Andrew Inhalts. 2 volt. Leipzig, 1915-23. Publications de !Institut George. Evans 1921-35. Arthur Evans. Orientaliste de Louvain 52. Echt 1984. Rudolf Echt. Kdmid The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Feldman no6a. Marian H. Leuven, 2003. el-LIZ. 5, Die Stratigraphie. Saarbriicker Account of the Successive Stages of Feldman. "Ashur Tomb 4.5 and the Beitrlige zur Altertumskunde 34. Du Mesnil du Buisson 1928. Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated Birth of the Assyrian Empire." Bonn, 1984. Robert Du Mesnil du Buisson. by the Discoveries at Knossos. 4 vols. Bulletin of the American Schools of "L'ancienne Qatna: Ou les mines Edgar 1904. C. C. Edgar. "The in 6 parts. London, 1925-35. Oriental Research, no. 343 (August d'el-Mishrife au N.-E. de Horns Pottery." In Excavations at Phylakopi 2006), Evans 5964. Arthur Evans. The pp. 21-43. (Eniese). Deuxieme campagne in Melos Conducted by the British Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account Feldman 2006b. Marian H. de fouilles (5927)." Syria 9, 00. 2 School at Athens, pp. 80-176. The of the Successive Stages of Early Cretan Feldman. Diplomacy by Design: (1928), pp. 81-89. Society for the Promotion of Civilization as Illustrated by the Luxury Arts and an "International Hellenic Studies, Supplementary Du Mesnil du Buisson 1935. Discoveries at Knossos. s vols. in 7 Style" in the Ancient Near East, Paper 4. London, 1904. Robert Du Mesnil du Buisson. Le parts. New ed. London, 1964. [1st 5400-1200 13Ch. Chicago, 2006. site archeologique de Mishrtfe-Qatna. Edgerton 1923. William Franklin ed., 5921-35.) Feldman 2007. Marian H. Collection de metes et documents Edgerton. "Ancient Egyptian Ships Evans 1967. Arthur Evans. Feldman. "Frescoes, Exotica, and d'Orient t. Paris, 5935. and Shipping." PhD diss., University Catalogue of Plates in Sir Arthur the Reinvention of the Northern of Chicago, 1923. Dunham 1989. S. Dunham. Evans' Knossos Fresco Atlas. Edited Levantine Kingdoms during the "Metal Animal Headed Cups at Ehringhaus zoos. Horst Ehringhaus. by Mark Cameron and Sinclair Second Millennium B.C.E." In Mari." In To the Euphrates and Cotter, Herrscher, Inschriften: Die Hood. London, 5967. Representations of Political Power: Beyond: Archaeological Studies in FelsrelieJi der hethitischen Grossreichs- Case Histories front Times of Change Evely 1988. D. Evely. "The Honour of Maurits N. van Loon, zeit in der Tiirkei. Mainz am Rhein, and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Potters' Wheel in Minoan Crete." edited by Odette M. C. Haex, 2005. Near East, edited by Marlies Heinz Annual of the British School at Athens Hans H. Curvers, and Peter and Marian H. Feldman, pp. 39-65. Eidem 2011. Jesper Eidem. The 83 (1988), pp. 83-126. M. M. G. Akkermans, pp. 253-20. Winona Lake, Ind., 2007. Royal Archives from : Old Rotterdam, 1989. Fabre zoos. David Fabre. Seafaring Babylonian Letters and Treaties from Feldman 2009. Marian H. in Ancient Egypt. London, 2005. Durattd 1983. Jean-Marie Durand. the Lower Town Palace East. Pihans Feldman. "Hoarded Treasures: Textes administragfs des salles 134 et 117. Leiden, 2011. Falconer 1994. Steven E. Falconer. The Megiddo Ivories and the End 16o du Palais de Mari: Transcrits, "Village Economy and Society in of the Bronze Age." Levant 41, Eidem, Finkel, and Bonechi traduits et commends. Archives the Jordan Valley: A Study of no. 2 (Autumn 20 2001. Jesper Eidem, Irving Finkel, 09), pp. 175- 94. royales de Mari 21. Paris, 1983. Bronze Age Rural Complexity." and Marco Bonechi. "The Third- Ferrence 2007. Susan C. Ferrence. In Archaeological Views from the Durand 1992. Jean-Marie Durand. Millennium Inscriptions." In "Hippopotamus Ivory in EM-MM Countryside: Village Communities in "Unite et diversites a l'epoque Excavations at , vol. z, Lasithi and the Implications for Early Complex Societies, edited by amorrite." In La circulation des biens, Nagar in the Third Millennium BC, Eastern Mediterranean Trade: New Glenn M. Schwartz and Steven E. des personnes et des idles dans le by David Oates, John Oates, and Evidence from Hagios Charalambos." Falconer, . las -42. Washington, Proche-Orient ancient Actes de la Helen McDonald, with contribu- In Krinoi kai Limenes: Studies in D.C., XXX VIII' Rencontre Assyriologique tions by Janet Ambers et al., 1994 Honor ofJoseph and Maria Shaw, Internationale, Paris 8- iojuillet 1991, pp. 99-120. Oxford, 200i. Faulkner zoos. Raymond 0. edited by Philip P. Betancourt, edited by Dominique Charpin and Faulkner, trans. The Ancient Michael C. Nelson, and Hector El Awady 2009. Tarek El Awady. Francis Joannes, pp. 97-128. Paris, Egyptian Book of the Dead. With Williams, pp. 167-75. Prehistory Abusir XVI: Sahure, the Pyramid 1992. an introduction by James P. Allen. Monographs 22. Causeway. History and Decoration Philadelphia, 2007. New York, 2005. Durand 1997-2000. Jean-Marie Program in the Old Kingdom. Prague, Finkbeiner nor. Uwe Finkbeiner. Durand. Les documents epistolaires du 2009. Fauth 5979. Wolfgang Fauth. "Ernar 1999: Bericht iiber die 3. palais de Mari. 3 vols. Litteratures "Sonnengottheit (DUTU) und Kampagne der syrisch-deutschen

330 Cultures in Contact Ausgrabungen." Baghdader Forstner-Mfiller and Kopetzky Iraq 14, no. 2 (Autumn 1952), Exploration z, no. I (March 1973), Mitteilungen 32 (2001), pp. 41-120. 2006. Irene Forstner-Milller and pp. 120-31, pp• Karin Kopetzky. "An Upper Finkbeiner 2002. Uwe Finkbeiner. Frankfort 1954. Henri Frankfort. Fugmann 1958. Ejnar Fugmann. Egyptian Import at Sidon." "Emar zoo]: Bericht Ober die 4. The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Hama: Fouilles et recherches de la Archaeology and History in the Lebanon, Kampagne der syrisch-deutschen Orient. Harmondsworth, 1954. Fondation Carlsberg, 1931-1938. no. 24 (Winter 2006), pp. 6o-62. Ausgrabungen." Baghdader (Vol. 2, no. 1], L'architecture Frayne 1990. Douglas Frayne. Old Mitteilungen 33 (20o2), pp. Forstner-Miiller and Kopetzky des periodes pre-hellonistiques. 109-53. Babylonian Period (2003-5595 2009. Irene Forstner-Miiller and Nationalmuseets skrifter, Storre Finkbeiner and Sakal 2003. Uwe Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Karin Kopetzky. "Egypt and beretninger 4. Copenhagen, 1958. Finkbeiner and Ferhan Sakal. Early Periods 4. Toronto, 1990. Lebanon: New Evidence for "Emar 2002: Bericht iiber die 5. Fujii and Adachi 2010. Sumio Cultural Exchanges in the First Frayne 1997. Douglas Frayne. Kampagne der syrisch-deutschen Fujii and Takuro Adachi. Half of the znd Millennium ac." Ur III Period (2152-2004 Be). Royal Ausgrabungen." Baghdader "Archaeological Investigations of In Interconnections in the Eastern Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Mitteilungen 34 (zoos), PP. 9-1 17. Bronze Age Cairn Fields on the Mediterranean: Lebanon in the Bronze Periods 3, pt. 2. Toronto, 1997. Northwestern Flank of Mt. Bishri." Finkel 2006. Irving Finkel. and Iron Ages; Proceedings of the Freier and Grunert 1984. Elke Al-RcViddn, 2010, pp. 61-77. Issue "Report on the Sidon Cuneiform International Symposium, Beirut 2008, Freier and Stefan Grunert. Eine titled Formation of Tribal Communities: Tablet." Archaeology and History in 143-57. Bulletin d'archeologie PP. Reise durch Agypten: Nath den Integrated Research in the Middle the Lebanon, no. 24 (Winter 2006), et d'architecture libanaises, hors- Zeichnungen der Lepsius-Expedition in Euphrates, Syria, edited by PP. 114-2o. serie, 6. Beirut, 2009. den Jahren 1842-1845. Munich, 1984. Katsuhito Ohnuma. Finkelstein 1957. J. J. Finkelstein. Fortin 2007. Michel Fortin. "La French 1985. E. French. "The Gaballa 1976. G. A. Gaballa. "The So-called 'Old Babylonian vallee du Ghab: Nouvelle prospection Figures and Figurines." In The Narrative in Egyptian Art. Mainz Kutha Legend.'"Journal of Cuneiform archeologique." In Urban and Natural Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at ant Rhein, 5976. Studies it, no. 4 pp. 83-88. Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian (1957), Phylakopi, by Colin Renfrew, Capital: Settlement and Environment Gabolde 2000. Marc Gabolde. Finkelstein 1966. J. J. Finkelstein. pp. 209-80. Supplementary volume at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in "Les elephants de Niyi d'apres les "The Genealogy of the Hammurapi (British School at Athens) 18. Central-Western Syria; Proceedings sources egyptiennes." In Des ivoires Dynasty."Journal of Cuneiform Studies London, 1985. of the International Conference Held et des comes dans les mondes anciens zo, nos. 3-4 (1966), PP. 95-118. in Udine, 9-1 t December 2004, edited Freu 2003. Jacques Freu. "Les (Orient-Occident), edited by Jean- Fischer 2007a. Erika Fischer. by Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, relations assyro-hittites a la fin de Claude Beal and Jean-Claude Agyptische and agyptisierende pp. 253-68. Studi Archeologici rige du Bronze." In Hittite Studies Goyon, pp. 529-40. Collection de EIJimbeine aus Megiddo und Lachisch: su Qatna ,. Udine, 2007. in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner, Jr. on l'Institut.d'Archeologie et d'Histoire Inschriftenfiinde, Flaschen, Liiffel. the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, de l'Antiquite, L'Universite Lumiere- B. R. Foster 2005. Benjamin R. Alter Orient und Altes Testament edited by Gary M. Beckman, Lyon 2, vol. 4. Lyon and Paris, 2000. Foster. Before the Muses: An Anthology 47. MUnster, 2007. Richard Beal, and Gregory of Akkadian Literature. 3rd ed. Gachet 1987. Jacqueline Gachet. McMahon, pp. 101-18. Winona Fischer 2007b. Erika Fischer. Bethesda, Md., zoos. "Objets en os et en ivoire." In Le Lake, Ind., 2003. "Der so genannte Internationale centre de la ville, 381-40' campagnes K. P. Foster 1979. Karen Polinger Stil der Spaten Bronzezeit." Ugarit- Freu 2004. Jacques Freu. Suppilu- (1978-1984), edited by Marguerite Foster. Aegean Faience of the Bronze Forschungen 39 (2007), pp. 803-86. liuma et la veuve du Pharaon: Histoire Yon, pp. 249-72. Ras Shamra- Age. New Haven, 1979. d'un manage manque. Essai sur les Ougarit 3 (mernoire 72). Editions Fleming 1992. Daniel E. Fleming. K. P. Foster 1982. Karen Polinger relations egypto-hittites. Collection Recherche sur les civilisations. "A Limited Kingship: Late Bronze Foster. Minoan Ceramic Relief , Serie antiquate 5. Paris, Paris, 1987. Age Emar in Ancient Syria." Ugarit- Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 64. 2004. Forschungen 24 (1992). PP. 59- 71. Gachet-Bizollon 2007. Jacqueline Goteborg, 5982. Freu 2006. Jacques Freu. Histoire Gachet-Bizollon. Les ivoires d'Ougarit Fleming 2004. Daniel E. Fleming. Franke politique du royaume d'Ugarit. Collec- Part des ivoiriers du Levant au Bronze Democracy's Ancient Ancestors: Mari 1991. Detlef Franke. "The et tion Kubaba, Serie antiquite I I. and Early Collective Governance. Career of Khnumhotep Ill. of Beni recent. Ras Shamra-Ougarit 16. Hasan and the So-called 'Decline Paris, 2006. Editions Recherche sur les civilisa- Cambridge, 2004. of the Nomarchs."' In Middle tions. Paris, 2007. Freu 2009. Jacques Freu. "Qatna et Forest and Gallois 2006. Jean-, Kingdom Studies, edited by Stephen les Hittites." Studia Orontica, no. 6 Gadotti 2010. Athena Gadotti. Daniel Forest and Nathalie Gallois. Quirke, pp. 51-67. New Malden, (2009), pp. 9-23. "A Woman Most Fair: Investigating "L'art mesopotamien: Architecture Surrey, 5995. The Message of Ludingira to His et arts plastiques des origines 5 la Frey and Kiirschner 1991. Frankel and Webb 2012. David Mother." In Why Should Someone fin du III' millenaire. " In L'art en Wolfgang Frey and Harald Frankel and Jennifer M. Webb. Who Knows Something Conceal h? Mesopotamie, edited by Giovanni Kiirschner. "Die aktuelle und "Pottery Production and Distribu- Cuneiform Studies in Honor of Curatola, pp. 13-64. Paris, 2006. potentielle natiirliche Vegetation tion in Prehistoric Bronze Age David I. Owen on His loth Birthday, im Bereich des unteren 1:15bar Forsen 1992. Jeannette Forsen. Cyprus: An Application of pXRF edited by Alexandra Kleinerman (Nordost-Syrien)." In Die rezente The Twilight of the Early Helladics: Analysis." Journal of Archaeological and Jack M. Sasson, pp. 115-29. Umwelt von Tall .§el3 Hamad and A Study of the Disturbances in East- Science 39, no. 5 (May 2012), Bethesda, Md., 2050. Daten zur Umweltrekonstruktion der Central and Southern Greece towards pp. 5380- 87. assyrischen Stadt Dar-Katlimmu, the End of the Early Bronze Age. Gale 1991. Noel H. Gale. "Copper Frankena 1953. edited by Hartmut Kiihne, pp. 87- Ingots: Their Origin and Studies in Mediterranean Archae- Rintje Frankena. Oxhide Tdkultu: De sacrale maaltijd in 503. Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Their Place in the Bronze Age Metals ology and Literature, Pocket-Book het Assyrische ritueel. Leiden, Seh Hamad/DUr-Katlimmu t. Trade in the Mediterranean." In 516. Jonsered, 1992. 1953. Berlin, 1991. Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean: Frankfort 1939. Henri Frankfort. Forstner-Mtiller 2008. Irene Papers Presented at the Conference Cylinder Seals: A Documentary Essay Frost 1973. Honor Frost. "The Forstner-Miiller. Tell el-Dab's XVI: Held at Rewley House, Oxford, in on the Art and Religion of the Ancient Offshore Island Harbour at Sidon Die Graber des Areals A /II von Tell December 1989, pp. 597-239. Studies Near East. London, 1939. and Other Phoenician Sites in the el-Dab'a. Osterreichische Akademie in Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Light of New Dating Evidence." der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften Frankfort 1952. Henri Frankfort. Jonsered, 1991. International Journal of Nautical der Gesanatakademie 44. Vienna, "The Origin of the Bit Hilani." Archaeology and Underwater 2008.

Bibliography 331 Gale and Stos-Gale 1981. Noel H. edited by McGuire Gibson, Gonen 1992. Rivka Gonen. "The Grayson 1991. A. Kirk Grayson. Gale and Zofia A. Stos-Gale. "Lead pp. 11-27. Uch Tepe 1. Chicago Chalcolithic Period." In The Assyrian Rulers ofthe Early First and Silver in the Ancient Aegean." and Copenhagen, 1981. Archaeology of Ancient Israel, edited Millennium BC, 1 (1114-859 uc). Scientific American 244, no. 6 (June by Amnon Ben-Tor, pp. 40-80. Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Gilan 2004. A. Gilan. 198,), pp. 176-92. New Haven and Tel Aviv, 1992. Asyrian Periods z. Toronto, 1991. "Uberlegungen zu 'Kultur' Galliano and Calvet 2004. und 'Aussenwirkung.'" In Die Goren 2008. Yuval Goren. "The Grayson 1996. A. Kirk Grayson. Genevieve Galliano and Yves Aussenwirkung des spiithethitischen Location of Specialized Copper Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Calvet, eds. Le royaume d'Ougarit: Kulturraumes: Guteraustausch, Production by the Lost Wax Millennium nc, II (858-745 or..). The Aux origines de ('alphabet. Exh. cat. Kulturkontakt, Kulturtransfer; Akten Technique in the Chalcolithic Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Musee des Beaux-Arts, Lyon; der zweiten Forschungstagung des Southern Levant." Geoarchaeology Assyrian Periods 3. Toronto, 1996. 2004-5. Paris and Lyon, Graduiertenkollegs "Anatolien and (2008), 2004. 23 pp. 374- 97. Green 2003. Albert R. W. Green. seine Nachbarn" der Eberhard- Garfinkle forthcoming. Steven J. Goren and Golding forthcoming. The Storm-God in the Ancient Near Karls-Universitat Tubingen (20. bis 22. Garfinkle. "The Economy of Yuval Goren and Nissim Golding. East. Winona Lake, Ind., 2003. November 2003), edited by Mirko Warfare in Southern Iraq at the Marine and Overland Interactions in Novak, Friedhelrn Prayon, and Grissom 2000. Carol A. Grissom. End of the Third Millennium 8.c." the Eastern Mediterranean Area during Anna-Maria Wittke, pp. 9-27. "Neolithic Statues from 'Ain In Proceedings of the Rencontre the Late Bronze Age: The Canaanite Alter Orient und Altes Testament Ghazal: Construction and Form." Assyriologique Internationale 52, 2006, Jar in Ports, Overland Routes and 323. MilliSter, AmericanJournal of Archaeology 104, edited by H. Neumann. Munster. 2004. Shipwrecks. Forthcoming. no. 1 (January 2000), pp. 25- 45. Forthcoming. Gilibert 2004. Alessandra Gilibert. Goren, Finkelstein, and "Jenseits von Stil und lkonographie: Gubel and Loffet 2011-12. Eric Gasche et al. 1998. Hermann Na'aman 2004. Yuval Goren, Sp5thethitische Einflfisse auf das Gubel and Henri-Charles Loffet. Gasche, James A. Armstrong, Israel Finkelstein, and Nadav assyrische Wandrelief." In Die "Sidon, Qedem and the Land of Stephen W. Cole, and Vahe G. Na'aman. Inscribed in Clay: Aussenwirkung des spiithethitischen lay." Archaeology and History in the Gurzadyan. Dating the Fall of Provenance Study of the Amarna Kulturraumes: Gateraustausch, Lebanon, nos. 34-35 (Autumn-Spring Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second- Tablets and Other Near Eastern Texts. Kulturkontakt, Kulturtransfer; Akten 2011-12), pp. 79-92. Issue titled Millennium Chronology. Mesopota- Tel Aviv, 2004. der zweiten Forschungstagung des 'And Canaan Begat Sidon His mian History and Environment, Graduiertenkollegs "Anatolien und Goren, Mommsen, and Klinger Firstborn . . . Gen. to, 15; t Chr. I, 13": Series 2, Memoirs 4. Ghent and seine Nachbarn" der Eberhard- 2011. Yuval Goren, Hans Mommsen, A Tribute to Dr. John Curtis on His Chicago, 1998. Karls-Universitat Tubingen (zo. bis 22. and Jorg Klinger. "Nondestructive 65th Birthday, edited by Claude Gautier 1999. Achilles Gautier. November 2003), edited by Mirko Provenance Study of Cuneiform Doumet-Serhal, with Anne Rebate "Fauna, Domesticated." In Novak, Friedhelm Prayon, and Tablets Using Portable X-Ray and Andrea Resek. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Anna-Maria Wittke, pp. 373-85. Fluorescence (pXRF)."Journal of Guichard 1999. Michael Guichard. Ancient Egypt, edited by Kathryn A. Alter Orient und Altes Testament Archaeological Science 38 (2010, "Les mentions de la Crete a Mari." Bard, pp. 300-306. London, 1999. 323. Minster, PP. 684-96. 2004. In L'acrobate au taureau: Les decouvertes Gelb 1984. lgnace J. Gelb. "The Giveon 1975. Rafael Giveon. Goren et al. 2003. Yuval Goren, de Tell el-Dab 'a et Parcheologie (Egypte) Inscription ofJibbit-Lim, King of "Asiaten." In Lexikon der Shlomo Bunimovitz, Israel de la Mediterranie orientate (1800-1400 Ebla." Studio Orientalia 55 (1984), Agyptologie, edited by Wolfgang Finkelstein, and Nadav Na'aman. ay. J.-C.); actes du colloque organise au pp. 213-29. Helck and Eberhard Otto, vol. 1, "The Location of Alashiya: New Mush du Louvre par le Service Culturel cols. 462-71. Wiesbaden, 1 Evidence from Petrographic le 3 decembre 1994, edited by Annie George 2003. Andrew R. George. 975. Investigation of Alashiyan Tablets Caubet, pp. 165-77. Paris, 1999. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic. Glanville 1932. Stephen R. K. from El-Amarna and Ugarit." Introduction, Critical Edition, and Glanville. "Records of a Royal Guichard 2005. Michael Guichard. American Journal of Archaeology 107, Cuneiform Texts. Oxford, 2003. Dockyard of the Time of La vaisselle de luxe des rois de Mari: no. 2 (April 2003), pp. 233-55. Tuthmosis III: Papyrus British Materiaux pour le Dictionnaire de George zoo7a. Andrew R. George. Museum ioo56." Part 2, Gorny 1996. Ronald L. Gorny. Babylonien de Paris. Vol. 2. Archives "The Civilizing of Ea-Enkidu: An Commentary. Zeitschrift fur "Viniculture and Ancient royales de Mari 31. Paris, zoos. Unusual Tablet of the Babylonian Agyptischen Sprache und Anatolia." In The Origins and Gilgameg Epic." Revue d'assyriologie Guigues 1937. P. E. Guigues. Altertumskunde 68 Ancient , edited by et d'archeologie orientale 101 (2007), (5932), PP. 7- 4 1. "Lebe`a, Kafer-Oarra, Qraye: Patrick E. McGovern, Stuart). - 80. Glonti, Ketskhoveli, and Necropoles de la region sidonienne." PP. 59 Fleming, and H. Katz, Palumbi 2008. Lili Glonti, Marina Bulletin du Music de Beyrouth I (1937), George 2007b. Andrew R. George. 33- 74. Food and Nutrition in Ketskhoveli, and Giulio Palumbi. PP. 1 pp• 35- 76. "Gilgamesh and the Literary History and Anthropology 11. "The Cemetery at Kvatskhelebi." Traditions of Ancient Mesopotamia." Amsterdam, 1996. Gulick 1980. Athenaeus. The In Archaeology in Southern Caucasus: In The Babylonian World, edited by Deipnosophists. Edited by Charles Perspectives from Georgia, edited by Grace 1956. Virginia R. Grace. Gwendolyn Leick, pp. 447-59. Burton Gulick. Vol. 5. Loeb Antonio Sagona and Mikheil "The Canaanite Jar." In The Aegean London, 2007. Classical Library. Cambridge, and the Near East: Studies Presented to Abramishvili, pp. 153-84. Ancient Mass., 1980. George 2007c. Andrew R. George. Near Eastern Studies, Supplement Hetty Goldman on the Occasion of Her "The Gilgamei Epic at Ugarit." 19. Leuven, 2008. Seventy-fifth Birthday, edited by Giindem 2010. Can Yfimni Aula Orientalis 25 (2007), S. Weinberg, pp. 8o-109. Giindem. "Animal Based Goedicke 1984. Hans Goedicke. pp. 237- 54. Locust Valley, N.Y., 1956. Subsistence Economy of Emar "Abi-Sha(i)'s Representation in during the Bronze Age." In Emar van Gessel 1998. Ben H. L. van Graham 5987. James Walter Beni Hasan."Journal of the American after the Closure of the Tabqa Dam: Gessel. Onomasticon of the Hittite Graham. The Palaces of Crete. Research Center in Egypt 21 (1984), The Syrian-German Excavations, Pantheon. Handbook of Oriental pp. 203-10. Rev. ed. Princeton, N.J., 1987. t996-zooz, edited by Uwe Finkbeiner Studies, The Near and Middle Goldwasser 2006. Orly Goldwasser. Grayson 1987. A. Kirk Grayson. and Ferhan Sakal, vol. 1, Late East 33. Leiden, 1998. "Canaanites Reading Hieroglyphs. Assyrian Rulers of the Third and Roman and Medieval Cemeteries and Gibson 1981. McGuire Gibson. Horus Is Hathor? The Invention of Second Millennia oc (to 1115 uc). Environmental Studies, pp. 125-76. "Geographical and Historical the Alphabet in Sinai." Agypten und Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Subartu 25. Turnhout, 2010. Background." In Tell Razuk, Tell Assyrian Periods I. Toronto, 1987. Levante 16 (2006), pp. 121-6o. Gfindem and Uerpmann 2003. Ahmed al-Mughir, Tell Ajamat, Can Yfimni Gfindem and

