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Carbon-14 Chronology of Anatolia in Early Bronze Age

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Carbon-14 Chronology of Anatolia in Early Bronze Age CARBON-14 CHRONOLOGY OF ANATOLIA IN EARLY BRONZE AGE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HAKKI ÜNCÜ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE PROGRAMME OF SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY DECEMBER 2010 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Numan Tuna Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist. Prof. Jan-K. Bertram Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Evangelia Ionnidou-Pişkin (METU, SA) Assist. Prof. Dr. Jan-K. Bertram (METU, SA) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burcu Erciyas (METU, SA) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Hakkı Üncü Signature: - iii - ABSTRACT CARBON-14 CHRONOLOGY OF ANATOLIA IN EARLY BRONZE AGE Üncü, Hakkı M. Sc., Department of Settlement Archaeology Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Jan-K. Bertram DECEMBER 2010, 422 PAGES This study is a conclusion of radiocarbon datings which are depend on evaluations of archaeologists or scholars who publishes these datings. So it is very attached to observations of those scholars especially for determining sub-phases of samples which are dated. According to these datings, the radiocarbon story of Anatolian Early Bronze Age starts with a dating from Troia from 3760 cal. BC and ends with a dating from Çadırhöyük in 1630 cal. BC. Of course these dates are the lower and higher borders of the 68% probability band. As a result of assessments of all datings it can be said that the beginning of Early Broze Age in Anatolia is started equally more or less in every region at the same time interval that corresponds 3700/3400 BC and continued 800 years approximately. Although error deviation bands overlap onto each other, it is possible to say that the EB2 period of Anatolia ruled between 2800- 2400 BC roughly. In this work it can be observed that the ending of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia generally not ocured simultaneously. Sos Höyük for example in the East Anatolia for example, drawing a very special profile with an ending date 2300 BC for the Early Bronze Age. Some other sites giving results as late as nearly in 18th. and 17th. century BC. For the timing of the end of Early Bronze Age in Anatolia, it can be said that, inequality among the sites are more likely other than regions. - iv - Keywords: Early Bronze, Anatolia, Carbon-14, C14, Choronology - v - ÖZ ANADOLU ĠLK TUNÇ ÇAĞI KARBON-14 KRONOLOJĠSĠ Üncü, Hakkı Yüksek Lisans, Yerleşim Arkeolojisi Bölümü Danışman: Yar.Doç. Jan-K. Bertram ARALIK 2010, 422 SAYFA Burada sunulan çalışma, Ġlk Tunç Çağı yerleşmelerinde kazı yapan arkeologların topladıkları karbon 14 içeriği olan örneklerin, çeşitli labarotuvarlarda yapılan ölçümleri sonucu elde edilen tarihlemelerin karşılaştırılması ve topluca değerlendirilmesi sonucunda elde edilen sonuçları içeriyor. Bu sonuçlara göre elde edilen bulguların en önemlisi Ġlk Tunç Çağının tüm Anadolu yarımadası üzerinde yaklaşık olarak eş zamanlı olarak başladığı. Ġkinci önemli sonuç ise az sayıda arkeoloğun önerisinde olduğu gibi bu başlangıcın M.Ö. 3700/3400 yılları arasında bir yerlerde başlamış olabileceği. Bu başlangıç tarihi, genel kabul gören anadolu Ġlk Tunç Çağı başlangıç tarihi olan M.Ö. 3100/3000 tarihlerinden yaklaşık 500 yıl geride. Bir diğer sonuç ise doğal olarak erkene çekilen bu başlangıç tarihi ile birlikte ilk tunç çağı 1 evresinin yaklaşık olarak 800 yıl sürmüş olabileceği. Ġlk Tunç Çağı 2 evresi için söylenebilecek şey M.Ö. 2800-2400 yılları arasınada bu çağın yaşanmış olabileceği yönünde. Bu çalışma Ġlk Tunç Çağının başlangıç tarihi için değişik yaklaşımlar önerdiği gibi bitiş tarihi için de değişik yaklaşımlar öneriyor. Bu yaklaşım, Ġlk Tunç Çağı 3 evresinin, M.Ö. 2000 yılında bıçakla kesilmiş gibi sonlanmamış olabileceği yönünde. Ġlk Tunç Çağı‟nın Anadolu‟daki en erken bitiş tarihini M.Ö. 2300 ile Sos höyük veriyor. Yanısıra, Ġç Anadolu bölgesinde yer alan Çadır Höyük M.Ö. 1700 içlerine varabilecek sonuçlar üretiyor. Bu yüzden Ġlk Tunç Çağı başlangıç evresinin aksine, bitiş evresinin eş zamanlı olmayabileceği görülüyor. Burada bölgeler arası farklılıklardan çok yerleşimler arsındaki farklılıklardan söz etmek mümkün. Bu çalışma için söylenmesi gereken diğer bir şey de sözkonusu - vi - sonuçların elde edilmesinde, kazı başkanlarının veya bu tarihlemeleri yayımlayan arkeologların söz konusu örneklerin elde edildiği katmanlar üzerindeki belirlemelerin temel dayanak noktalarından bir tanesi olduğu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ġlk Tunç, Anadolu, Karbon-14, C14, Kronoloji - vii - To My Family - viii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the examining comitee members for their help on academic issues. I would like to thank Nilgün and Funda for their valuable helps and technical support. I express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Jan-K. Bertram for his great support, encourage and understanding. He has been very kind, wise and tolerant with me. He always inspired me from the very beginning of the master programme till the end. Because of him, I could define my path not only within my thesis but also in my whole career. Motivation and moral support of Yasemin, Sema and Güzin will always be remembered. But most of all I would like to thank my parents, my wife and my son, who strongly believed that I was capable of successfully completing yet another part of my academic career. - ix - TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION……………………………...……………………………………..viii ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………….……………..x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xvi ABBREVIATION LIST ...................................................................................... xviii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 2. THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN ANATOLIA: A GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................................................... 4 2.1. The Division Of EBA ......................................................................................... 7 2.2. Trade And Industry In EBA ............................................................................... 8 2.2.1. Industrial Activity and Trade ...................................................................... 8 2.2.2. Metallurgy ................................................................................................. 10 2.2.3. Pottery ....................................................................................................... 15 3. THE C14 DATES FOR THE LATE 4th and 3rd MILLENIUM BC ............. 17 3.1 Site Analysis ..................................................................................................... 17 - x - 3.2. Site List- Region Wise ...................................................................................... 18 3.3. Site and Sub-phase Analysis ............................................................................ 19 3.3.1. EB 1 .......................................................................................................... 20 3.3.2. EB 2 .......................................................................................................... 20 3.3.3. EB 3 .......................................................................................................... 21 4. MATERIAL QUALIFICATION ........................................................................ 24 4.1. The Property of the Datings on Material Base ............................................... 24 4.1.1. Charcoal .................................................................................................. 25 4.1.2. Wood ....................................................................................................... 26 4.1.3. Bone ........................................................................................................ 27 4.1.4. Shell ......................................................................................................... 28 4.1.5. Iron ............................................................................................................ 28 4.1.6. Other Materials ......................................................................................... 29 4.1.7. Collection and Storage of Samples ........................................................... 29 4.1.8. Humic Contamination ..........................................................................
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