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DESENVOLVIMENTO DO ESQUEMA DECORATIVO DAS SALAS DO TRONO DO PERÍODO NEO-ASSÍRIO (934-609 A.C.): IMAGEM TEXTO E ESPAÇO COMO VE

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DESENVOLVIMENTO DO ESQUEMA DECORATIVO DAS SALAS DO TRONO DO PERÍODO NEO-ASSÍRIO (934-609 A.C.): IMAGEM TEXTO E ESPAÇO COMO VE UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO MUSEU DE ARQUEOLOGIA E ETNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUEOLOGIA DESENVOLVIMENTO DO ESQUEMA DECORATIVO DAS SALAS DO TRONO DO PERÍODO NEO-ASSÍRIO (934-609 a.C.): IMAGEM TEXTO E ESPAÇO COMO VEÍCULOS DA RETÓRICA REAL VOLUME I PHILIPPE RACY TAKLA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Arqueologia. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. ELAINE FARIAS VELOSO HIRATA Linha de Pesquisa: REPRESENTAÇÕES SIMBÓLICAS EM ARQUEOLOGIA São Paulo 2008 RESUMO Este trabalho busca a elaboração de um quadro interpretativo que possibilite analisar o desenvolvimento do esquema decorativo presente nas salas do trono dos palácios construídos pelos reis assírios durante o período que veio a ser conhecido como neo- assírio (934 – 609 a.C.). Entendemos como esquema decorativo a presença de imagens e textos inseridos em um contexto arquitetural. Temos por objetivo demonstrar que a evolução do esquema decorativo, dada sua importância como veículo da retórica real, reflete a transformação da política e da ideologia imperial, bem como das fronteiras do império, ao longo do período neo-assírio. Palavras-chave: Assíria, Palácio, Iconografia, Arqueologia, Ideologia. 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this work is the elaboration of a interpretative framework that allow us to analyze the development of the decorative scheme of the throne rooms located at the palaces built by the Assyrians kings during the period that become known as Neo- Assyrian (934 – 609 BC). We consider decorative scheme as being the presence of texts and images in an architectural setting. Our objective is to show that the evolution of the decorative scheme, considering its importance as a royal rhetorical vehicle, reflects the transformation of the imperial ideology and politic, as well as the frontiers of the empire, during the Neo-Assyrian period. Key Words: Assyria, Palace, Iconography, Archaeology, Ideology. 3 SUMÁRIO VOLUME I INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................ 8 1. FUNDAMENTOS TEÓRICOS E METODOLÓGICOS PARA A ANÁLISE DO ESQUEMA DECORATIVO .............................................................................. 14 2. ASPECTOS GEOGRÁFICOS ............................................................................. 41 2.1. Oriente Médio: Aspectos Geográficos ........................................................... 41 2.2. Mesopotâmia: Aspectos Geográficos............................................................. 45 3. QUADRO HISTÓRICO DA MESOPOTÂMIA ................................................. 47 4. DADOS ARQUEOLÓGICOS ............................................................................ 100 4.1. Os Achados na Região da Assíria ................................................................ 100 4.2. Os Principais Sítios Arqueológicos da Assíria ........................................... 101 4.3. O Destino dos Relevos Neo-Assírios ............................................................ 109 5. A CIDADE, O TEMPLO E O PALÁCIO NA ANTIGA MESOPOTÂMIA . 111 5.1. A Cidade na Mesopotâmia: uma introdução.............................................. 111 5.2. O Templo na Mesopotâmia: uma introdução ............................................ 113 5.3. O Palácio na Mesopotâmia: uma introdução ............................................. 116 6. FONTES DOCUMENTAIS PARA O ESTUDO DO ESQUEMA DECORATIVO DAS SALAS DO TRONO .......................................................... 131 6.1. Fontes Escritas .............................................................................................. 131 6.1.1. Diretas ..................................................................................................... 131 6.1.2. Indiretas .................................................................................................. 137 6.2. Fontes Não Escritas....................................................................................... 139 6.2.1. Fontes Materiais ..................................................................................... 139 6.2.1.1. Arquitetura ...................................................................................... 139 6.2.1.2. Representações Imagéticas ............................................................. 139 6.2.1.2.1. Narrativos ................................................................................. 144 6.2.1.2.2. Formais: .................................................................................... 148 6.2.1.2.3. Apotropaicos ............................................................................. 