332 Cultures in Contact Hans-Peter Uerpmann. "Erste Vermeule, edited by Jane B. Carter by Design: Luxury Arts and an Hayes 1971. William C. Hayes. Beobachtungen an den and Sarah P. Morris, pp. 45-60. "International Style" in the Ancient "The Middle Kingdom in Egypt." Tiernochenfunden aus Emar Austin, 1995. Near East, 1400-1200 BCE, by In The Cambridge Ancient History, (Syrien): Grabungen bis 2002." Marian H. Feldman [Feldman vol. t, pt. 2, Early History of the Haas 2002. Volkert Haas. "Die Baghdader Mitteilungen 34 ( 20066]. Art Bulletin 90, no. Middle East, edited by I. E. S. 2003), hethitische Religion." In Die pp. 1 i9-28. (March 2008), pp. 123-26. Edwards, C. J. Gadd, and N. G. L. Hethiter und ihr Reich: Das Volk der Hammond, 531. Cambridge, Gunter 2009. Ann C. Gunter. 1000 Cotter, pp. 102-1 t. Exh. cat. Harper et al. 1995. Prudence 0. pp. 464- 1971. Greek Art and the Orient. Cambridge, Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Harper, Evelyn Klengel-Brandt, 2009. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Joan Aruz, and Kim Benzel, eds. Hazenbos 2003. Joost Hazenbos. Bonn. Stuttgart, 2002. Assyrian Origins: Discoveries at Ashur The Organization of the Anatolian Giiterbock 1940-42. Hans G. on the Tigris. Antiquities in the Local Cults during the Thirteenth GUterbock. Siegel aus Bolazkoy. 2 Haas 2006. Volkert Haas. Die Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Century B.C.: An Appraisal of the vols. Archiv fur Orientforschung, hethitische Literatur: Texte, Stilistik, Exh. cat. The Metropolitan Hittite Cult Inventories. Cuneiform Beiheft 5, 7. Berlin, 1940-42. Motive. Berlin, 2006. Museum of Art, New York. New Monographs 21. Leiden and Giiterbock 1958. Hans G. Haas 2008. Volkert Haas. York, 1995. Boston, 2003. Giiterbock. "The Composition of Hethitische Orakel, Vorzeichen und Hawass 2007. Zahi Hawass. King Heimpel 1980-83. Wolfgang Hittite Prayers to the Sun."Journal Abwehrstrategien: Ein Beitrag zur Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Heimpel. "Krebs." In Reallexikon of the American Oriental Society 78 hethitischen Kulturgeschichte. Berlin, Tomb. New York, 2007. der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen (1958), PP. 237- 45• 2008. Archaologie, vol. 6, pp. 223-25. Hawes et al. 1908. Harriet Boyd Giiterbock 1969. Hans G. Hagg 1987. Robin Flagg. "On the Berlin, 198o-83. Hawes, Blanche E. Williams, Giiterbock. "An Initiation Rite Reconstruction of the Western Richard B. Seager, and Edith H. Heimpel 1986. Wolfgang Heimpel. for a Hittite Prince." In American Facade of the Palace of Knossos." Hall. Gournia, Vasiliki and Other "The Sun at Night and the Doors Oriental Society, Middle West Branch, In Flagg and N. Marinatos 1987, Prehistoric Sites on the Isthmus of of Heaven in Babylonian Texts." Semi-Centennial Volume: A Collection 129- 34. PP- Hierapetra, Crete: Excavations of the Journal of Cuneiform Studies 38, no. 2 of Original Essays, edited by Denis Flagg and N. Marinates 1987. Wells-Houston-Cramp Expeditions (Autumn 1986), pp. 127-51. Sinor, pp. 99-103. Asian Studies Robin Hagg and Nanno Marinatos, 1901, 5903, 1904. Philadelphia, 5908. Research Institute, Oriental Series Heimpel 2003. Wolfgang Heimpel, eds. The Function of the Minoan 3. Bloomington, Ind., 1969. Hawkins z000. J. David Hawkins. ed. Letters to the King of Mari: A Palaces: Proceedings of the Fourth Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian New Translation, with Historical Giiterbock 1970. Hans G. International Symposium at the Inscriptions. Vol. I, Inscriptions of the Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. Giiterbock. "Some Aspects of Swedish Institute in Athens, to-t6 Iron Age. Untersuchungen zur Winona Lake, Ind., 2003. Hittite Festivals." In Actes de la June 1984. Skrifter utgivna av indogermanischen Sprach- und XVII Rencontre Assyriologique Svenska Instituter i Athen, 35. Helck 1961. Wolfgang Helck. 4., Kulturwissenschaft, n.s., 8, 1. Internationale: Universite libre de Stockholm, 1987. Urkunden der 18. Dynastic: Berlin, 2000. Bruxelles, 3ojuin-4jui11et 1969, Ubersetzung zu den Heften 17-22. Haines 1971. Richard C. Haines. edited by Andre Finet, pp. 175-80. Hawkins 2002. J. David Hawkins. Urkunden des Agyptischen Excavations in the Plain of Antioch. Brussels, 1970. "Anatolia: The End of the Hittite Altertums. Berlin, 1961. Vol. 2, The Structural Remains of the Empire and After." In Die nahostlichen Gfiterbock 1975. Hans G. Later Phases: Chatal Huyuk, Tell Helck 1971. Wolfgang Helck. Die Kulturen und Griechenland an der Giiterbock. "The Hittite Temple Al-Judaidah, and Tell Teyinat. Beziehungen Agyptens zu Vorderasien Wende vom 2. zum 1.Jahrtausend v. according to Written Sources." In Oriental Institute Publications 95. im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. 2nd Chr.: Kontinuitat and Wandel von Le temple et le culte: Compte rendu de Chicago, 1971. ed. Agyptologische Abhandlungen Strukturen and Mechanismen kuhureller la vingtieme Rencontre Assyriologique 5. Wiesbaden, 1971. Haldane 1992. Cheryl A. [Ward] Interaktion; Kolloquium des Sonder- Internationale; organisee a Leiden du 3 Haldane. "The Lisht Timbers: forschungsbereiches 295 "Kulturelle und Helms 1988. Mary W. Helms. au 7juillet 1972 sous les auspices du A Report on Their Significance." sprachliche Kontakte" derJohannes Ulysses' Sail: An Ethnographic Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije In The Pyramid Complex of Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz, 11.-12. Odyssey of Power, Knowledge, and Oosten, edited by E. J. van Donzel, Senwosret I, by Dieter Arnold, Dezember 1998, edited by Eva Geographical Distance. Princeton, pp. 125-32. Istanbul, 1975. Appendix, pp. 102-12, and Andrea Braun-Holzinger and NJ., t988. Giiterbock 1978. Hans G. pls. 115-33. Publications of The Hartmut Matthaus, pp. 143-51. Helms 1993. Mary W. Helms. Giiterbock. "Some Aspects of Metropolitan Museum of Art Paderborn, 2002. Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, Hittite Prayers." Ada Universitatis Egyptian Expedition 25. The Hawkins 2003. J. David Hawkins. and Power. Austin, 5993. Upsalensis 38 (1978), pp. 525-39. Metropolitan Museum of Art "The Storm-God Seal of Mursili III." Egyptian Expedition, South Helwing 2009. Barbara Helwing. Gfiterbock 1980. Hans G. In Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry Cemeteries of Lisht 3. New York, "Azerbaijan in the Chalcolithic: Giiterbock. "An Addition to the A. Hogner, Jr. on the Occasion of His 1992. A View from the Southwest." In Prayer of Murgili to the Sungoddess 65th Birthday, edited by Gary M. Azerbaijan 2009, pp. 63-70. and Its Implications." Anatolian Haldane 1996. Cheryl A. [Ward] Beckman, Richard Beal, and Studies 30 (1980), pp. 41-50. Haldane. "Archaeology in the Red Gregory McMahon, pp. 169-75. Herbordt 2005. Suzanne Sea." Topoi 6 (1996), pp. 853-68. Winona Lake, Ind., 2003. Herbordt. Die Prinzen- und Gfiterbock 1983. Hans G. Beamtensiegel der hethitischen Gilterbock. "Hethitische Gotterbildei- Hamblin zoo6. William]. Hamblin. Hawkins zo08. J. David Hawkins. Grossreichszeit auf Tonbullen aus und Kultobjekte." In Beitrage zur Warfare in the Ancient Near East to "The Disappearance of Writing dem Nisantepe-Archiv in Hattusa. Altertumskunde Kleinasiens: Festschrift 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn Systems: Hieroglyphic Luwian." Bogazkoy-Hattuia 59. Mainz ant far Kurt Bittel, edited by Rainer of istory. London, 2006. In The Disappearance of Writing Rhein, 2005. Michael Boehmer and Harald Systems: Perspectives on Literacy and Hampe and A. Winter 1962. Hauptmann, pp. 203-17. Mainz am Communication, edited by John Herrmann 1992. Georgina Roland Hampe and Adam Winter. Rhein, 1983. Baines, John Bennet, and Stephen Herrmann. "The Nimrud Ivories, Bei Topfern und Topferinnen in Kreta, Houston, London, 2008. 2: A Survey of the Traditions." In Gfiterbock and Kendall 1995. Messenien und Zypern. Mainz am pp. 31-43. Von Uruk nach Tuttul: Eine Festschrift Hans G. Giiterbock and Timothy Rhein, 5962. Hayes 5955. William C. Hayes. fiir Eva Strommenger; Studien und Kendall. "A Hittite Silver Vessel in A Papyrus of the Late Middle Kingdom Harmansah 2008. Omar Aufsatzen von Kollegen und Freunden, the Form of a Fist." In The Ages of in the Brooklyn Museum (Papyrus Harmansah. Review of Diplomacy edited by Barthel Hrouda et al., Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Brooklyn 35.1446). Brooklyn, N.Y., pp. 65-79. Munich, 5992. 1955.

Bibliography 333 Herrmann and Laidlaw 2009. Hoffner 1993. Harry A. HoffnerJr. volume (British School at Athens) Canaanite Society and Ideology." Georgina Herrmann and Stuart "Akkadian Iumma immeru Texts and 46. London, zoii. In The Archaeology of Death in the Laidlaw, with Helena Coffey. Their Hurro-Hittite Counterparts." Ancient Near East, edited by Stuart Hooijer 1978. D. A. Hooijer. "The Ivories from the North West Palace In The Tablet and the Scroll: Near Campbell and Anthony Green, Indian Elephant at Bronze Age Ras (1645-1992). Ivories from Nimrud 6. Eastern Studies in Honor William W pp. [22-24. Oxbow Monograph 51. if Shamra, Ugarit." Ugaritica 7 (1978), London, 2009. Hallo, edited by Mark E. Cohen, Oxford, [995. pp. 187-89. Daniel C. Snell, and David B. Herzog 1985. Ze'ev Herzog. Das Iliakis 1978. K. lliakis. Weisberg, pp. 116-19. Bethesda, Hooker 1994. J. T. Hooker. Stadttor in Israel und in der Nachbar- "Morphological Analysis of the Md., 1993. Eisagoge ste Grammike B (Introduc- tandem. Mainz am Rhein, 1985. Akrotiri Wall-Paintings." In tion to Linear B). Athens, 1994. Hoffner 1998a. Harry A. Hoffner Thera and the Aegean World: Papers Herzog 1997. Ze'ev Herzog. Jr. Hittite Myths. Edited by Gary M. Honig 1979. Monika Hort. Dea Presented at the Second International Archaeology of the City: Urban Beckman. and ed. Writings front Syria: Sludien zur religicisen Tradition Scientific Congress, Santorini, Greece, Planning in Ancient Israel and Its the Ancient World 2. Atlanta, 1998. der Fruchtbarkeitsgtittin in Vorderasien. August 1978, edited by Christos G. Social Implications. Tel Aviv, 1997. Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn, Doumas, vol. 1, pp. 617-28. Hoffner 1998b. Harry A. Hoffner Hickmann 1956. Hans Hickmann. London, 1978. Jr. "Hurrian Civilization from a 1979. Musicologie pharaonique: Etudes sur Hittite Perspective." In Urkesh and Houlihan 1996. Patrick F. Houlihan. Immerwahr 1990. Sara A. revolution de fart musical dare l'Egypt the Hurrians: A Volume in Honor of The Animal World of the Pharaohs. Immerwahr. Aegean Painting in the ancienne. Kehl, 1956. Lloyd Cotsen, edited by Giorgio London, [996. Bronze Age. University Park, Pa., Higginbotham 2000. Carolyn R. Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly- van den Hout 1995. Theo P. J. 1990. Higginbotham. Egyptianization and Buccellati, pp. 167-zoo. Urkesh/ van den Hout. "Tuthaliya IV. und Immerwahr 2005. Sara A. Elite Emulation in Ramesside Palestine: Mozan Studies 3. Bibliotheca die lkonographie hethitischer Immerwahr. "Left or Right? A Governance and Accommodation on the Mesopotamica 26. Malibu, 1998. Grosskonige des 13. Jhs." Bibliotheca Study of Hands and Feet." In Imperial Periphery. Culture and Hoffner 2009. Harry A. Hoffner Jr. Orientalis 52 (1 PP. 545- Aegean Wall Painting: A Tribute to History of the Ancient Near East 2. 995), 73. Letters from the Hittite Kingdom. Mark Cameron, edited by Lyvia Leiden, 200o. Houwink ten Cate 1987. Edited by Gary M. Beckman. 2nd Morgan, pp. 173-83. British School Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate. Hill, Jacobsen, and Delougaz ed. Writings front the Ancient at Athens Studies [3. London, 2005. "The Sun God of Heaven, the 1990. Harold D. Hill, Thorkild World [5. Atlanta, 2009. Assembly of Gods and the Hittite Ismail and Cavigneaux 2003. Jacobsen, and Pinhas Delougaz. Hoflmayer 2007. F. Halmayer. King." In Effigies dei: Essays on the Bahija Khalil Ismail and Antoine Old Babylonian Public Buildings in "Agyptische Skarabaen auf Kreta History of Religions, edited by Dirk Cavigneaux. "Daduias Siegesstele the Diyala Region. University of and ihre Bedeutung fur die van der Plas, pp. [3-34. Leiden, 1987. IM 95200 aus Egnunna: Die Chicago Oriental Institute absolute Chronologie der Inschrift." Baghdader Mitteilungen 34 Publications 98. Chicago, 1990. Hrouda 1991. Barthel Hrouda. Der minoischen Altpalastzeit (MM IB- (2003), pp. 129-63. Abe Orient: Geschichte und Kultur des Hirsch 1977. Ethel S. Hirsch. MM IlB)." Agypten und Levante 17 alien Vorderasien. With contribu- Izre'el 1991. Shlomo lzre'el. Painted Decoration on the Floors of (2007), pp. 107-25. tions by Jean Bottero et al. Munich, Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Bronze Age Structures on Crete and Hofmann 1974. Inge Hofmann. Study. 2 vols. Harvard Semitic the Greek Mainland. Studies in 1991. "Die Artzugehorigkeit des syrischen Studies 40-41. 1991. Mediterranean Archaeology 53. Hutter 1993. Manfred Hutter. Atlanta, Elefanten." Saugetierkundliche Goteborg, [977. "Kultstelen und Baityloi: Die Jacobsen 1987. Thorkild Jacobsen. Mitteilungen 22 (1974), pp. 225-32. Ausstrahlung eines syrischen The Harps that Once . . . : Sumerian Hirschfeld 2010. Nicolle Holy Land 0986. Treasures of the religiosen Phanomens nach Poetry in Translation. New Haven, Hirschfeld. "INA in Depth." INA Holy Land: Ancient Art from the Israel Kleinasien und Israel." In Religions- [987. Quarterly (Institute of Nautical Museum. Exh. cat. The Metropolitan geschichtliche Beziehungen zwischen Archaeology) 37, nos. 2- 3 Jacquet 2002. Antoine Jacquet. Museum of Art, New York; Los Kleinasien, Nordsyrien und dem Alien (Summer-Fall 2010), p. 3o. "Lugal-Mel et malikunt: Nouvel Angeles County Museum of Art; Testament: Internationales Symposion examen du kisputtz a Mari." In Hoffmann 1961. Herbert and Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Hamburg, 17.-21. Marz, edited by Florilegium Marianum VI: Recueil Hoffmann. "The Persian Origin of [986-88. New York, 1986. Bernd Janowski, Klaus Koch, and deludes a la memoire dAndre Parrot, Attic Rhyta." Antike Kunst 4, no. Gernot Wilhelm, pp. 87-108. Hood 1971. Sinclair F. Hood. edited by Dominique Charpin and (1961), pp. 21-26. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis [29. "An Early Helladic Import at Jean-Marie Durand, pp. 51-68. Fribourg and Gottingen, 1993. Hoffmeier 1996. James K. Knossos and Anatolian Memoires de Nouvelles Assyriolo- Hoffmeier. Israel in Egypt: The Connections." In Mélanges de Hutter 2003. Manfred Flutter. gigues Breves et Utilitaires 7. Paris, Evidence for the Authenticity of the prehistoire d'archeocivilisation et "Aspects of Luwian Religion." In 2002. Exodus Tradition. New York, 1996. d'ethnologie offeris a Andre Varagnac, The Luwians, edited by H. Craig Jahn 2007. Brit Jahn. "The edited by Gabriel Marcel, Melchert, pp. 211-80. Handbook of Hoffner 1988. Harry A. Hoffner Jr. Migration and Sedentarization of 427-36. Paris, 1971. Oriental Studies, sect. 1, The Near "A Scene in the Realm of the PP. the Arnorites from the Point of and Middle East 68. Leiden, 2003. Dead." In A Scientific Humanist: Hood 2000. Sinclair F. Hood. View of the Settled Babylonian Studies in Memory of Abraham Sachs, "Crete, Syria and Egypt." In Iamoni and Kanhouch 2009. Population." In Representations of edited by Erle Leichty, Maria . Karetsou 2000, pp. 21-23. M. Iamoni and Yasmine Kanhouch. Political Power: Case Histories front Ellis, and Pamela Gerardi, pp. [91-99. "Der Ostpalast." In Al-Maqdissi, Times of Change and Dissolving Order Hood 2005. Sinclair F. Hood. Occasional Publications of the Morandi Bonacossi, and Pfalzner in the Ancient Near East, edited by "Dating the Knossos Frescoes." In Samuel Noah Kramer Fund 9. 2009, pp. 160-63. Marlies Heinz and Marian H. Aegean Wall Painting: A Tribute to Philadelphia, 1988. Feldman, pp. 193-209. Winona Mark Cameron, edited by Lyvia Ikram and Iskander 2002. Salirna Lake, Ind., 2007. Hoffner 1992. Harry A. HoffnerJr. Morgan, pp. 45-81. British School Ikrarn and Nasry Iskander. Non- "Syrian Cultural Influence in Haul." at Athens Studies 13. London, 2005. Human A/tummies. Catalogue Jones 2005. Bernice R. Jones. In New Horizons in the Study of general des antiquites egyptiennes "The Clothes-Line: Imports and Hood and Cadogan 2011. Ancient Syria, edited by Mark W. du Musee du Caire. Cairo, 2002. Exports of Aegean Cloth(es) and Sinclair F. Hood and Gerald Cadogan. Chavalas and John L. Hayes, Iconography." In Laffineur and Knossos Excavations, 1957-1961: Ilan 1995. David Ilan. "Mortuary pp. 89-106. Bibliotheca Mesopo- Greco 2005, vol. z, pp. 707-0. Early Minoan. Supplementary Practices at Tel Dan in the Middle tamica 25. Malibu, 1992. Bronze Age: A Reflection of

334 Cultures in Contact Kamlah and Sader 2010. Jens Ceramic Sequence at Akrotiri, Kelly-Buccellati 2005. Marilyn v. u. Z. Part 3, Historische Geographie Kamlah and Helene Sader. Thera). In The Aegean Early Bronze Kelly-Buccellati. "Urkesh and the and allgemeine Darstellung. Berlin, "Deutsch-libanesische Age: New Evidence; International North: Recent Discoveries." In 197o. Ausgrabungen auf Tell el-Burak Conference, Athens, April Ith-14th, General Studies and Excavations at Klengel t975. Horst Klengel. siidlich von Sidon: Vorbericht nach 2008, edited by Christos G. Doumas, Nuzi tat, edited by David I. Owen "Zur okonomischen Funktion der Abschluss der siebten Kampagne A. Giannikouri, and Ou. Kouka. and Gernot Wilhelm, pp. 29-40. hethitischen Tempel." Studi micenei 2010." Zeitschrift des Deutschen Forthcoming. Studies on the Civilization and ed egea-anatolici 16 (1975), pp. 181-200. Palastina-Vereins 126, no. 2 (2oio), Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians Karo 1911. Georg Karo. is. Bethesda, Md., 2005. Klengel 1992. Horst Klengel. pp. 93-115. "Minoische Rhyta."Jahrburh des Syria, 3000 to 300 o.c.: Handbook Kamp and Yoffee 1980. Kathryn Kaiserlich Deutschen Archaologischen Kelly-Buccellati zoroa. Marilyn of Political History. Berlin, 1992. A. Kamp and Norman Yoffee. Instituts 26 (1911), pp. 249- 70. Kelly-Buccellati. "Mozan/Urkesh "Ethnicity in Ancient Western Asia in the Late Chalcolithic Period." In Klengel 2000. Horst Klengel. Kassian, Korolev, and Sidel'tsev during the Early Second Millennium J. Becker, Hempelmann, and Rehm "Qatna: Ein historischer 2002. Alexei S. Kassian, Andrej B.C.: Archaeological Assessments 2010, pp. 261-90. Uberblick." Mitteilungen der Korolev, and Andrej Sidel'tsev. and Ethnoarchaeological Prospec- Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Hittite Funerary Ritual: gallif waftai/. Kelly-Buccellati zorob. Marilyn tives." Bulletin of the American Berlin, no. 132 (2000), pp. 239-52. Alter Orient und Altes Testament Kelly-Buccellati. "Uqnitum and Schools of Oriental Research, no. 237 2.88. Munster, 2002. Tar'am-Agade: Patronage and Klinger 1996. Jorg Klinger. (Winter 1980), pp. 85- 104. Portraiture at Urkesh." In Festschrift Untersuchungen zur Rekonstruktion Kavtaradze 2004. Giorgi L. Kamrin 1999. Janice Kamrin. far Gernot Wilhelm anleisslich seines der hattischen Kultschicht. Studien Kavtaradze. "The Chronology of The Cosmos of Khnumhotep II at 65. Geburtstages am 28.Januar 2000, zu den Bogazkoy-Texten 37. the Caucasus during the Early Beni Hasan. London, 1999. edited by Jeanette C. Fincke, Wiesbaden, 1996. Metal Age: Observations from pp. 185-202. Dresden, 2010. Kantor 1945/1999. Helene J. Central Trans-Caucasus." In A View Kloekhorst zoo8. Alwin Kloekhorst. Kantor. "Plant Ornament in the from the Highlands: Archaeological Kemp and Merrillees 1980. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Ancient Near East." PhD diss., Studies in Honour of Charles Burney, Barry" Kemp and Robert S. Inherited Lexicon. Leiden, 2008. University of Chicago, edited by Antonio Sagona, pp. 539-56. Merrillees. Minoan Pottery in Second 1945. Knapp 1991. A. Bernard Knapp. Reissued in 1999 as an e-text: Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Millennium Egypt. Mainz am Rhein, "Spice, Drugs, Grain and Grog: http://oLuchicago.edu/01/DEPT/ Supplement 12. Leuven, 2004. 1980. Organic Goods in Bronze Age RA/HJK/HJKIntro.html Keel and Uehlinger 1998. Othmar Kessler 1982. Dieter Kessler. Eastern Mediterranean Trade." In Kantor 1947. Helene). Kantor. Keel and Christoph Uehlinger. "Menat-Chufu." In Lexikon der Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean: "The Aegean and the Orient in the Gods, Goddesses and Images of God in Agyptologie, edited by Wolfgang Papers Presented at the Conference Second Millennium 8.c." American Ancient Israel. Translated by T. H. Helck and Eberhard Otto, vol. 4, Held at Reivley House, Oxford, in Journal of Archaeology 51, no. Trapp. Edinburgh, 1998. cols. 41-42. Wiesbaden, 1982. December 1989, pp. 21-68. Studies (January-March pp. 1-103. in Mediterranean Archaeology 9o. 1947), Kees 1955. Hermann Kees. Das alte Kessler 1987a. Dieter Kessler. Jonsered, 1991. Kantor 1960. Helene J. Kantor. Agypten: Eine kleine Landeskunde. "Die Asiatenkarawane von Beni "Ivory Carving in the Mycenaean Berlin, 1955. Hassan." Studien zur Altagyptischen Knapp 2008. A. Bernard Knapp. Period." Archaeology (Archaeological Kultur 14 pp. 147-65. Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus: Keilschrifiurkunden aus Boghazkiii (1987). Institute of America) 13 (1960), Identity, Insularity, and Connectivity. 1921-90. Keilschrifturkunden aus Kessler 5987b. Dieter Kessler. 14-25. Oxford, 2008. PP. Boghazkoi. Berlin, 1921-90. "Zur Bedeutung der Szenen des Karageorghis 2008. Vassos taglichen Lebens in den Privat- Knapp, J. D. Muhly, and P. M. Kellerman 1978. Galina Karageorghis. "An Inscribed Late grabern (I): Die Szenen des Muhly 1988. A. Bernard Knapp, Kellerman. "The King and the Minoan III front Sidon." Schiffsbaues und der Schiffahrt." James D. Muhly, and Polymnia M. Sun-God in the Old Hittite In Networking Patterns of the Bronze Zeitschrift fur agyptische Sprache und Muhly. "To Hoard Is Human: Late Period." Tel Aviv 5, nos. 3- 4 and Iron Age Levant: The Lebanon Altertumskunde 1 14 (1 Bronze Age Metal Deposits in (September 1978), pp. 199-208. 987), and Its Mediterranean Connections, PP. 59- 88. Cyprus and the Aegean." Report of edited by Claude Doumet-Serhal, Kelly-Buccellati 1989. Marilyn the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, Khayyata and Kohlmeyer n998. with Anne Rabate and Andrea Kelly-Buccellati. "A New Third , 1988, pt. 1, pp. 233-62. Wahid Khayyata and Kay Resek, pp. 32-33. [London], 2008. Millennium Sculpture from Mozan.' Kohlmeyer. "Die Zitadelle von Knappett and Nikolakopoulou In Essays in Ancient Civilization Karasu 2003. Cent Karasu. "Why Aleppo: Vorlaufiger Bericht iiber zo08. Carl Knappett and Irene Presented to Helene J. Kantor, edited Did the Hittites Have a Thousand die Untersuchungen 1996 und Nikolakopoulou. "Colonialism by Albert Leonard Jr. and Bruce Deities?" In Hittite Studies in Honor 1997." Damaszener Mitteilungen 10 without Colonies? A Bronze Age Beyer Williams, pp. 149- 54. of Harry A. Hoffner, Jr. on the Occasion Case Study from Akrotiri, Thera." Studies in Ancient Oriental (1 998), pp. 69- 96. of His 65th Birthday, edited by Gary Hesperia 77, no. 1 (January-March Civilization 47. Chicago, t989. Klebs 1922. Luise Klebs. Die Reliefs M. Beckman, Richard Beal, and 2008), pp. 1-42. und ,5.lalereien des mittleren Reiches Gregory McMahon, pp. 221-35. Kelly-Buccellati 2002. Marilyn (V11.-XVII. Dynastie, ca. 2475- 1580 Koehl 1995- Robert B. Koehl. Winona Lake, Ind., 2003. Kelly-Buccellati. "Ein hurritischer v. Chr.). Material zur 'agyptischen "The Silver Stag 'Bibru' from Gang in die Unterwelt." Mitteilungen Karetsou 2000. Alexandra Kulturgeschichte. Heidelberg, 1922. Mycenae." In The Ages of Homer: A der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Karetsou, ed. Krete-Aigyptos: Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, Berlin, no. 134 (2002), pp. 131-48. Klengel 1965. Horst Klengel. "Der Politismikoi desmoi tri5n chilietidn edited by Jane B. Carter and Sarah Wettergott von Halab."Journal of (Crete-Egypt: Three Thou- Kelly-Buccellati 2004. Marilyn P. Morris, pp. 61-66. Austin, 1995. Cuneiform Studies 19, no. 3 (1965), sand Years of Cultural Links). Kelly-Buccellati. "Andirons at 93. Koehl 2006. Robert B. Koehl. Heraklion, 2000. Urkesh: New Evidence for the PP. 87- Aegean Bronze Age Rhyta. Prehistory Hurrian Identity of Early Trans- Klengel 1969. Horst Klengel. Kariotis, Day, and D. E. Wilson Monographs 19. Philadelphia, 2006. caucasian Culture." In A View from Geschichte Syriens im 2. fahrtausend forthcoming. S. Kariotis, P. M. the Highlands: Archaeological Studies v. u. Z. Part 2, Mittel- and Siidsyrien. Koehl 2008. Robert B. Koehl. Day, and D. E. Wilson. "He in Honour of Charles Burney, edited Berlin, 1969. "The Role of Ghassulian Culture in keramike akolouthia tes Proimes by Antonio Sagona, pp. 67-89. the Development of Early Bronze Epoches tou Chalkou sto Akroteri Klengel 1970. Horst Klengel. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Age Crete." Lecture delivered at Theras" (The Early Bronze Age Geschichte Syriens im 2.Jahrtausend Supplement 12. Leuven, 2004. the conference "The Minoan World:

Bibliography 335 Exploring the Land of the Labyrinth," Kiihne 1991. Hartmut the Monuments of the "Flowering Lambert 1981. Wilfred G. Lambert. at the Onassis Cultural Center, "Die rezente Umwelt von Tall Seb Period" of the Trialeti Culture). In "The Statue Inscription of Ibbit- New York, September 13, 2008, in Hamad und Daten zur Umwelt- Caucasus: Essays on the Archaeology of Liin of Ebla." Revue d'assyriologie conjunction with the exhibition rekonstruktion der assyrischen the Neolithic-Bronze Age Dedicated to et d'archeologie orientale 75 (198 I), "Front the Land of the Labyrinth: Stadt Dar-Katlirnmu: Die the 8oth Birthday of Prof. Otar pp. 95-101. Minoan Crete, 3000-1100 Be," Problemstellung." In Die rezente Japaridze, pp. rot-I6. Dziebani, Lambert t983. Wilfred G. Lambert. organized in collaboration with the Utnwelt von Tall go Hamad and Supplement 6. Tbilisi, 2001. "The God Agur." Iraq 45, no. Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Daten zur Umweltrekonstruktion der Kutter 2008. Juliane Kutter. Ndr (Spring 1983), pp. 8z-86. the Archaeological Museums of assyrischen Stadt Dar-Katlimmu, ilF: Die Sonnengottheiten in den nord- Crete. edited by Hartmut Kiihne, pp. 21-33. Lambert 1986. Wilfred G. Lambert. westsemitischen Religionen von der Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall SO "Ninurta Mythology in the Koehl and Westlake forthcoming. Spatbronzezeit bis zur vorrOmischen Hamad/D5r-Katlimmu t. Berlin, Babylonian Epic of Creation." In Robert B. Koehl and Polly Westlake. Zeit. Alter Orient und Altes 1991. Keilschriftliche Literaturen: Ausgewahlte "The Plaster." In The South West Testament 346. Miinster, 2008. Vortrage der XXXII. Rencontre House at Knossos, by Colin F. Kiihne x998. Hartmut Kiihne. Kuzucuoglu and Marro 2007. Assyriologique Internationale, Munster, Macdonald and Carl Knappett. "Tall Seh Hamad: The Assyrian Catherine Kuzucuoglu and 8.-12.7.1985, edited by Karl Hecker British School at Athens. London. City of Dur-Katlimmu. A Historic- Catherine Marro, eds. Societes and Walter Sommerfeld, pp. 55-6o. Forthcoming. Geographical Approach." Bulletin of humaines et changement climatique d la Berliner Beitrage zum Vorderen the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Koerner 2004. Joseph Leo fin du troisieme milMnaire: Une trite Orient 6. Berlin, 1986. Japan 10 (1998), pp. 279-307. Koerner. "Bosch's Equipment." a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute Misopotamie? Lambrou-Phillipson 1990. In Daston 2004, pp. 27-65. Kiihne 2000. Hartmut }

