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Ugarit-Forschungen UGARIT-FORSCHUNGEN Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas begründet von Manfried Dietrich und Oswald Loretz † unter Mitarbeit von Josef Tropper herausgegeben von Manfried Dietrich und Ingo Kottsieper Beratergremium J. Bretschneider • K. A. Metzler R. Schmitt • W. H. van Soldt • J.-P. Vita Band 47 2016 Manfried Dietrich: [email protected] Ingo Kottsieper : [email protected] Josef Tropper : [email protected] Redaktion Ugarit-Verlag, Salzstr. 45, D-48143 Münster (Kai A. Metzler: [email protected]) Für unverlangt eingesandte Manuskripte kann keine Gewähr übernommen werden. Die Herausgeber sind nicht verpflichtet, unangeforderte Rezensionsexemplare zu besprechen. Manuskripte für die einzelnen Jahresbände werden jeweils bis zum 31. 12. des vorausgehenden Jahres erbeten. © 2016 Ugarit-Verlag, Münster (www.ugarit-verlag.com) Alle Rechte vorbehalten All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-86835-231-3 ISSN 0342-2356 Printed on acid-free paper Inhalt Artikel Stefan Bojowald Zum Gebrauch des Verbs „kochen“ im Sinne von „Pflanzen reifen“. Eine Antwort auf Benjamin Kilchör ................................................................ 1 Manfried Dietrich Beschreibungslieder von Mensch und Tier im Kirtu-Epos ................................... 7 Meir Edrey Phoenician Ethnogenesis. The Crucial Role of Landscape in the Early Shaping of Phoenician Culture .................................................. 41 Betina I. Faist / Josué-Javier Justel / Ferhan Sakal / Juan-Pablo Vita Bibliografía de los estudios de Emar (7) ....................................................... 53 Israel Finkelstein Comments on the Abimelech Story in Judges 9 ............................................ 69 Philippe Guillaume Wonder Woman’s Field in Proverbs 31: Taken, not Bought! Economic Considerations on Proverbs 31:16 ............................................... 85 Issam K. H. Halayqa / Mohammad Abu Rmilah Middle Bronze II – Iron II Scarabs from Palestine ...................................... 103 Giovanni Mazzini The Expresion šḥr ṯlṯt in Ugaritic Legal Language and a Parallel in Ancient South Arabian ........................................................................... 123 Nadav Na¬aman Memories of Canaan in the Old Testament ................................................. 129 Hermann Michael Niemann Juda und Jerusalem. Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Stamm und Stadt und zur Rolle Jerusalems in Juda ....................................................... 147 Łukasz Niesiolowski-Spanò Functional Ethnicity. Or, How to Describe the Societies of Ancient Palestine? .................................................................................................... 191 iv Inhalt [UF 47 Manfred Oeming / Keren Ras / Ido Koch / Anat Weinberg-Cohen / Yuval Gadot / Oded Lipschits Late Bronze Age Figurines from Tel Azekah.............................................. 205 T. M. Oshimia A Babylonian Marduk Prayer found at Ugarit (RS 94. 2498) ..................... 221 Katsuji Sano Die Eroberungen von Ägypten durch Asarhaddon und Aššurbanipal ......... 251 Michael Stahl Ḥērem-Warfare at Ugarit? Reevaluating KTU 1.13 and KTU 1.3 II ........... 265 M. Justin Walker The Wings of the Dove are Covered with Silver. The (Absent) Presence of the Goddess in Psalm 68 .......................................................... 301 Manfred Weippert „Veni de Libano, sponsa!“. Hoheslied 4,8 .................................................. 343 Nicholas Wernick Ancient Near Eastern Battering Rams. Questioning their Penetrative Power and Target Location ......................................................................... 371 Masamichi Yamada Did terḫatu Mean “Dowry” in Emar? ......................................................... 415 Wolfgang Zwickel Zwei Aramäerstaaten in der Beqa®-Ebene : Bet-Rehob und Aram-Zoba..... 431 Buchbesprechungen und Buchanzeigen Davide NADALI / Jordi VIDAL (eds.): The Other Face of the Battle: The Impact of War on Civilians in the Ancient Near East (Nicholas Wernick) . 449 Studia Mesopotamica, Bde. 1–3 (2014–2016) (Ludger Hiepel) ....................... 453 Pieter Gert VAN DER VEEN: The Final Phase of Iron Age II in Judah, Ammon, and Edom: A Study of Prevenanced Official Seals and Bullae as Chronological Markers (Rüdiger Schmitt) ................................. 464 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ..................................................................... 467 Indizes A Stellen .................................................................................................... 