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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PAINTED CERAMIC TRADITIONS AND RURAL COMMUNITIES IN HITTITE ANATOLIA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY JOSHUA WARREN CANNON CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2020 Copyright © 2020 by Joshua Warren Cannon All rights reserved ii This work is dedicated to the many family, friends, and colleagues who helped make it possible. Above all, this work is dedicated to my wife, Anne Marie, who made it all possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The ‘Acknowledgements’ is an intimidating section to write. Will I be able to remember every person who was instrumental in getting me to where I am now? Likely, the answer is ‘no’. Therefore, I will include here a list of those people I feel are most responsible. While doing so, I also acknowledge that this brief mention at the beginning of a dissertation is a small recognition for the love, effort, and guidance the people listed here have given. I start with my father, Jerry Cannon. He taught me to love reading and to collect books. He taught me the value of asking questions and the joy of discussing their answers. He encouraged me no matter what I did and the thrill of telling him all about it is something I enjoy to this day. My mother, Louise Cannon, said to me once “I can easily imagine you as an old professor reading a book in a library.” She said this to me when I was 7 years old and reading a book about dinosaurs. I loved hearing it and may yet achieve it. My mom has also been wonderfully supportive and encouraging and I owe her a lot. My sister, Emily Cannon, is younger than me and so was less involved in my intellectual upbringing. That said, she is now one of my favorite people and our conversations continue to be something I look forward to. I thank her for her support. Academically, there is a very long list of teachers in my life. I will start towards the end, with Bryan Hanks, my undergraduate advisor and now my friend and colleague. Bryan taught my very first college class, which was Introduction to Archaeology. I took the class for fun and pretty quickly decided to make it a career. Bryan was extremely generous in his encouragement and once encouraged me to consider studying Turkey. I was initially dismissive, but here I am now. Similarly, Kathy Allen was there from the beginning and taught my first field school. Her field school was so thorough, subsequent excavations were a breeze. I have thanked Kathy in my iv mind hundreds to times while I excavated and I thank her now, again. From my Pitt days, finally, comes Jim Johnson, who continues to coach me and be a great friend. He has read more of my work than any other human being and has done the most to shape how I think, write, research, and teach. For the sake of brevity, I will move to graduate school. The first person I interacted with there was David Schloen, he allowed me to excavate with his team at Zincirli while I was still an undergrad. That was the year the Kuttamuwa Stele came out of my square. David (and his family) has since been a wonderful support through my graduate career and he and his lovely family have always been kind to me. Scott Branting was the next person I met and he was the one to let me know I had been accepted to the University of Chicago. He got me set up in CAMEL and I learned a lot from my time with him. Both Scott and David encouraged me to work at Çadır Höyük in 2012-16 and that is where I met Greg McMahon and Sharon Steadman, who directed the project there. This dissertation is obviously greatly beholden to their kindness and support. The Çadır team was a great and I appreciate all of the support. The members of my dissertation committee, which consists of James Osborne, Sharon Steadman, Theo van den Hout, and Gil Stein, have all been supportive and kind and have tremendously improved this research. James has tirelessly read initial drafts and given extensive feedback. He is the committee member with whom I have worked the most and I appreciate his efforts and his time. Sharon welcomed me on to her project at Çadır Höyük and patiently and kindly helped me develop my ideas and my research. She has been a tremendous friend, colleague, and teacher. Theo was one of the first people I contacted from the University of Chicago back when I was an undergrad. I emailed him out of the blue to show him some v cuneiform tablets from the Carnegie Museum and ask if they were Hittite. I suspected they were not and he confirmed it. Since then, he has taught me Hittite and been a valuable ear and an encouraging mentor. Finally, the chair of my committee, Gil, who’s research has had the greatest impact on me. I was reading Gil’s articles as an undergraduate and was very eager to work with him when I arrived at UChicago. He willingly took me on and I am grateful for that. My family. Anne Marie, my wife, has sacrificed a lot to make this dissertation possible. From moving to Chicago with me to working hard to support my ability to stay in school. She adapted her schedule to allow me time to research and write and watched the kids numerous times. She has worked very hard to support me and this dissertation is a product of her love and devotion. My children, Finn, Loch, and Cormack, do not know it yet, but their love has kept me warm and made me value what I have chosen to do. I look forward to paying that back for them. Last, but not least, is a long list of friends, too many to name. I will single three here. The first is James Burgin, my wrestling and boxing partner, and a brilliant Hittitologist. His work is cited several times here and it was a late evening conversation with him (over cigars) where I expressed my interest in doing this research as a dissertation for the first time. He was immediately enthusiastic and it was his enthusiasm that carried me in the initial stages of making this a reality. Sarah Adcock is my fellow Çadır Höyük grad student. She will be defending this summer and she and I have been through quite a bit together. From Turkish class at the beginning of my time at UChicago to spending summers in Peyniryemez. And Emily Wilson, my close friend with whom I had so many milkshake Wednesdays. Emily was always encouraging and funny and that is about the best a friend can be while in grad school. Other friends and colleagues who had a big impact include Emily Hammer, Kate Franklin, Tony Lauricella, Rolland Long, and Susan Penacho from the CAMEL Lab. Ami vi Huang, Young Bok Kim, Hannah Marcuson, Hannah Chazin, Foy Scalf, Robert Marineau, and Sam Harris from my time at the OI. Thank you all. vii FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... xi 1.0 – Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 – Context of Research ................................................................................................... 3 1.2 – Theoretical Foundations ............................................................................................. 5 1.3 – Hypothesis and Chapter Summary............................................................................. 9 2.0 – Agricultural Management in the 2nd Millennium - Historical and Archaeological Context ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 – The Old Assyrian Trading Colonies ........................................................................ 13 2.1.1 – Assur - Excavation History ........................................................................... 13 2.1.2 – Rise of Assur as an Independent Political Polity .......................................... 14 2.1.3 – The Old Assyrian Trading Colonies - Structure and Geography of Network ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 – Kanesh...................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 – Excavation History........................................................................................ 19 2.2.2 – Origins and Development of Kanesh ............................................................ 20 2.2.3 – Kanesh Farming – The Texts ........................................................................ 23 2.2.4 – Kanesh Farming – The Archaeology ............................................................ 25 2.3 – The End of Kanesh and the Dark Ages .................................................................... 26 2.4 – The Hittites............................................................................................................... 28 2.4.1 – The Founding of Hattusa .............................................................................. 29 viii 2.4.2 – Hittite Farming - The Texts .......................................................................... 30 2.4.3 – Hittite Agricultural Management - The Archaeological Record .................. 37 2.5 – Discussion and Conclusion ...................................................................................... 44 3.0 – 3rd and 2nd Millennium Anatolian Painted Ceramic Traditions ....................................... 50 3.1 – Hand-Made Early Bronze Age Painted Wares .......................................................
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