336 Cultures in Contact of the Ancient Near East, edited by Study and Anthology. Orbis Biblicus Lipke 1984. Paul Lipke. The Royal van Loon t985. Maurits N. Jack M. Sasson, vol. I, pp. 95-106. et Orientalis 84. Fribourg and Ship of Cheops: A Retrospective van Loon. Anatolia in the Second New York, 1995. Gottingen, 1988. Account of the Discovery, Restoration Millennium B.c. Iconography of and Reconstruction. Based on Inter- Religions, sect. 15, Mesopotamia Lauinger 2010. Jacob Lauinger. Lightfoot 2003. Lucian of views with Hag Ahmed YoussefMoustafa. "Epigraphic Report." In Yener Samosata. On the Syrian Goddess. and the Near East 12. Leiden, 1985. BAR International Series 225. 2010, pp. 85-88. Edited and translated by Jane L. Loud 1939. Gordon Loud. The Oxford, 19 Lightfoot. Oxford, 2003. 84. Lebeau 2008. Marc Lebeau. Megiddo Ivories. University of Lissarrague 1990. F. Lissarrague. ": An Early Bronze Lilyquist 1993. Christine Lilyquist. Chicago Oriental Institute "Around the Krater: An Aspect of Publications 52. Chicago, 1939. Age City in the Syrian Jezireh." "Granulation and Glass: Chrono- Banquet Imagery." In Sympotica: A Journal (Canadian Society for logical and Stylistic Investigations Loud 1948. Gordon Loud. Symposium on the Symposion, edited Mesopotamian Studies) 3 (Fall at Selected Sites, ca. 2500- 1400 B.C.E." Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935-39. by Oswyn Murray, pp. 196-209. 2008), pp. 57-69. Bulletin of the American Schools of Chicago, 1948. Oxford, 1990. Oriental Research, nos. 290-91 Lebeau and Suleiman 2005. Marc Luciani 2006a. Marta Luciani. (May-August 1993), pp. 29- 94. Littauer and Crouwel 1985. Lebeau and Antoine Suleiman, eds. "Ivory at Qatna." In Czerny et al. Mary A. Littauer and J. H. Tell Beydar, Nabada: Une cite du Bronze Lilyquist 1995. Christine Lilyquist. 2006, vol. 3, pp. 17-38. Crouwel. Chariots and Related ancien enJezireh syrienne. to ans de Egyptian Stone Vessels: Khian through Equipment from the Tomb of Luciani 2006b. Marta Luciani. travaux (1992-2002). Documents Tuthmosis IV. The Metropolitan Tuffankhaman. Tut`ankhamian's "Palatial Workshops at Qatna?" d'archeologie syrienne 6. Damascus, Museum of Art. New York, 1995. Tomb Series 8. Oxford, 1985. Baghdader Mitteilungen 37 (2006), 2005. 403_29. Lilyquist 1997. Christine Lilyquist. Liverani 199o. Mario Liverani. PP. Lee 2010. Ryan Lee. "More Depth." "A New 'Foreign' Vase Represen- Prestige and Interest: International Lyonnet 2007. Bertille Lyonnet, ed. INA Quarterly (Institute of Nautical tation from Thebes: Chapel MMA Relations in the Near East, ca. 1600- Les cultures du Caucase, V1,-111' Archaeology) 37, nos. 2-3 (Summer- 5A P2." In Phillips 1997, vol. 2, 1100 B.C. Padua, 1990. millenaires avant notre ere: Leurs rela- Fall 2010), p. 31. PP. 307- 43. tions avec le Proche-Orient. Paris, Liverani 2001. Mario Liverani. Leick 1994. Gwendolyn Leick. Lilyquist 1998. Christine Lilyquist. 2007. International Relations in the Ancient Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian "The Use of Ivories as Interpreters Near East, 1600-tioo n.c. Studies in Lyonnet 2009. Bertille Lyonnet. Literature. London, 1994. of Political History." Bulletin of the Diplomacy. New York, 200i. "Surveys and American Schools of Oriental Research, Excavations in Leonard 1981. Albert Leonard Jr. Western Azerbaijan: Settlement no. 3t0 (May 1998), pp. 25-33. Livingstone 1989. Alasdair "Considerations of Morphological Changes and Relations with Livingstone. Court Poetry and Variation in the Mycenaean Lilyquist 1999. Christine Lilyquist. Surrounding Areas, from the Literary Miscellanea. State Archives Pottery from the Southeastern "The Objects in the Texts." In Neolithic to the Bronze Age." of Assyria 3. Helsinki, 1989. Mediterranean." Bulletin of the Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age, In Azerbaijan 2009, pp. 41-48. American Schools of Oriental Research, Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries Loffet 2006. Henri-Charles Loffet. Macdonald 2002. Colin F. no. 241 (1981), pp. 87-lot. B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts "The Sidon Scaraboid S/3487." Macdonald. "The Neopalatial to Royal Personages, transcribed and Archaeology and History in the Leonard t985. Albert Leonard Jr. Palaces of Knossos." In Driessen, translated by Zipora Cochavi- Lebanon, no. 24 (Winter 2006), An Index to the Mycenaean Pottery Schoep, and Laffineur 2002, Rainey, with contributions by from the Southeastern Mediterranean pp. 78-84. Christine Lilyquist, pp. 211-18. pp. 35- 54. Littoral. Tucson, 1985. Loffet 2009. Henri-Charles Loffet. Beersheba, 1999. Macdonald 2005. Cohn F. "A Propos a Talismanic Sidonian Leonard 1997. Albert Leonard Jr. Macdonald. Knossos. London, 2005. Lilyquist 2003. Christine Lilyquist. Scaraboid and the "'Canaanite Jars' and the Late God Horan." The Tomb of Three Foreign Wives of Archaeology and History in the Macdonald 2010. Bronze Age Aegeo-Levantine Colin F. Tuthmosis III. The Metropolitan Lebanon, Wine Trade." In The Origins and no. 29 (Spring 2009), Macdonald. "Rejection and Revival Museum of Art. New York, 2003. of Ancient History of Wine, edited by PP. 46-55. Traditions: Middle Minoan II-III A Footed Goblets or Eggcups Patrick E. McGovern, Stewart J. Lilyquist 2007. Christine Lilyquist. Lombardi 2000. Alessandra at Knossos." In Cretan Offerings: Fleming, and Solomon H. Katz, "Reflections on Mirrors." In The Lombardi. "II culto delle montagne Studies in Honour of Peter Warren, pp. 233- 54. Luxembourg, 1997. Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt: all'epoca di Tudbaliya IV: Continuity edited by Olga Krzyszkowska, Essays in Honor of David B. O'Connor, e innovazione." In Landscapes: Leonard and Cline 1998. Albert pp. 203-11. British School at edited by Zahi Hawass and Janet Territories, Frontiers and Horizons in Leonard Jr. and Eric H. Cline. Athens Studies 18. London, zoto. Richards, vol. 2, pp. 95-109. Annales the Ancient Near East; Papers Presented "The Aegean Pottery at Megiddo: du Service des Antiquites de l'Egypte, to the XLI V Rencontre Macdonald 2012. An Appraisal and Reanalysis." Assyriologique Colin F. Cahier 36. Cairo, 2007. Internationale, Venezia, 7-11July Bulletin of the American Schools of Macdonald. "Palatial Knossos: The edited by Lucio Milano, Early Years." In Schoep, Tomkins, Oriental Research, no. 309 (February Lilyquist 2012. Christine Lilyquist. t997, Stefano de Martino, F. M. Fales, and Driessen 2012, pp. 81-113. 1998), pp. 3- 39. "Treasures from Tell Basta: God- and G. B. Lanfranchi, vol. 3, desses, Officials, and Artists in an Macdonald forthcoming. Colin F. Leroux et al. 2003. Gael Leroux, Landscapes in Ideology, Religion, International Age." Metropolitan Macdonald. "Between Protopalatial Alain V6ron, Christian Scholz, and Literature and Art, pp. 83-88. Museum Journal 47 (2.012), pp. 9-72. Houses and Neopalatial Mansions: Claude Doumet-Serhal. "Chemical History of the Ancient Near East, An 'Intermezzo' South-west of the and lsotopical Analyses on Weapons Limet 1986. Henri Limet, ed. Monographs III, 3. Padua, 2000. Palace at Knossos." In Macdonald from the Middle Bronze Age in Textes administrattfs relatffs aux Lonnqvist 2010. Minna Lonnqvist. and Knappett forthcoming. Sidon." Archaeology and History in the mataux. Archives royales de Mari "Tracing Tribal Implications Lebanon, no. 18 (2003), pp. 58-61. 25. Paris, 1986. Macdonald and Knappett forth- among the Bronze Age Tomb coming. Cohn F. Macdonald and Lichtheim 1973. Miriam Lichtheim. Lipinski 1983. Edward Lipinski. Types in the Region ofJebel Bishri Carl Knappett, eds. Intermezzo: Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book Review of Le culte d Ugarit d'apres in Syria." Al-Rifidiin, 2010, Intermediacy and Regeneration in of Readings. Vol. 1, The Old and les texts de la pratique en cunefformes pp. 165-73. Issue titled Formation Middle Minoan III Palatial Crete. Middle Kingdom. Berkeley, 1973. alphabitiques, by Jean-Michel de of Tribal Communities: Integrated British School at Athens. London. Tarragon (Paris, 1980). Israel Research in the Middle Euphrates, Lichtheim 1988. Miriam Lichtheim. Forthcoming. Exploration Journal 33, nos. 1-2 Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Syria, edited by Katsuhito Ohnuma. Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A (1983), PP. 137- 39.

Bibliography 337 MacGillivray 1994. Joseph Griechen, edited by Kurt Raaflaub, Jesus-Luis Cunchillos en su 65 aniver- edited by Paolo Matthiae et al., Alexander MacGillivray. "The pp. 77-104. Munich, 1993. sario, edited by Antonino Gonzalez pp. 369-83. Wiesbaden, 2010. Early History of the Palace at Blanco, Juan-Pablo Vita, and Jose Machinist zoo6. Peter Machinist. Marais 2007. Ezra S. Marcus. Knossos (MM 1-11)." In Knossos: Angel Zamora, pp. 67-75. "Kingship and Divinity in Imperial "Amenemhet II and the Sea: A Labyrinth of History; Papers Zaragoza, 2003. Assyria." In Text, Artifact, and Image: Maritime Aspects of the Mit Presented in Honour of Sinclair Hood, Revealing Ancient Israelite Religion, Mallowan 1946. M. E. L. Rahina (Memphis) Inscription." edited by Don Evely, Helen edited by Gary M. Beckman and Mallowan. "Excavations in the Agypten and Levante 17 (2007), Hughes-Brock, and Nicoletta Theodore). Lewis, pp. 152-88. Balih Valley, 1938." Iraq 8 (1946), . Momigliano, pp. 45-55. Athens PP. 137- 90 Brown Judaic Studies 346. pp. 1 1 1-59. and Bloomington, Ind., 1 Maree zone. Marcel Maree. "A jar 994. Providence, 2006. Manniche 5991. Lise Manniche. from Sidon with the Name of MacGillivray 1998. Joseph Machule et al. 1986. Dittmar Music and Musicians in Ancient Egypt. Pharoh-Queen Tawosret." Alexander MacGillivray. Knossos: Machule, Karsten Karstens, Heinz- London, 1991. Archaeology and History in the Pottery Groups of the Old Palace Helmut Klapproth, Gerlinde Mozer, Lebanon, no. 24 (Winter 2006), Period. British School of Athens Manniche 1999. Lise Manniche. Wilfried Pape, Peter Werner, Walter Studies 5. London, 1998. Sacred Luxuries: Fragrance, Aroma- pp. 121-28. Mayer, Ruth Mayer-Opificius, and therapy, and Cosmetics in Ancient Margueron 1977a. Jean-Claude MacGillivray 2007. Joseph Michael Mackensen. "Ausgrabungen Egypt. Ithaca, N.Y., r999. Margueron. "Un 'Hilani' a Emar." Alexander MacGillivray. "Proto- in Tall Munbaqa 1984." Mitteilungen In Archaeological Reports from the palatial (MM IB-MM 111A): Early der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Manning and Hulin zoos. Tabqa Dam Project: Euphrates Valley, Chamber beneath the West Court, Berlin, no. 1 18 (1986), pp. 67-145. Sturt W. Manning and Linda Syria, edited by D. N. Freedman, Royal Pottery Stores, the Trial KV, Hulin. "Maritime Commerce and Machule et al. 1987. Dittmar pp. 163-76. Annual of the and the West and South Poly- Geographies of Mobility in the Machule, Mathias Benter, Joachim American Schools of Oriental chrome Deposits Groups." In Late Bronze Age of the Eastern Boessneck, Angela von den Driesch, Research 44. Boston, Knossos Pottery Handbook: Neolithic Mediterranean: Problemizations." 1977. Tenius Cornelis de Feyter, Karsten and Bronze Age (Minoan), edited by In The Archaeology of Mediterranean Margueron 1977b. Jean-Claude 'Carstens, Heinz-Helmut Klapproth, Nicoletta Momigliano, pp. Prehistory, edited by Emma Blake Margueron. "Ras Shamra 1975 et 105-49. Sabine Koelling, Joachim Kunze, British School at Athens Studies 14. and A. Bernard Knapp, pp. 275-307. 1976: Rapport preliminaire sur les Omer Tezeren, and Peter Werner. London, 2007. Malden, Mass., zoos. campagnes d'automne." Syria "Ausgrabungen in Tall Munbaqa 54, nos. 3- 4 (1 PP. 151-88. MacGillivray 2009. Joseph 1985." Mitteilungen der Deutschen Marchesi zoo6. Gianni Marchesi. 977), Alexander MacGillivray. "Lebanon Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 119 LUMMA in the Onomasticon and Margueron 1982. Jean-Claude and Protopalatial Crete: Pottery, (1987), pp. 73-134. Literature of Ancient Mesopotamia. Margueron. "Topographic." In Chronology and People." Inter- History of the Ancient Near East, Meskene-Emar: Dix ans de travaux, Maier 1992. Walter A. Maier III. connections in the Eastern Mediterranean: Studies to. Padua, 2006. 1972-5982, edited by Dominique "Anath." In The Anchor Bible Lebanon in the Bronze and Iron Ages; Beyer, pp. 17-22. Mission archeo- Dictionary, edited by David Noel Marchetti 2001. Nicole Marchetti. Proceedings of the International logique de Meskene-Emar. Paris, Freedman, vol. 1, pp. 225-27. New La coroplastica eblaita e siriana nel Symposium, Beirut 2008, pp. 187-93. 1982. York, 1992. Bronx° Campagne, 1964-1980. Bulletin d'archeologie et d'archi- 2 vols. Materiali e studi archeologici Margueron 1989. Jean-Claude tecture libanaises, hors-serie, 6. Maiocchi 2011. Massimo Maiocchi. di Ebla 5. Rome, 2001. Margueron. "Problemes de Beirut, 2009. "A Hurrian Administrative Tablet transports au debut de Page du from Third Millennium Urkesh." Marchetti 2003. Nicole Marchetti. MacGillivray 2011-12. Joseph Bronze." Reflets des deux fleuves: Zeitschrift far Assyriologie und corder- "Notes on an Old Syrian Seal Alexander MacGillivray. "A Minoan Volume de mélanges offerts a Andre asiatische Archaologie 101, no. 2 Impression from Sippar." Iraq 65 Jar Fragment from Sidon." Finer, edited by Marc Lebeau (December 201 r), pp. 191-203. (2.003), pp. 161-69. Archaeology and History in the and Philippe Talon, pp. 119-26. Lebanon, nos. 34- 35 (Autumn- Makharadze zoo8. Zurab Marchetti zoo6. Nicole Marchetti. Leuven, 1989. Spring 2011-12), pp. 7-8. Issue Makharadze. "The Settlement at "Middle Bronze Age Public Archi- Margueron zoo3a. Jean-Claude titled "And Canaan Begat Sidon His Tsikhiagora and the Early Barrows tecture at Tilmen Floyilk and the Margueron. "A propos des temples Firstborn . . . Gen. to, 15; I Chr. 1, at Kavtiskhevi." In Archaeology in Architectural Tradition of Old de Syrie du nord." In Sanctuaires 13": A Tribute to Dr. John Curtis on Southern Caucasus: Perspectives from Syrian Palaces." In Ina Kibrdt et clerges, edited by Jean-Claude His 65th Birthday, edited by Claude Georgia, edited by Antonio Sagona Erbetti: Studi di archeologia orientate Margueron et al., pp. 1 1-38. Doumet-Serhal, with Anne Rebate and Mikheil Abramishvili, pp. 63- dedicati a Paolo Matthiae, edited Strasbourg, 2003. and Andrea Resek. 104. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, by Francesca Baffi, Rita Dolce, Supplement 19. Leuven, 2008. Stefania Mazzoni, and Frances Margueron zoo3b. Jean-Claude MacGillivray, Driessen, and Pinnock, pp. 275-308. Rome, 2006. Margueron. Les mesopotamiens. Sackett 2000. Joseph Alexander Malamat 1971. Avraham Malamat. znd ed. Paris, 2003. MacGillivray, Jan M. Driessen, "Syro-Palestinian Destinations Marchetti 2009. NicolO Marchetti. and L. H. Sackett. The Palaikastro in a Mari Tin Inventory." Israel "The zoo7 Joint Turkish-Italian N. Marinatos 1993. NannO Kouros: A Minoan Chryselephantine ExplorationJournal 21, no. 1 (1971), Excavations at Tilmen Floyiik." In Marinatos. Minoan Religion: Ritual, Statuette and Its Aegean Bronze Age PP. 31-38. 30: Kaz: sonuclart toplannsi, 26-30 Image, and Symbol. Columbia, S.C., Context. British School at Athens maps 2008, Ankara, vol. 3, pp. Malamat 1998. Avraham Malamat. 387-98. 1993. Studies 6. London, 2000. Ankara, 2009. "Mari and Its Relations with the N. Marinatos 1995. Nana) Machinist 1976. Peter Machinist. Eastern Mediterranean." In Marchetti 2010. Nicole Marchetti. Marinatos. "Divine Kingship in "Literature as Politics: The Boundaries of the Ancient Near "A Preliminary Report on the Minoan Crete." In The Role of the Tukulti-Ninurta Epic and the Eastern World: A Tribute to Cyrus H. 2007 and 2008 Excavations and Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean, edited Bible." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 38 Gordon, edited by Meir Lubetski, Restorations at Tilmen Floyiik." by Paul Rehak, pp. 37-48. (1976), PP. 455- 82. Claire Gottlieb, and Sharon Keller, In Proceedings of the 6th International Aegaeum 11. Liege and Austin, 411-18. Sheffield, 1998. Congress on the Archaeology of the Machinist 1993. Peter Machinist. pp. 1995. Ancient Near East, May 5th-toth, "Assyrians on Assyria in the First Malbran Labat 2003. Florence N. Marinatos 1998. NannO 2008, "Sapienza"-Universita di Millennium B.C." In A nfange Malbran Labat. "Siyannu, Usnatu Marinatos. "The Tell el-Dab`a Roma, vol. 2, Excavations, Surveys politischen Denkens in der A ntike: et Ugarit." In De la tablilla a la Paintings: A Study in Pictorial and Restorations: Reports on Recent Die Nahostlichen Kulturen und die inteligencia artificial: Homenaje al Prof Tradition." Agypten und Levante 8 Field Archaeology in the Near East, (1998), PP. 83- 99.

338 Cultures in Contact N. Marinatos 2007. Nann6 Labyrinth," at the Onassis Cultural Matthews and Eidem 5993. in Honor of Nimes ozgitc, edited by Marinatos. "Rosette and Palm on Center, New York, September 13, Donald Matthews and Jesper Machteld J. Mellink, Edith Porada, the Bull Frieze from the Tell el- 2008, in conjunction with the Eideni. "Tell Brak and Nagar." and Tahsin ozgiic, pp. 389-97. Dab`a and the Minoan Solar exhibition "From the Land of Iraq 55 (1993), pp. 205-7. Ankara, 5993. Goddess of Kingship." In Bietak, the Labyrinth: Minoan Crete, Matthiae 5962. Paolo Matthiae. Matthiae 1996. Paolo Matthiae. N. Marinatos, and Palivou 2007b, 3000-5500 itc," organized in Ars Syra: Contributi alla storia dell'arte "Due frammenti di un nuovo PP. 145-50. collaboration with the Hellenic figurativa siriana nelle eta del Medio e bacino scolpito dal Tempio P2 di Ministry of Culture and the N. Marinatos 2050. Nanno Tardo Bronzo. Rome, 5962. Ebla." In Studi in memoria di Lucia Archaeological Museums of Crete. Marinatos. "Lions from Tell el Cuerrinis Vitino Oriente, Egea, Grecia, Matthiae 5969. Paolo Matthiae. Dab`a." Agypten and Levante 20 de Martino 1984. Stefano de Roma e mondo romano; tradizione "Empreintes d'un cylindre paleo- (2010), pp. 325-55. Martino. "II ``)ALAN.Z0 come dell'antico e collezionismo di antichita, syrien de Tell Mardikh." Syria 46, e come 'attore' nei testi edited by Maria Grazia Picozzi and N. Marinatos and L. Morgan nos. 5-2 (1969), PP. 1-43. ittiti." Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici Filippo Carinci, pp. 3-12. Studi 2005. Nanno Marinatos and Lyvia 24 (1 Matthiae 5975. Paolo Matthiae. rniscellanei 3o. Rome, 1996. Morgan. "The Dog Pursuit Scenes 984), pp. 131-48. "Syrische Kunst." In Der Alte from Tell el Dab'a and Kea." In de Martino 1995. Stefano de Matthiae 5997. Paolo Matthiae. Orient, edited by Winfnied Aegean Wall Painting: A Tribute to Martino. "Music, Dance, and La storia dell'arte dell'Oriente antics,. Orthmann, pp. 466-93. Propylaen Mark Cameron, edited by Lyvia Processions in Hittite Anatolia." In Vol. 3, I primi imperi e i principati del Kunstgeschichte 14. Berlin, 1975. Morgan, pp. 519-30. British School Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, Ferro, 5600-700 A.G. Milan, 1997. at Athens Studies 13. London, 2005. edited by Jack M. Sasson, vol. 4, Matthiae 1986a. Paolo Matthiae. Matthiae 5998. Paolo Matthiae. pp. 2661-69. New York, 5995. "The Archives of the Royal Palace G S. Marinatos 1971. Spyridon "Les fortifications de I'Ebla paleo- ofEbla: Distribution and Arrange- Marinatos. Excavations at Thera. de Martino 2004. Stefano de syrienne: Fouilles a Tell Mardikh ment of the Tablets according to Vol. 4, 197o Season. Athens, 1 Martino. "Purity dei sacerdoti e dei Comptes rendus des 971. the Archaeological Evidence." In (1995-1997)." luoghi di culto nell'Anatolia ittita." seances de l'Academie des Inscriptions S. Marinatos 1976. Spyridon Cuneiform Archives and Libraries: Orientalia 73 (20 348-62. et Belles-Lettres .142, no. 2 (1998), Marinatos. Excavations at Thera. 04), Pp. Papers Read at she 3o' Rencontre Vol. 7, 1973 Season. Athens, 1976. Masetti-Rouault forthcoming. Assytiologique Internationale, Leiden, PP. 557- 88. Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault. 4-8July 1983, edited by K. R. Matthiae 2000a. Paolo Matthiae. S. Marinatos and Hirmer 5973. "Globalization and Imperialism: Veenhof, pp. 53-71. Leiden, 1986. "A Statue Base from the Western Spyridon Marinatos and Max Political and Ideological Reactions Palace of Ebla and the Continuity Hirmer. Kreta, Thera und dos Matthiae 1986b. Paolo Matthiae. to the Assyrian Presence in Syria of the Old Syrian Artistic Tradition." mykenische Hellas. and ed. Munich, "Una stele paleosiriana arcaica di (I Xth-VIIIth Century BC)." In In Variatio Deleaat: Iran und der 1973. Ebla e la cultura figurativa della Clobalisation in the First Millennium, Westen; Cedenkschriftfor Peter Siria attorno al 1800 A.C." Scienze Mark 2009. Samuel Mark. "The edited by Teodor Lekov and Mark Calmeyer, edited by Reinhard delPAntichita (1986), pp. 447- 95. Construction of the Khufu I Vessel Geller. Melammu Symposia 6. Dittniann et al., pp. 385-402. Alter (c. 2566 BC): A Re-Evaluation." Forthcoming. Matthiae 1989. Paolo Matthiae. Orient und Altes Testament 272. InternationalJournal of Nautical "Old Syrian Ancestors of Some MOnster, 2000. Masseti 2008. Marco Masseti. "A Archaeology 38, no. I (March 2009), Neo-Assyrian Figurative Symbols Zoomorphic Gold Figurine from Matthiae z000b. Paolo Matthiae. pp. 133-52. of Kingship." In Archaeologia 'ranks, the Late Bronze Age on the Island La storia dell'arte dell'Oriente antic°. et Orientalis: Miscellanea in Honorrm Markoe 5990. Glenn E. Markoe. of Thera (Santorini), Greece." In Vol. 2, Cli stati territoriali, 2100-1600 Louis Vanden Berghe, edited by "The Emergence of Phoenician Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII: A.C. Milan, 2000. Leon de Meyer and E. Haerinck, Art." Bulletin of the American Schools Actes des huitiemes Rencontres pp. 367-95. Ghent, 1989. Matthiae 2002a. Paolo Matthiae. of Oriental Research, no. 279 (August Internationales d'Arrheozoologie de "About the Formation of the Old 1990), pp. 53-26. l'Asie du Sud-ouest et des Regions Matthiae 1990a. Paolo Matthiae. Syrian Architectural Tradition." Adjacentes, Lyon, 28Juin-1"juillei "A Class of Old Syrian Bronze Marriner, Morhange, and In Of Pots and Plans: Papers on zoo6/Proceedings of the Eighth Statuettes and the Sanctuary B2 at Doumet-Serhal 2006. Nick the Archaeology and History of International Symposium on the Ebla." In Resurrecting the Past: A Marriner, Christophe Morhange, Mesopotamia and Syria Presented to Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia Joint Tribute to Adnan Bounni, edited and Claude Doumet-Serhal. David Oates in Honour of His 75th and Adjacent Areas, Lyon, June 28- by Paolo Matthiae et al., pp. 345-62. "Geoarchaeology of Sidon's Birthday, edited by Larnia al-Gailani July 5, 2006, edited by Emmanuelle Leiden, 5990. Ancient Harbours, ." Werr et al., pp. 195-209. London, Vila, Lionel Gourichon, Alice M. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 Matthiae 599015. Paolo Matthiae. 2002. Choyke, and Hijlke Buitenhuis, (2006), pp. 15 1 4- 35. "The Reception Suites of the Old vol. 2, pp. 553-59. Travaux de la Matthiae 2002b. Paolo Matthiae. Syrian Palaces." In De la Babylonie Marro 2008. Catherine Marro. Maison de l'Orient et de la "Una riots sul Tempio di Salomone la Syfie, en passant par Mari: Melanges "Late Chalcolithic Ceramic Mediterranee 49. Lyon, 2008. e la cultura architettonica neosiri- offerts d M.J.-R. Kopper a l'occasion Cultures in the Anatolian High- ana." In Da Pyrgi a Mozia: Studi Matoian 2000. Valerie Matoian. de son 70, anniversaire, edited by lands." In Ceramics in Transitions: sull'archeologia del Mediterraneo in "Ras Shamra-Ougarit (Syrie) et la O. Tunca, pp. 209-28. Liege, 199o. Chalcolithic through Iron Age in the memoria di A. Ciasca, edited by production des matieres vitreuses Highlands of the Southern Caucasus Matthiae 1992. Paolo Matthiae. M. G. Amadasi et al., pp. 339-44. au Proche-Orient au II' millenaire and Anatolia, edited by Karen S. "High Old Syrian Royal Statuary Rome, 2002. ay. J.-C." PhD diss., Universite de Rubinson and Antonio Sagona, from Ebla." In Von Uruk nach Tuttul: Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne, z000. Matthiae 2002c. Paolo Matthiae. pp. 9-38. Ancient Near Eastern Eine Festschrift ftir Eva Strommenger- "L'origine dell'Edificio E di Buyuk- Studies, Supplement 27. Leuven, Matthaeus 5995. Hartmut Studien und Aufsatzen von Kollegen kale e it problema storico del 2008. Matthaeus. "Representations of und Freunden, edited by Barthel Hilani." In Anatolia antica: Studi in Keftiu in Egyptian Tonsbs and Hrouda et al., pp. 511-28. Munich, Marthari 2008. Marisa E. Marthari. memoria di F. Imparati, pp. 571-92. the Absolute Chronology of the 1992. "Minoan Religious Symbols in the Eothen i s. Florence, 2002. Aegean Late Bronze Age." Bulletin Cyclades: New Evidence on the Matthiae 1993. Paolo Matthiae. of the Institute of Classical Studies 40 Matthiae 2003. Paolo Matthiae. Figure-of-eight Shield from "A Stele Fragment of Hadad from "Ishtar of Ebla and Hadad of Akrotiri, Thera." Lecture delivered (1995), PP. 177- 94. Ebla." In Nimet Ozgeire Atmakin: Aleppo: Notes on Terminology, at the conference "The Minoan Aspects of Art and Iconography, Politics and Religion of Old Syrian World: Exploring the Land of the Anatolia and Its Neighbors; Studies