475 B Wörter .................................................................................................... 478 C Namen .................................................................................................... 480 D Sachen.................................................................................................... 484 Phoenician Ethnogenesis The Crucial Role of Landscape in the Early Shaping of Phoenician Culture1 Meir Edrey, Tel Aviv Introduction ......................................................................................................... 41 The emergence of Phoenician culture ................................................................. 42 The Phoenician landscape ................................................................................... 43 The shaping of Phoenician culture ...................................................................... 45 Summary ............................................................................................................. 47 References ........................................................................................................... 48 Introduction The ethnicity and identity of ancient Levantine peoples has been the subject of copious historical and archaeological studies in recent years. The majority of these studies have focused on the ethnogenesis, i. e. the formation and development process, of ancient Israel (e. g. Finkelstein, 1991; Sparks, 1998; Faust, 2006), alt- hough other neighboring peoples such as the Philistines (e. g. Faust/Lev-Tov, 2011; Killebrew/Lehmann, 2013) have also been examined. The Phoenicians, on the other hand, had not received as much attention, and our knowledge on their unique civilization is still largely based on conceptions originating from ancient texts such as the Hebrew bible and the writings of various classical authors which have been preserved in early Phoenician scholarship (e. g. Pietschmann, 1889; Rawlinson, 1889; Contenau, 1949). From these ancient sources we learn that the Phoenicians were renowned in antiquity as celebrated mariners (1 Kgs. 9:26–28; Herodotus, 4, 42; Pliny, Hist. Nat., 4,36; 7,208; Strabo, 16,2,24), shrewd mer- chants (Ezek. 28:4–5; Homer, Odyssey, 15,415ff.) and skillful artisans that pro- duced magnificent artifacts from stone, metal and textile (2 Chr. 2:6; Homer, Il- iad, 6,289; 23,470ff.; Odyssey, 15,415ff.; Pliny, Hist. Nat., 9,60). This character- ization has been largely corroborated by archaeology, which reveals a prosperous urban civilization engaged in maritime activities, with extensive trade networks, and luxury items industries. But when did this unique culture emerge? 1 I would like to thank O. Tal and W. Zwickel for their support in the preparation of this article, and also to J. Errington for his assistance. 42 M. Edrey [UF 47 There are two main schools of thought concerning the Phoenician ethnogenesis. The first maintains that the Phoenician culture dates back to the third or even fourth millennium BCE, i.e. to the founding date of the cities of Phoenicia (Har- den, 1963, 21; Markoe, 2000, 11).2 The second and more popular view is that, although impossible to detach from its Canaanite heritage, Phoenician culture could have only truly emerge during the Iron Age, ca. 1200 BCE, after the demise of Egyptian hegemony over the southern Levant and their confinement to the coast by more powerful inland kingdoms such as the Israelites, Philistines, and Ara- maeans. Scholars that adhere to the latter approach often refer to the Bronze Age Canaanite inhabitants of Phoenicia as ‘Proto-Phoenicians’ (Moscati, 1968, 23; Muhly, 1970, 26; Elayi, 1980, 14; Bondi, 2001, 23). In recent years a middle approach has developed maintaining that the emergence of an independent Phoe- nician civilization after 1200 BCE was both a result of the innovation that took place around it at that time, and the continuation of earlier traditions (Moscati, 2001a, 19). This article argues that scholars citing the two latter approaches wrongly as- sociate concepts of ethnicity with nationalism and state formation, and that alt- hough effected by the political upheaval of the Iron Age transition, the fundamen- tal cultural concepts defining Phoenician culture were fashioned long beforehand by basic environmental factors. The emergence of Phoenician culture The Iron Age saw the rise of many new nations in the southern Levant, such as the Israelites, Philistines and Aramaeans. These nations rose into the power vac- uum left by the Egyptian and Hittite empires after the cataclysmic events that be- fell the close of the Bronze Age, which included earth quakes, famine, and large human migrations (Fritz, 1984, 86–91; Drews, 1993,
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