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Seyitömer Höyük Orta Tunç Çağı'na Ait Çizi Bezemeli Ağırşaklar

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Seyitömer Höyük Orta Tunç Çağı'na Ait Çizi Bezemeli Ağırşaklar Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2020 8(6) 2003–2013 Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University anemon Derginin ana sayfası: http://dergipark.gov.tr/anemon Araştırma Makalesi ● Research Article Seyitömer Höyük Orta Tunç Çağı’na Ait Çizi Bezemeli Ağırşaklar* Seyitömer Mound Medium Bronze Age Line Decoration Spindle Whorls Hülya Karaoğlan a,** a Öğr. Gör. Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Gediz Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Tasarım Bölümü, 43600, Kütahya/Türkiye. ORCİD: 0000-0003-1363-1779 MAKALE BİLGİSİ ÖZ Makale Geçmişi: Kütahya İlinin 30 km kuzeybatısında yer alan Seyitömer Höyük’te Kütahya Dumlupınar Başvuru tarihi: 01 Eylül 2019 Üniversitesi Arkeoloji bölümü tarafından aralıksız dokuz yıl süren kazı çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Düzeltme tarihi: 05 Haziran 2020 Seyitömer Höyük’te ele geçen buluntular arasında iplik üretiminde kullanılan ağırşaklar oldukça fazladır. Bu çalışmada Seyitömer Höyük ağırşak buluntularından M.Ö. 2. Bin’e ait olan çizi bezeme Kabul tarihi: 19 Haziran 2020 ile süslenmiş (işaretlenmiş) ağırşak grubu incelenmiştir. Bu grup kapsamındaki buluntular Orta Tunç Batı Anadolusun’daki yerleşimlerden Yanarlar, Anahtar Kelimeler: Çavlum, Beycesultan, Milet, Iasos, Şarhöyük, Kusura, Çeşme-Bağlararası, Liman Tepe, Kütahya Aphrodisias, Troya V. ve Demircihöyük yerleşimlerinin ağırşak buluntularıyla bezeme benzerlik Seyitömer Höyük yönleri araştırılmış ve kaynakçalarıyla verilmiştir. Çalışmada Seyitömer Höyük çizi bezemeli Ağırşak ağırşakların çizimleri, buluntu yerleri, ölçüleri ve tanımları katalog şeklinde verilmiştir. M.Ö. 2OOO, Çalışmanın amacı; arkeolojik araştırmalar için önemli olan bu buluntu grubunu literatüre katmaktır. Çizi Bezeme. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Located in Seyitömer Mound, 30 km northwest of Kütahya Province, were carried out by the Received : 05 September 2019 Archeology Department of Kütahya Dumlupınar University. Received in revised form : 05 June 2020 Among the finds found in Seyitömer Mound , spindle whorls used in yarn production are quite much. Accepted 19 June 2020 In this study, Seyitömer Mound, spindle whorls B.C. 2. group of spindle whorls (marked) adorned with an incision embellishment belonging to the 2nd millennium were examined. Findings in this group were investigated with the spindle whorls of the settlements of Yanarlar, Keywords: Çavlum, Beycesultan, Miletus, Iasos, Şarhöyük, Kusura, Bağlararası, Liman Tepe, Aphrodisias, Kütahya, Troy V. and Demircihöyük from the settlements in the Middle Bronze Western Anatolia. In the Seyitömer Mound study, Seyitömer Mound was Line Decoration Spindle Whorls, drawings, finds, dimensions and Spindle Whorls descriptions are given in catalog form. 2000 BC The purpose of this study; The important thing for archaeological research is to add this group of Line Decoration. finds to the literature. 