Bibliography 339 Ebla." In Semitic and Assyriological Matthiae and Pettinato 1972. Mekhitarian 1954. Arpag ."Journal of the Studies Presented to Pelio Fronzaroli Paolo Matthiae and Giovanni Mekhitarian. La peinture egyptienne. American Oriental Society 103, no. I by Pupils and Colleagues, edited by Pettinato. Il torso di Ibbit-Lim, Les grands siecles de la peinture. (January-March 1983), pp. 237- 48. Paolo Marrassini, pp. 381-402. re di Ebla. Rome, 1972. Geneva, 1 954. Mikrakis 2007. M. Mikrakis. Wiesbaden, 2003. Maul 1991. Stefan M. Maul. Melchert 2004. H. Craig Melchert. "Xylina cheiromorpha krotala apo Matthiae 2004. Paolo Matthiae. "'Wenn der Held (zum Kampfe) "Luvian." In The Cambridge to Akrotiri" (Wooden Hand- "Le Palais Meridional dans la Ville auszieht Ein Ninurta- Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient shaped krotala [clappers] from Basse d'Ebla paleosyrienne: Fouilles Eriemma." Orientalia, n.s., 6o Languages, edited by Roger D. Akrotiri). A LS 5 (2007), pp. 89-96. a Tell Mardikh (2002-2003)." Comptes 12-34. Woodard, 576- 84. Cambridge, (5991), pP• 3 pp. Militello 1999. P. Militello. rendus des seances de l'Academie des 2004. Maxwell-Hyslop 1971. K. R. "Influenza orientale sul palazzo Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 148, no. Maxwell-Hyslop. Western Asiatic Mellink 1966. Machteld J. Mellink. minoico? II caso della decorazione (200 PP. 301-46. 4), Jewellery, c. 300o-612 B.c. London, "The Hasanlu Bowl in Anatolian parietale." In Epi portion plazomened: Matthiae 2006a. Paolo Matthiae. 1971. Perspective." Iranica Antigua 6 Simposio italiano di studi egei dedicato "Archaeology of a Destruction: (1966), pp. 72-87. a Luigi Bernabo Brea e Giovanni Mayer-Opificius 1984. Ruth The End of MB II Ebla in the Light Pugliese Carratelli; Roma, 18-20 Mayer-Opificius. "Die gefiligelte Menu 1994. Michel Menu. of Myth and History." In Czerny febbraio 1998, edited by Vincenzo Sonne: Himmels- und "Analyse du Tresor de Tod." et al. 2006, vol. 3, pp. 39-51. La Rosa, Dario Palermo, and Lucia Regendarstellungen im alten Bulletin de la Societe Francaise Vagnetti, pp. 91-108. Rome, 1999. Matthiae 2006b. Paolo Matthiae. Vorderasien." Llgarit-Forschungen 16 d'Egyptologie, no. 130 (1994), "Old Syrian Statuary and Carved (1984), pp. 189-236. pP- 29- 45. Miller 1986. Robert Miller. Basins from Ebla: New Documents "Elephants, Ivory, and Charcoal: Mazar 199o. Amihai Mazar. Menzel 1981. Brigitte Menzel. and Interpretations." In Les espaces An Ecological Perspective." Bulletin Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, Assyrische Tempel. 2 vols. Rome, 1981. syro-mesopotamiens: Dimensions de of the American Schools of Oriental to,000-586 B.C.E. Anchor Bible l'experience humaine au Proche-Orient Metzger 1991. Martin Metzger. Research, no. 264 (November 1986), Reference Library. New York, 1990. ancien; volume d'hommage a Jean- Karnid el-Lfiz. 7, Die spatbronze- PP. 29- 43. Claude Margueron, edited by Pascal Mazzarella 2004. William zeitlichen Tempelanlagen: Stratigraphie, Mills and White 1989. J. S. Mills Butterlin et al., pp. 423-38. Subartu Mazzarella. "Culture, Globalization, Architektur und Installationen. 2 vols. and R. White. "The Identity of the 17. Turnhout, 2006. Mediation." Annual Review of Saarbriicker Beitrage zur Alter- Resins from the Late Bronze Age Anthropology 33 (2004), pp. 345-67. tumskunde 35. Bonn, 5991. Matthiae 2007. Paolo Matthiae. Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kai)." "The Destruction of Old Syrian Mazzoni 2010. Stefania Mazzoni. Metzger 1993. Martin Metzger. Archaeometry 31 (1989), PP. 37- 44. Ebla at the End of Middle Bronze II: "Syro-Hittite Temples and the Kdmid el-Loz. 8, Die spatbronze- Miron and Orthmann 1995. New Historical Data." In From Traditional in antis Plan." In zeitlichen Tempelanlagen: Die Andrei Miron and Winfried Relative Chronology to Absolute J. Becker, Hempelmann, and Kleinfunden. 2 vols. Saarbriicker Orthmann, eds. Unterwegs zum Chronology: The Second Millennium Rehm 2010, pp. 359-76. Beitrage zur Altertumskunde 40. Goldenen Vlies: Archaologische Funde BC in Syria-Palestine (Rome, 29th Bonn, 1993. McClellan 1984-85. Thomas L. aus Georgien. Exh. cat. Saarland November-1st December 2001), edited McClellan. "El-Qitar: Second Meyer 2007. Jan-Waalke Meyer. Museum, Saarbriicken. Saarbriicken, by Paolo Matthiae et al., pp. 3-52. Season of Excavations, 5983-84." "Town Planning in 3rd Millennium Rome, 2007. 5995. Abr-Nahrain 23 (1984-8 Tell Chuera." In Power and 5), Mitchell 1986. W. J. T. Mitchell. Matthiae zoo8. Paolo Matthiae. PP- 39- 72. Architecture: Monumental Public Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology. Gli Archivi Reali di Ebla: La scoperta, Architecture in the Bronze Age Near McClellan 1986. Thomas L. Chicago and London, 1986. i testi, it sign yicato. Milan, 2008. East and Aegean, edited by Joachim McClellan. "A Syrian Fortress of Bretschneider, Jan M. Driessen, and Mitchell 1994. W. J. T. Mitchell. Matthiae 20o9a. Paolo Matthiae. the Bronze Age, El-Qitar." National Karel van Lerberghe, pp. 129-42. Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and "Crisis and Collapse: Similarity Geographic Research 2, no. 4 (1986), Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta Visual Representation. Chicago, 1994. and Diversity in the Three PP. 418- 40. 156. Leuven, 2007. Destructions of Ebla from EB IVA Mommsen 20°6. Hans Mommsen. McDermott 1938. William to MB II." Scienze dell'Antichita ts Meyer 2010. Jan-Waa Ike Meyer. "Neutron Activation Analysis: Coffman McDermott. The Ape in (200 "The Cemetery of Abu Hamad: Where Was the Dolphin Jar Made?" 9), PP. 43- 93. Antiquity. Johns Hopkins University A Burial Place of Pastoral Groups?" Archaeology and History in the Lebanon, Matthiae 20096. Paolo Matthiae. Studies in Archaeology 27. Al-Rtifichin, 2050, pp. 155-63. Issue no. 2.4 (Winter pp. 48-51. "The Standard of the maliktum of Baltimore, 1938. 2006), titled Formation of Tribal Commu- Ebla in the Royal Archives Period." Monroe 2009. Christopher McGovern 1985. Patrick E. nities: Integrated Research in the Zeitschriftfiir Assyriologie 99 (2009), Mountfort Monroe. Scales of Fate: McGovern. Late Bronze Palestinian Middle Euphrates, Syria, edited by pp. 270-315. Trade, Tradition, and Transformation Pendants: Innovation in a Cosmopolitan Katsuhito Ohnuma. in the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 5356,- Matthiae zotoa. Paolo Matthiae. Age. Sheffield, 1985. Michailidou 2008. A. Michailidou. 1175 scx. Alter Orient und Altes "Early Syrian Palace Architecture: McGovern 1999. Patrick E. "Metallina ergaleia kai skeue sta Testament 357. Miinster, 2009. Some Thoughts about Its Unity." McGovern. "Georgia as Homeland kteria tou oikismou: 'Oikoskeue' In J. Becker, Hempelmann, and Montchambert 2004. Jean-Yves of Wine-Making and Viticulture." kai koinonikes sxeseis paragoges" Rehm 2010, pp. 349-58. Montchambert. La ceramique In National Treasures of Georgia, (Metal Tools and Utensils in the d'Ougarit: Campagites de fouilles 1975 Matthiae zolob. Paolo Matthiae. edited by Ori Z. Soltes, pp. 58-59. Buildings of the Settlement: et 1976. Ras Shamra-Ougarit 15. Ebla, la cilia del Irons: Archeologia e London and Wappinger Falls, N.Y., "Household Items" and Social Editions Recherche sur les storia. Turin, 2010. 1999. Relations of Production). In civilisations. Paris, 2004. Doumas 2008a, pp. 17-35. Matthiae 2oz1. Paolo Matthiae. McGovern 2009. Patrick E. Moody 2009. Jennifer Moody. "La Ishtar di Ebla: Immagine, McGovern. Uncorking the Past: K. Michalowski 1968. Kazimierz "Environmental Change and potere, Fortuna di una grande dea The Questfor Wine, Beer, and Other Michalowski. Art of Ancient Egypt. Minoan Sacred Landscapes." In orientale." In Memorie dell'Accadetnia Alcoholic Beverages. Berkeley, 2009. New York, 1968. Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Nazionale dei Lincei, Cl. Sc. Mor., McMahon 1991. Gregory P. Michalowski 1983. Piotr Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of St. e Fil., Lectio brevis, Anno McMahon. The Hittite State Cult of Michalowski. "History as Charter: Geraldine C. Gesell, edited by Anna Accademico 2010-201f, ser. IX, the Tutelary Deities. Assyriological Some Observations on the Lucia D'Agata and Aleydis van de - 74. Rome, 2011. 28 /3, PP. 555 Studies 25. Chicago, 1991.

340 Cultures in Contact Moortel, pp. 241-49. Hesperia, L. Morgan 2004. Lyvia Morgan. J. D. Muhly 2004. James D. Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergan- Supplement 42. Princeton, N.J., "Feline Hunters in the Tell el- Muhly. "Chrysokamino and the zungsband 6. Berlin, 1979. 2009. Dab`a Paintings: Iconography and Beginnings of Metal Technology Negahban 1990. Ezat 0. Negahban. Dating." Agypten and Levante 14 on Crete and in the Aegean." In Moody, Rackham, and Rapp Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran. Uni- (2004), pp. 285-98. Crete beyond the Palaces: Proceedings 1996. Jennifer Moody, Oliver versity Museum of Archaeology of the Crete z000 Conference, edited Rackham, and George Rapp Jr. L. Morgan 2006. Lyvia Morgan. and Anthropology, University of by Leslie Preston Day, Margaret S. "Environmental Archaeology of "Art and International Relations: Pennsylvania. University Museum Mook, and James D. Muhly, Prehistoric NW Crete." Journal of The Hunt Frieze at Tell el-Dab`a." Monograph 70. Philadelphia, 1991. pp. 283-89. Philadelphia, 2004. Czerny et al. 2006, vol. 2, Field Archaeology 23, no. 3 (1996), In Negbi 1970. Ora Negbi. The J. D. Muhly 2008. James D. PP. 273- 97. PP. 249- 58. Hoards of Goldwork from Tell el 'Aflul. Muhly. "Ayia Photia and the Moorey 1994. P. R. S. Moorey. L. Morgan zotoa. Lyvia Morgan. Studies in Mediterranean Cycladic Element in Early Minoan Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and "An Aegean Griffin in Egypt: The Archaeology 25. Goteborg, 1970. Metallurgy." In Aegean Metallurgy Industries: The Archaeological Hunt Frieze at Tell el-Dab`a." in the Bronze Age: Proceedings of an Negbi 0976. Ora Negbi. Canaanite Evidence. Oxford, Agypten and Levante zo (20,0), 1994. International Symposium Held at the Gods in Metal: An Archaeological pp. 303-23. Moorey 1999. P. R. S. Moorey. University of Crete, Rethymnon, Study of Ancient Syro-Palestinian Ancient Mesopotamian Materials L. Morgan 2010b. Lyvia Morgan. Greece, on November 19- 21, 2004, Figurines. and Industries: The Archaeological "A Pride of Leopards: A Unique edited by Iris Tzachili, pp. 71-76. Institute of Archaeology, Evidence. Winona Lake, Ind., 1999. Aspect of the Hunt Frieze from Athens, 2008. Publications of the Institute of [Repr. of 1994 ed.] Tell el-Dab`a." Agypten und Levante Archaeology 5. Tel Aviv, 1976. Muller 1995. Beatrice Muller. 20 (2010), pp. 263-301. Moorey 2003. P. R. S. Moorey. "Les peintures murales de Neu 1996. Erich Neu. Dos Idols of the People: Miniature Images Moussli 1985. M. Moussli. l'Euphrate 5 la Mediterranee: Des hurritische Epos der Freilassung. of Clay in the Ancient Near East. "Fouilles dans le district de Homs: conceptions communes?" Sources: Vol. 1, Untersuchungen zu einem Oxford, 2003. Site de Tell Safinet-Nouh." Syria Travaux historiques (L'Association hurritisch-hethitischen Textensemble 62., nos. 1-2 (198 pp. 133- 34. "Histoire au Present"), nos. 36-37 aus Hattula. Wiesbaden, 1996. Moortgat-Correns 1955. Ursula 5), (1995), pp. 49-60. Moortgat-Correns. "Neue Moussli 1986-87. M. Moussli. Neve 1975. Peter Neve. "Grosse Anhaltspunkte zur zeitlichen "Rapport preliminaire sur les deux A. Miiller-Karpe 2009. Andreas Tempel in Bogazkoy-Hattuia." In Ordnung syrischer Glyptik." premieres campagnes de fouilles Milller-Karpe. "S'argia. B. Le temple et le tulle: Compte rendu de Zeitschqt far Assyriologie 51 (1955), (1981-1982) i Tell Sefinet Nouh." Archaologisch." In Reallexikon der la vingtieme Rencontre Assyriologique pp. 88-101. Annales archeologiques arabes syriennes Assyriologie and vorderasiatischen Internationale; organisee a Leiden du 36-37 (1986-87), pp. 73-85 (Arabic Archaologie, vol. 12, nos. 1-2, au 7 juillet 1972 sous les auspices du Moran 1992. William L. Moran, section). pp. 62-64. Berlin, 2009. Nederlands lnstituut voor het Nabije trans. The Amarna Letters. ed. and Oosten, edited by E. J. van Donzel, Baltimore, 1992. Moussli 1989-90. M. Moussli. A. Miiller-Karpe and pp. 73-79. Istanbul, 1975. "Tall Safinat-Nouh." Archly far V. Mtiller-Karpe 2009. Andreas Morandi Bonacossi 2008. Daniele Orientforschung 36-37 (1989-90), Miiller-Karpe and Vuslat Mi.iller- Neve 199z. Peter Neve. Hattusra: Morandi Bonacossi. "Betrachtungen pp. 300-308. Karpe. "Untersuchungen in Stadt der Ginter und Tempel. Neue zur Siedlungs- und Bevolkerungs- Kayalminar und Umgebung, Ausgrabungen in der Hauptstadt der struktur des Unteren: tlabfir- Mouton 2004. Alice Mouton. 2006-2009." Mitteilungen der Hethiter. Mainz am Rhein, 1992. Gebietes in der neuassyrischen "Use of Private Incubations Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Zeit." In Umsvelt und Subsistent der Compared to 'Official' Ones in Newberry 1893a. Percy E. Berlin, no. 141 PP. 173-238. assyrischen Stadt Dar-Katlimmu am Hittite Texts." In Offizielle Religion, (2009), Newberry. Beni Hasan. Vol. 1. Unteren ticibar, edited by Hartmut lokale Kulte and individuelle Religiositdt, Museibli 2009. Najaf Museibli. Archaeological Survey of Egypt, Kiihne, pp. 189-214. Berichte der edited by Manfred Hotter and "Ethnocultural Connections ist Memoir. London, 1893. Regions of the Near Ausgrabung Tall S613. Hamad/D6r- Sylvia Hutter-Braunsar, pp. 293-300. between the Newberry 18936. Percy E. in the IVth Katlimmu 8. Wiesbaden, 2008. Alter Orient und Altes Testament East and the Caucasus Newberry. Beni Hasan. Vol. 2. 318. Miinster, 200 Millennium BC." In Azerbaijan Morandi Bonacossi 2009. Daniele 4. Archaeological Survey of Egypt, 200 pp. 8-54. Morandi Bonacossi. "Der Unter- Mouton zoo6. Alice Mouton. 9, 4 and Memoir. London, 1893. Strommenger 1958. stadtpalast." In Al-Maqdissi, "L'importance des reves dans Nagel and "New Shipwreck Finds" 1989. and Pfalzner l'existence de Hattugili III." In Wolfram Nagel and Eva Morandi Bonacossi, "Nostalgic Dives Yield New 156-59. and Times of Hattulili Ill Strommenger. "Alalah und 2009, pp. The Life Shipwreck Finds." National and Tutljaliya IV: Proceedings of a Siegelkunst."Journal of Cuneiform Morenz 2004. Ludwig D. Morenz. Geographic Magazine 176, no. Symposium Held in Honour off. de Studies 12 (1958), pp. 109-23. Bild-Buchstahen and symbolische (July [989). Roos, 12-13 December 2003, Leiden, Zeichen: Die Heraushildung der Schrift Nakhai 1993. Beth Alpert Nakhai. edited by Theo P. J. van den Hout, Nibbi 1987. Alessandra Nibbi. in der hohen Kultur Altagyptens. "Religion in Canaan and Israel: An pp. 9-16. Leiden, 2006. Ancient Egyptian Pot Bellows and the Orientalis 205. Archaeological Perspective." PhD Orbis Biblicus et Oxhide Ingot Shape. Oxford, 1987. Fribourg and Gottingen, 2.004. J. D. Muhly 1973. James D. disc., University of Arizona, 1993. Muhly. "Copper and Tin: The Nichols and Weber 2006. John J. D. Morgan zoos. David Morgan. Narimanishvili 2004. Goderdzi Distribution of Mineral Resources Nichols and Jill A. Weber. The Sacred Gaze: Religious Visual Narimanishvili. "Ritual Roads and the Nature of the Metals Trade ", Onagers, and Social Culture in Theory and Practice. at Trialeti Barrows."Journal of in the Bronze Age." Transactions of Reorganization in Middle Bronze Berkeley, 2005. Georgian Archaeology t (2004), the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Age Syria." In After Collapse: The pp. 20-33. L. Morgan 1995. Lyvia Morgan. Sciences 43 (1973), pp. 155- 535. Regeneration of Complex Societies, "Minoan Painting and Egypt: Negahban 1979. Ezat 0. Negahban. edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and J. D. Muhly 1993. James D. The Case of Tell el-Dab`a." In "Architecture of Haft Tepe." In John J. Nichols, pp. 38-57. Tucson, Muhly. "Early Bronze Age Tin and Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Akten des VII. Internationalen zoo6. the Taurus." American Journal of Interconnections in the Second Kongresses fur Iranische Kunst und Archaeology 97, no. 2 (April 1993), B. Niemeier and W.-D. Millennium edited by W. Vivian Archaologie, Munchen, 7.-to. September Niemeier 2000. Barbara Niemeier Schofield, PP. 239- 53. pp. 9-29. Archaologische Davies and Louise 1976, and Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier. pp. 29-53. London, 1995.

Bibliography 341 "Aegean Frescoes in Syria- British School at Athens Studies 18. Syria, edited by Katsuhito Geburtstag gewidmet von Kollegen, Palestine: Alalakh and Tel Kabri." London, 2010. Ohnuma. Freunden und Schillern, edited by In S. Sherratt 2000, vol. 2, Kurt Bittell et al., pp. 216-20. Nir 1989. Yaakov Nir. Nunn 1988. Astrid Nunn. Die pp. 763-802. Sedimentological Aspects of the Israel Wandmalerei und derglasierte Berlin, 1964. W.-D. Niemeier 1986. Wolf- and Sinai Mediterranean Coasts. Wandschmuck im Alten Orient. Orlamfinde 2001. Julia Orlamfinde. Dietrich Niemeier. "Zur Deutung Jerusalem, 1989. Handbuch der Orientalistik 7, "Uberlegungen zum hethitischen des Thronraumes im Palast von Kunst und Archaologie t, vol. 2, B, KIN-Orakel." In Kulturgeschichten: Nishiaki 2010. Yoshihiro Nishiaki. Knossos." Mitteilungen des Deutschen Lfg. 6. Leiden, 1988. Altorientalische Studien far Volkert "Archaeological Evidence of the Archaologischen Instituts, Athenische Haas zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Early Bronze Age Communities O'Connor 1991. David O'Connor. Abteilung lot (1986), pp. 37-48. Thomas Richter, Doris Prechel, in the Middle Euphrates Steppe, "Mirror of the Cosmos: The Palace and Jorg Klinger, pp. 295-311. W.-D. Niemeier 1991. Wolf- North Syria." Al-Rafrlan, 2010, of Merenptah." In Fragments of a Saarbriicken, 2001. Dietrich Niemeier. "Minoan pp. 37-48. Issue titled Formation Shattered Visage: The Proceedings of Artists Traveling Overseas: The of Tribal Communities: Integrated the International Symposium of Oman 2012. Tallay Oman. Alalakh Frescoes and the Painted Research in the Middle Euphrates, Ramesses the Great, edited by "The Role of Gold in Royal Plaster Floor at Tel Kabri (Western Syria, edited by Katsuhito Ohnuma. Edward Bleiberg and Rita Freed, Representation: The Case of a Galilee)." In Thalassa, l'Egee prehis- pp. 167-98. Monographs of the Bronze Statue from Hazor." In Nougayrol et al. 1968. Jean torique et la mer: Actes de la troisieme Institute of Egyptian Art and Proceedings of the 7th International Nougayrol, Emmanuel Laroche, Rencontre Egienne Internationale Archaeology I. Memphis, 1991. Congress on the Archaeology of the Charles Virolleaud, and Claude de l'Universite de Liege, Station de Ancient Near East, 12 April-16 April Frederic-Armand Schaeffer. Ogden 2000. Jack Ogden. Recherches Sous-marines et Oceano- 2010, the British Museum and UCL, Ugaritica V: Nouveaux texts accadiens, "Metals." In Ancient Egyptian graphiques (StaReS,t), Calvi, Corse, London, vol. 2, Ancient and Modern hourrites et ugaritiques des archives et Materials and Technology, edited by 23-25 avril 199o, edited by Robert Issues in Cultural Heritage; Colour and bibliotheques privees d'Ugarit. Com- Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw, Laffineur and Lucien Basch, Light in Architecture; Art and Material mentaires des textes historiques pp. 148-76. Cambridge, 200o. pp. 189-200. Aegeaum 7. Liege, Culture; Islamic Archaeology, edited (premiere partie). Mission de 1991. Oldenburg 1991. Evelyn by Roger Matthews and John Ras Shamra 16. Bibliotheque Oldenburg. The Chalcolithic and Curtis, Wiesbaden, W.-D. Niemeier and archeologique et historique pp. 445- 58. 53. Early Bronze Age Periods. Sukas 9. B. Niemeier 1998. Wolf-Dietrich Paris, 1968. 2012. Publications of the Carlsberg Niemeier and Barbara Niemeier. Orthmann 1971. Winfried Novak 1994. Mirko Novak. "Eine Expedition to Phoenicia "Minoan Frescoes in the Eastern Orthmann. Untersuchungen zur Typologie der Wohnhauser von Copenhagen, 199t. Mediterranean." In Cline and Spatltethitischen Kunst. Bonn, 1971. Nuzi." Baghdader Mitteilungen 25 Harris-Cline 1998, pp. 69-97. Oldenburg and Rohweder 1981. (1 341- 446. Otten 1951. Heinrich Otten. 994), PP. Evelyn Oldenburg and Jrargen Nigro 2002. Lorenzo Nigro. "Ein althethitischer Vertrag mit Novak and Pfalzner 2001. Rohweder. The Excavations at Tall "The MB Pottery Horizon of Tell Kizzuvatna." Journal of Cuneiform Mirko Novak and Peter Pfalzner. Darak (Usnu?) and 'Arab al-Mulk Mardikh/Ancient Ebla in a Studies 5, no. 4 (1951), pp. 29-32. "Ausgrabungen in Tall Miirife-Qatna (Paltos). Publications of the Chronological Perspective." In 2000: Vorbericht der deutschen Carlsberg Expedition to Phoenicia Otten 1958. Heinrich Otten. The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant: Komponente des internationalen 8. Copenhagen, 1981. Hethitische Totenrituale. Deutsche Proceedings of an International Kooperationsprojekces." Mitteilungen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Conference on MB IIA Ceramic Olivier 2010. Jean-Pierre Olivier. der Deutsthen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin, Institut filr Orientforschung, Material, Vienna, 24th-26th of "Les sceaux et scenes inscrits Berlin, no. 133 (2001), pp. Verfiffentlichung 37. Berlin, 1958. January 200t, edited by Manfred t57- 98. en 'Hieroglyphique' Cretois, en Bietak, pp. 297-328. Osterreichische Novak and Pfalzner 2002a. Lineaire A et en Lineaire B en Otten 1981. Heinrich Otten. Die Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mirko Novak and Peter Pfalzner. Crete et en Grece continentale, Apologie Hattusilis Ill.: Das Bild Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie "Ausgrabungen in Tall Miirife-Qatna en Chypro-Minoen et dans les der Oberlieferung. Studien zu den 26. Vienna, 2002. 200i: Vorbericht der deutschen syllabaires du I" millenaire Bogazkoy-Texten 24. Wiesbaden, Komponente des internationalen Chypre: Un bilan." In Die 1981. Nigro 2003. Lorenzo Nigro. "The Kooperationsprojektes." Mitteil- Bedeutung der minoischen and Smith and the King of Ebla: Tell Otten 19880. Heinrich Otten. ungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft mykenischen Glyptik: VI. Inter- el-Yahudiyeh Ware, Metallic Wares Die Bronzetafel aus Botazkoy: Ein zu Berlin, no. 134 (2002), nationales Siegel-Symposium aus and the Ceramic Chronology of Staatsvertrag Tuttialijas IV Studien PP. 207-46. Anlass des sojahrigen Bestehens des Middle Bronze Age Syria." In zu den Bogazkoy-Texten, Beiheft 1. CMS, Marburg, 9.-12. Oktober 2008, The Synchronisation of Civilisations Novak and Pfalzner 200213. Wiesbaden, 1988. edited by Walter Muller, pp. 287-95. in the Eastern Mediterranean in Mirko Novak and Peter Pfalzner. Corpus der minoischen und Otten 1988b. Heinrich Otten. the Second Millennium B.C., 11: "Excavations in the Western Part of mykenischen Siegel, Beiheft 8. "Ebla in der burritisch-hethitischen Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000- the Bronze Age Palace (Operation Mainz am Rhein, 2010. Bilingue aus Bogazkfiy." In Wirt- EuroConference, Haindorf 2nd of G)." In Al-Maqdissi et al. 2002, schaft und Gesellschaft von Ebla: May-7th of May 2001, edited by pp. 63-110. del Olmo Lete 2008. Gregorio Akten der Internationalen Tagung, Manfred Bietak, pp. 344-63. del Olmo Lete. "Mythologie et Nowicki 2000. Krzysztof Nowicki. Heidelberg, 4.-7. November 1986, Contributions to the Chronology religion de la Syrie au millenaire Defensible Sites in Crete, edited by Hartmut Waetzoldt and of the Eastern Mediterranean 4. ay.). C. (1500-1200)." In Mythologie c. t200-800 B.c. (LM IIIB/IIIC Harald Hauptmann, pp. 189-96. Osterreichische Akademie der et religion des semites occidentaux, through Early Geometric). Aegaeurn Heidelberger Studien zum alien Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der vol. 2, Emar, Ougarit, Israel, Phenicie, 21. Liege and Austin, 2000. Orient 2. Heidelberg, 1988. Gesamtakademie 29. Vienna, 2003. Aram, Arabie, edited by Gregorio Numoto and Kume 201o. del Olmo Lete, pp. 25-162. Otten and Siegelova 1970. Nikolakopoulou 2010. Irene Hirotoshi Numoto and Shogo Leuven, 2008. Heinrich Otten and Jana Siegelova. Nikolakopoulou. "Middle Cycladic Kume. "Surveys and Sondage at "Die hethitischen GuR-Gottheiten Iconography: A Social Context for Opificius 1964. Ruth Opificius. the Cemeteries near the Site of Tell und die Erschaffung der Menschen." 'A New Chapter in Aegean Art.'" "Syrisch-agyptischer Einfluss auf Ghanem 2010, Archly far Orientforschung 23 In Cretan Offerings: Studies in die Kunst des Zweistromlandes in (1970), pp. 49- 60. Issue titled Formation of 8. Honour of Peter Warren, edited by altbabylonischer Zeit." In Vorder- PP. 32-3 Tribal Communities: Integrated Olga Krzyszkowska, pp. 213-22. asiatische Archiiologie: Studien und Otto 1992. Adelheid Otto. "Zur Research in the Middle Euphrates, Aufsatze; Anton Moortgat zum 65. offiziellen Ikonographie auf Siegeln

