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Contacts: Crete, Egypt, and the Near East Circa 2000 B.C
Malcolm H. Wiener major Akkadian site at Tell Leilan and many of its neighboring sites were abandoned ca. 2200 B.C.7 Many other Syrian sites were abandoned early in Early Bronze (EB) IVB, with the final wave of destruction and aban- donment coming at the end of EB IVB, Contacts: Crete, Egypt, about the end of the third millennium B.c. 8 In Canaan there was a precipitous decline in the number of inhabited sites in EB III— and the Near East circa IVB,9 including a hiatus posited at Ugarit. In Cyprus, the Philia phase of the Early 2000 B.C. Bronze Age, "characterised by a uniformity of material culture indicating close connec- tions between different parts of the island"10 and linked to a broader eastern Mediterra- This essay examines the interaction between nean interaction sphere, broke down, per- Minoan Crete, Egypt, the Levant, and Ana- haps because of a general collapse of tolia in the twenty-first and twentieth cen- overseas systems and a reduced demand for turies B.c. and briefly thereafter.' Cypriot copper." With respect to Egypt, Of course contacts began much earlier. Donald Redford states that "[t]he incidence The appearance en masse of pottery of Ana- of famine increases in the late 6th Dynasty tolian derivation in Crete at the beginning and early First Intermediate Period, and a of Early Minoan (EM) I, around 3000 B.C.,2 reduction in rainfall and the annual flooding together with some evidence of destructions of the Nile seems to have afflicted northeast and the occupation of refuge sites at the time, Africa with progressive desiccation as the suggests the arrival of settlers from Anatolia. -
Cold and Dry Outbreaks in the Eastern Mediterranean 3200 Years
https://doi.org/10.1130/G46491.1 Manuscript received 13 May 2019 Revised manuscript received 17 July 2019 Manuscript accepted 17 July 2019 © 2019 Geological Society of America. For permission to copy, contact [email protected]. Published online XX Month 2019 Cold and dry outbreaks in the eastern Mediterranean 3200 years ago David Kaniewski1*, Nick Marriner2, Rachid Cheddadi3, Christophe Morhange4, Joachim Bretschneider5, Greta Jans6, Thierry Otto1, Frédéric Luce1, and Elise Van Campo1 1EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France 2 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement UMR6249, Maison des sciences de l’homme et de l’environnement Claude Nicolas Ledoux USR 3124, CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, UFR ST, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France 3Université Montpellier II, CNRS-UM2-IRD, ISEM, 34090 Montpellier, France 4Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Collège de France, CEREGE, 13545 Aix en Provence, cedex 04, France 5Department of Archaeology–Ancient Near East, Faculty of Art and Philosophy, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium 6Near Eastern Studies, Faculteit Letteren, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Blijde-Inkomststraat 21, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ABSTRACT depict similar trends, evoking a severe climate Can climate affect societies? This question, of both past and present importance, is encap- shift of regional extent (Kaniewski et al., 2015). sulated by the major socioeconomic crisis that affected the Mediterranean 3200 yr ago. The Nonetheless, the quantifcation of changes in demise of the core civilizations of the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean during the Late rainfall regime and temperature has proved chal- Bronze Age and the early Iron Age (Dark Ages) is still controversial because it raises the ques- lenging until now, in part owing to the scarcity tion of climate-change impacts on ancient societies. -
The Rise of Alphabetic Cuneiform Philip J. Boyes
Author’s Accepted Manuscript, to appear in Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Please cite final version. Negotiating Imperialism and Resistance in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: The Rise of Alphabetic Cuneiform Philip J. Boyes Received 12 September 2017; Accepted 6 August 2018; Revised 10 July 2018 Ugarit was a highly cosmopolitan, multilingual and multiscript city at the intersection of several major Late Bronze Age political and cultural spheres of influence. In the thirteenth century BC, the city adopted a new alphabetic cuneiform writing system in the local language for certain uses alongside the Akkadian language, script and scribal practices that were standard throughout the Near East. Previous research has seen this as ‘vernacularization’, in response to the city’s encounter with Mesopotamian culture. Recent improvements in our understanding of the date of Ugarit’s adoption of alphabetic cuneiform render this unlikely, and this paper instead argues that we should see this vernacularization as part of Ugarit’s negotiation of, and resistance to, their encounter with Hittite imperialism. Furthermore, it stands as a specific, Ugaritian, manifestation of similar trends apparent across a number of East Mediterranean societies in response to the economic and political globalism of Late Bronze Age elite culture. As such, these changes in Ugaritian scribal practice have implications for our wider understanding of the end of the Late Bronze Age. Writing in Ugarit at the end of the Late Bronze Age The city of Ugarit lies at modern Ras Shamra, near the Syrian coast and not far from modern Latakia (Fig. 1). In the Late Bronze Age it was the capital of a small but important kingdom bounded to the north and east by the Jebel al-Aqra and Jebel al-Ansariyeh mountains, respectively. -
