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The Palaeoethnobotany of Tell Tayinat, Turkey

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The Palaeoethnobotany of Tell Tayinat, Turkey Urban Subsistence in the Bronze and Iron Ages: The Palaeoethnobotany of Tell Tayinat, Turkey by Mairi Margaret Capper B.Sc., University of Toronto, 2007 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Environment Mairi Margaret Capper 2012 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2012 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada , this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for “Fair Dealing.” Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Approval Name: Mairi M. Capper Degree: Master of Arts (Archaeology ) Title of Thesis: Urban Subsistence in the Bronze and Iron Ages: The Paleoethnobotany of Tell Tayinat, Turkey Examining Committee: Chair: Dongya Yang, Associate Professor, Archaeology A. Catherine D’Andrea Senior Supervisor Professor, Archaeology David Burley Supervisor Professor, Archaeology Timothy Harrison Supervisor Professor, Anthropology, University of Toronto Jennifer Ramsay External Examiner Assistant Professor, Anthropology, College at Brockport Date Defended/Approved: 20 August 2012 ii Partial Copyright Licence iii Abstract This thesis examines macrobotanical remains recovered from Early Bronze Age and Iron Age (approximately 3300-600 BCE) deposits at Tell Tayinat in southern Turkey. Tell Tayinat was a large, urban centre which was situated in a region with favourable environmental conditions and higher rainfall compared to many other well-studied areas of the Near East. The most significant crop species present at Tell Tayinat are wheat (emmer and free- threshing), barley, bitter vetch, grape and olive. Non-crop plant remains mainly consist of weedy taxa, likely the byproducts of dung fuel use or grain processing. Chaff remains were generally few, indicating that primary crop processing likely occurred elsewhere. Although the ratio of free-threshing wheat to emmer wheat increased through time, the overall wheat-to-barley ratio indicates that the favourable environment of the Amuq Plain allowed wheat to be grown in higher proportions than at other sites with less annual rainfall. Keywords : Archaeobotany; Bronze Age; Iron Age; Near East iv Acknowledgements Many people contributed enormously to my thesis, and I would not be at the end of this process without the assistance, advice, support and encouragement of so many. I’m sure I have missed many people who have had a meaningful role in my thesis – please accept my apologies, and my heartfelt thanks for your contributions. The reason I chose to do what I did in grad school is because I worked for two weeks in the summer of 2007 with Cathy D’Andrea, helping with the float. I sorted my first sample that summer, and the next year applied to SFU. Since then I have sorted hundreds of samples under her patient tutelage. She has read many drafts and has helped so much, despite my crazy schedule. Timothy Harrison, director of the Tayinat Archaeological Project, took a chance on an unknown undergrad back in 2005, letting me come for the field season to help with GIS and dig. I distinctly remember taking him aside at the end of the summer to say thank you for the experience I had that year, and actually choking up when trying to get it out - how embarrassing. He has been a strong supporter of my inclusion in the project and my pursuit of graduate studies from day one, and I thank him. Tayinat forever holds a fond place in my heart. David Burley provided valuable feedback on my thesis and during committee meetings over the last four years. Both for teaching me theory and for your contributions to my thesis, thank you. To my external examiner, Jennifer Ramsay, thank you for your keen eye and detailed editorial comments - they proved invaluable in terms of polishing my thesis. The project team at Tell Tayinat had a large part to play in how much Turkey came to feel like a home away from home. Thanks are due especially to Stephen Batiuk, site supervisor and the reason I got to be involved at the site in the first place. It all started with a short email: “I may have a fieldwork opportunity for you.” David Lipovitch, both a good friend and a valuable colleague – and much better with Microsoft Access than me v – thank you for all of your help with my database. Lynn Welton, James Osborne, Heather Snow, Julie Unruh, Fiona Haughey, Olya Ianovskaia, Jen Osborne, Emily Hammer, Amanda Lanham, Liz Wartenkin, Adam Aja, Radovan Kabatiar and many others – Tayinat was the awesome experience it was because of my work with all of you. To many current and past members of the Department of Archaeology here at SFU, I have received a helping hand from many, including but not limited to Dana Lepofsky, Sarah Walshaw, Shannon Wood, Peter Locher, Naoko Endo, and our dedicated office staff (Chris Papaianni, Merrill Farmer, and Laura Neilson). Anna Shoemaker and Chelsey Armstrong both helped me in sorting several of my samples – thank you! Thank you to Emel Oybak Dönmez of Hacettepe University for her insight and comments regarding the remains at Tell Atchana. I spent one very fond month at the British Institute at Ankara in order to do research for my thesis. Their comfortable accommodations, kind and caring director and staff, archaeobotanical reference collection and library all contributed to a productive and happy stay. The twice-daily tea breaks with the staff and fellow students were welcome time spent with wonderful people. I would love to go back and visit someday. The United States Department of Agriculture has contributed immensely to both my thesis and to SFU for the several hundred samples of seeds that I ordered for comparative purposes. They have gone to good use, and remain here at SFU for future students to find equally as useful. Their germplasm program proved invaluable to me. The wonderful staff of SFU’s Interlibrary Loan office! I could not have completed my thesis without your quick and helpful work. I have probably ordered well over 100 interlibrary loans over the last four years, and not once have you failed to find even the most obscure text. Your efforts have not gone unnoticed, and I am very grateful for your contributions to my research. Few people understand quite what you go through in this process more than your fellow grad students. Not only did I find my fiancé in grad school, but many close and dear vi friends as well. Thank you to Pam Wadge, Annique-Elise Goode, Kristina Hannis, Sandie Dielissen, Heather Kendell, Alana Peters and many others for Thesis Therapy, Thursdays at the pub, and general sanity for the last four years. A huge thank you must go to my family. To my Dad, Mom, and sisters – I know I moved far away and I know I swore up and down I wouldn’t quit writing monthly letters. I think I’ve written one in the last 12 months. Thank you for putting up with my lack of communication, forgetting of anniversaries and birthdays, and better-late-than-never phone calls and letters. Darryl, you are support and kindness when it is needed most, and you have put up with so many weekends when I couldn’t be home and helped so much with the kids when I had too much to do. You are my calm in the middle of the storm, and I love you for it. To Gabriel and Jacob – you have grown into little men as this thesis has grown in page count, and I don’t think you are old enough yet to realize that the joy you bring to my life has helped so much to counterbalance the bad and frustrating days. I am so grateful to you, and I love you very much. vii Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures................................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Research Objectives ....................................................................................................... 2 Introduction to the Site and its Surrounds ........................................................................ 3 A History of Research in the Amuq Plain ......................................................................... 7 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: The Environmental, Archaeological and Palaeoethnobotanical Context of Tell Tayinat ......................................................................... 12 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 Environmental Context
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