342 Cultures in Contact aus der Regierung des Konigs journal of Archaeology 84, no. 3 Precursor of Wall Paintings). In Near East, 1500-300 B.c. Bethesda, .aniii-Adad I." Acta praehistorica et (July 1980), pp. 305-9. Doumas 2008a, pp. 239-6o. Md., 1998. archaeologica 24 (1992), pp. 159-71. Palmer 1994. Ruth Palmer. Wine Parayre 1990. Dominique Parayre. Pedersen zoos. Olof Pedersen. Otto z000. Adelheid Otto. Die in the Mycenaean Palace Economy. "Seals and Seal Impressions from Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon: Entstehung und Entwicklung der Aegaeum so. Liege, 1994. Tell Leilan, [985." In "1985 Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert klassich-Syrischen Glyptik. Unter- Excavations at Tell Leilan, Syria," Koldeweys, Palmer t996. Ruth Palmer. "Wine 1899-1917. Abhandlungen suchungen zur Assyriologie und by Harvey Weiss, Peter M. M. G. der and Viticulture in the Linear A Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft vorderasiatischen Archaologie 8. Akkermans, Gil). Stein, Dominique and B Texts of the Bronze Age 25. Saarbriicken, zoos. Berlin and New York, moo. Parayre, and Robert Whiting. Aegean." In The Origins and Ancient H. W. Pendlebury, J. D. S. American Journal of Archaeology 94, Otto 2006. Adelheid Otto. Alhag History of Wine, edited by Patrick E. Pendlebury, and Money-Courts no. 4 (October 1990), PP. 556-67. und Gesellschaft zur Spatbronzezeit: McGovern, Stuart). Fleming, and 1935-36. H. W. Pendlebury, J. D. S. Eine Fallstudie aus Tall Bazi (Syrien). Solomon H. Katz, pp. 269-85. Pardee 1997a. Dennis Pardee. Pendlebury, and M. B. Money- Subartu r9. Turnhout, 2006. Food and Nutrition in History and "The Ba`lu Myth (1.86)." In The Coutts. "Excavations in the Plain Anthropology is. Luxembourg, Context of Scripture, Otto 2006-8. Adelheid Otto. vol. 1, Canonical of Lasithi. I. The Cave of Trapeza." [996. Compositions "QaPat Reallexikon der from the Biblical World, Annual of the British School at Athens edited by William W. Hallo and Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Palumbi 2008. Giulio Palumbi. 36 (1935- 36), pp. 5- 131. K. Lawson Younger, pp. 241- 74. Archaologie, vol. 1 t, pp. 145-46. The Red and Black: Social and J. D. S. Pendlebury, Money- Leiden, 1997. Berlin, 2006-8. Cultural Interaction between the Upper Coutts, and H. W. Pendlebury Euphrates and Southern Caucasus Pardee 5997b. Dennis Pardee. Ownby and Bourriau 2009. 1937-38.1 D. S. Pendlebury, Communities in the Fourth and Third "The Kirta Mary Ownby and Janine Bourriau. Epic (1.102)." In The M. B. Money-Coutts, and H. W. Millennium B.C. Studi di preistoria Context of Scripture, vol. t, "The Movement of Middle Bronze Canonical Pendlebury. "Excavations in the orientale 2. Rome, mo8. Compositions from the Age Transport Jars: A Provenance Biblical World, Plain of Lasithi. II." Annual of the edited by William W. Hallo and British Study Based on Petrographic and Panagiotaki 1997. M. Panagiotaki. School at Athens 38 (1937-38), K. Lawson Younger, pp. 333-43. Chemical Analysis of Canaanite "A Study of Vitreous Materials PP- I- 56. Leiden, 1997. Jars from Memphis, Egypt." In from Minoan Crete." In Archaia Petrie 1897. W. M. Flinders Petrie. Interpreting Silent Artefacts: Petrographic Hellenike Technologia: Praktika IOU Pardee woo. Dennis Pardee. Les A History of Egypt. Vol. 1, From the Approaches to Archaeological Ceramics, Diethnous Synedriou (Ancient Greek textes rituels. 2 vols. Ras Shamra- Earliest Kings to the XVIth Dynasty. edited by Patrick Sean Quinn, Technology Proceedings of the Ougarit 12. Editions Recherche sur 3rd ed. New York, 1897. pp. 173-88. Oxford, 2009. First International Conference, les civilisations. Paris, z000. Pfalzner 1995. Peter Pfalzner. Thessaloniki), pp. 303-11. Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts R. B. Parkinson t997. R. B. Mittanische und mittelassyrische Thessaloniki, 1997. 5923-3o. Oxford Editions of Parkinson. The Tale of Sinuhe and Keramik: Ein chronologische, Cuneiform Texts. Oxford, [923-3o. Panagiotaki 2000. M. Panagiotaki. Other Ancient Egyptian Poems, funktionale und produktions- "Crete and Egypt: Contacts and BC. N. Ozguc 1965. Nimet ozgiic. 1940-1640 Oxford World's okonomische Analyse. Berichte der Relationships Seen through Kaltepe malnir baskilarinda Anadolu Classics. New York, 1997. Ausgrabung Tall erl-J Hamad/Dfir- Vitreous Materials." In Karetsou Katlimmu 3. Berlin, 1995. grubu /The Anatolian Group of W. A. Parkinson 2010. 2000, pp. 154-61. Cylinder Seal Impressions from William A. Parkinson. "Beyond Pfalzner 2007. Peter Pfalzner. Kultepe. Tfirk tarih kurumu Panagiotakopulu 2008. the Peer: Social Interaction and "Archaeological Investigations in yayinlarindan, ser. 5, 22. Ankara, E. Panagiotakopulu. "Parasita Political Evolution in the Bronze the Royal Palace of Qatna." In 1965. stis apothekes" (Parasites in the Age Aegean." In Political Economies Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Storerooms). In Doumas m08a, of the Aegean N. azgily t968. Nimet Ozguc. Bronze Age: Papers from Ancient Syrian Capital: Settlement Kanis Karumu tb kati maharleri ye pp. 491- 98. the Langford Conference, Florida State and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/ University, Tallahassee, 22-24 Febru- Qatna and in Central mahar baskilari/Seals and Seal Papageorgiou and Birtacha 2008. -Western Syria; ary 2007, edited by Daniel). Pullen, Proceedings of the Impressions of Level lb from Karum 1. Papageorgiou and K. Birtacha. International pp. 11-34. Oxford, 2010. Conference Held in Udine, 9-t Kanish. Turk tarih kurumu "Ho pithekos sten eikonographia December 2004, edited by Daniele yayinlarindan, ser. 5, 25. Ankara, tes Epoch& tou Chalkou: He Parpola 2007. Simo Parpola. "The Morandi 1968. periptose ton toichographion apo Neo-Assyrian Ruling Class." In Bonacossi, pp. 29-64. Studi Archeologici to Akroteri Theras" (The Monkey Studien zu Ritual und Sozialgeschichte su Qatna 1. N. Ozguy 1986. Nimet Ozguc. Udine, 2007. in Bronze Age Iconography: The im Alten "Seals of the Old Assyrian Colony Orient/Studies on Ritual and Case of the Frescoes from Akrotiri, Period and Some Observations on Society in the Ancient Near East, Pfalzner 2008a. Peter Pfilzner, Thera). In Doumas the Seal Impressions." In Ancient 2008a, Tartuer Symposien, 1998-2004, edited with Constance von Riiden. Anatolia: Aspects of Change and pp. 287-316. by Thomas Richard Kammerer, "Between the Aegean and Syria: pp. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift The Wall Paintings Cultural Development; Essays in Papagiannopoulou zoo8a. 257- 74. from the Royal fur die alttestamentliche Palace of Qatna." In Fundstellen: Honor of MachteldJ. Mellink, edited Angelia Papagiannopoulou. "From Wissenschaft 374. Berlin, 2007. Gesammelte Schniften zur Archaologie by Jeanny Vorys Canby, Edith Pots to Pictures: Middle Cycladic und Geschichte A ltvorderasiens; ad Porada, B. S. Ridgway, and Figurative Arts from Akrotiri, Parrot 1958a. Andre Parrot. honorem Hartmut Kahne, edited T. Stech, pp. 48-53. Madison, Thera." In Horizon: A Colloquium Mission archeologique de Mad. Vol. 2, by Dominik Bonatz, Rainer M. Wisc., 1986. on the Prehistory of the Cyclades, Le palais. Pt. 1, Architecture. Czichon, and F. Janoscha Kreppner, edited by Neil Brodie et al., Bibliotheque archeologique et N. Ozguc and Tunca 2001. pp. 95-118. Wiesbaden, 2008. pp. McDonald Institute Nimet Ozguc and Onhan Tunca. 433-49. historique 68. Paris, 1958. Monographs. Cambridge, 2008. Pfalzner nab. Peter Pfalzner. Kaltepe-Kanif: Maharla ye yazith kil Parrot 1958b. Andre Parrot. "Syrische Elefanten: Wiederentdeckt bullalar/Sealed and Inscribed Clay Papagiannopoulou 2008b. Mission archeologique de Mad. Vol. 2, im Konigspalast von Qatna." Bullae. Ankara, 2001. Angelia Papagiannopoulou. Le palais. Pt. 2, Peintures murales. in "Mesokykladike Archaologie Deutschland 6 (2008), T. ozgiic 1980. Tahsin Ozguc. eikonistike Bibliotheque archeologique et paradose Os prodromos p. 4. "Excavations at the Hittite Site, ton historique 69. Paris, [958. toichographion" (The Middle Pfalzner 2009a. Peter Pfalzner. Masat Hoyfik: Palace, Archives, Pedersen 0998. Olof Pedersen. Cycladic Figural Tradition as a "Elefantenjagd in Syrien." Damals: Mycenaean Pottery." American Archives and Libraries in the Ancient

Bibliography 343 Das Magazinftir Geschichte und Phillips and Cline 2005. Relations Shaped the Ancient Near Ancient Mesopotamia." In Recon- Kultur, 2009, no. 1 1, pp. 47-48. Jacqueline Phillips and Eric H. East. Oxford, 20 io. sidering the Concept of Revolutionary Cline. "Amenhotep III and Monotheism, edited by Beate Pfdlzner 2009b. Peter Pftilzner. Podella 1996. Thomas Podella. Mycenae: New Evidence." In Pongratz-Leisten, pp. 137-87. "Das Konigtum von Qatna." In Das LichtkleidJHWHs: Unter- Autochthon: Papers Presented to Winona Lake, Ind., zoi Al-Maqdissi, Morandi Bonacossi, suchungen zur Gestalthafiigkeit 0. T P. K. Dickinson on the and Pfalzner 2009, pp. 134- 37. Cones im Alien Testament und Popko 1978. Maciej Popko. Occasion of His Retirement, edited seiner altorientalischen Umwelt. Kultobjekte in der hethitischen Religion Pfdlzner zoi Ia. Peter Pfalzner. by Anastasia Dakouri-Hild and Forschungen zum A [ten (nach keilschrtftlichen Quellen). "Die Chronologie der Konigsgruft Susan Sherratt, pp. 357-28. Bar Testament 15. Tikingen, 1996. Rozprawy Uniwersytetu von Qatna." In Interdisziplinare International Series 1432. Oxford, Warszawskiego 161. Warsaw, 1978. Untersuchungen zur Konigsgruft von 2005. Pollock 2003. Susan Pollock. Qatna, edited by Peter Pfalzner, "Feasts, Funerals and Fast Food in Porada 1957. Edith Porada. Pini 1975. Ingo Pini. Kleinere pp. 55-67. Qatna Studien 1. Early Mesopotamian States." In "Syrian Seal Impressions on Tablets griecltische Sammlungen. Vol. 2. With Wiesbaden, 2011. The Archaeology and Politics of Food Dated in the Time of Hammurabi contributions by John L. Caskey and Feasting in Early States and and Samsu-iluna." _Puma/ of Near Pfdlzner zoiib. Peter Pfalzner. et al. Corpus der minoischen und Empires, edited by Tamara L. Bray, Eastern Studies 16 (1957), pp. 592- "Goldplaketten und andere mykenischen Siegel 5. Berlin, 1975. 97. pp. 17-38. New York, 2003. prestigehaltige Einzelobjekte aus Porada 1973. Edith Porada."Notes Pini 1988. Ingo Pini. Kleinere Gold, Silber und Bernstein aus der Polonsky zooz. Janice Polonsky. on the Sarcophagus of Ahiram." europdische Sammlungen. With con- Konisggruft von Qatna im Kontext "The Rise of the Sun-God and Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern tributions by John H. Betts et al. von Bestattung und Ritual." In the Determination of Destiny in Society of Columbia University 5 Corpus der minoischen und Interdisziplinare Untersuchungen zur Ancient Mesopotamia." PhD diss., mykenischen Siegel si. Berlin, 1988. (1973), pp. 355- 72. Kcinigsgruft von Qatna, edited by University of Pennsylvania, Porada 1981-82. Edith Porada. Peter Pfalzner, pp. 137-9o. Qatna Pini 2000. Ingo Pini. "Eleven Philadelphia, 2002. "The Cylinder Seals Found at Studien I. Wiesbaden, 2011. Early Cretan Scarabs." In Karetsou Pomey 2012. Patrice Pomey. Thebes in Boeotia." Archie fir 2000, pp. 107-13. Pfdlzner 2012. Peter Pfalzner. "The Pharaonic Ship Remains of Orientforschung 28 (1981-82), "Levantine Kingdoms in the Late Pitard 1999. Wayne Pitard. "The Ayn Sukhna." In Proceedings of the pp. 1-7o. Bronze Age." In A Companion to the Alphabetic Ugaritic Tablets." In Twelfth International Symposium on Porada 1982. Edith Porada. Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Handbook of Ugaritic Studies, edited Boat and Ship Archaeology, Istanbul, "Remarks on the Tod Treasure in edited by Daniel T. Potts, by Wilfred G. E. Watson and 2009, edited by Nergis Giinsenin. Egypt." In Societies and Languages of pp. 770-96. Chichester, 2012. Nicolas Wyatt, 46-57. Leiden, ISBSA 12. Oxford, 2052. pp. the Ancient Near East: Studies in Forthcoming. Pfdlzner forthcoming. Peter 1999. Honour of I. M. Diakonqff, pp. 285-303. Pfilzner. Die Stratigraphie des Pittman 1996. Holly Pittman. Pomponio and Xella 1997. Warminster, 5982. Gebiiudes P am Westang der Zitadelle. "The White Obelisk and the Francesco Pomponio and Paolo Porada 1985. Edith Porada. Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Set, Problem of Historical Narrative in Xella. Les dieux d'Ebla: Etude "Syrian Seals from the Late Fourth Harnad/Diir-Katlimmu 12. the Art of Assyria." Art Bulletin 78, analytique des divinites eblaites to the Late Second Millennium." Wiesbaden. Forthcoming. no. 2 (June 1996), pp. l'epoque des archives royales du III' 334- 55. In Ebla to Damascus: Art and Munster, 1997. Pfilzner and Dohmann-Pfdlzner Platon 1971. Nicholas Platon. Archaeology of Ancient Syria, edited 2011. Peter Pfalzner and Heike Zakros: The Discovery of a Lost Palace Pongratz-Leisten 1999. Beate by Harvey Weiss, pp. 90-104. Dohmann-Pfalzner. "Die Gruft of Ancient Crete. New York, 1971. Pongratz-Leisten. Herrschaftswissen Exh. cat. Walters Art Gallery, VII: Eine neu entdeckte Grabanlage in Mesopotamien: Formen der Baltimore, and other institutions; Platon and Brice 1975. Nicholas unter dens Konigspalast von Qatna." Kommunikation zwischen Gott und 1985-87. Washington, D.C., 1985. Platon and William C. Brice. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient- Konig in 2. und I.Jahrtausend v. Chr. Enepigraphoi pinakides kai pithoi Porter 2007. Anne Porter. "You Gesellschaft zu Berlin, no. 143 (201 1), State Archives of Assyria 10. grammikou systematos A ek Zakrou/ Say Potato, I Say . : Typology, pp. 63-139. Helsinki, 1999. Inscribed Tablets and Pithos of Linear Chronology and the Origins of the Pfdlzner and Vila 2009. Peter A System from Zakro. Vivliotheke Pongratz-Leisten 2002. Beate Amorites." In Kuzucuoglu and Pfalzner and Emmanuelle Vila. tes en Athenais Archaiologikes Pongratz-Leisten. "'Lying King' Marro 2007, pp. 69-115. "Ein Elefant ins Konigspalast von Hetaireias 85. Athens, 1975. and 'False Prophet: The Porter zonz. Anne Porter. Mobile Qatna." Alter Orient aktuell, nos. 9-10 Intercultural Transfer of a Platt 1976. Elizabeth Ellen Platt. Pastoralism and the Formation of Near (August 2009), pp. 26-29. Rhetorical Device within Ancient "Triangular Jewelry Plaques." Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Near Eastern Ideologies." In Pfister 2002. Friedrich Pfister. Bulletin of the American Schools of Together Society. Cambridge, 2012. Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Cotter- und Heldensagen der Griechen. Oriental Research, no. 221 (February Proceedings of the Third Annual Posener 1956. Georges Posener. Heidelberg, 2002. 1976), pp. 103-1 Issue titled Symposium of the Assyrian and Litterature et politique dans l'Egypte de Memorial Issue: Essays in Honor of Phillips 1997. Jacke [Jacqueline] Babylonian Intellectual Heritage la XlIr Dynastie. Bibliotheque de George Ernst Wright. Phillips, ed. Ancient Egypt, the Project, Held in Chicago, USA, l'Ecole des }sautes etudes 307. Paris, Aegean, and the Near East: Studies Platt 1979. Elizabeth Ellen Platt. October 27-35, 2000, edited by 1956. in Honour of Martha Rhoads Bell. "Jewelry of Bible Times and the Antonio Panaino and Giovanni Posener and van de Walle 1940. 2 vols. San Antonio, 1997. Catalog of Isa 3:18-23." Andrews 215-43. Melammu Pettinato, pp. Georges Posener and Baudouin van University Seminary Studies 17 (1979), Symposia 3. Milan, 2002. Phillips 2008. Jacqueline Phillips. de Walle. Princes et pays d'Asie et de no. i, pp. 71-84 (pt. t); 17, no. 2, Aegyptiaca on the Island of Crete in Pongratz-Leisten 2009. Beate Nubie: Textes hieratiques sur des pp. 189-201 (pt. 2.). Their Chronological Context: A Pongratz-Leisten. "Akkadische figurines d'envotitement du moyen Critical Review. 2 vols. Oster- Platt 1992. Elizabeth Ellen Platt. Literatur." In Kindler Litemtur- empire suivis de remarques paleo- reichische Akademie der Wissen- "Jewelry: Ancient Israelite." In Lexikon, edited by Heinz Ludwig graphiques sur les textes similaires de schaften, Denkschriften der The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited Arnold, vol. 1, pp. 585-91. 3rd ed. Berlin. Brussels, 1940. Gesamtakademie 49. Contributions by David Noel Freedman, vol. 3, Stuttgart, 2009. Postgate 1974. J. N. Postgate. to the Chronology of the Eastern PP. 823- 34. New York, 1992. Pongratz-Leisten 2011. Beate "Royal Exercise ofJustice under Mediterranean 18. Vienna, 2008. Podany 2010. Amanda H. Podany. Pongratz-Leisten. "Divine Agency the Assyrian Empire." In Le palais Brotherhood of Kings: How International and Astralization of the Gods in et la royaute (Archeologie et civilisation),

344 Cultures in Contact 29 juin-2 juillet 1971; compte rendu, Pulak 1993. Cemal Pulak. "The Puturidze zoos. Marina Puturidze. Rehren and Pusch zoos. Thilo edited by Paul Garelli, pp. 417-26. Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1993 "About the Problem of South Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch. "Late Rencontre Assyriologique Excavation Campaign." INA Caucasian-Near Eastern Cultural Bronze Age Glass Production at Internationale. Paris, 1974. Quarterly (Institute of Nautical Relations according to the Items of Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt." Science, Archaeology) zo, no. 4 (1 Artistic Craft during the First Half n.s., 308 (June 17, zoo5), Postgate 1992. J. N. Postgate. 993), of the znd Millennium s.c." Metalla pp. 1756-58. "The Land of Assur and the Yoke PP. 4-12. 12, nos. 1-2 (2005), pp. 8-22. of Assur." World Archaeology 23, Pulak 1996. Cemal Pulak. G. A. Reisner and M. B. no. 3 (February 1992), pp. 247-63. "Analysis of the Weight Assem- Quirke and Fitton 1997. Stephen Reisner 1993. George A. Reisner blages from the Late Bronze Age Quirke and). Lesley Fitton. "An and M. B. Reisner. "Inscribed Postgate 2007.1 N. Postgate. Shipwrecks at Uluburun and Aegean Origin for Egyptian Spirals?" Monuments from Gebel Barka I." "The Land of Assur and the Yoke Cape Gelidonya, Turkey." PhD In Phillips 1997, vol. 2, pp. 421- 44. Part 2, "The Granite Stela of of Assur." In The Land of Assur and diss., Texas A&M University, Thutmosis III." Zeitschrift fur the Yoke of Assur: Studies on Assyria, Rabehl 2005. Silvia Rabehl. "Eine College Station, 1996. agyptische Sprache und Altertums- 1971-2005, pp. 199-215. Oxford, Gruppe von Asiaten im Grab kunde 69 24- 39. 2007. Pulak 5997. Cemal Pulak. "The Chnumhoteps 11. (BH 3): Tradierung (1993), PP. Uluburun Shipwreck." In Res eines Bildmotivs in den Felsgrabern Rethemiotakis 2002. Potts 1997. Daniel T. Potts. Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern des Mittleren Reiches von Beni G. Rethemiotakis. "Evidence on Mesopotamian Civilization: The Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Hassan." Imago Aegypti I (zoos; Social and Economic Changes at Material Foundations. Ithaca, N.Y., Antiquity; Proceedings of the Second pub. 2006), pp. 86-97. Galatas and Pediada in the New- 1997. International Symposium "Cities on Palace Period." In Driessen, Schoep, Rabehl 2006. Silvia Rabehl. Das Potts 1999. Daniel T. Potts. the Sea," Nicosia, Cyprus, October and Laffineur 2002, pp. 55-69. Crab des Amenemhat (Jmnjj) in Beni The Archaeology of . 18-22, 1994, edited by Stuart,Swiny, Hassan oder der Versuch einer Symbiose. Reusch 1958. Helga Reusch. "Zum Cambridge, 1999. Robert L. Hohlfelder, and Helena Munich, 2006. Wandschmuck des Thronsaales in Wylde Swiny, pp. 233-62. Poursat 1977. Jean-Claude Knossos." In Minoica: Festschrift zum American Schools of Oriental Radner 2004. Karen Radner. Poursat. Catalogue des ivoires 80. Geburtstag vonJohannes Sundwall, Research Archaeological Reports 4. "Fressen und gefressen werden: myceniens du Music National edited by Ernst Grumach and Cyprus American Archaeological Heuschrecken als Katastrophe und d'Athenes. Bibliotheque des ecoles Helga Reusch, pp. 334-58. Berlin, Research Institute Monograph Delikatesse im alten Vorderen francaises d'Athenes et de Rome 1958. Series 1. Atlanta, 1997. Orient." Welt des Orients 34 ( 230 bis. Athens and Paris, 1977. 2004), pp. 7-22. Reuther 1926. Oscar Reuther. Pulak 1998. Cemal Pulak. Poursat 1994. Jean-Claude Die Innenstadt von Babylon (Merkes). "The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Rawlinson, G. Smith, and Poursat. Response to Judith 2 vols. Wissenschaftliche Ver6ffent- Overview." International Journal of Pinches 1891. Henry C. Weingarten, "The Sealing Studies lichungen der Deutschen Orient- Nautical Archaeology 27, no. 3 Rawlinson, George Smith, and in the Middle Bronze Age. I: gesellschaft 47. Leipzig, 1926. (August 1998), pp. Theophilus G. Pinches. The Karahoyiik. 11: Phaistos" 188-224. Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Richter 1999. Thomas Richter. [Weingarten 1994]. In Archives Pulak 1999. Cemal Pulak. Asia. Vol. 4. znd ed. London, 1891. Untersuchungen zu den lokalen Panthea before Writing: Proceedings of the "Shipwreck! Recovering 3,000- Sad- und Mittelbabyloniens in alt- International Colloquium, Oriolo Year-Old Cargo." Archaeology "Recent Acquisitions" 1993. babylonischer Zeit. Alter Orient und Romano, October 23-25, 1991, edited Odyssey 2, no. 4 (September- "Recent Acquisitions: A Selection, Altes Testament 257. Miinster, 1999. by Piera Ferioli, Enrica Fiandra, October 1999), pp. 18-29, 59. 1992-1993." The Metropolitan Gian Giacomo Fissore, and Museum of Art Bulletin, n.s., 51, Richter and Lange 2012. Thomas Pulak 2001. Cemal Pulak. "The Marcella Frangipane, pp. 297-98. no. 2 (Autumn 1993). Richter and Sarah Lange. Das Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Rome, 1 Archiv des Idadda: Die Keilschrifttexte 994. Evidence for Trade with the Redford 1979. Donald B. Redford. aus den deutsch-syrischen Ausgrabungen Poursat 2008. Jean-Claude Aegean and Beyond." In Italy and "A Gate Inscription from Karnak 20ot-2003 im Konigspalast von Qatna. Poursat. L'art egeen. Vol. I, Grece, Cyprus in Antiquity, 1500-450 n.c.: and Egyptian Involvement in Qatna Studien 3. Wiesbaden, 2012. Cyclades, Crete jusqu'au milieu du Proceedings of an International Western Asia during the Early 18th millinaire ay. J.-C. Paris, 2008. Symposium Held at the Italian Dynasty."Journal of the American Riis and Buhl 2007. P. J. Riis and Academy for Advanced Studies in Oriental Society 99, no. 2 (1979), Marie-Louise Buhl. Bronze Age Poursat and Loubet 2005. Jean- America at Columbia University, pp. 270-87. Graves in Hama and Its Neighbourhood. Claude Poursat and M. Loubet. November ,6-t8, 2000, edited by z vols. Hama, fouilles et recherches "Metallurgic et contacts exterieurs Redford 1986. Donald B. Redford. Larissa Bonfante and Vassos de la Fondation Carlsberg, 1931-1938, Malia (Crete) au Minoen Moyen II: "Egypt and Western Asia in the Karageorghis, pp. 13-60. Nicosia, I, 2. 2 vols. Nationalmuseets Remarques sur une serie d'analyses Old Kingdom." Journal of the 2001. skrifter, Sterre beretninger 1 4. isotopiques du plomb." In Laffineur American Research Center in Egypt 23 Copenhagen, 2007. and Greco zoos, vol. t, pp. 117-21. Pulak 2005. Cemal Pulak. "Who (1986), pp. 125- 43. Were the Mycenaeans Aboard the Riis et al. 2004. P. J. Riis, Ingolf Pritchard 1955. James B. Pritchard, Redford 1992. Donald B. Redford. Uluburun Ship?" In Laffineur and Thuesen, John Lund, and Thomas ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Greco zoos, vol. I, pp. 295-310. Riis. Topographical Studies in the Relating to the Old Testament. znd ed. Times. Princeton, NJ., 1992. dabla Plain. Publications of the Princeton, N.J., 1955. Pulak and Rogers 1994. Cemal Redford 2003. Donald B. Redford. Carlsberg Expedition to Phoenicia Pulak and Edward Rogers. "The Pulak 1988a. Cemal Pulak. "The The Wars in Syria and Palestine of 13. Copenhagen, 2004. 994 Turkish Shipwreck Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu 1993-1 Thutmose III. Boston, 2003. Survey." INA Quarterly (Institute Ristvet 2012. Lauren Ristvet. Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign." of Nautical Archaeology) 21, Reeves 199o. Nicholas Reeves. "Resettling Apum: Tribalism and American Journal of Archaeology 92, no. 4 17-21. The Complete Tutankhamun: The Tribal States in the Tell Leilan no. t (January 1988), pp. 1-37. (1994), pp. King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. Region, Syria." In Looking North: Purpura 1986. Gianfranco Pulak 1988b. Cenral Pulak. London, 1990. The Socioeconomic Dynamics of Purpura. "Rinvenimenti sotto- "Excavations in Turkey: 1988 Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian marini nella Sicilia occidentale." Rehak 1998. Paul Rehak. "Aegean Campaign." INA Newsletter Regions during the Late Third and Bollettino d'arte, nos. 37-38 (1986), Natives in the Theban Tomb (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) Early Second Millennium ac, edited suppl., Archeologia subacquea 3, Paintings: The Keftiu Revisited." 15, no. 4 (December 1988), pp. 12-17. by Nicola Laneri, Peter Pfalzner, pp. 139-60. In Cline and Harris-Cline 1998, pp. 39- 50.

