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590406.Pdf (5.712Mb) TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ (PROTOHİSTORYA VE ÖNASYA ARKEOLOJİSİ) ANABİLİM DALI M.Ö. 2. BİN SURİYE- FİLİSTİN BÖLGESİNDE HİTİT KÖKENLİ BULUNTULAR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Abdülkerim Buğra ATEŞ Ankara- 2019 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ (PROTOHİSTORYA VE ÖNASYA ARKEOLOJİSİ) ANABİLİM DALI M.Ö. 2. BİN SURİYE- FİLİSTİN BÖLGESİNDE HİTİ KÖKENLİ BULUNTULAR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Abdülkerim Buğra ATEŞ Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. İ. Tunç SİPAHİ Ankara- 2019 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJİ (PROTOHİSTORYA VE ÖNASYA ARKEOLOJİSİ) ANABİLİM DALI Abdülkerim Buğra ATEŞ MÖ. 2. BİN SURİYE- FİLİSTİN BÖLGESİNDE HİTİT KÖKENLİ BULUNTULAR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. İ. Tunç SİPAHİ Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası ……………………………………… …………………... ……………………………………… …………………... ……………………………………… …………………… ……………………………………… …………………… ……………………………………… …………………… Tez Sınavı Tarihi ……………………… TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile, tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim. (………/……./………) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı Abdülkerim Buğra ATEŞ İmzası İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ………………………………………………………………………………………vi KISALTMALAR ……………………………………………………………..…………….vii I. GİRİŞ ……………………………………………………………………………………….1 I. 1. Amaç ………………………………………………………………………………4 I. 2. Kapsam ……………………………………………………………………………5 I. 3. Yöntem ……………………………………………………………………………5 II. ASUR TİCARET KOLONİLERİ ÇAĞI VE ÖNCESİNDE SURİYE- ANADOLU İLİŞKİLERİ ………………………………………………………………………………….8 III. ESKİ HİTİT ÇAĞI ÖNCESİNDE SURİYE- FİLİSTİN BÖLGESİ …………………11 III. 1. Amorit Yayılımı ……………………………………………………………….11 III. 2. Yamhad Krallığı ……………..………………………………………………...13 III. 3. Qatna Krallığı ……………………………………………………………….... 15 III. 4. Karkamış ve Çevresi …………………………………………………..………16 III. 5. Gubla/ Byblos ve Lübnan …………………..………………………………….17 III. 6. Filistin Bölgesi ………………………………………………………..……….17 IV. ESKİ HİTİT ÇAĞI VE SURİYE BÖLGESİ ………………………………………….19 IV. 1. I. Hattuşili’ nin Öncelleri ………………………………………………………19 IV. 2. I. Hattuşili’ nin Kuzey Suriye Seferleri ………………………………………..21 IV. 3. I. Murşili’ nin Askeri Seferleri ………………………………………………... 24 i IV. 4. I. Murşili’ nin Ardılları ve Suriye Hakimiyetinin Kaybedilmesi ……………... 25 V. ORTA HİTİT DÖNEMİ VE SURİYE- FİLİSTİN’ DE BASKIN GÜÇLER ………. 26 V. 1. Kuzey Suriye’ de Hurri- Mittani Devletleri …………………………………….26 V. 2. Suriye- Filistin’ de Mısır Askeri Seferleri ……………………………………... 28 VI. HİTİT İMPARATORLUK DÖNEMİ VE SURİYE-FİLİSTİN BÖLGESİ………… 31 VI. 1. Suriye Bölgesi Hitit Yönetimleri ……………….…………………….………. 32 VI. 1. a. Karkamış Krallığı ……………………………………………………35 VI. 1. b. Halep Krallığı ………………………………..………………………36 VI. 1. c. Astata Ülkesi ve Emar Krallığı ………………………………..…….38 VI. 1. d. Ugarit Krallığı ……………………………………………….………41 VI. 1. e. Nuhasse Ülkesi ve Yerel Krallıklar ………………………………….44 VI. 1. f. Amurru Krallığı …………………………………………………..