149 6.2.1.2.4. Ornamentais ............................................................................. 151 6.2.1.3. Representações Imagéticas Neo-Assírias: Convenções e Inovações. ........................................................................................................................ 155 6.2.1.4. A Origem da Utilização de Relevos como Forma de Decoração dos Palácios Neo-Assírios ................................................................................... 159 6.2.1.5. Outras Influências Externas na Cultura Material Assíria .......... 162 6.3. Conclusões sobre as Fontes Escritas e Não Escritas. ................................. 164 6.4. A Audiência do Esquema Decorativo .......................................................... 165 7. OS PALÁCIOS NEO-ASSÍRIOS ....................................................................... 168 7.1. A Arquitetura dos Palácios Neo-Assírios .................................................... 168 7.1.1. Palácio Noroeste de Kalhu – Ashurnasirpal II (884 - 859 a.C.) ......... 170 4 7.1.1.1 Sala do Trono do Palácio Noroeste de Ashurnasirpal II .............. 172 7.1.1.2. Imagética Presente na Sala do Trono do Palácio Noroeste de Ashurnasirpal II ........................................................................................... 172 7.1.2. Forte Shalmaneser – Shalmaneser III (858 - 824 a.C.) ....................... 175 7.2.1.2. Sala do Trono do Forte Shalmaneser ............................................ 175 7.1.2.2. Imagética Presente na Sala do Trono do Forte Shalmaneser ..... 176 7.1.3. Palácio de Dur Sharrukin – Sargon II (722 - 705 a.C.) ...................... 182 7.1.3.1. Sala do Trono do Palácio de Sargon II ......................................... 182 7.1.3.2. Imagética Presente na Sala do Trono do Palácio de Sargon II... 183 7.1.4. Palácio Sudoeste de Nínive – Sennacherib (705 - 681 a.C.) ................ 185 7.1.4.1. Sala do Trono do Palácio Sudoeste de Sennacherib .................... 186 7.1.4.2. Imagética Presente na Sala do Trono do Palácio Sudoeste de Sennacherib .................................................................................................. 186 7.1.5. Palácio Norte de Niníve – Ashurbanipal (669 - 631 a.C.) ................... 191 7.1.5.1. Sala do Trono do Palácio Norte de Ashurbanipal ....................... 192 7.1.5.2. Imagética Presente na Sala do Trono do Palácio Norte de Ashurbanipal ................................................................................................ 192 8. ANÁLISE DOS DADOS PRESENTES NO CATÁLOGO DE IMAGENS ... 196 CONCLUSÃO .......................................................................................................... 204 BIBLIOGRAFIA...................................................................................................... 208 ANEXO ..................................................................................................................... 248 Lista de Locais e Regiões e Mapa. ...................................................................... 248 5 ÍNDICE DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Ilustração 1 – Média pluviométrica anual no Oriente Médio. ..................................... 43 Ilustração 2 - Mapa do Oriente Médio e dos principais sítios. As partes do mapa em cor escura mostram regiões montanhosas. ................................................................... 56 Ilustração 3 - O Império Médio Assírio. Destacado na cor rosa está a extensão do território controlado em c. 1500 a.C. Em roxo, a extensão do controle direto durante o reinado de Tiglath-pileser I. A área dentro da faixa continua representa a extensão do controle das províncias nos séculos XIII e XII a.C. .................................................... 60 Ilustração 4 - Reinos arameus e neo-hititas em c. 1000 a.C. ....................................... 62 Ilustração 5 - Extensão do império assírio em 860 a.C. A linha tracejada mostra a linha costeira do Golfo Pérsico no período. ................................................................. 73 Ilustração 6 - Extensão do império assírio em 730 a.C. A linha tracejada mostra a faixa costeira do Golfo Pérsico no período. ................................................................. 82 Ilustração 7 - Extensão do império assírio em 705 a.C. A linha tracejada mostra a faixa costeira do Golfo Pérsico no período. ................................................................. 85 Ilustração 8 - Extensão do império assírio em 640 a.C. A linha tracejada mostra a faixa costeira do Golfo Pérsico no período. ................................................................. 93 Ilustração 9 - Mapa da cidade de Ashur com as principais edificações. .................... 102 Ilustração 10 - Vista das ruínas do Palácio Antigo a partir do zigurate. .................... 102 Ilustração 11 - Vista aérea
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