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American Journal of Archaeology the Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Volume 99 • No. 1 January 1995 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA 1994 OFFICERS JAMES RUSSELL, President STEPHEN L. DYSON, First Vice President KAREN D. VITELLI, Vice President for Professional Responsibilities ERNESTINE S. ELSTER, Vice President for Publications CYNTHIA JONES EISEMAN, Vice President for Societies FRANK J. WEZNIAK, Treasurer MARTHA SHARP JOUKOWSKY, Past President HONORARY PRESIDENTS STERLING Dow, JAMES B. PRITCHARD, FREDERICK R. MATSON, ROBERT H. DYSON, JR., MACHTELD J. MELLINK, JAMES R. WISEMAN GOVERNING BOARD PATRICIA R. ANAWALT CHARLES S. LA FOLLETTE JOHN H. BIGGS RICHARD WARREN LEVY BETSY Z. COHEN SUSAN E. LEVY GETZEL M. COHEN CLAIRE L. LYONS GEOFFREY CONRAD ANNA MARGUERITE McCANN NANCY T. DE GRUMMOND DANIEL MORLF.Y RAYMOND L. DEN ADEL ROBERT E. PENN HARRISON EITELJORG, II NANCY RAMAGE DANYALE ENGLISH SUSAN I. ROTROFF PATTY GERSTENBLITH JANE C. WALDBAUM IRA HAUPT, II NANCY C. WILKIE ELLEN HERSCHER ELIZABETH LYDING WILL JACK A. JOSEPHSON HECTOR WILLIAMS ARTEMIS A.W. JOUKOWSKY JAMES R. WISEMAN NORMA KERSHAW T. CUYLER YOUNG, JR. TRUSTEES EMERITI RICHARD BAKER BALDWIN MAULL RICHARD H. HOWLAND JOHN J. SLOCUM MARK J. MEISTER, Executive Director LEONARD V. QUIGLEY, General Counsel MEMBERSHIP IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA AND SUBSCRIPTION TO THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY The American journal of Archaeology is published by the Archaeological Institute of America in January, April,July, and October. Membership in the AIA, including a subscription loAJA, is $78 per year(C$104). Student membership is $37 (C$49); proof of full-time status required. A brochure outlining member- ship benefits is available upon request from the Institute. An annual subscription to AJA is $55 (foreign, $75); the institutional subscription rate is $110 (foreign. $130). Institutions are not eligible for indi- vidual membership rates. All communications regarding membership, subscriptions, and back issues should be addressed to the Archaeological Institute of America, located at Boston University, 656 Beacon Street, Boston. Massachusetts 02215-2010, tel. 617353.9361, fax 617353-6550, internet aia«bu.edu An Image of Complexity: The Burnt Village at Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria PETER M.M.G. AKKERMANS AND MARC VERHOEVEN Abstraft the site of Tell Sabi Abyad ("Mound of the White The site of Tell Sabi Abyad in the upper Balikh valley Boy"), situated in the upper Balikh valley of north- of northern Syria is the focal point of a regionally ern Syria, about 30 km south of the SyroTurkish oriented research project investigating the socioeco- border (fig. 1). The site was primarily occupied in nomic organization of later Neolithic society in the re- gion. Recent excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad have brought the sixth millennium B.C. and is the largest of a to light a well-preserved settlement dating from the late cluster of prehistoric mounds (locally known as sixth millennium B.C. and heavily affected by a violent Khirbet Sabi Abyad) located in a linear pattern at fire, the so-called Burnt Village. The village consists of short distances from each other. Today the Balikh rectangular, multiroomed houses built of pisé along very River flows about 5 km west of the various mounds regular lines and surrounded by smaller circular struc- tures. Thousands of finds were recovered in situ from but originally the Nahr Turkman, a branch of the the burned houses, including ceramic and stone vessels, Balikh, probably flowed beside the complex. flint and obsidian implements, ground stone tools, The work at Tell Sabi Abyad is part of a regional human and animal figurines, lab rets, axes, and personal research project of survey and excavation that aims ornaments. Most exciting, however, are the hundreds to explore the social and economic structure of later of clay sealings with stamp-seal impressions and the small tokens, which point to a very early but well- Neolithic society in the Balikh basin. The first two developed system of recording and administration. The seasons of excavation at Sabi Abyad revealed a series Burnt Village was part of extensive networks of long- of superimposed and generally well-preserved pre- and short-distance exchange, and its inhabitants main- historic settlements composed of multiroomed rect- tained relationships with groups of people in distant angular buildings and small circular structures, areas, such as the coastal regions of the Levant, the pied- mont of southeastern Turkey, and the plains of Meso- which could mainly be ascribed to the Early Halaf potamia. External resources were mobilized and ex- period, dated around 5100-5000 B.C.' The 1991 and ploited in a regular manner and to a considerable extent, 1992 field seasons have partly modified and ex- i.e., beyond the level of incidental transactions* panded the earlier results. In addition, they have yielded wholly new and spectacular information on the Neolithic strata of occupation preceding the INTRODUCTION