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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49596-7 — the Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East Aaron A Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49596-7 — The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East Aaron A. Burke Index More Information INDEX ꜤꜢmw (Egyptian term), 145–47 See also Asiatics “communities of practice,” 18–20, 38–40, 42, (Egypt) 347–48 decline of, 350–51 A’ali, 226 during Early Bronze Age, 31 ‘Aa-zeh-Re’ Nehesy, 316–17 Ebla, 38–40, 56, 178 Abarsal, 45 emergence of, 23, 346–47 Abda-El (Amorite), 153–54 extensification of, 18–20 Abi-eshuh, 297, 334–35 hollow cities, 178–79 Abisare (Larsa), 160 Jazira, 38, 177 Abishemu I (Byblos), 175 “land rush,” 177–78 Abraham, 6 Mari, 38–40, 56, 177–79, 227–28 abu as symbolic kinship, 268–70 Nawar, 38, 40, 42 Abu en-Ni’aj, Tell, 65 Northern Levant, 177 Abu Hamad, 54 Qatna, 179 Abu Salabikh, 100 revival of, 176–80, 357 Abusch, Tzvi, 186 Shubat Enlil, 177–78, 180 Abydos, 220 social identity of Amorites and, 10 Achaemenid Empire, 12 Urkesh, 38, 42 Achsaph, 176 wool trade and, 23 ‘Adabal (deity), 40 Yamḫ ad, 179 Adad/Hadad (deity), 58–59, 134, 209–10, 228–29, zone of uncertainty and, 24, 174 264, 309–11, 338, 364 Ahbabu, 131 Adams, Robert, 128 Ahbutum (tribe), 97 Adamsah, 109 Ahktoy III, 147 Adba-El (Mari), 153–54 Ahmar, Tell, 51–53, 56, 136, 228 Addahushu (Elam), 320 Ahmose, 341–42 Ader, 50 ‘Ai, 33 Admonitions of Ipuwer, 172 ‘Ain Zurekiyeh, 237–38 aDNA. See DNA Ajjul, Tell el-, 142, 237–38, 326, 329, 341–42 Adnigkudu (deity), 254–55 Akkadian Empire. See also specific ruler Aegean generally, 18, 41 mural style from, 284–89, 340 agropastoralism, impact of military intervention trade with, 197, 331 on, 349 Afghanistan, 196–98 Amorite kingship, model for, 150, 187–88 Afis, Tell, 77 Amorites and, 18, 20–21, 40–42, 59 aga-ús mar-tu (foot soldiers), 162 aridification, impact of, 62–63 Age of Amorites, 16, 261–62, 363 Ebla, military intervention in, 57–61 agropastoralism fall of, 70, 85–86, 101, 350 generally, 14, 56 First Intermediare Period compared, 145 Akkadian military intervention, impact Gutians, military intervention against, 130 of, 349 Hurrians in, 55 aridification, impact of, 349 imperial control in, 59–61 Ashkelon, 236 language in, 95–96 Assur, 227–28 Mari, military intervention in, 57–61 Banat, 40 mar-tu, military action against, 59–60 411 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49596-7 — The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East Aaron A. Burke Index More Information 412 INDEX Akkadian Empire (cont.) Amuraya (person), 205 mercenarism in, 300–1 amurru(m) migration, impact of military intervention on, 72, ꜤꜢmw, Egyptian term and, 146 88 deity, 205, 254–56, 364 military expansion of, 14–15, 20, 22, 59–61 as description of things, 261, 328 military specialists in, 130 name for Amorites, 21–22, 41–42, 145–46, monuments in, 191 348–49 names in, 95, 98–99 state, 368 Nawar, military intervention in, 58 tribe, 97, 182, 265 resistance to, 20 western territory, association with, 261 royal legitimation in, 194 amurru¯tum ala¯kum (military service), 162 rulers of, 60 Amutpiel (Qatna), 257 stelae in, 137 ‘Anat (deity), 169, 264 warfare, model for, 174, 365 Anatolia wool trade in, 23 aridification in, 73–74 Akkadian (language) burial customs in, 204–5, 248–49, 324 names compared to Amorite names, 262–63 direct-axis temples in, 304, 315–16 Western Peripheral, 189 fortifications in, 193 Akkar Plain, 79–80, 234, 352 Hurrians in, 144 Akko, 224, 233–36, 239–40 intermarriage in, 251–52 Alahutm. See Alalakh migration in, 73–74, 351 Alalakh seals in, 158 direct-axis temples in, 311–14 trade in, 16, 196–205, 331 land tenure in, 335–36 anchor communities, 25–26, 38, 45, 48, 56, 347. murals in, 286–87 See also Ebla, Chuera, Mari, Nawar (Tell Brak), palaces in, 282, 284 Tuttul urbanism in, 232 An (deity), 125, 264 ‘alamu (Egyptian term), 146 Anitta (Kültepe Kanesh), 315–16 Albright, William Foxwell, 6 Ankhtifi, 146–47 Aleppo. See Halab Ansan, 109 Alexander the Great, 273–74 Aphek, Tel alliances, 293–94 generally, 233, 239, 267, 326 altars, 260, 314, 318 MB I ceramic sequence, 234 Amanus Mountains, 104, 182 Apiak, 121 Amar-Sin (Ur III), 118 Apil-Kin (Mari), 124 Amenemhet I, 148, 163–64, 167–68, 171, 173, 358 Apishal (Amorites), 59 Amenemhet II, 164–66, 168–69, 173, 197, 224, 358 Apsu, 188 Amenemhet III, 165–66, 168–69, 175, 217–18, 222 Apum (Damascus), 26, 176, 257–59, 267, 270 ‘ammu/hammu, 146, 361 Arameans Ammunenshi (Retenu), 173 Amorites and, 6 Amnanum (tribe), 160–61, 265, 268, 271, 