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*Rnrrorro S. Inhalt lnstituts " " " " 7 des österreichischen Archäologischen " " Vorwort des Direktors ' " ' 9 VorwortderHerausgeberin The Prehistoric Background of Artemis Ephesia: ' ' ' ' ' 11 * Kosmologische Aspekte der Artemisionfunde A Solution to the Enigma of Her'Breasts'? ANroN B¡ruunR ' ' 27 Art' 82/K116:Fralmentdestatuetteauxparures ' ' ' " ' M¡,nuNn Dewalr-lv ' ' 33 InschriftenundHeiligtum" ' " " Snun P. Monnrs HnluurENcnru¡'NN Artemisionvon Ephesos " " " ' 45 F^lsRlzrl-ReueR Die Skelettfunde aus dem Sus,qNNn Ã't"-ition? - Archäozoologische Überlegungen GsnHA.ro FonsrnNpoINrNER Demeter i- 49 In his keynote address at the l00th anniversary of the Austrian excavations at Ephesus, Walter S"h;ti;tk"ochenfunden us dem Artemision " " " zu den Burkert captures well the essence of Ephesian Artemis as a synthesis of Anatolian and Greek Gscnw¡,NrLER - VIrron-Fns;""tiffä aus religious beliefsr. As Anton Bammer summarized at the same event, excavations at the Artemi- Kunr zurTechnologie zweier Goldstatuetten 73 decade half have early phases of the sanctuary, in demArtemisionvonEphesos " " ' ' sion over the last and a documented very von Ephesos " " ' 85 levels reaching the Geometric period and even yielding Bronze Age artifacts2. Yet the image of ElfenbeinÀguren aus dem Artemision " Fannr Içrr Münzen Artemis Ephesia (Figs. l. 2) still survives primarily in representations of a much later era, Helle- Artemision von Ephesos und die ältesten Klnwrsse Das 101 SrsrlN derWelt " " nistic and largely Roman. ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 111 In 1984, the British Museum organized a conference on the archaic Artemision in con- BronzegürtelausdemArtemisionvonEphesos GuonuNKresrNpER junction with an exhibit of Hogarth's flnds. The proceedings were never published, beyond irH¡'N ro'N c Knnrr - Environs of Dyfri Williams' re-study of the pot hoard found by Hogarth, and new Austrian excavations "^"ìì. oÏi,'"T,T;tTiffitì:|"ogrupni"ul "123 theArtemision " yielded fresh evidence which made obsolete any attempt to analyze or redate Hogarth's discov- Ephesia: Prehistoric Background of Artemis eries3. My contribution to that event was an analysis of the early finds from the Artemision as Snun P. Monn'ts The 135 AsolutiontotheEnigmaofher'Breasts'? ' " ' ' ' ' the xóo¡roq of the image of Artemisa. At the invitation of the directors of the Austrian excava- tions at the Artemision, Anton Bammer and Ulrike Muss, I welcome a chance to expand here urn*e ,53 Muss ;ïtxl::::íìi:,*ïåîî,'fl:iJtrff:i'iH upon my original analysis, and suggest sorne even earlier sources for the cult and image of Arte- (XII-V sec' a' C') " ' " " ' 169 Nnso La pe"i'ola italica e lAnatolia mis at Ephesus. ALessA,NroRo Rosettenkapitelle " " ' 185 AsNNs OnNssonc Ephesische Pflanzenreste aus demArtemision Mtcn.t¡l-^l Popovrscnnr Archäobotanik: " 199 vonEPhesos "" I. Potnia Aswiya: A Bronze Age Goddess at Ephesus? ion von Ephesos ' ' ' ' ' 109 Spiralauge The story of Artemis, her cult and image begin in the Bronze Ages. Mycenaean Greek tablets Btncrr PulsrNcrn e Goldappliken Zur Interp ANprsn M' PÜlz '"""221 (in Linear B script) from the palace at Pylos in the southwest Peloponnese offer indirect evi- ausdemA dence for a'great goddess'in western Asia Minor, in the thirteenth century. In the oil tablets KnneN RnpNeR *":r¿",::,,ï3¡.ïåffii;}"ï*:f"Tïï'i,ä,'"lii* stored on the second storey near the megaron, an unusually large quantity is listed with the Mittelmeerraum name or title, 'po-ti-ni-ja a-si-wi-ya' (Fr 1206), Her name is likely to derive from the same Pflege uo" Götttt'tatuen im östlichen word Homer uses for people and places in western Asia Minor rcq'. both words harbor the undimVorderenorientimfrühenerstenJahrtausend..'.233 ,"Ãof dell'Artemision di Efeso 265 digamma which disappeared by the time the word became Asia' in Greek, Roman and Euro- Sculture paleocristiane e bizantine Eucsxlo Russo von Ephesos ' ' ' ' ' ' 279 pean languages. In the Bronze Age, this word also points to an area of western Anatolia known Griechisåhe Geometrie im Artemision Urnrcn ScnÄolsn in Hittite terminology as Aiíuwa, primarily in the fifteenth century B. C. Most dramatically, *rnRrorro s."'å" il***ßä:ï:?