1. Giriş kazandırılmasıdır (Bilgen, 2009). Seyiyömer Höyük’te gerçekleştirilen kazılar ilk olarak günümüzden 30 yıl önce Seyitömer Höyük, Kütahya’ya bağlı Seyitömer Kasabasında Eskişehir Müzesi tarafından kurtarma kazısı olarak Afyon- Altıntaş- yolunun kuzeyinde yer almaktadır. Höyük başlatılmıştır (Aydın, 1991). Daha sonra 1990 yılında yaklaşık 23,5 metre yükseklikte 150 x 140 metre kazıları Afyon Müzesi devralmıştır. Bu dönemde ölçülerindedir. gerçekleştirilen kazılar ise 5 yıl sürmüştür (Topbaş, 1992). Höyükte kazıların başlamasında ki amaç höyük altında Prof. Dr. A. Nejat Bilgen Kütahya Dumlupınar bulunan ciddi miktardaki kömür rezervinin sektöre Üniversitesi’nde Arkeoloji Bölümünü kurarak 10 yıl ara * Bu çalışma, 2010 yılında, Prof Dr. A. Nejat Bilgen danışmanlığında, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Protohistorya ve Önasya Arkeolojisi Anabilim Dalında Hülya Karaoğlan’ın “Seyitömer Höyüğü’nde Bulunan M.Ö. II. Bin’e Ait Dokumacılıkla İlgili Buluntular” isimli yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir. ** Sorumlu yazar/Corresponding author. e-posta: [email protected] e-ISSN: 2149-4622. © 2013-2018 Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi. TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM DergiPark ev sahipliğinde. Her hakkı saklıdır. http://dx.doi.org/10.18506/anemon.615859 Karaoğlan, H. / Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2020 8(6) 2003-2013 2004 verilen Seyitömer Höyük kurtarma kazılarını tekrar başlatıp dokuma yaparken resmedilmiştir. Bu vazo M.Ö. 7. yüzyılın hızlı bir şekilde araştırma ve kazılara devam etmiş ve söz sonuna tarihlenmiş ve Macaristan’da bulunmuştur (Clark, konusu kazı çalışmaları da 2014 yılına kadar sürmüştür 1983: 93-96. Fig. III.3) İran’da ele geçmiş M.Ö. 3300 (Bilgen, 2009; Bilgen, Coşkun, ve Bilgen, 2010; Bilgen vd., yıllarına ait bir mühürde ip eğiren kadın tasviri konu 2011a; 2011b; 2011c; 2011d; Bilgen vd., 2012; Bilgen vd., edilmiştir (Barber, 1991: 56-57, fig.2.16; von der Osten, 2013a; 2013b; 2013c; Bilgen vd., 2014a; 2014b; Bilgen vd., 1934:3, 123, pl.IV n.3 ). 2015a; 2015b; 2015c; Bilgen, Çevirici-Coşkun 2015a; 2015b; Bilgen, Bilgen, 2015; Bilgen vd., 2016;Çevirici- Bunların yanında dokumacılık mesleğinden, kumaş Coşkun 2015a;Bilgen, Çevirici-Coşkun 2015b, Coşkun isimlerinden, kumaş fiyatlarından söz eden yazılı belgelerde 2010; Bilgen, Brixhe ve Coşkun 2011; Coşkun 2011a; günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır (Karaoğlan, 2019a: 5246-5253). 2011b; Coşkun 2015; Coşkun 2017a; 2017b; Coşkun, Fakat yapıldıkları hammaddelerden dolayı hemen her Çevirici-Coşkun 2017) . arkeolojik kazılarda ele geçen tezgâh ağırlıkları ve ip eğirmede kullanılan ağırşaklar Tunç Çağı dokuma Yapılan kazılar sonucunda ele geçirilen üç bin eser Kütahya endüstrisinin en somut verileridir. Müzesi’ne ve arkeoloji bilimine kazandırılmıştır. Arkeolojik açıdan önemli bilgiler veren Seyitömer Höyük’te seramik Makale konusunu oluşturan çalışma, Seyitömer Höyük şehri Kütahya’nın M.Ö. 3.000’li yıllardan itibaren kilden kurtarma kazısı IV. tabakasında ele geçen çizi biçim eserler imal ettiği anlaşılmıştır. bezemeli ağırşakları içermektedir Kütahya Seyitömer Höyük’te ele geçen Orta Tunç Çağı’na ait “222” adet ağırşak 5 bin yıllık yaşanmışlığa sahip Seyitömer Höyük’te Roma, incelenmiş ve üzerinde kazınarak oluşturulan bezemeler Hellenistik, Akhaemenid Dönemlere ve Tunç Çağı’nın gruplandırılmıştır. “Çizi biçim bezemeli” olarak bütün evrelerine kadar tabakalara ulaşılmıştır. Bu