American Journal of Archaeology
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA This article is © The Archaeological Institute of America and was originally published in AJA 112(4):565–80. This reprint is supplied to the primary author for personal, non-com- mercial use only, following the terms stipulated by the AJA Editor-in-Chief. The definitive electronic version of the article can be found at http://www.atypon-link.com/AIA/doi/ abs/10.3764/aja.112.4.565. Volume 112 L No. 4 October 2008 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA 2008 OFFICERS C. Brian Rose, President Elizabeth Bartman, First Vice President John Russell, Vice President for Professional Responsibilities Jenifer Neils, Vice President for Publications Mat Saunders, Vice President for Education and Outreach Alexandra Cleworth, Vice President for Societies Brian J. Heidtke, Treasurer Teresa M. Keller, Executive Director HONORARY PRESIDENTS Robert H. Dyson, Jr., James R. Wiseman, Martha Sharp Joukowsky, James Russell, Stephen L. Dyson, Nancy C. Wilkie GOVERNING BOARD Elie Abemayor Donald W. Morrison Michael Ambler Robert E. Murowchick Cathleen Asch Helen Nagy Eugene Borza Lynn Quigley John McK. Camp II Paul Rissman Laura Childs Caroline Rubinstein Lawrence Coben Ann Santen Mitchell Eitel Glenn Schwartz William Fitzhugh Ava Seave Harrison Ford David C. Seigle Sebastian Heath Charles Stanish Peter Herdrich Charles Steinmetz Lillian Joyce John J. Yarmick William A. Lindsay Paul Zimansky Jerald T. Milanich TRUSTEES EMERITI Norma Kershaw Charles S. LaFollette PAST PRESIDENT Jane C. Waldbaum Andrew J. Foley, of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, General Counsel MEMBERSHIP IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA AND SUBSCRIPTION TO THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY The American Journal of Archaeology is published by the Archaeological Institute of America in January, April, July, and October. -
Ugarit-Forschungen
UGARIT-FORSCHUNGEN Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas begründet von Manfried Dietrich und Oswald Loretz † unter Mitarbeit von Josef Tropper herausgegeben von Manfried Dietrich und Ingo Kottsieper Beratergremium J. Bretschneider • K. A. Metzler R. Schmitt • W. H. van Soldt • J.-P. Vita Band 47 2016 Manfried Dietrich: [email protected] Ingo Kottsieper : [email protected] Josef Tropper : [email protected] Redaktion Ugarit-Verlag, Salzstr. 45, D-48143 Münster (Kai A. Metzler: [email protected]) Für unverlangt eingesandte Manuskripte kann keine Gewähr übernommen werden. Die Herausgeber sind nicht verpflichtet, unangeforderte Rezensionsexemplare zu besprechen. Manuskripte für die einzelnen Jahresbände werden jeweils bis zum 31. 12. des vorausgehenden Jahres erbeten. © 2016 Ugarit-Verlag, Münster (www.ugarit-verlag.com) Alle Rechte vorbehalten All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-86835-231-3 ISSN 0342-2356 Printed on acid-free paper Inhalt Artikel Stefan Bojowald Zum Gebrauch des Verbs „kochen“ im Sinne von „Pflanzen reifen“. Eine Antwort auf Benjamin Kilchör ................................................................ 1 Manfried Dietrich Beschreibungslieder von Mensch und Tier im Kirtu-Epos .................................. -
Harbor Settlement Patterns of the Second Millennium Bc in Cilicia and the Amuq
HARBOR SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BC IN CILICIA AND THE AMUQ A Master’s Thesis by SEVİLAY ZEYNEP ORUÇ Department of Archaeology İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara January 2013 To my family HARBOR SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BC IN CILICIA AND THE AMUQ The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by SEVİLAY ZEYNEP ORUÇ In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA January 2013 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology. --------------------------------- Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology. --------------------------------- Dr. İlknur Özgen Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Archaeology. --------------------------------- Dr. Ekin Kozal Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT HARBOR SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BC IN CILICIA AND THE AMUQ Oruç, Sevilay Zeynep M.A., Department of Archaeology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates January 2013 This thesis is a study on harbor settlement patterns in the northeastern Mediterranean of the second millennium BC based on geo-archaeological evidence. -
The Territory Facing Jaffa”