Bibliography 345 and Stefano Valentini, pp. 37-50. interregionaler Kommunikation." Sayed 1978. Abdel Monem A. H. prehistoriques d'Ugarit et nouveaux Wiesbaden, 2012. PhD diss., University of Freiburg, Sayed. "The Recently Discovered sondages, etudes anthropologiques, 2006. Port on the Red Sea Shore." puma/ poteries grecqucs et monnaies islamiques Rohrlich and Goldsmith 1984. of Egyptian Archaeology 64 (1978), de Ras Shamra et environs. Mission V. Rohrlich and V. Goldsmith. von Riiden 2011. Constance von - 71. de Ras Shamra 15. I3ibliotheque "Sediment Transport along the Riiden. Die Wandmalereien aus Tall PP• 69 archeologique et historique Southeast Mediterranean: Milrife/Qaina im Kontext fiber- Sayed 1980. Abdel Monem A. H. 74. Paris, 1962. A Geological Perspective." Geo- regionaler Kommunikation. With Sayed. "Observations on Recent Marine Letters 4, no. 2 (1984), studies by Ann Brysbaert and Ilka Discoveries at Wadi Gawasis." Schaeffer 1966. Claude pp. 99-103. Weisser. Qatna Studien 2. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 66 Frederic-Armand Schaeffer. Wiesbaden, 2011. (1980), pp. 154- 57. "Neue Entdeckungen und RhIlig 1999. W. Rollig. "Nibi, Funde in Ugarit Ni'i, Nija." Reallexikon der von Widen in preparation. Sayed 1983. Abdel Monem A. H. (1962-1964)." Archiv far Orientforschung 21 Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Constance von Riiden. Plaster Sayed. "New Light on the Recently (1966), pp. 131-37. Architologie, vol. 9, nos. 3- 4 Reliefs from a Thutmosid Palace Discovered Port on the Red Sea (October 1999), pp. 3 13b- 3 145. Precinct at Avaris. Untersuchungen Shore." Chronique d'Egypte 48 (1983), Scheel 1989. Bernd Scheel. der Zweigstelle Kairo des Oster- 37. Egyptian Metalworking and Tools. Romant 1978. Bernard Romani. PP. 23- reichischen Archaologischen Shire Egyptology 13. Princes Life in Egypt in Ancient Times. Sbonias 1995. Kostas Sbonias. Institutes, edited by Manfred Risborough, Aylesbury, Geneva, 1978. Frahkretische Siegel: Ansatzeffir eine Bietak. Vienna: Osterreichische Buckinghamshire, 1989. Interpretation der sozial-politischen Ross 1999. Jennifer C. Ross. The Akademie der Wissenschaften. In Entwicklung auf Kreta wahrend der Schiestl 2006. Robert Schiestl. Golden Ruler: Precious Metals and preparation. Frithbronzezeit. British Archaeological "The Statue of an Asiatic Man Political Development in the Third Rutten 1938. M. Rutten. "Les Reports, International Series 62o. front Tell el-Dab`a, Egypt." Millennium u.c. Near East. Ann animaux a attitudes humaines dans Oxford, 1995. Agypten und Levante 16 (2006), Arbor, 1999. fart de l'ancienne Mesopotarnie." Scandone Matthiae 1991a. PP- 173-85. Roth 1997. Martha T. Roth. Law Revue des etudes semitiques (1938), Gabriella Scandone Matthiae. Schiestl 2009. Robert Schiestl. Tell Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia PP. 97-119. "Gli intarsi egittizzanti del Palazzo el-Dab 'a, XVIII: Die Palastnekropole Minor. and ed. Writings from the Saflund 1981. G. Saflund. Settentrionale di Ebla." Scienze von Tell el-Dab 'a. Die Graber des Ancient World 6. Atlanta, 5997. "Cretan and Theran Questions." dell'Antichita 5 (1990, pp. 423- 39. Areals F/I der Straten d/2 und Vt. Rubinson 1991. Karen S. Rubinson. In Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Osterreichische Akademie der Scandone Matthiae 1991b. "Mid-Second Millennium Pontic- Bronze Age: Proceedings of the First Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gabriella Scandone Matthiae. Aegean Connections: A Note to International Symposium at the Gesamtakademie 47. Vienna, 2009. "Una testa paleosiriana in avorio Chapter 12." In Ancient Economy in Swedish Institute in Athens, 12-13 con corona atef." La parola del Schrnokel 1963. Hartmut Mythology: East and West, edited by May 198o, edited by Robin Hagg passato 46 (1991), PP. 382-93. Schmokel. Ur, Assur und Babylon: Morris Silver, pp. 283-85. Savage, and Nanno Marinatos, pp. 589-208. DreiJahrtausende im Zweistromland. Md., 1991. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Scandone Matthiae 2002. Grosse Kulturen der Friihzeit. Institutet i Athen 4", 28. Stockholm, Gabriella Scandone Matthiae. Rubinson 2001. Karen S. Rubinson. Berlin, 5963. 1981. Gli avori egittizzanti dal Palazzo "Metal Vessels with Basket Handles Settentrionale. Materiali e studi Schneider 1998. Thomas Schneider. at Trialeti." In Caucasus: Essays on Sakellarakis and Sapouna- archeologici di Ebla 3. Rome, 2002. Auslander in Agypten wahrend des the Archaeology of the Neolithic-Bronze Sakellaraki 1997. Yannis Mittleren Reiches und der Hyksoszeit. Age Dedicated to the Both Birthday of Sakellarakis and Efi Sapouna- Scandone Matthiae 2006. Vol. I. Agypten und Altes Prof. OtarJaparidze, pp. 123- Sakellaraki. Archanes: Minoan Crete Gabriella Scandone Matthiae. 24. Testament 42. Wiesbaden, 1998. Dziebani, Supplement 6. Tbilisi, in a New Light. Athens, 5997. "Nuovi frammenti di avori 2001. egittizzanti di Ebla." In Czerny Schoep 2006. Ilse Schoep. Sallaberger 2007. Walther et al. 2006, vol. 3, pp. 81-36. "Looking beyond the First Palaces: Rubinson 2003. Karen S. Rubinson. Sallaberger. "From Urban culture Elites and Agency of Power in "Silver Vessels and Cylinder to Nomadism: A History of Upper Schaeffer 1932. Claude Frederic- EM Ill-MM II Crete." American Sealings: Precious Reflections of Mesopotamia in the Late Third Armand Schaeffer. "Fouilles de Journal of Archaeology Ito, no. Economic Exchange in the Early Millennium." In Kuzucuoglu and Minet-el-Beida et de Ras-Shamra. (January 2006), pp. 37-64. Second Millennium B.C." In Marro 2007, pp. 417-56. Troisieme campagne (printemps Archaeology in the Borderlands: 1931)." Syria 13, no. 1 (1932), pp. 1-27. Schoep 2007. Ilse Schoep. Sandars 1963. N. K. Sandars. Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, "Architecture and Power: The "Later Aegean Bronze Swords." Schaeffer 1937. Claude Frederic- edited by Adam T. Smith and Origins of the Minoan 'Palation' American Journal of Archaeology 67, Armand Schaeffer. "Les fouilles de Karen S. Rubinson, pp. 128-43. Architecture." In Power and no. 2 (April 1963), pp. 17-53. Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Huitieme Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 1 Architecture: Monumental Public campagne (printemps 1936). University of California, Los Saretta 1997. Phyllis Saretta. Architecture in the Bronze Age Near Rapport sommaire." Syria 18, no. 2 Angeles, Monograph 47. Los "Egyptian Perceptions of West East and Aegean, edited by Joachim (1937), pp. 125- 54. Angeles, 2003. Semites in Art and Literature Bretschneider, Jan M. Driessen, during the Middle Kingdom: An Schaeffer 1939. Claude Frederic- and Karel van Lerberghe, pp. 213-36. Rubinson 2006. Karen S. Rubinson. Archaeological, Art Historical and Armand Schaeffer. The Cuneiform Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 156. "Over the Mountains and through Textual Survey." PhD diss., New Texts of Ras Shamra-Ugarit. London, Leuven, 2007. the Grass: Visual Information as York University, 5997. [Microfilm, 1939. 'Text' for the 'Textless."' In Beyond Schoep, Tomkins, and Driessen Ann Arbor, 19991 the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings Schaeffer 1949. Claude Frederic- 2012. Ilsa Schoep, Peter Tomkins, of the 2002 University of Chicago Sayce 1905. A. H. Sayce. "The Armand Schaeffer. Ugaritica II: and Jan M. Driessen, eds. Back to Conference on Eurasian Archaeology, Age of Abraham." Biblical World 26, Nouvelles etudes relatives aux the Beginning: Reassessing Social and edited by David L. Peterson, no. 4 (October 1905), PP. 248-57. decouvertes de Ras Shamra. Mission Political Complexity on Crete during Laura M. Popova, and Adam T. de Ras Shamra 5. Paris, 1949. the Early and Middle Bronze Age; Sayed 1977. Abdel Monem A. H. Smith, pp. 247-63. Leiden, 20,06. Proceedings of the International Sayed. "Discovery of the Site of the Schaeffer 1962. Claude Frederic- Conference "Power and Architecture," von Riiden 2006. Constance von 12th Dynasty Port at Wadi Gawasis Armand Schaeffer. Ugaritica IV: Organized by the Katholieke Roden. "Die Wandmalereien von on the Red Sea Shore." Revue Decouvertes des XVIII' et XIX' Universiteit Leuven, the Universite Tall Miirife/Qatna im Kontext d'egyptologie 29 (1977), pp. 140-78. campagnes, 1954-1955, fondements

346 Cultures in Contact Catholique de Louvain and the Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient Shea 1981. William H. Shea. Pavel Avetisyan, and Adam T. Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat World and Beyond, edited by Nicole "Artistic Balance among the Smith, pp. 21-32. University of Munster on the zest and 22nd of Brisch, pp. 13-31. University of Beni Hasan Asiatics." Biblical Chicago Oriental Institute November 2002. Oxford, 2012. Chicago Oriental Institute Archaeologist 44, no. 4 (Autumn Publications 134. Chicago, 2009. Seminars 4. Chicago, 2008. 1981), pp. 219-2.8. Schuhnan 1982. Alan Schulman. L. Smith et al. 2004. Laurence "The Battle Scenes of the Middle Serpico et al. 2003. Margaret Shedid 5994. Abdel Ghaffar Smith, Janine Bourriau, Yuval Kingdom." Journal of the Society for Serpico, Janine Bourriau, Laurence Shedid. Die Felsgraber von Beni Goren, Michael Hughes, and the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 12, Smith, Yuval Goren, Benjamin Hassan in Mitteliigypten. Mainz am Margaret Serpico. "The Provenance no. 4 (August 1982), pp. 165-83. Stern, and Carl Heron. "Com- Rhein, 1994. of Canaanite Amphorae Found at modities and Containers: A Project Memphis and Amarna in the New Schuol 1994a. Monika Schuol. A. G. Sherratt and S. Sherratt to Study Canaanite Amphorae Kingdom: Results, 2000-2002." In "Die Terminologie des hethitischen 1991. Andrew G. Sherratt and Imported into Egypt during Invention and Innovation: The Social SU-Orakels: Eine Untersuchung Susan Sherratt. "From Luxuries to the New Kingdom." In The Syn- Context of Technological Change, 2; auf der Grundlage des mittel- Commodities: The Nature of chronisation of Civilisations in the Egypt, the Aegean and the Near East, hethitischen Textes KBo XVI 97 Mediterranean Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean in the Second 1650-1150 BC; Proceedings of a unter vergleichender Beriick- Trading Systems." In Bronze Age Millennium B. c., 11: Proceedings of Conference Held at the McDonald sichtigung akkadischer Orakeltexte Trade in the Mediterranean: Papers the SCIEM 2000-EuroConference, Institute for Archaeological Research, und Lebermodelle, I." Altorienta- Presented at the Conference Held at Haindorf, 2nd of May-7th of May Cambridge, 4-6 September 2002, lische Forschungen 21, no. t (1994 Rewley House, Oxford, in December 2001, edited by Manfred Bietak, edited by Janine Bourriau and Jacke PP- 73- 124. 1989, pp. 351-86. Studies in pp. 365-75. Contributions to [Jacqueline] Phillips, pp. 55-77. Mediterranean Archaeology 90. Schuol 5994b. Monika Schuol. the Chronology of the Eastern Oxford, 2004. Jonsered, 1991. "Die Terminologie des hethitischen Mediterranean 4. Osterreichische S. Smith 1949. Sidney Smith. SU-Orakels: Eine Untersuchung Akademie der Wissenschaften, S. Sherratt 0994. Susan Sherratt. The Statue of Idri-mi. Occasional auf der Grundlage des mittel- Denkschriften der Gesamt- "Comment on Ora Negbi, the Publications of the British Institute hethitischen Textes KBo XVI 97 akaciemie 29. Vienna, 2003. 'Libyan Landscape' from Thera: of Archaeology in Ankara 1. unter vergleichender Beriick- A Review of Aegean Enterprises Sethe 1906. Kurt Sethe. Urkunden London, 1 sichtigung akkadischer Orakeltexte Overseas in the Late Minoan IA 949. des Allen Reichs. Urkunden der 18. und Lebermodelle, II." Altoriental- Period."Journal of Mediterranean W. S. Smith 1965. William Dynastic. Leipzig, 1906. ische Forschungen 21, no. 2 (1994), Archaeology 7, no. 2 (t994), Stevenson Smith. Interconnections PP. 247- 304. Sethe 0932. Kurt Sethe. Urkunden PP. 237-40. in the Ancient Near-East: A Study of des Alten Reichs. z vols. Urkunden the Relationships between the Arts Schwartz zoot. Glenn M. S. Sherratt 2000. Susan Sherratt, des agyptischen Altertums t, of Egypt, the Aegean, and Western Schwartz. "Syria and the Uruk ed. The Wall Paintings of Thera: nos. 1,2. Leipzig, 1932. Asia. New Haven, 1965. Expansion." In Uruk Mesopotamia Proceedings of the First International and Its Neighbours: Cross-Cultural Shafer 2007. Ann Shafer. "Assyrian Symposium, Petros Nomikos Conference Smogorzewska 2009. Anna Interactions in the Era of State Royal Monuments on the Periphery: Centre, Thera, Hellas, 3o August-4 Smogorzewska. "Andirons from Formation, edited by Mitchell S. Ritual and the Making of Imperial September 1997. 3 vols. Athens, z000. Tell Arbid: Archaeological and Rothman, pp. 233-64. Santa Fe, Space." In Ancient Near Eastern Art Ethnoarchaeological Studies." "Sidon's Minoan Cup" 2004. 2001. in Context: Studies in Honor of IreneJ. Etudes et travaux 23 (2009), "Animal Bone Deposit under Winter, edited by Marian H. Feldman Schwartz 2006. Glenn M. Schwartz. Sidon's Minoan Cup: C14 Analysis." PP. 137- 50. and Jack Cheng, pp. 133-53. Cul- "From Collapse to Regeneration." Archaeology and History in the Lebanon, von Soden 5932. W. von Soden. ture and History of the Ancient In After Collapse: The Regeneration no. 20 (Autumn 2004), p. 6o. "Zu den Amarna Briefen aus Near East 26. Leiden, 2007. of Complex Societies, edited by Babylon und Assur." Orientalia 21 Simmel 1900/1990. Georg Glenn M. Schwartz and John). J. W. Shaw 1973. Joseph W. Shaw. (1952), Simmel. Philosophy of Money. Edited pp. 426-34. Nichols, pp. 3-18. Tucson, 2.006. Minoan Architecture: Materials and by David Frisby. 2nd ed. London, van Soldt 5995. Wilfred H. Techniques. Annuario della Scuola Schwartz 2007. Glenn M. Schwartz. 1990. [Translation of Philosophic des van Soldt. Studies in the Akkadian of Archeologica di Atene e delle "Taking the Long View on geldes. Leipzig, Iwo.] Ugarit: Dating and Grammar. Alter Missioni Italiane in Oriente 49. Collapse: A Syrian Perspective." Orient und Altes Testament 4o. Rome, 1973. Singer 1996. Itamar Singer. In Kuzucuoglu and Marro 2007, Kevelaer, t991. Muwatalli's Prayer to the Assembly of PP. 45-67. J. W. Shaw 2009. Joseph W. Shaw. the Gods through the Storm-God of van Soldt Wilfred H. "The Character, Genesis, and 1995. Schwemer 2001. Daniel Schwemer. Lightning (C714 381). Atlanta, 1996. van Soldt. "Babylonian Lexical, Influence of Minoan Palatial Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens Religious and Literary Texts and Architecture." In Bronze Age Singer 2002. Itamar Singer. Hittite und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Scribal Education at Ugarit and Its Architectural Traditions in the Eastern Prayers. Writings from the Ancient Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Implications for the Alphabetic Mediterranean: Diffusion and World 11. Atlanta, 2002. Studien nach der schrfftlichen Quellen. Literary Texts." In Ugarit: Ein Diversity; Proceedings of the Wiesbaden, 2001. A. T. Smith 2001. Adam T. Smith. ostmediterranes Kulturzentrum im Symposium, 07.-08.05.2008 in "The Limitations of Doxa: Agency Alten Orient: Ergebnisse und Seeher 2002. Jurgen Seeher. Munich /Gasteig Munchen / and Subjectivity from an Archaeo- Perspektiven der Forschung, edited Hattusha-Guide: A Day in the Hittite Architektonische Traditionen im logical Point of View." Journal of by Manfred Dietrich and Oswald Capital. and ed. Ancient Anatolian Ostlichen Mitte/meer wiihrend der . Social Archaeology 1, no. 2 (October Loretz, pp. 171-212. Abhandlungen Towns 2. Istanbul, 2002. Bronzezeit: Verbreitung und Vielfalt; 2001), pp. 155-71. zur Literatur Alt-Syrien-Palastinas Symposiumsband, edited by Selz 2000. Gebhard J. Selz. "Five 7. Munster, 1995. Apostolos Kyriatsoulis, pp. 61-89. A. T. Smith 2009. Adam T. Smith. Divine Ladies: Thoughts on Inana(k), Weilheim, 2009. "Historical and Anthropological van Soldt 5999. Wilfred H. In(n)in(a), Annunitum, and • Problems in the Archaeology of van Soldt. "The Syllabic Akkadian `Anat, and the Origin of the Title M. C. Shaw 1970. Maria C. Shaw. Southern Caucasia." In The Archae- Texts." In Handbook of Ugaritic 'Queen of Heaven.'" N IN: Journal "Ceiling Patterns from the Tomb ology and Geography of Ancient Studies, edited by Wilfred G. E. of Gender Studies in Antiquity I of Hepzefa." American Journal of Transcaucasian Societies, vol. t, The Watson and Nicolas Wyatt, pp. 28-45. (2000), pp. 29-62. Archaeology 74, no. t (January Foundations of Research and Regional Leiden, 1999. 1970), pp. 25-30. Selz 2008. Gebhard J. Selz. "The Survey in the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Divine Prototypes." In Religion and Armenia, by Ruben S. Badalyan,

Bibliography 347 Sorensen 2009. A. H. Sorensen. the Civilization and Culture of Siiel 2008. Mustafa Siiel. Bir Hitit Archeologiche e Antropologiche "Approaching Levantine Shores: Nuzi and the Hurrians t8. baskenti: Ortakoy Sapinuva. Ankara, dell'Antichita, University degli Aspects of Cretan Contacts with Bethesda, Md., 2009. zoo& Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" 2. Western Asia during the MM- Rome, 2000. G. Stein Gil Stein. Swift 2009. Ellen Swift. Style and LM I Periods." Proceedings of the 1999• Rethinking World-Systems: Diasporas, Function in Roman Decoration: Living Thalmann 2006. Jean-Paul Danish Institute at Athens 6 (2009), Colonies and Interaction in Uruk with Objects and Interiors. Farnham, Thalmann. Tell Arqa, I: Les niveaux 55. pp. 9- Mesopotamia. Tucson, 1999. England, 2009. de Page du Bronze. Bibliotheque Sotirakopoulou 1993. Panayiota archeologique et historique 177. G. Stein 2002. Gil Stein. "From Tadmor 1987. Hayim Tadmor. Sotirakopoulou. "The Chronology Beirut, 2,006. Passive Periphery to Active Agents: "Monarchic und Eliten in Assyrien of the 'Kastri Group' Reconsidered." Emerging Perspectives in the and Babylonien: Die Frage der Thoumin 1936. Richard Thoumin. Annual of the British School at Athens Archaeology of Interregional Verantwortlichkeit." In Kulturen der "Le Ghab." Revue de geographie 88 (1993), pp. 5-20. Interaction." American Anthropologist Achsenzeit, [vol. 1], Ihre Urspriinge alpine 24, no. 3 (1936), PP. 467-538. Soysal 2004. Oguz Soysal. 104, no. 3 (September 2002), und Vielfalt, edited by Shmuel N. Thrane 1978. Henrik Thrane. Hattischer Wortschatz in hethitischer pp. 903-16. Eisenstadt, pp. 292-323. Frankfurt A Middle Bronze Age Collective Grave Textilberlieferung. Handbook of am Main, 1987. Steinkeller 2005. Piotr Steinkeller. on Tall Sukas. Sukas 4. Publications Oriental Studies, sect. 1, The Near "Of Stars and Men: The Concep- Tadmor 1999. Hayim Tadmor. of the Carlsberg Expedition to and Middle East 74. Leiden, 2004. tual and Mythological Setup of "World Dominion: The Expanding Phoenicia 5. Copenhagen, 1978. Spalinger 1986. Anthony J. Babylonian Extispicy." In Biblical Horizon of the Assyrian Empire." Throckmorton 1960. Peter Spalinger. "Foods in P. Bulaq 18." and Oriental Essays in Memory of In Landscapes: Territories, Frontiers Throckmorton. "Thirty-three Studien zur Altagyptischen Kultur 13 William L. Moran, edited by and Horizons in the Ancient Near Centuries under the Sea." National (1986), pp. 207 Agustinus Gianto, pp. 11- East; Papers Presented to the XLIV - 47. 47. Geographic Magazine 117, no. 5 (May Biblica et Orientalia 48. Rome, zoos. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Starke 0983. Frank Starke. Die 1960), pp. 682-703. Venezia, 7-11July 1997, edited by keilschrift-Iinvischen Texte in Umschrift. Stos 2009. Zofia A. Stos. "Across Lucio Milano, Stefano de Martino, Throckmorton 1964. Peter Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten the Wine Dark Seas . . . Sailor F. M. Fales, and G. B. Lanfranchi, Throckmorton. Lost Ships: An 30. Wiesbaden, 1985. Tinkers and Royal Cargoes in vol. 1, Invited Lectures, pp. 55-62. Adventure in Undersea Archaeology. the Late Bronze Age Eastern Starr 1937. Richard F. S. Starr. History of the Ancient Near East, Boston, 1964. Mediterranean." In From Mine Nuzi: Report on the Excavation at Monographs III, 1. Padua, to Microscope: Advances in the Study 1999. Thureau-Dangin 1919. Francois Yorghan'Tepa near Kirkuk, Iraq, of Ancient Technology, edited by Takaoglu 2600. Turan Takaoglu. Thureau-Dangin. "Un acce de 1927-1931. VOL 2, Plates and Plans. Andrew J. Shortland, Ian C. "Hearth Structures in the Religious donation de Marduk-zakir-sumi." Cambridge, Mass., 1937. Freestone, and Thilo Rehren, Pattern of Early Bronze Age Revue d'assyriologie et d'archeologie Starr 1939. Richard F. S. Starr. pp. 163-80. Oxford, 2009. Northeast Anatolia." Anatolian orientale 16 (1919), pp. 117-56. Nuzi: Report on the Excavation at Studies so (z000), pp. Stos and Gale zoo6. Zofia A. Stos Thureau-Dangin et al. 1931. Yorghan Tepa near Kirkuk, Iraq, and Noel H. Gale. "Appendix C: Taraciji 0999. Ahmad Ferzat Francois Thureau-Dangin, 1927-1931. Vol. 1, Text. Cambridge, Lead Isotope and Chemical Analyses Taraqji. "Nouvelles decouvertes A. Barrois, Georges Dossin, and Mass., 1939. of Slags from Chrysokamino." In sur les relations avec l'Egypte a Tel Maurice Dunand. Arslan Tash. Staubli 1991. Thomas Staubli. Das The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Sakka eta Keswe, dans la region Bibliotheque archeologique et Image der Nomaden im Alten Israel Workshop and Its Territory, by de Damas." Bulletin de la Societe historique 16. Paris, 1931. und in der Ikonographie seiner Philip P. Betancourt, with contri- Franfaise d'Egyptologie 144 (1999), Thyrza Sparks 2007, Rachael sesshaften Nachbarn. Orbis Biblicus butions by Eleni A. Armpis et al., PP. 27- 43. Thyrza Sparks. Stone Vessels in the et Orientalis 107. Fribourg and pp. 299-319. Hesperia, Supplement Tavadze and Barkaja 1954. Levant. The Palestine Exploration Gottingen, 1991. 36. Princeton, N.J., 2006. F. N. Tavadze and V. F. Barkaja. Fund Annual 8. Leeds, 2007. Steible and Behrens 1982. Horst Stos-Gale and Gale 1992. Zofia "lz Istorii Obrabotki Metallov Tiradritti 1999. Francesco Steible and Hermann Behrens. A. Stos-Gale and Noel H. Gale. Davleniem po Arkheologicheskim Tiradritti. Egyptian Treasures from Die Altsumerischen Bow- und "New Light on the Provenience of Materialam Gruzii" (On the the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. New Weihinschriften. 2 vols. Freiburger the Copper Oxhide Ingots Found History of Metal Forming among York, 1999. altorientalische Studien 5. on Sardinia." In Sardinia in the the Archaeological Materials of Wiesbaden, 1982. Mediterranean: A Footprint in the Sea; Georgia). Sovetskaja Arkheologija 20 Todaro 2012. Simona Todaro. Studies in Sardinian Archaeology "Craft Production and Social D. L. Stein 1984. Diana L. Stein. (1954), pp. 357-81. Presented to Miriam S. Balmuth, Practices at Prepalatial Phaistos: "Khabur Ware and Nuzi Ware: Taylor 1965. Joan du Plat Taylor. edited by Robert H. Tykot and The Background to the First Their Origin, Relationship and Marine Archaeology: Developments Tamsey K. Andrews, pp. 317-46. 'Palace.'" In Schoep, Tomkins, Significance."Assur 4, no. 1 (1984), during Sixty Years in the Mediter- Sheffield, 1992. and Driessen 2012, pp. 195-235. pp. 1-65. ranean. London, 1965. Stos-Gale and MacDonald 1991. Tomkins 2012. Peter Tomkins. D. L. Stein 1997. Diana L. Stein. Teixidor 1977. Javier Teixidor. Zofia A. Stos-Gale and Colin F. "Behind the Horizon: Reconsidering "Alalakh." In The Oxford Encyclope- The Pagan God: Popular Religion MacDonald. "Sources of Metals the Genesis and Function of the dia of Archaeology in the Near East, in the Graeco-Roman Near East. and Trade in the Bronze Age 'First Palace' at Knossos (Final edited by Eric M. Meyers, vol. 1, Princeton, N.J., 5977. Aegean." In Bronze Age Trade in the Neolithic IV-Middle Minoan IB).- pp. 55-59. New York, 1997. Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the Thalmann 2000. Jean-Paul In Schoep, Tomkins, and Driessen D. L. Stein 2009. Diana L. Stein. Conference Held at Rewley House, Thalmann. "Le peuplement de la 2012, pp. 32-80. "Winged Disks and Sacred Trees at Oxford, in December 1989, pp. 249-88. Plaine du Akkar a Page du Bronze." van der Toorn 1998. Karel van Nuzi: An Altered Perspective on Studies in Mediterranean In Proceedings of the First International der Toorn. "Goddesses in Early Two Imperial Motifs." In General Archaeology 90. Jonsered, 1991. Congress on the Archaeology of the Israelite Religion." In Ancient Studies and Excavations at Nuzi t t!2 Ancient Near East, Rome, May Streck 2000. Michael P. Streck. Goddesses: The Myths and the in Honor of David I. Owen on the 58th-23rd, 1988, edited by Paolo Das amurritische Onomastikon der alt- Evidence, edited by Lucy Goodison Occasion ofHis 65th Birthday, Matthiae, A. Enca, L. Peyronel, babylonischen Zeit. Alter Orient und and Christine Morris, pp. S3-9-. October 28, 2005, edited by Gernot and F. Pinnock, vol. 2, pp. 1615-35. Altes Testament 271. Munster, London, 1998. Wilhelm, pp. 573-603. Studies on Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, 2000.