Halaf deposits at the site. Since the spring of 1986, four campaigns of ar- The history of cultural development in this area chaeological investigation have been undertaken on in the sixth millennium BC. ranks among the least * We wish to express our gratitude to the Directorate Subsistence in the Balikh Valley, Northern General of Antiquities and Museums of Syria, Damascus, Syria (Ann Arbor 1993). for its continued assistance and encouragement concern- Akkermans and P.M.M.G. Akkermans and M. Le Mière, ing the excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad. Our sincere thanks Le Mière "The 1988 Excavations at Tell Sabi go to Sultan Muhesen, Director-General, and Adnan Abyad, a Later Neolithic Village in Bounni, Director of Excavations. We also thank Murhaf Northern Syria,' AJA 96 (1992) 1-22. al-Khalaf, Department of Antiquities, Raqqa, and our rep- 1 For a general introduction to the site and an account resentative, Nauras al-Mohammed, for their much-valued of the 1986 and 1988 excavations, see the following works assistance. Warm thanks are also due to Lorraine Cope- by P.M.M.G. Akkermans: "A Late Neolithic and Early Halaf land, Kim Duistermaat, Marie Le Mière, Olivier Nieuwen- Village at Sabi Abyad, Northern Syria," Paiement 13 (1987) huyse, and Willem van Zeist. The drawings were made by 23-40; "Tell Sabi Abyad: Preliminary Report on the 1986 Pieter Collet and Kim Duistermaat. The excavations were Excavations," AUadiea 52 (1987) 10-28; "The Neolithic of conducted under the auspices of the Rijksmuseum van the Balikh Valley, Northern Syria: A First Assessment " Pale- Oudheden (NetherlandsNational Museum of Antiquities), orient 15 (1989) 121-33; Akkermans; and "Sabi Abyad," in under the direction of Peter M.M.G. Akkermans. H. Weiss, "Archaeology in Syria," AJA 95 (1991) 695-97. See The following abbreviations are used: also P.M.M.G. Akkermans ed., Excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad: Akkermans P.M.M.G. Akkermans, Villages in the Prehistoric Investigations in the Balikh Valley, Northern Syria Steppe: Later Neolithic Settlement and (BAR-IS 468, Oxford 1989). American Journal of Archaeology 99 (1995) 5-32 r PETER M.M.G. AKKERMANS AND MARC VERHOEVEN [AJA 99 BALIKH VALLEY NORTH SYRIA Fig. 1. Map of the Balikh valley and the location of Tell Sabi Abyad well known in the Near East.2 The collapse of Pre- Euphrates and its tributaries, a vast number of Neo- Pottery Neol ithic B (PPNB) society in the early sixth lithic village communities were deserted, perhaps millennium seems to have ushered in an era of mo- due to an increasing aridity or degradation of the mentous change in the Levant and inland Syria. In environment;:i the remaining sites can be expected areas long inhabited, like the fertile banks of the to have faced major socioeconomic changes and al- - Recently, Stuart Campbell correctly pointed out that and Change m the Later Neolithic of North Mesopotamia (Edin- prehistoric research in the Near East mainly seems to con- burgh 1992). cern the two great "revolutions," i.e., the introduction of 3 This phenomenon is generally referred to as the hiatus agriculture and the emergence of urbanism, with only little palestinien; see, e.g.,J. Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East attention given to the intervening Late Neolithic Interest (London 1975) 67-69; A.M.T Moore, "The First Farmers in the Halaf culture has increased in recent decades but in the Levant," in T.C. Young, P. Smith, and P. Mortensen active research in the preceding cultures is still of a most eds.. The Hilly Flanks and Beyond (Chicago 1983) 99; I. Köhler- intermittent nature. See S. Campbell, Culture, Chronology Rollefson, "The Aftermath of the Levantine Neolithic 1995] THE BURNT VILLAGE AT LATE NEOLITHIC SABI ABYAD teradons in settlement organization. Recent archae- in the Near East.7 This diffusion of cultural traits ological research in the Balikh valley clearly indi- over much of the northern Fertile Crescent is com- cates an ongoing trend toward decreased settlement monly dated to a time late in the Halaf period8 but area and density of population in the sixth millen- recently it has been suggested that the trend toward nium. For example, whereas it is assumed that around increasing cultural unity started much earlier, ca. 6000 B.C. up to 1,000 individuals inhabited the valley 5200 B.C.9 In this respect, the rather sudden and (with a floor of ca. 450 km2) on a permanent basis, widespread distribution of Samarra-like ceramics, some six or seven centuries later the population den- prior to the appearance of Halaf pottery, is of the sity in the area appears to have been reduced to a utmost importance. At Sabi Abyad the emergence mere 300 or 400 persons.4 Only five settlements of Halaf was the result of a gradual and continuous seem to have existed in the Balikh region at this lime, local process of cultural change but the occurrence all with an area of occupation of less than 2 or 3 of many painted or painted-and-incised ceramics ha and all located in the northern, rainfed part of closely resembling Samarra pottery from north- the valley.
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