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles “The Territory Facing Jaffa”: Cultural Landscapes of a Mediterranean Port and its Hinterland (ca. 2000–539 B.C.E.) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by George Allen Pierce Jr. 2015 © Copyright by George Allen Pierce Jr. 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “The Territory Facing Jaffa”: Cultural Landscapes of a Mediterranean Port and its Hinterland (ca. 2000–539 B.C.E.) by George Allen Pierce Jr. Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Aaron Alexander Burke, Chair This dissertation presents a synthesis of settlement patterns in the central coastal plain of modern Israel from the onset of the Middle Bronze Age to the end of the Iron Age (ca. 2000–539 B.C.E.). The ancient mound of Jaffa, situated on the southern Levantine coast south of the outlet of the Yarkon River, was the closest maritime outlet for Jerusalem and other highland centers in ancient times. Jaffa has the distinct status of being one of the few ports on the southern Levantine coast featuring an almost continual occupation history from the Middle Bronze Age through the modern era. Yet a lack of inclusion for Jaffa and other hinterland sites in archaeological and historical studies of the coastal plain is evident. In light of renewed excavations on the ancient mound of Jaffa, new analyses of the site’s and region’s material culture recovered from excavations conducted over the last sixty years necessitate the current examination of regional settlement patterns and systems to elucidate the potential economic and cultural connections ii between the port and inland sites, both urban and rural in nature by providing a regional perspective for material culture recovered at Jaffa. -
Ebla's Hegemony and Its Impact on the Archaeology of the Amuq Plain
Ebla’s Hegemony and Its Impact on the Archaeology of the Amuq Plain in the Third Millennium BCE by Steven Edwards A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Copyright by Steven Edwards, 2019 Ebla’s Hegemony and Its Impact on the Archaeology of the Amuq Plain in the Third Millennium BCE Steven Edwards Doctor of Philosophy Department of Near and Middle Eastern Studies University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This dissertation investigates the emergence of Ebla as a regional state in northwest Syria during the Early Bronze Age and provides a characterization of Ebla that emphasizes its hegemonic rather than imperial features. The texts recovered from the Royal Palace G archives reveal that Ebla expanded from a small Ciseuphratean kingdom into a major regional power in Upper Mesopotamia over the course of just four or five decades. To consolidate and maintain its rapidly growing periphery, Ebla engaged in intensive diplomatic relations with an array of client states, semi-autonomous polities, and independent kingdoms. Often, political goals were achieved through mutual gift-exchange and interdynastic marriage, but military activity became increasingly common towards the end of the period covered by the texts. However, apart from installing palace officials at some cities, Ebla did not appear to have invested heavily in building infrastructure, such as roads or forts, along its periphery, preferring instead to leave matters of defense up to client and allied states. As a result, the archaeological impact of Ebla’s political hegemony along parts of its periphery was minimal. -
The Bronze to Iron Age Transition at Tell Tweini (Syria)
03Vansteen.qxp:Layout 1 9-03-2010 16:57 Pagina 39 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lirias THE BRONZE TO IRON AGE TRANSITION AT TELL TWEINI (SYRIA) Klaas Vansteenhuyse 1 K.U. Leuven – Leuven University College 1. INTRODUCTION The presence of the Sea Peoples was especially hard felt in the northern coastal region of Syria, according to historical documents from the city of Ugarit and on the Temple of Ramesses III in Medinet Habu. 2 The appearance of those groups of marauders, migrants or in any case groups of a hard to define composition, has been linked to the destruction of the city of Ugarit around 1200 BC. 3 The situation in northern coastal Syria after the destruction of Late Bronze Age Ugarit, however, remains understudied and is badly understood. The disappearance of the community at Ugarit and its politi - cal and economic power must have been a watershed in the history of the region but how the re - maining communities unfolded their socio-political evolution is largely a question mark. New exca - vations at a border site of the Ugaritic kingdom, Tell Tweini, may increase our knowledge of the ear - ly Iron Age period in this region (fig. 1). In this paper, the focus is on the situation of Tell Tweini 4 (Syr - ia) and its immediate region at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the earlier phases of the Iron Age. 2. HISTORY OF THE HABITATION Tell Tweini lies in the coastal area of Syria, around 30 kilometres south of the modern harbour town of Lattakia. -
Negotiating Imperialism and Resistance in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: the Rise of Alphabetic