îlJ;3,ï,:îLîå'i,lä.o'lä. it designates the area where Tudhaliyas II put down a revolt, a victory he commemorated with Untersuchung"' "289 columnae caelatae B' M' 1206 und die Rekonstruktion der Bunrn.tnpr WrssNsnnc ' " 297 2 des jüngeren Artemision * I am gratelul to Anton Bammer and Ulrike Muss Bammer (1999). lor their support and interest lor my research over the 3 williams (1993). years, their hospitality at Ephesus, and for the invitation a S. Morris, The KO)MO) ol Artemis: The Ephe- to contribute to this volume (as well as lor providing pho- sus Finds and the Cult olArtemis, olt cited (e.g. I. B. Ro- tographs of finds lrom Ephesus). My research was com- mano, Early Greek Cult Practices and Cult Images, in: Abbildungsnachwets pleted with the incomparable resources and Visiting R. Hägg - N. Marinatos - G. Nordquist [eds.], Early Farbtafeln Scholar opportunity provided by the Getty Research Insti- Greek Cult Practice U9881 130, n. 30), but volume never tute.I published by British Museum. W. Burkert, Die Artemis der Epheser: Wirkungs- 5 For a longer verSion olthis section, see S. Molris, macht und Gestalt einer großen Göttin, in: Akten Ephe- Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Reli- sos 1995 (1999) 59-70; cf. C. Picard, Die Ephesia von gion, in: Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Anatolien, Eranos-Jahrbuch 1938. Vorträge über Gestalt Bronze Age, Aegaeum 23,2001. und Kult der'Großen Mutter' (1939) 59-90. The Prehistoric Background of Artemis Ephesia 137 136 Sarah P' Morris figures in art and religion7. Both Potnia Aswiya and Mater Teija could have been introduced to the Mycenaean world by Anatolian \ryomen captured from the cities of western Asia Minor, also listed in the PYlos tablets8' A likely survivor of the title 'Potnia' in classical Greek is the related term Despoina (femi- nine equivalent of 8eoæócr¡Ç, or 'Master'¡e. This title is best known for the goddess of Lyko- soura in Arkadia, a city known to Pausanias as the oldest on earth (8.37.1, 8.38.1). Given that the names of many cities in Arcadia match those in the Pylos tablets, a connection has been ar- gued between Bronze Age communities in Messenia, and the places in Arkadia to which they fled after 1200 8.C., transporting the name of their city to a new homer0. If so, a Mycenaean 'potnia'may have survived as a'Despoina' in Arkadia. At the Artemision in Ephesus, the ear- liest Greek inscription is a silver plate with financial accounts, dating to the mid-sixth century B. C.r1. A battered line which opens the reverse side may preserve the name or title of the deity (otherwise absent from the rest of the text), restored by Hogarth as [Aeoæ]oívr¡ Tg[éor,a. How- ever, the letters are too poorly preserved for any reading with confidence, and thus can only be introduced as a possible early name for Ephesian Artemis' Other prehistoric titles for the goddess at Ephesus survive in unexpected places. As late as the Hellenistic period, the goddess at Ephesus is addressed in poetry by an unusual title, Oõzc¿ 'Avaooo-or'Lady Upis', by Callimachos (Hymn to Artemis III.239, probably after a poem by Timotheos). This designation finds a partner in the Hyperborean maiden 'Opis', wor- shipped at Delos in a hymn by Olen of Lycia (Herodotus 4.35). Both names, preserved in ritual verse (cultic hymns: cf. Macrobius Sa¡. 5.22.5; Serv. ad Aen. XI,532; Hesychius s. v. "Oærç), point to the same word, the prehistoric'predecessor of Ephesus known to the Hittites as 'Apasa(s )'. Evidently Artemis ,,vas remembered as 'Lady O/Upis' (Lady of Apasas-Ephesus?), a title which also survived on Delos. The island first claimed as the birthplace of Apollo and Ar- temis (Hom. Hymn to Delian Apollo) competed for that distinction with Ephesus, which main- tained that Artemis was born atOrtygia near the city (Strabo 14.1.20; Tacitus Ann.3.60,61), hence the motif of the palm tree on its coinage (Fig.7)12. Upis/Opis make'Ephesia'older than Artemis, a name perhaps flrst applied to the local goddess by Greek colonists. The city of 'Apasa'in Hittite texts was the capital of Arzawa and located near the coast (its (guríawananza) Pryta- king, Uhhaziti, fled >over the sea to the islands<: afTer his revolt against ã ,- or**,s Ephesia (Gäzel Arternis)' from the Roman copy qf 2"'t c' A' D.' Bron- 'nÍ,ol Museum Mursilis II fails (KBo 3.4: ii. 46-53). Recent consensus locates this city at Ephesus, where pre- Fig. 1: Artemis Ephesia' ^1,* Ht' l'74 n1' 2"'t c' A'D' selçulc ^"iona collection) urrrrus. onOorter' Naples Mttsettm (ex- Fornese "J: historic antiquities on the acropolis of Ayasoluk make this hill a likely citadel of the Bronze inv. 7 l8 Ag.t'. With Hittite objects discovered or reported from Ephesus, including also Bronze Age Ionia at Bo[azköy6' Thus the area of Aegean-type sword recently found objects from the Artemisionto, it be"o-es more plausible to imagine aBronze Age cult and city the dedication of an Hittites as'As(si)w(i)a" an- known to both Mycenaeans and at Ephesus. in western Anatolia waJevidently cestorof'Asia',u"¿u"o"iutedintheGreekworldwithamajorfemaledeity' Thegoddesscalled.Aswiya,appearsatPylosinaseriesoftabletswithanothernamerele-or 'divine mother' A áeity called'ma-te-re te-i-ja" 7 ll religious prehistory of Anatolia. L. Roller, In Search of God the Mother: The Cult Hogalth (1908, 5) 120-144; H. Wankel, IvE vant to the quantity of oil offerings accorded her distinguished for the high olAnatolian Cybele (1999) 134 on Mater Teija at Pylos. ta (t919) 1-5. (mother of the gods?),^;;;""úy by Phry- 8 12 the;Meter' figure later worshipped S.
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