348 Cultures in Contact Tournavitou 1995. Iphiyenia proistorikes epoches tou Aigaiou Vermeule 1964. Emily Townsend C. A. Ward 2003. Cheryl A. Ward. Tournavitou. The "Ivory Houses" at (The Winged Creatures of the Vermeule. Greece in the Bronze Age. "Pomegranates in Eastern Mediter- Mycenae. Supplementary volume Prehistoric Era of the Aegean). Chicago, 1964. ranean Contexts during the Late (British School at Athens) 24. He en Athenais Archaiologike Bronze Age." World Vernus 1989. Pascal Vernus. Archaeology 34, London, 1995. Hetaireia (The Athens Archaeo- no. 3 (February "Sur deux inscriptions du Moyen 2003), PP. 529- 41. logical Society). Athens, 1970. Treasures of Tutankhamun 1976. Empire (Urk. VII, 36; Caire JE 519 C. A. Ward 2004. Cheryl A. Ward. Treasures of Tutankhamun. Exh. cat. Uehlinger 0998-2001. Christoph li)." Bulletin (Societe d'Egyptologie, "Boatbuilding in Ancient Egypt." National Gallery of Art, Uehlinger. "Nackte Gottin. B. in Geneva), no. 13 (1989), pp. 173-81. In The Philosophy of Shipbuilding, Washington, D.C., and other der Bildkunst." In Reallexikon der edited by Frederick Hocker and Veron and Leroux 2004. Alain institutions. New York, 1976. Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Cheryl A. Ward, pp. 1 Veron and Gael Leroux. "Provenance 3- 24. Archaologie, vol. 9, pp. 53- College Station, Texas, 2004. Tremouille 1999. Marie-Claude 64. of Silver Artefacts from Burial 27 at Berlin, 1998-2001. Tremouille. "La religion des Sidon." Archaeology and History in C. A. Ward 2006. Cheryl A. Ward. Hourrites: Etat actuel de nos Ur 2010. Jason A. Ur. "Cycles the Lebanon, no. 20 (Autumn 2004), "Boat-Building and Its Social connaissances." In Nuzi at Seventy- of Civilization in Northern PP. 34- 38. Context in Early Egypt: Interpreta- Jive, edited by David I. Owen and Mesopotamia, 4400- 2000 BC." tions from the First Dynasty Boat- Villard 1986. Pierre Villard. "Un Gernot Wilhelm, pp. 277 Journal of Archaeological Research 18, Grave Cemetery at Abydos." - 91. roi de Mari i Ugarit." Ugarit- Studies on the Civilization and no. 4 (201o), Antiquity 8o (March 2.006), pp. 387- 43 1. Forschungen 18 (t986), pp. 387-412. Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians pp. 118-29. Van De Mieroop 2005a. Marc io. Bethesda, Md., 5999. Vlachopoulos forthcoming. Van De Mieroop. "The Eastern C. A. Ward 2007. Cheryl A. Ward. A. G. Vlachopoulos. "From Vase- Tremouille 2000. Marie-Claude Mediterranean in Early Antiquity." "Ship Timbers: Description and Painting to Wall-Painting: The Tremouille. "La religione dei In Rethinking the Mediterranean, Preliminary Analysis." In Bard and Lilies Jug from Akrotiri, Thera." hurriti." La parola della passato ss edited by W. V. Harris, pp. 117-4o. Fattovich 2007, pp. 135-5o. In Amilla: The Quest for Excellence. (2000), pp. 114- 70. Oxford, zoos. Studies in Honor of Guenter Kopcke in C. A. Ward 2009. Cheryl A. Ward. Trufelli 2000. F. Trufelli. Van De Mieroop 2005b. Marc Celebration of His nth Birthday, "Evidence for Egyptian Seafaring." "Andirons, Hut Symbols and Eye Van De Mieroop. King Hammurabi edited by Robert B. Koehl. In Between the Seas: Transfer and Idols." In Proceedings of the First of Babylon. Malden, Mass., zoos. Philadelphia. Forthcoming. Exchange in Nautical Technology; International Congress on the Proceedings of the Eleventh International Van De Mieroop 2007a. Marc Vogler 1997. Ursula Vogler. Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeo- Van De Mieroop. The Eastern "Faunenhistorische Unter- Rome, May 18th-23rd, 1988, edited logy, Mainz 2006, edited by Ronald Mediterranean in the .Age of suchungen am Sirkeli Hoyiik/ by Paolo Matthiae, A. Enca, Bockius, pp. 9-16. 1SBSA 5 t. Ramesses II. Oxford, 2007. Adana, Tiirkei (4.-1. Jahrtausend L. Peyronel, and F. Pinnock, vol. 2, Oxford, 2009. v. Chr.)." PhD diss., University pp. 5679-90. Dipartimento di Van De Mieroop 2007b. Marc of Munich, 1997. C. A. Ward zoroa. Cheryl A. Ward. Scienze Storiche, Archeologiche Van De Mieroop. A History of the "From River to Sea: Evidence for e Antropologiche Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 ❑c:. Wachsmann 1987. Shelley Egyptian Seafaring Ships."Journal University degli Studi di Roma 2nd ed. Malden, Mass., 2007. Wachsmann. Aegeans in the Theban of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2, "La Sapienza" 2. Rome, z000. Tombs. Orientalia Lovaniensia Vandenabeele and Olivier 1979. no. 3 (August 2010), pp. 42-49. Analecta 20. Leuven, 1987. Tubb and Chapman 1990. Frieda Vandenabeele and Jean- http://jaei.library.arizona.edu. Jonathan N. Tubb and Rupert L. Pierre Olivier. Les ideogrammes Wachsmann 1998. Shelley C. A. Ward zorob. Cheryl A. Ward. Chapman. Archaeology and the Bible. archeologiques du lineaire B. Etudes Wachsmann. Seagoing Ships and "Seafaring in the Bronze Age London, 1990. cretoises 24. Paris, 1979. Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. Aegean: Evidence and Speculation." College Station, Texas, and Tuchelt 1962. Klaus Tuchelt. Vandier d'Abbadie 1966. In Political Economies of the Aegean London, 1998. Tiergefasse in Kopf- und Protomengestalt: J. Vandier d'Abbadie. "Les singes Bronze Age: Papers from the Langford Usnersuchungen zur Formengeschichte familiars dans I'ancienne Egypte Walberg 1976. Gisela Walberg. Conference, Florida State University, tierformiger Giessgefasse. Istanbuler (peintures et bas-reliefs) Ill. Le Kamares: A Study of the Character of Tallahassee, 22-24 February zooi Forschungen 22. Berlin, 1962. Nouvel Empire." Revue d'egyptologie Palatial Middle Minoan Pottery. Acta edited by Daniel J. Pullen, 18 (1966), - 201. Universitatis Upsaliensis, Boreas 8. pp. 149-6o. Oxford, 2010. Tufnell and W. A. Ward 1966. pp. 143 Uppsala, 1976. Olga Tufnell and William A. Ward. Vasiljevid 2005. Vera VasiljeviC. C. A. Ward and Zazzaro 2010. "Relations between Byblos, Egypt "Der Konig im Privatgrab des Walberg 1990. Gisela Walberg. Cheryl A. Ward and Chiara and Mesopotamia at the End of the Mittleren Reiches." Imago Aegypti "The Finds in the Sealing Deposit Zazzaro. "Evidence for Pharaonic Third Millennium B.C.: A Study of (zoos; pub. 2006), pp. 132-44. at Phaistos and Minoan Adminis- Seagoing Ships at Mersa/Wadi the Montet Jar." Syria 43 (1966), tration." In Aegaeum 6, edited by Gawasis, Egypt." International Veenhof and Eidem zoo8. 165-241. Robert Laffineur, pp. 25-27. Liege, Journal of Nautical Archaeology 39, PP. Klass R. Veenhof and Jesper Eidem. 1990. no. 5 (March 201o), pp. 2 Turri 2009. Luigi Turri. Mesopotamia: The Old Assyrian 7- 43. "Elfenbein: Prestigeobjekte der Period. Edited by Markus WMer. Walker and Dick 2001. C. A. Ward, Couser, and Elite." In Al-Maqdissi, Morandi Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160, Christopher Walker and Michael Vosmer 2008. Cheryl A. Ward, Bonacossi, and Pfalzner 2009, AnnTherungen 5. Fribourg and Dick. The Induction of the Cult Patrick Couser, and Tom Vosmer. pp. 188-91. Gottingen, zoo8. Image in Ancient Mesopotamia: The "Building Hatshepsut's Punt Ship: Mesopotamian Mis Pi Ritual. State Science and Ship Reconstruction." Twaltschrelidze 2001. Vercoutter 1954. Jean Vercoutter. Archives of Assyria Literary Texts In Historical Boat and Ship Replicas: Alexander G. Twaltschrelidze. Essai sur les relations entre Egyptiens et 1. Helsinki, zoo!. Conference-Proceedings on the Scientific "Erzlagerstatten in Georgien." In Prehellenes. Orient ancien illlustre Perspectives and the Limits of Boat and Georgien: Schatze sus dem Land des 6. Paris, 1954 C. A. Ward 2000. Cheryl A. Ward. Ship Replicas, Torgelow 2007, edited goldenen Vlies, edited by Irine Sacred and Secular: Ancient Egyptian Vercoutter 1956. Jean Vercoutter. by Maik-Jens Springmann and Gambaschidze et al., pp. 78-87. Ships and Boats. Monographs L'Egypte et le monde egien prehellenique: Horst Wernicke, pp. 122-28. Exh. cat. Deutsches Bergbau- (Archaeological Institute of Etude critique des sources egyptiennes Friedland, Mecklenburg, 2008. Museum, Bochum. Bochum, 2001. America), n.s., 5. Philadelphia and (du debut de la XVIII' d la fin de la Dubuque, 200o. C. A. Ward, Zazzaro, and Abd Tzavella-Evjen 1970. Chara XIX' Dynastic). Bibliotheque el-Maguid 2010. Cheryl A. Ward, Tzavella-Evjen. Ta pterota onta tes d'etude 22. Cairo, 1956.

Bibliography 349 Chiara Zazzaro, and Mohamed Warren, pp. 25-198. Studies in Wedde 2000. Michael Wedde. Werner 1994. Peter Werner. Die Abd el-Maguid. "Super-sized Mediterranean Archaeology 30. Toward a Hermeneutics of Aegean Entwicklung der Sakralarchitektur in Egyptian Ships." International Savedalen, 2004. Bronze Age Ship Imagery. Peleus Nordsyrien and Siidostkleinasien vow Journal of Nautical Archaeology 39, (Series) 6. Mannheim, 200o. Neolithikum bis in dos 1. Jt. v. Chr. Warren 2005. Peter M. Warren. no. 2 (September 2oto), pp. 387-89. Miinchener vorderasiatische "A Model of Iconographical Weeks 1979. Kent R. Weeks. Studien is. Munich, C. A. Ward et al. zon. Cheryl A. Transfer: The Case of Crete and "Art, Word, and the Egyptian 1994. Ward, Patrick Couser, David Vann, Egypt." In Kris technites/Lartisan World View." In Egyptology and West 2007. Martin L. West. Indo- Tom Vosmer, and Mohamed Abd cretois: Recueil d'articles en l'honneur the Social Sciences: Five Studies, European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, el-Maguid. "Reconstruction and deJean-Claude Poursat, publie edited by Kent R. Weeks, 2007. Sailing Performance of an Ancient l'occasion des 4o ans de la decouverte pp. 59-81. Cairo, 1979. Westenholz 1992. Joan Goodnick Egyptian Ship." In Proceedings of the du Quartier Mu, edited by Isabelle Weingarten 1990a. Judith Westenholz. "Metaphorical Twelfth International Symposium on Bradfer-Burdet, Beatrice Detournay, Weingarten. "The Sealing Struc- Language in the Poetry of Love Boat and Ship Archaeology, Istanbul and Robert Laffineur, pp. 221-27. ture of Karahoyfik and Some in the Ancient Near East." In La 2009, edited by Nergis Gfinsenin. Aegaeum 26. Liege and Austin, Administrative Links with Phaistos circulation des biens, des personnes et ISBSA Ia. Oxford, 2012. 2005. and Crete." Oriens Antiquus 29, des idees dans le Proche-Orient ancien: Forthcoming. Warren and Hankey 1989. Peter nos. 1-2 (1990), pp. 63-95. Actes de la XXXVIII' Rencontre W. A. Ward 1963. William A. M. Warren and Vronwy Hankey. Assyriologique Internationale, Paris, Weingarten 199ob. Judith Ward. "Egypt and the East Aegean Bronze Age Chronology. 8-iojuillet t991, edited by Weingarten. "Three Upheavals in Mediterranean from Predynastic Bristol, 1989. Dominique Charpin and Francis Minoan Sealing Administration: Times to the End of the Old Joannes, pp. 381-87. Paris, 1992. Watkins 1995. Calvert Watkins. Evidence for Radical Change." Kingdom."Journal of the Economic How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Inds- In Aegean Seals, Sealings and Westenholz 1998. Joan Goodnick and Social History of the Orient 6, European Poetics. New York, 1995. Administration, edited by T. Palairna, Westenholz. "Goddesses of the no. i (May 1963), pp. 1-57. pp. 105-14. Aegaeum 5. Liege and Ancient Near East, 3000-1000 B.C." Watrous 0987. L. Vance Watrous. W. A. Ward 1984. William A. Austin, 1990. In Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and "The Role of the Near East in the Ward. "The Case of Mrs. Tchat the Evidence, edited by Lucy Rise of the Cretan Palaces." In Weingarten 1994. Judith and Her Sons at Beni Hasan." Goodison and Christine Morris, Hagg and N. Marinatos 1987, Weingarten. "The Sealing Studies GOttinger Miszellen 71 pp. 63-82. London, 1998. (1984), pp. 65-70. in the Middle Bronze Age. I: PP. 51- 59. Karahoyfik. II: Phaistos." In Westenholz 2004. Joan Goodnick Watrous 1992. L. Vance Watrous. W. A. Ward 1991. William A. Archives before Writing: Proceedings of Westenholz. "The Good Shepherd." Kommos. Vol. 3, The Late Bronze Ward. "Early Contacts between the International Colloquium, Oriolo In Schools of Oriental Studies and the Age Pottery. Princeton, N.J., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Sinai: Remarks Romano, October 23-25, 1991, edited Development of Modern Historiography: on the Paper by Amnon Ben-Tor." Watrous 1994. L. Vance Watrous. by Piera Ferioli, Enrica Fiandra, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Bulletin of the American Schools of "Review of Aegean Prehistory III: Gian Giacomo Fissore, and Symposium of the Assyrian and Oriental Research, no. 281 (1991), Crete from Earliest Prehistory Marcella Frangipane, pp. 261-95. Babylonian Intellectual Heritage

pp. 11-26. through the Protopalatial Period." Rome, 1994. Project, Held in Ravenna, Italy, American Journal of Archaeology 98, October 13-17, zoo, edited by Warren 1969. Peter M. Warren. Weingarten 2005. Judith no. 4 (October 1 PP. 695- 753. Antonio Panaino and Andreas Minoan Stone Vases. Cambridge 994). Weingarten. "How Many Seals Piras, pp. 281-310. Melammu Classical Studies. Cambridge, 1969. Watrous 1998. L. Vance Watrous. Make a Heap: Seals and Inter- Symposia 4. Milan, Bologna, and "Egypt and Crete in the Early connections on Prepalatial Crete." Warren 1972. Peter M. Warren. Rome, 2004. Middle Bronze Age: A Case of In Laffineur and Greco 2005, Myrtos: An Early Bronze Age Trade and Cultural Diffusion." vol. z, pp. 759-66. Westenholz 2007. Joan Goodnick Settlement in Crete. Supplementary In Cline and Harris-Cline 1998, Westenholz. "The True Shepherd volume (British School at Athens) Weippert 1988. Helga Weippert. pp. 19-28. of Uruk." In Studies Presented to 7. Oxford, 1972. Palastina in vorhellenistischer Zeit. Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2004, edited Watrous 2004. L. Vance Watrous. Handbuch der Archaologie 2, Warren 1974. Peter M. Warren. by Martha T. Roth et al., pp. 305 "State Formation (Middle Minoan Vorderasien, 1. Munich, 1988. - 24. "Crete, 3000-1400 B.C.: Immigration Assyriological Studies 27. Chicago, IA)." In The Plain of Phaistos: Cycles and the Archaeological Evidence." Weiss 1985. Harvey Weiss. 2007. of Social Complexity in the Mesara In Bronze Age Migrations in the "Rediscovering: Tell Leilan on the Region of Crete, by L. Vance Watrous, Westlake 2007. Polly Westlake. Aegean: Archaeological and Linguistic Habur Plains of Syria." Biblical Despoina Hadzi-Vallianou, and "Report on the Sculptural Fragments Problems in Greek Prehistory, edited Archaeologist 48, no. I (March 1985), Harriet Blitzer, pp. 253-76. from the Trench in the Level VII by R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, pp. 5- 34. Monumenta Archaeologica 23. Los Palace Courtyard." Unpublished PP. 41-5o. Park Ridge, NJ., 1974. Angeles, 2004. Weiss et al. 1993. Harvey Weiss, conservation report, 2007. Warren 1987. Peter M. Warren. Marie-Agnes Courty, Wilma Webb and Frankel 1 Weulersse 1940a. Jacques Weulersse. "The Genesis of the Minoan 994. Wetterstrom, F. Guichard, Louise Jennifer M. Webb and David L'Oronte: .Etude defleuve. Tours, Palace." In Flagg and N. Marinatos Senior, Richard Meadow, and Anna Frankel. "Making an Impression: 1940. 1987, 6 (with discussion). Curnow. "The Genesis and pp. 47- 5 Storage and Surplus Finance in Collapse of Third Millennium Weulersse 1940b. Jacques Weulersse. Warren 1995. Peter M. Warren. Late Bronze Age Cyprus." Journal North Mesopotamian Civilization." Le pays des Alaouites. Tours, 1940. "Minoan Crete and Pharaonic of Mediterranean Archaeology 7, no. 1 Science 26t (August 2o, 1993), Egypt." In Egypt, the Aegean and the 1 PP. 5-26. Whitehouse 2000. Harvey ( 994), 995-1004. Levant: Interconnections in the Second PP. Whitehouse. Arguments and Icons: Webb and Frankel 1999. Jennifer Millennium BC, edited by W. Vivian Wengrow 2007. David Wengrow. Divergent Modes of Religiosity. M. Webb and David Frankel. Davies and Louise Schofield, Review of Diplomacy by Design: Oxford, 2000. "Characterizing the Philia Facies: pp. I -i8. London, 1995. Luxury Arts and an "International Material Culture, Chronology and Whitelaw 2012. Todd Whitelaw. Style" in the Ancient Near East, Warren 2004. Peter M. Warren. the Origin of the Bronze Age in "The Urbanisation of Prehistoric - 1200 BCE, by Marian H. "Part II: The Contents of the Cyprus." American Journal of 1400 Crete: Settlement Perspectives on Feldman [Feldman zoo6151. Tombs." In The Early Minoan Tombs Archaeology 103, no. 1 ( January Minoan State Formation." In Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, of Lebena, Southern Crete, by 1999), Schoep, Tomkins, and Driessen PP. 3- 43. no. 1 (February 2007), pp. 119-21. Stylianos Alexiou and Peter M. 2012, pp. 114-76.

350 Cultures in Contact Whiting 1995. Robert M. Whiting. D. E. Wilson, Day, and Issues in Cultural Heritage; Colour and Yener zoo7a. K. Ashhan Yener. "Amorite Tribes and Nations of Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki Light in Architecture; Art and Material "The Anatolian Middle Bronze Second-Millennium Western Asia." 2008. David E. Wilson, Peter M. Culture; Islamic Archaeology, edited Age Kingdoms and Alalakh: In Civilizations of the Ancient Near Day, and Nota Dimopoulou- by Roger Matthews and John Mukish, Kanesh and Trade." East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, Rethemiotaki. "The Gateway Port Curtis, pp. 153-72. Wiesbaden, Anatolian Studies 57 (2007), pp. 151-6o. vol. 2, pp. 1231-42. New York, 1995. of Poros-Katsambas: Trade and 2012. Issue titled Transanatolia: Bridging Exchange between North-central the Gap between East and West in the Wicke 2008. Dirk Wicke. Vorder- U. Winter 1983. Urs Winter. Crete and the Cyclades in EBI-I1." Archaeology of Ancient Anatolia, asiatische Pyxiden der Spcitbronzezeit Frau und Gottin: Exegetische und In Horizon: A Colloquium on the edited by Alexandra Fletcher and and der Fraheisenzeit. Alter Orient ikonographische Studien zum Prehistory of the Cyclades, edited by Alan M. Greaves. und Altes Testament 45. Munster, weiblichen Gottesbild im alten Israel Neil Brodie et al., pp. 261-70. 2008. und in dessen Umwelt. Orbis Biblicus Yener zoo7b. K. Ashhan Yener. McDonald Institute Monographs. et Orientalis 53. Fribourg and "A Zoomorphic Vessel from Wiener 1987. Malcolm H. Wiener. Cambridge, 2008. Gottingen, 1983. Alalakh: Diplomatic Emblems in "Trade and Rule in Palatial Crete." J. A. Wilson 1950. John A. Wilson. Three Dimensional Form." In In I-Hgg and N. Marinatos 1987, Wiseman 1953. Donald John "Egyptian Historical Texts." In Studies in Honour of Refik Duru, pp. 2.61-68 (with discussion). Wiseman. The Alalakh Tablets. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating edited by Gillsiin Umurtak, Sevket Occasional Publications of the Wiggermann 1998-2001. F. A. M. to the Old Testament, edited by James Donmez, and Ashhan Yurtsever, British Institute of Archaeology at Wiggermann. "Nackte Gottin Pritchard, pp. 227-64. Princeton, pp. 217-28. Istanbul, 2007. Ankara 2. London, 1953. (Naked Goddess): A. Philologisch." NJ., 1950. Yener 2009. K. Ashhan Yener. In Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Wolf 1954. Walther Wolf. Die Welt I. J. Winter 1973. Irene]. Winter. "Acrobats, Bulls, and Leaping vorderasiatischen Archdologie, vol. 9, der Agypter. Grosse Kulteren der "North Syria in the Early First Scenes on New Alalakh Amphoroid PP. 46-53. Berlin, 1998-2001. Friihzeit [3]. Stuttgart, 1954. Millennium B.C. with Special K raters." Near Eastern Archaeology van Wijngaarden zooz. Gert Jan Reference to Ivory Carving." Woolley 1921. Leonard Woolley. 72, no. I (March 2009), PP. 48-50. van Wijngaarden. Use and Apprecia- PhD diss., Columbia University, Carchemish: Report on the Excavations Yener 2010. K. Ashhan Yener, ed. tion of Mycenaean Pottery in the New York, 1973. atJerablus on Behalf of the British Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Vol. t, Levant, Cyprus and Italy (ca. 1600- Museum. Pt. 2, The Town Defences. I. J. Winter 1983. Irene). Winter. The 2003-2004 Excavation Seasons. 1200 BC). Amsterdam, 2002. London, 1921. "The Program of the Throneroom King Universitesi Yayinlari. Wilhelm 1997. Gernot Wilhelm. of Assurnasirpal II." In Essays on Woolley 1948. Leonard Woolley. Istanbul, 2010. Keilschrtittexte aus Gebaude A. Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in "Excavations at Atchana-Alalakh, Yener 2011. K. Ashhan Yener. Randen, 1997. Honor of Charles Kyrle Wilkinson, 1939." Antiquaries Journal 28 (1948), "Hittite Metals at the Frontier: edited by Prudence 0. Harper and pp. 1-19. Wilhelm 1998. Gernot Wilhelm. A Three Spiked Battle Ax from Holly Pittman, pp. 15-31. The "Die Inschrift des Tiiatal von Woolley 1953. Leonard Woolley. Alalakh." In Metallurgy: Understanding Metropolitan Museum of Art. Urkei." In Urkesh and the Hurrians: A Forgotten Kingdom, Being a Record How, Learning Why; Studies in Honor New York, 1983. A Volume in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen, of the Results Obtained from the ofJames D. Muhly, edited by Philip P. edited by Giorgio Buccellati I. J. Winter 1996. Irene J. Winter. Excavation of Two Mounds, Atchana Betancourt and Susan C. Ferrence, and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati, "Sex, Rhetoric, and the Public and Al Mina, in the Turkish Hatay. pp. 265-73. Prehistory Monographs PP. 117- 44. Urkesh/Mozan Studies Monument: The Alluring Body of Baltimore, 1953. 29. Philadelphia, 2011. 3. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 26. Naram-Sin of Agade." In Sexuality Woolley 1955. Leonard Woolley. Yener 2012. K. Ashhan Yener. Malibu, 1998. in Ancient Art: Near East, Egypt, Alalakh: An Account of the Excava- "Introduction: Imperial Demise Greece, and Italy, edited by Natalie Wilhelm zooz. Gernot Wilhelm. tions at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, and Forging Emergent Kingdoms." Boymel Kampen, with Bettina "`Gleichsetzungstheologie; 1937-1949. Reports of the Research In Across the Border: Late Bronze- Bergmann et al., pp. 11-26. 'Synkretismus' und `Gottespaltungen' Committee of the Society of Iron Age Relations between Syria and Cambridge Studies in New Art im Polytheismus Anatoliens." In Antiquaries of London 18. Oxford, Anatolia; Proceedings of a Symposium History arid Criticism. Cambridge, Polytheismus und Monotheismus in den 1955. Held at the Research Center of Mass., 1996. Religionen des Vorderen Orients, Anatolian Studies, KOr University, Yadin et al. 1960. Yigael Yadin, edited by Manfred Krebernik and I. J. Winter z000. Irene). Winter. Istanbul, May 31June 1, 2010, edited Y. Aharoni, R. Amiran, T. Dothan, Jurgen van Oorschot, pp. 53-70. "Thera Paintings and the Ancient by K. Ashhan Yener. Amsterdam, 1. Dunayevsky, and J. Perrot. Alter Orient und Altes Testament Near East: The Private and Public 2012. Forthcoming. Hazor. Vol. 2, An Account of the 298. MO0Ster, 2002. Domains of Wall Decoration." In Second Season of Excavations, 1956. Yener forthcoming. K. Ashhan S. Sherratt 2000, vol. 2, pp. 745-62. J. G. Wilkinson 1847.). Gardner Jerusalem, 1960. Yener. "A Plaster Encased Multiple Wilkinson. The Manners and I. J. Winter 2004. Irene). Winter. Burial at Alalakh: Cist Tomb 3017." Yasuda, Kitagawa, and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. "The Conquest of Space in Time: In Amilla: The Quest for Excellence. Nakagawa woo. Yoshinori 3rd ed. 5 vols. London, 1847. Three Suns on the Victory Stele of Studies in Honor of Guenter Kopcke on Yasuda, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, and Naram-Sin." In Assyria and Beyond: the Occasion of His 75th Birthday, R. Fl. Wilkinson 1999. Takeshi Nakagawa. "The Earliest Studies Presented to Mogens Trolle edited by Robert B. Koehl. Richard H. Wilkinson. Symbol and Record of Major Anthropogenic Larsen, edited by Jan Gerrit Philadelphia. Forthcoming. Magic in Egyptian Art. London, Deforestation in the Ghab Valley, Dercksen, pp. 607-32. Uitgaven 1999. [First ed., 1994.] Northwest Syria: A Palynological Yener in preparation. K. Ashhan van het Nederlands I nstituut voor Study." Quaternary International Yener, ed. Tell Atchana, Ancient R. H. Wilkinson 2003. het Nabije Oosten to Leiden too. 73-74 (November 2000), Alalakh. Vol. 2, The Late Bronze Age Richard H. Wilkinson. The Leiden, 2004. Complete Gods and Goddesses of pp. 127-36' City. Koc Universitesi Yayiniari. I. J. Winter 201z. Irene J. Winter. Istanbul. In preparation. Ancient Egypt. New York, 2003. Yener 2005. K. Aslihan Yener. The "Gold! Divine Light and Lustre Amuq Valley Regional Projects. Vol. 1, Yoffee 1 Norman Yoffee. T. A. H. Wilkinson 2000. in Ancient Mesopotamia." In 995• Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and "Political Economy in Early Toby A. H. Wilkinson. Royal Proceedings of the 7th International Orontes Delta, Turkey, 1995-2002. Mesopotamian States." Annual Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Congress on the Archaeology of the University of Chicago Oriental Review of Anthropology 24 (1 Stone and Its Associated Fragments. Ancient Near East, 12 April-16 April 995), Institute Publications 131. Chicago, pp. 281-311. Studies on Egyptology. London, 20.1o, the British Museum and UCL, 2005. 2000. London, vol. z, Ancient and Modern