293 language of, 95–96 Amorite hypothesis, 60, 90, 241–42 Arbid, 26 Amorite language Arbid, Tell, 248–49 Amorite koine and, 259 arboriculture, 30 as distinct language, 96 archers, 131 Hebrew compared, 263 Archi, Alfonso, 21–22 Hurrians, linguistic differences with Amorites, aridification. See also specific location 55–56 generally, 14, 20, 62–63 as Northwest Semitic (NWS) language, 95–96 agropastoralism, impact on, 349 placenames, 266–68 al-Rawda, Tell, 75–76 Shulgi and, 96 Anatolia, 73–74 social identity of Amorites and, 2, 94, 96–97, 262, Canaan, 162–63 265, 354 dating of, 63–65 socioeconomic context of, 263 Euphrates Valley, 14–15, 63, 65–66, 74–75 Amorites. See specific topic Halab, 76 Amos (prophet), 4 identification of, 62–63 amtum, 202 impact of, 61–62 ‘Amu. See Hamu (deity) Mesopotamia, 20, 63, 83 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49596-7 — The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East Aaron A. Burke Index More Information INDEX 413 migration, effect on, 65, 72–73, 87–88, 351–52 Amorite influence in, 338–39 Nawar, 63–64 Amorite rule in, 270 Qatna, 77–79 Asiatics (Amorites) in, 148, 207, 212–13, 219, 338, refugees, impact on, 72–73, 83, 351–52 359–61 resettlement following (See resettlement burial customs in, 207–17, 247, 340 following aridification) caravans in, 215–16 socioeconomic effects, 353–54 ceramics of Levantine types, 209–10 urbanism, impact on, 351–52 direct-axis temples in, 316–17 Urkesh, 65 dress in, 208–9 Armi. See Banat, Tell Eastern Town, 210 ‘Aroer, 50 equid burials in, 329 Arqa, 176 foreigners in, 16 artisans, 333–34 foundation of, 167–68 Asherah (deity), 317 houses in, 207–8, 210 ‘Ashir, Tel, 50 Hyksos, rejection and expulsion of, 341–42, 367 Ashkelon Hyksos rule in, 259, 270, 332, 339–40 agropastoralism at, 236 independence from Egypt, 338 Amorite name of, 267 Kanesh compared, 205–6, 208 Amorites in, 175–76, 257–59, 270 murals in, 285–87 burial customs in, 340 palaces in, 282 DNA (See DNA) population of, 207 Egypt, military threat from, 238 seals in, 332 establishment of, 176 security concerns in, 215–16 exogenous source of changes in, 233 size of, 205–6 fortifications in, 238 temples in, 338–39 intermarriage in, 254 trade in, 206, 331–32 Sanctuary of the Silver Calf, 304 warrior burials in, 207–8, 210, 213–16 settlement of, 234–38 Awal, 121 trade in, 197, 223–26, 331–32 axes, 131–32, 204–5, 208, 210–11, 215, 221, 225, urbanism in, 239–40, 358 250, 327–28, 361 Ashur, 158 Ashurbanipal (Neo-Assyria), 5 Ba’al (deity), 169, 188, 338, 341–42 Asiatics (Egypt) Bab edh-Dhra’, 50, 65 generally, 15–16, 37, 71–72, 145–49, 163–73, ba¯btum, 266 217–22, 338, 352–53, 356–57, 361 Babylon. See also specific ruler Egyptian literature, 145, 147, 149, 168, 171–73, 217 generally, 3 Execration Texts (See Execration Texts) Amorite rule in, 160, 174, 176, 257–59 mortuary stelae of, 220 Amorites in, 1, 12 Nile Delta, 1, 16, 338, 352 direct-axis temples in, 307 terms for, 145–49 divination in, 317 ass. See donkey (Equus asinus) First Dynasty, 343 aššatum, 202 forced labor in, 334 Assur. See also specific ruler intermarriage in, 252 agropastoralism in, 227–28 mercenarism in, 162, 300 burial customs in, 204–5, 248–49, 323 sack of, 343, 367 direct-axis temples in, 307, 310 segregation of Amorites, 343 Isin and, 155 trade in, 197–98, 331 legacy of Amorites in, 5 urbanism in, 227 Mari and, 178 bád mada (Wall of the Land), 117, 129 trade in, 195, 198–205, 331, 359–60 Baghouz, 213–16 Assyria Bahlukullim (Tuttul), 293 generally, 3 bala tax, 114, 119 Amorite rule in, 1–2, 174, 176 Balikh, 26, 68, 82 military activity of, 357 balkanization of Amorites, 367–68 rejection of Amorites, 342–43 Banat, Tell Assyrian King List (AKL), 5, 271, 368 agropastoralism at, 40 Avaris (Tell ed-Dab’a) burial customs in, 51–56 generally, 205, 207, 213, 236, 239 settlement at, 27 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49596-7 — The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East Aaron A. Burke Index More Information 414 INDEX Baqet III (Egypt), 148, 163 direct-axis temples in, 141, 225 Barama (deity), 40 Egyptian influence on, 225, 332 Barri, Tell, 248–49, 323 fortifications in, 231–32 ba¯rûm, 317 prestige weapons in, 328 Basar, 104. See also Jebel Bishri (Mount Bashar) royal tombs (Tombs I-IV), 332 Batrawi, Tell, 142 social identity in, 144 Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, 256 standing stones in, 50 Beni Hasan, 148, 163, 220–22 Temple à escalier, 225 Benjaminites, 22, 265. See also Yaminite (tribe) Temple of the Obelisks, 225 Bensimalites, 22, 265.
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