çağlara ait gruplandırılan “14” adet ağırşak bezeme yönleri ile Batı buluntular arasında höyükte şiddetli bir deprem yaşandığı, Anadolu’da Orta Tunç Çağ’ı buluntusu veren, yerleşimlerle karbonize durumdaki insan beyinleri, kalıp tekniği benzerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Kazı ekibi tarafından yapılan kullanılarak üretilmiş kap kacaklar, bakliyat tohumları, çizimleri, tanımları, ölçüleri, bulundukları yer ve tabakaları mimari kalıntılar, tekstil ve deri parçaları, iskeletler, ritonlar, da çalışmanın sonuna eklenmiştir. çok sayıda ağırlık ve ağırşaklar çeşitli bilim dallarına ortak çalışma olanağı sunmuştur. Bu buluntular halkın 2. Ağırşakların Dokumadaki Yeri ihtiyaçlarından fazladır. Bu durumda höyük halkı kendi Dokumanın yapılabilmesindeki en önemli unsur ipliktir. İhtiyaçlarıyla birlikte ürettikleri malzemelerin ticaretini de M.Ö. 15.000 yıllarında, insanların ot, kamış, ısırgan otu, yapmıştır diye bilinir. söğüt, ıhlamur ve meşe dalları gibi bitki liflerini bükerek Seyitömer Höyük’te Orta Tunç Çağı’na tarihlendirilen IV. iplik haline getirdikleri ifade edilmektedir (Türkoğlu, 2002: Tabaka çalışmanın kapsamını oluşturur. Bu tabakada üç 4-5). İnsanoğlunun hayvan yününü kumaş üretimi için mimari evre açığa çıkarılmıştır. Bu evreler; A-B-C olarak kullanmaya başlaması, takriben ilk bitki ve hayvan cinslerini isimlendirilmiştir. Bu evre buluntu grupları içinde evcilleştirip yerleşik yaşama geçmesi ile başlar. Bu tarih çömlekler, testiler, çanaklar, ağırşaklar, tezgâh ağırlıkları, M.Ö 10.000 yıllının başlarıdır. (Baskıcı,1998: 73-76). bronz baltalar, bronz iğneler, kurşun figürin, rythonlar, Hayvan yününün kullanılmaya başlanması tekstil tarihinin mühürler yer almaktadır. Bu üç evre arasında kültürel farklar başlangıcıdır. Yün önce keçe yapılarak kullanıldı. Daha ince yoktur (Bilgen, vd., 2015: 62). Ele geçen buluntular dokumalara ihtiyaç duyulması ile de yün yapağısı iki el Seyitömer Höyük’ün, Orta Anadolu ve Mezopotamya arasında ovuşturularak uzatılmaya ip haline getirilmeye arasındaki ticari ilişkilerini göstermesi açısından son derece çalışıldı. Fakat iplerin boyları dokuma yapmaya yeterli önemli eserlerdir (Bilgen, 2014: 197). değildi. Bunun için ipler birbirlerinin ucuna bağlanmalıydı. Bunun için de zaman ve emek gerekiyordu. İnsanoğlunun Prehistorik çağlarda dokuma yapıldığını gösteren çeşitli var olduğundan beri en iyisine ulaşma isteği, bu duruma da arkeolojik buluntular vardır. Bu buluntular duvar resimleri, bir çözüm buldu. İplerin ucuna taş bağlayarak eğirmeyi bir kabartmalar, figürünler üzerinde aktarılmış dokuma süre uyguladı. Günlük hayatta kullandığı pişmiş topraktan tezgâhları, iğ tutan kadınların resimleridir (Karaoğlan, ürettiği kırılmış seramik parçalarının ortasına delikler açarak 2017). Dokuma yapmak için ip eğiren kadın tasvirini ilk iplerin ucuna bağladığı taşların tarihini sonlandırdı. Elbette olarak Mezopotamya’da Tell Agrab’ da bulunan M.Ö. 3. bunlarla da yetinmedi. Seramik kapları üretiyorsa ip üretmek Bin’in başlarına tarihlenen vazo üzerinde görülmüştür için kullanmak üzere çamurdan ortası delik ağırşakları da (Delougaz, 1952: pl.12. 96). Kadınların keten dokurken üretebilirdi. Böylece üretim başladı. Ağırşakların resmedildikleri önemli bir kompozisyona ise Mısır’da Teb’te dönmesinin sabit olması için
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