Bibliography 351 Yon 1987. Marguerite Yon. a archeologiques offers a Pierre Bordreuil, Zaccagnini 1983. Carlo Zervos 1957. Christian Zervos. "Les rhytons du sanctuaire." In edited by Carole Roche, pp. to9-18. Zaccagnini. "Patterns of Mobility L'art des Cyclades du debut a la fin de Le centre de la ville, 31F-40' campagnes Orient et Mediterranee 2. Paris, 2008. among Ancient Near Eastern /Age du bronze, 25oo-tioo avant nacre (t978-1984), edited by Marguerite Craftsmen."Journal of Near Eastern ere. Paris, 1957. Yon, Karageorghis, and Yon, pp. 343-5o. Ras Shamra- Studies 42, no. 4 (October 1983), Hirschfeld 2000. Marguerite Yon, Zevulun 1987. Uza Zevulun. Ougarit 3 (mernoire 72). Editions PP. 245-64. Vassos Karageorghis, and Nicolle "A Canaanite Ram-Headed Cup." Recherche sur les civilisations. Hirschfeld, with Annie Caubet. Zaccagnini 5987. Carlo Zaccagnini. Israel Exploration Journal 37, nos. 2-3 Paris, 1987. Ceramiques myceniennes d'Ougarit. "Aspects of Ceremonial Exchange (1987), PP. 88-504. Sharma-Ougarit 13. Editions in the Near East during the Late Yon 1991. Marguerite Yon. "Steles Ras Zhorzhikashvili and Gogadze pierre." In Arts et industries de la Recherche sur les civilisations. Second Millennium Bc." In Centre de 1974. L. G. Zhorzhikashvili and and Nicosia, 2000. [For a and Periphery in the Ancient World, pierre, edited by Marguerite Yon, Paris E. M. Gogadze. Pamiatniki Trialeti Yon, edited by Michael J. Rowlands, PP. 273- 344. Ras Shamra-Ougarit concordance, see Marguerite epokhi rannei i Srednei bronzy: 6. Editions Recherche sur les "Ceramiques myceniennes d'Ougarit: Mogens Trolle Larsen, and Raspoki 1936-19.40, 1947-1948 gg l'inventaire du Kristian Kristiansen, pp. 57-65. civilisations. Paris, 1995. Concordance entre (Trialeti Monuments of the Early Louvre et la publication RSO XIII." New Directions in Archaeology. Yon 1996. Marguerite Yon. "The and Middle Bronze Ages). Katalog Syria 77 (2000), pp. 297- 304.] Cambridge, 1987. Temple of the Rhytons at Ugarit." trialetskikh materialov 2. Tbilisi, In Ugarit, Religion and Culture: Yoshida /992. Daisuke Yoshida. Zamora 2005. J.-A. Zamora. 1974. AN.TAH.SUM.SAR-Fest im "L'ebriete a Ougarit et la Bible: Proceedings of the International "Das Ziffer 1990. Irk Ziffer. At that Un heritage discute." In La Bible Colloquium on Ugarit, Religion and Tempel der Sonnengottin." Bulletin Time the Canaanites Were in the Center et Pheritage d'Ougarits Mélanges Culture, Edinburgh 1994; Essays of the Middle Eastern Culture Land: Daily Life in Canaan in the hibliques et orienlaux en hoinmage Presented in Honour of Professor John in Japan 6 (1992), pp. 12i-56. Middle Bronze Age 2, 2000-1550 C. L. Gibson, edited by Nicolas posthume ci Monsieur Andre Caquot, Younger 1981. John G. Younger. [In Hebrew and English.) Exh. cat. Wyatt, Wilfred G. E. Watson, and edited by Jean-Marc Michaud, "The Island Sanctuaries Group: Eretz Israel Museum, Tel Aviv. Tel Jeffrey B. Lloyd, pp. 405-22. pp. 183-207. Sherwood, Quebec, Date and Significance." In Studien Aviv, 199o. Munster, 1996. 2005. zur minoischen und helladischen Zimansky 2002. Paul Zimansky. Marburger Zazzaro 2007. Chiara Zazzaro. Yon 1997. Marguerite Yon. La cite Glyptik: Beitrage zum 2. "The 'Hittites' at 'Ain Dara." In Blades, Anchors and Pierced d'Ougarit sur le tell de Ras Shamra. Siegel-Symposium, 26.-3o. September "Ship Recent Developments in Hittite Stones." In Bard and Fattovich Guides archeologiques de 'Institut 1978, edited by Wolf-Dietrich Archaeology and History: Papers in 2007, pp. 15o-6o. Francais d'Archeologie du Proche- Nienieier, pp. 263-72. Corpus der Memory of Hans C. Guterbock, Orient 2. Paris, 1997. minoischen und mykenischen Zazzaro 2009. Chiara Zazzaro. edited by K. Aslthan Yener and Siegel, Beiheft 1. Berlin, 1981. Yon 2006. Marguerite Yon. The "Nautical Evidence from the Harry A. Hoffner Jr., pp. 177-91. City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra. Younger 1987. John G. Younger. Pharaonic Site of Marsa/Wadi Winona Lake, Ind., 2002. Gawasis: Report on Two Parts of a Winona Lake, Ind., 2006. "Aegean Seals of the Late Bronze Zuckerman 2008. Sharon Steering Oar/Rudder." In Between [Originally published in French as Age: Stylistic Groups. VI. Fourteenth- Zuckerman. "Fit for a (Not-Quite- the Seas: Transfer and Exchange in La cite d'Ougarit sur le tell de Ras Century Mainland and Later So-Great) King: A Faience Lion- Nautical Technology; Proceedings of the Shatnra. Paris, 1997.1 Fourteenth-Century Cretan Headed Cup from Hazor." Levant Workshops." Kadinos 26, no. Eleventh International Symposium on Yon 2008. Marguerite Yon. "Le 40, no. I (April 2008), pp. 115-25. (198 44- '73. Boat and Ship Archaeology, Mainz lion de Rashap." In D'Ougarir 7), PP. 2oo6, edited by Ronald Bockius, Jerusalem: Recueil d'etudes epigraphiques pp. 3-8. ISBSA ii. Oxford, 2009.

352 Cultures in Contact Photograph and Illustration Credits

Schwartz: fig. ia, b: The fig. 4: Direction Generale des Yener: figs. 1-7: Murat Akar; fig. I I: Marian Negrete Martinez Photograph Studio, The Antiquites et des Musees de Syrie; figs. 8-lo: Polly Westlake, Alalakh (Austrian Academy of Sciences) Metropolitan Museum of Art; figs. 5, 6, 8: © Mission archeologique conservation staff; figs. 11-13: Bietak and the Austrian Academy fig. 2: Mark W. Chavalas, ed., The syrienne de Tell Sianu; fig. 7: Dominique Collon of Sciences; fig. 12: Marian Negrete Ancient Near East: Historical Sources © Mission archeologique syrienne Martinez (Austrian Academy of in Translation (Blackwell: Malden, de Tell Iris; fig. 9: Anwar Abdel Kamrin: fig. Emile Prisse Sciences), from Bietak zotob, Mass., 2006), fig. I; fig. 3: James Ghafour; figs. 10, I I: Mission d'Avennes, Atlas of Egyptian Art fig. 2.4; fig. 13: Peter Dorman, The van Rensselaer IV archeologique syrienne d'Amrit; (Cairo: Zeitouna, 1991), pl. 11.47; Tombs of Senenmut: The Architecture figs. 12, 13: © Mission archeologique figs. 2, 7: Gustavo Camps; figs. 3, 8: and Decoration of Tombs 7/ and 353, Rubinson: fig. ta, b: Courtesy of syrienne de Mishrifeh; figs. 14, 15: Newberry 1893a, pls. XXXVI11.1, New York, 1991: top: pls. 27b, c, the History Museum of Armenia, Image 2012 GeoEye 2012 XXX; figs. 4, 6: Courtesy of the 28c, d; bottom: pl. 21d; fig. 14: Yerevan; fig. za, b: Courtesy of the Google, modified by Fiona Kidd Australian Centre for Egyptology, Nicola Math, from Bietak zoo7a, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi; Macquarie University; fig. 5: fig. 2 fig. 3: Kuftin 1941, pI. LXXXVIII; Buccellati: fig. I: Claudia Wettstein; Kenneth Garrett figs. 4, 6, 8-11: Rubinson with figs. 2, 3: Diadin Mustapha; fig. 4: Pfalzner, "The Qatna Wall permission from the Georgian Laura Ramos; fig. 5: Konrad Wita; Koehl, "The Near Eastern Paintings": fig. I: K. Wita National Museum, Tbilisi; fig. 5: figs. 6, 7: Giorgio Buccellati; figs. 8, Contribution": fig. I: Colin F. Qatna-Projekt, University of N. ozguc..1965, pl. XXVII, 82; 9, I I, 12: Cecily Hillsdale; fig. to: Macdonald, courtesy of the British Tiibingen; fig. z: G. Miersch; fig. 7: N. Ozguc 1965, pl. XVII, Barker-KIM-in 1982, fig. 13 School at Athens; fig. z: Colin F. figs. 3-7, 9, lo: Reconstruction 50; figs. 12, 14, 15: Jean-Francois Macdonald and Carl Knappett, with original pieces by Constance de Laperouse, with permission Matthiae: figs. 1-14: Missione Knossos: Protopalatial Deposits in von Riiden; fig. 8: Reassembling of from the History Museum of archeologica a Ebla-University Early Magazine A and the South-West original pieces by Constance von Armenia, Yerevan; figs. 13, 16, 17: La Sapienza Houses, London, 2007, no. 293, Riiden, blue color intensified Jean-Francois de Laperouse, with bottom; fig. 3: Parrot 19586, pl. 15; permission from the Georgian Pfalzner, "The Elephant fig. 4: Mission archeologique de Aruz: figs. 1-7, to, 11, 17, zo: National Museum, Tbilisi Hunters": figs. 1-4, 7, 12-15: Mari, Jean-Claude Margueron; Bruce White; fig. 8: Edith Porada, © Qatna-Projekt, University of fig. 5: Reconstruction by P. Karsay, "On the Problem of Kassite Art," in Cline: figs. 1-6: Eric H. Cline Tfibingen; fig. 5: Woolley 1955, after Woolley 1955, pl. XXXVIIla George C. Miles, ed., Archaeologica pl. XVIb; fig. 6: Reuther 1926, Orientalia in Memoriam Ernst Wiener: fig. CMS II, 1, no. 248a; fig. 4; fig. 8: Starr 1937, pl. 28 C; Doumas: figs. 1-i0, 12: Herzfeld, Locust Valley, N.Y., 1952, fig. 2: Dorothea Arnold 1993, fig. 9: Hartmut Kiihne, "Umwelt Archaeological Society at Athens, pl. XXIX, fig. 4; fig. 9: Pini 1975, fig. 7; fig. 3: Hampe and A. Winter and Subsistenz der assyrischen Excavations at Thera; fig. 11: no. 657; fig. 12: Yale Babylonian 1962, fig. 6o Stadt Dfir-Katlimmu: Was wissen Courtesy of the National Collection/The Photograph Studio, wir wirklich?," in Hartmut Archaeological Museum, Athens The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Ward: figs. I, 3, 4: Cheryl Ward; ed., Umwelt und Subsistenz der assyr- fig. 13: Pini 1988, no. 20 D; fig. 14: fig. z: Courtesy of the Italian- ischen Stadt Dar-Katlimmu am Bietak: fig. I: Nicola Math; figs. 2, Jeanette and Jonathan Rosen, New American Expedition; fig. 5: Unieren Hdbur, Berichte der 4, 5: Nicola Mach, from Bietak, York/The Photograph Studio, The Chiara Zazzaro Ausgrabung Tall ,e1! Hamad /Dia.- N. Marinatos, and Palivou zoo7b, Metropolitan Museum of Art; Katlimmu, Wiesbaden, 2008, vol. 8, figs. 13, t6, 36; fig. 3: Nicola Math, fig. 15: The Photograph Studio, Goren: fig. Anandaroop Roy; pp. 215-31, fig. 13:15; fig. to: Peter from Bietak 2.005, fig. 22a; fig. 6: The Metropolitan Museum of Art; fig. z: Geological Survey of Israel, Pfalzner, zoio; fig. 1 Thoumin Nicola Math, from Aslanidou 2002, fig. ,6: Dominique Collon, "Bull modified by Yuval Goren; figs. 3-5: 1936, Ph. II; fig. 16: Courtesy of p. 271 fig. 7: Nicola Math © Bietak Leaping in Syria," Agypten und Yuval Goren Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, and the Austrian Academy of Levante 4, 1994, pl. 2, fig. 9; fig. 18: Syrian-Italian Mission at Tell Sciences; fig. 8: Marian Negrete Andreas F. Voegelin, Antiken- Bass: figs. I, 4, 5, 8: Donald A. Frey; Mishrife/Qatna; fig. [7: The Martinez (Austrian Academy of museum Basel und Sammlung figs. z, 3, 6, 7: Susannah Snowden; Photograph Studio, The Sciences), from Bietak, N. Marinatos, Ludwig; fig. 19: Schaeffer 1949, fig. 9: Peter Throckmorton; fig. to: Metropolitan Museum of Art and Palivou 2007b, figs. 59b, 6o; pl. VIII; figs. 21, 22: © The Gottfried Gruben, from Bass 1967, fig. 9: Marian Negrete Martinez Trustees of the British Museum, P. 48, fig. 46 Doumet-Serhal: figs. [-14: Sidon (Austrian Academy of Sciences), London Expedition from N. Marinatos 2010, p. 344; Al-Maqdissi: figs. 1, 2: Anandaroop fig. to: Marian Negrete Martinez Caubet: fig. I: Claude Frederic- Roy; fig. 3: Mission archeologique (Austrian Academy of Sciences), Armand Schaeffer, ed., Ugaritica syro-francaise de Ras Shamra; from L. Morgan zoiob, figs. 2, 5; Paris, 1956, p. 165, fig. 118; fig. z:

Photograph and Illustration Credits 353 CHRONOLOGY Southern Mesopotatnia/Elatn Northern Mesopotamia Syria and the Levant

2000 B.C. ISIN- PERIOD, 2004-1763 Amorite dynasties MIDDLE BRONZE AGE, 2000-1600 Middle OLD SYRIAN PERIOD, 2000-1600 Bronze

OLD ASSYRIAN PERIOD, 1920-1740 OLD BABYLONIAN PERIOD, 1894- 1595

Shamshi-A dad 111808-1776?) Yandun-Lim of Mari (1810- 1794) Alalakh VII Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750) Dadusha of (ca. 1780) Yarim-Lim of Alalakh (1780-1765?) Ishme-Dagan I (1773-?) Zitriri-Lim of Mari (1775-1760) Destruction of Mari, ca. 1760 Samsu-iluna of Babylon (1749-1712) itilineya of Ebla (t750-1700)

1600 B.C. Destruction of Babylon, 1595 LATE BRONZE AGE, 1600-1200/1150 Late MIDDLE BABYLONIAN/ MIDDLE SYRIAN PERIOD, 1600-1200/1150 Bronze KASSITE PERIOD, 1595-1155

Alalakh IV , 1500-1330 Idrimi of Alalakh (ca. 1500 Parattarna (ca. 1500) Saushtatar (7)

Artatama I (?)

Kara-inda.sh (ca. 1415) MIDDLE ASSYRIAN PERIOD, 1400-1000 Kurigalzu I (ca. 1390) Eriba-A dad I (1390-1364)

Kadashman-Enlil I (ca. 1370) Burnaburrash II (1350-1333) (1365-1330?) Ashur-uballtt I (1363-1328) Nigmaddu of Ugarit (1353-1318) Unlash-Napirisha of Elam (1340-1300) Destruction of Qatna, ca. 1340 Kurtgalzu II 0332-134

Nazi-Maruttash (1307-1282) Adad-nirari I (1305- 1274)

Shalmaneser 1(1273-1244) Battle of Qadesh, ca. 1275 Treaty of Qadesh, ca. 1258 Shagarakti-Shuriash (1245-1233) Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-1207) Ammistamru 11 of Ugarit (1250-1210) Kasktiliashu I V (1232-1225) ca. t200/ BEGINNING OF IRON ACE, CA. 1200/1150 1150 B.C. Late Meli-Shipak (1186--1172) Bronze/ Shutruk-Nahunte of Elam (1185-1155) Destruction of Ugarit, ca. ii 8oSo Early Ashur-dan I ( .178-I '33) Marduk-apla-iddina I (1171-1159) End of Kassite dynasty, ca. 1 155 Ashur-resha-ishi (1132-1115) Tiglath-Pileser I (1114-1076)

Rulers for Egypt, and a Traditional X This Chronology uses the Middle Chronology for the Near East, the Metropolitan Museum List of modified Chronology for the Aegean. Modifications to the Egyptian chronology are currently under discussion. All dates are approximate. Anatolia Egypt Greek mainland Crete/Cyclades MIDDLE HELLADIC, 2000-1625 MIDDLE KINGDOM Dynasty 12, 1981-1802 OLD ASSYRIAN TRADING/ Amenemhat I (1981-1952) MERCHANT COLONY PERIOD Senwosret I (1961-1917) karum Kanesh, 1950-170o MIDDLE MINOAN (MM) 1B-11A-13/ PROTOPALATIAL PERIOD, 1950-1750 Kultepe karum 11 (1950-1836) Amenemhat II (1919-1885) TOcl Treasure Senwosret II (1887-1878) Senwosret 111 (1878-184o) Amenemhat III (1859-180) Amenemhat IV (1813-1805) Kultepe karum lb (1800-1700) Dynasty 13, 1802-164o

MM 111A-B/NE0PALATIAL PERIOD, 1750-1625 Neferhotep 1 (1722-1710 HITTITE OLD KINGDOM (1650-1500) Hattusili 1 (1650-162o) SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (HYKSOS), 1640-1550 LATE HELLADIC (LH) PE/kitty MMIIB-LATE MINOAN (LM) IA/ MYCENAEAN PERIOD, 1625-1525 LATE CYCLADIC (LC) I, 1625-1525 (1620-1590)

Kamose (1552-155o) Shaft Graves at Mycenae NEW KINGDOM Dynasty 18, 1550-1295 Ahmose (5550-1525) Thera eruption, ca. 1525? Teliptnu (1525-15oo) LH IIA, 1525-45o LM IB, 1525-1450/LC II, 1525-1425 HITTITE MIDDLE KINGDOM Thutmose I (1504-/492) (1500-1344) Thutmose III (1479- 1425) Hatshepsut (1473- 1458) LH IIB, 1450-1425 LM II/FINAL PALATIAL PERIOD, 1450-1425 I/11 (1430-139o) Amenhotep II (1427-1400) LH IIIA:i, 1425- 1375 LM IIIA:I/LC III (EARLY), 1425-1375

Thutmose IV (1400-1390) Amenhotep III (139o-1352) LH IIIA:2 (EARLY), 1375-1325 LM IIIA:2 (EARLY), 1375-1325/ LC III (MIDDLE), 1375-1200

Tudhaliya III (1360-1344) HITTITE NEW KINGDOM/ HITTITE EMPIRE (1344-1200) Amenhotep 1V/Akhenaten (1353- 1336) (1344-1322) Tutankhamun (1336-1327)

LH IIIA:2 (LATE)-IIIB/LArt LM IIIA:2 (LA-FOAM IIIB/ MYCENAEAN PERIOD, 1325-1200 POSTPALATIAL PERIOD, 1325-I200 MUYS/// II (1321-1295) Haremhab (1323-1295) Destruction of palace at Knossos Uluburun shipwreck, ca. 1300 Muwattalli II (1295-1272) Dynasty 19, 1295-1186 Set/ 1 (1294-5279) Ramesses II (1279-1213) Hattusilt III (1267-1237) Theban Hoard Tudhaliya IV (1237-1209) Merneplah (1213-12o3) Destruction of Hattusa, ca. 1200 LM IIIC/LC Ill (LATE), 1200-1125 Dynasty zo, 1186-1070 Ramesses 111 (1184-1153)

Neo-Hittite and Aramean states Ramesses IV 0153-11471

xl The Metropolitan Museum of Art Symposia Cultures in Contact m Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C.

Edited by Joan Aruz, Sarah B. Graff, and Yelena Rakic

THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW YORK

DISTRIBUTED BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW HAVEN AND LONDON Most of the essays published in this volume were presented Jacket illustration: Detail of wall painting with foreign at "The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Symposium: emissaries bearing gifts. (See Feldman fig. 4, pp. 250-5i.) Beyond Babylon: Art,Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Frontispiece: Ivory pyxis lid (Feldman fig. 7, p. 253) Millennium B.C.," held on December 18 and 19, 2008, and "The Friends of Inanna Scholars' Day Workshop," held Page xviii: Satellite image: The eastern Mediterranean on February 4, 2009. George Bass' and Cheryl Ward's essays Page 44: Archaeologist excavating copper ingots at site of were part of the Charles K. Wilkinson Lectures "Ships and Uluburun shipwreck Shipwrecks," held on December 17, 2008. Ashhan Yener's essay is based on a lecture given in the series the Armand Page 72: Basalt stele. Ebla. Old Syrian period. With Brunswick Distinguished Lectures in Archaeology of The Museum 3003. (See Matthiae fig. 0, p. 104.) Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation, Inc., held on Page 154: Detail ofjacket illustration December 18, 2008. Gary Beckman's essay was included in Page 214: Detail of bronze plaque with animal combats the Sunday at the Met program "Anatolia in the Time of (Aruz fig. 20, p. 223) the Hittites," held on February 22, 2009. All the lectures were held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NewYork. Page 274: Detail of cuneiform tablet of Edict of Suppiluliunia I. Ugarit. Late Bronze Age. National The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Symposium and the Museum, Damascus 17.227 Armand Brunswick Distinguished Lectures in Archaeology Page 310: Basalt stele of Hammurabi. Found at Susa. Old were made possible by The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Babylonian period. Musee du Louvre, Paris Sb 8 Foundation, lnc.The Scholars' Day Workshop was made possible by the Friends of Inanna.The Charles K. Copyright © 2013 by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Wilkinson Lectures were made possible by the many New York friends of Charles K. Wilkinson and of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art endeavors to respect copyright in a manner consistent with its nonprofit This publication is made possible by The Hagop Kevorkian educational mission. If you believe any material has been Fund and by The Adelaide Milton de Groot Fund, in included in this publication improperly, please contact the memory of the de Groot and Hawley families. Editorial Department.

Published by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, First printing New York Mark Polizzotti, Publisher and Editor in Chief All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Gwen Roginsky, Associate Publisher and General Manager reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, of Publications electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, Peter Antony, Chief Production Manager recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, Michael Sittenfeld, Managing Editor without permission in writing from the publishers. Robert Weisberg, Senior Project Manager The Metropolitan Museum of Art Edited by Alexandra Bonfante-Warren 1000 Fifth Avenue Production by Douglas Malicki New York, New York [0028 Bibliography by Jayne Kuchna and Penny Jones metmuseu m.org Maps on pp. viii—ix, 55, 74, 75, 8o by Anandaroop Roy Distributed by Photographs of works in the Metropolitan Museum's Yale University Press, New Haven and London collection by The Photograph Studio,The Metropolitan yalebooks.com /art Museum of Art, unless otherwise noted. yalebooks.co.uk

Design implemented by Nancy Sylbert, based on a format Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the established by Tsang Seymour Design Inc. Library of Congress. Typeset in Bembo Std and Lotus Linotype Printed on 130 guns LumiSilk Matte Artpaper ISBN 978-1-58839-475-0 (The Metropolitan Separations by Professional Graphics, Inc., Rockford, Museum of Art) Illinois ISBN 978-0-300-18503-4 (Yale University Press) Printed and bound by Oceanic Graphic Printing, Hong Kong, China