Negotiating Imperialism and Resistance in Late Bronze Age Ugarit: The Rise of Alphabetic Cuneiform Philip J. Boyes Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge Abstract Ugarit was a highly cosmopolitan, multilingual and multiscript city at the intersection of several major Late Bronze Age political and cultural spheres of influence. In the thirteenth century BC, the city adopted a new alphabetic cuneiform writing system in the local language for certain uses alongside the Akkadian language, script and scribal practices that were standard throughout the Near East. Previous research has seen this as ‘vernacularization’, in response to the city’s encounter with Mesopotamian culture. Recent improvements in our understanding of the date of Ugarit’s adoption of alphabetic cuneiform render this unlikely, and this paper instead argues that we should see this vernacularization as part of Ugarit’s negotiation of, and resistance to, their encounter with Hittite imperialism. Furthermore, it stands as a specific, Ugaritian, manifestation of similar trends apparent across a number of East Mediterranean societies in response to the economic and political globalism of Late Bronze Age elite culture. As such, these changes in Ugaritian scribal practice have implications for our wider understanding of the end of the Late Bronze Age. Writing in Ugarit at the end of the Late Bronze Age Fig. 1. The Kingdom of Ugarit in the Late Bronze Age. Drawing by the author, based on Calvet 2012, fig. 1. The city of Ugarit lies at modern Ras Shamra, near the Syrian coast and not far from modern Latakia (Fig. 1). In the Late Bronze Age it was the capital of a small but important kingdom bounded to the north and east by the Jebel al-Aqra and Jebel al-Ansariyeh mountains respectively. -
Plos ONE: the Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating
PLoS ONE: The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020232 RESEARCH ARTICLE David Kaniewski1,2,3*, Elise Van Campo1,2, Karel Van Lerberghe4, Tom Boiy4, Klaas Vansteenhuyse4, Greta Jans4, Karin Nys5, Harvey Weiss6, Christophe Morhange7, Thierry Otto1,2, Joachim Bretschneider4 1 EcoLab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France, 2 EcoLab (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), CNRS, Toulouse, France, 3 Center for Archaeological Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium, 4 Near Eastern Studies, Faculteit Letteren, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 5 Mediterranean Archaeological Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, 6 Environmental Studies Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, 7 CEREGE, UMR CNRS 6635, Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Provence, Europôle de l'Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France Abstract The 13th century BC witnessed the zenith of the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean civilizations which declined at the end of the Bronze Age, ~3200 years ago. Weakening of this ancient flourishing Mediterranean world shifted the political and economic centres of gravity away from the Levant towards Classical Greece and Rome, and led, in the long term, to the emergence of the modern western civilizations. Textual evidence from cuneiform tablets and Egyptian reliefs from the New Kingdom relate that seafaring tribes, the Sea Peoples, were the final catalyst that put the fall of cities and states in motion. However, the lack of a stratified radiocarbon-based archaeology for the Sea People event has led to a floating historical chronology derived from a variety of sources spanning dispersed areas. -
Tell Tweini: a Multi-Period Harbour Town at the Syrian Coast
Tell Tweini: A Multi-Period Harbour Town at the Syrian Coast Joachim Bretschneider, Anne-Sophie Van Vyve and Greta1 Jans INTRODUCTION2 During the past eleven years, excavations at Tell Tweini, Syria have focused on different periods visible in the archaeological record. Both the Bronze and the Iron Age periods are well attested and have been examined extensively (Bretschneider - Van Lerberghe 2009; Al-Maqdissi et al. 2008). Recently, however, traces of an Early Iron Age settlement, often lacking at neighbouring sites, have been uncovered at Tell Tweini. In the Eastern Mediterranean, the period spanning the time between the end of the 13th and the 12th centuries B.C.E. is know n as a period of crisis during which the significant Aegean, Cypriot, Anatolian and Levantine centres deteriorated. Immedi ately after 1200 B.C.E., the entire M editerranean region was faced with catastrophic obliterations (Lehmann 2001). Considerable destruction and ash layers have been observed at numerous sites in the Levant. Once important sites at the Syrian coast, like Ugarit, were abandoned and destroyed along with many other Mediterranean cities, never to be rebuilt. Lor this entire period, known as the Dark Ages, the archae ological and in particular the historical sources are especially scarce. Based on recently excavated data from Tell Tweini, significant knowledge about the development of urbanisation, architecture, pottery, burial customs and art in the Northern Levant during the post-Ugaritic period can be acquired. Multi disciplinary studies, combined with an analysis of the architectural structures and archaeological inventory, have allowed obtaining initial information on a complex and obscure period in the history of the Ancient Near East.