….46 VI. 2. Filistin Kent Devletleri…………………………………………………………49 VI. 3. Hitit Yayılmacılık Yaklaşımları ………………………………………………..51 VII. SURİYE- FİLİSTİN BÖLGESİ HİTİT KÖKENLİ ESER VEREN YERLEŞİMLER…………………...………………………………………………………..54 VII. 1. Karkamış ………………………………………………………….………….54 VII 2. Deve Höyük Mezarlığı ………………………………………………………..54 VII. 3. Tilbeşar …………………………………………………………………….....55 VII. 4. Tell Aççana ……………………………………….………………………..…55 ii VII. 5. Ras Shamra …………………………………………………………..……….56 VII. 6. Minet el- Beida …………………………………………………………….…56 VII. 7. Ras İbn Hani …………………………………………………………….…... 57 VII. 8. Tell Afis ………………………………………………………………..……..57 VII. 9. Tell Mardikh ………………………………………………………………….57 VII. 10. Halep …………………………………………….…………………………..58 VII. 11. El Qitar …………………………………………………………………..…..58 VII. 12. Tell Meskene …………………………………..………………….…………58 VII. 13. Tell Fray ……………………………………………………….……………59 VII. 14. Hama ………………………………………………………….…………….59 VII. 15. Tell Tweini ………………………………………………….………………59 VII. 16. Tell Kazel ……………………………………………….…………………..60 VII. 17. Tell Mishrifeh ………………………………………………….…………...60 VII. 18. Byblos ……………….……………………………………………………...61 VII. 19. Megiddo ………………………………………….……………………….…61 VII. 20. Tel Aphek ……………………………………………………………………62 VII. 21. Tel Nami ……………………………………………………………………..62 VII. 22. Tell el-Ajjul ………………………………………………………………….62 VII. 23. Shiloh ………………………………………………………………………..63 VII. 24. Beth Shean ………………………………………………………………..…63 iii VII. 25. Hazor ………………………………………………………………………..64 VII. 26. Tell el- Farah (Güney) ……………………………………………………….64 VIII. MÖ. II. BİN SURİYE- FİLİSTİN BÖLGESİ HİTİT KÖKENLİ ESERLER ……..65 VIII. 1. Mühürler………………………………………………………………….…..65 VIII. 1. a. Lentoid Mühürler ……………………………………..…………..64 VIII. 1. b. Silindir Mühürler ……………………………………..…………..76 VIII. 1. c. Yüzük Mühürler ……………………………………..……………77 VIII. 1. d. Çekiç Başlı Damga Mühürler ………………………………….…79 VIII. 1. e. Tripod Formlu Damga Mühür ………………………….…………80 VIII. 1. f. Kalot Formlu Damga Mühür ……………………………………….81 VIII. 2. Mühür Baskıları ……………………………………………………………...81 VIII. 3. Baltalar ………………………………………………………………………92 VIII. 3. a. Kolcuklu Baltalar …………………………………………..……..92 VIII. 3. b. Acemhöyük Tipi Baltalar ……………………………………..…..95 VIII. 3. c. Fraktin Tipi Baltalar …………………………………..…………..96 VIII. 3. d. Törensel Baltalar …………………………………………………. 97 VIII. 4. Figürinler ………………………………………………..………..………….98 VIII. 5. Plaka- Levha ve Diskler ……………………………………………….…....102 VIII. 6. Seramik ……………………………………………………………..…....…105 IX. SONUÇ …………………………………………………………………………………108 iv X. KAYNAKÇADA KULLANILAN KISALTMALAR ………………………………..109 XI. KAYNAKÇA ……………………………………………………………………..……116 XII. KATALOG ……………………………………………………………………...…….140 XIII. HARİTA- TABLO- LEVHA LİSTESİ …..………………………………………...181 XIV. HARİTALAR- TABLOLAR- LEVHALAR ......................................................…..186 ÖZET ABSTRACT v ÖNSÖZ Önasya arkeolojisinde döneminin en büyük güçlerinden biri olan Hititler kuruluş aşamasından itibaren dönemin ticari ve kültürel anlamda kavşak noktası olan Suriye- Filistin Bölgesi’ nde hakimiyet kurmaya çalışmışlardır. Anadolu’ nun yüksek platolarından güneye inen Hititler birbirlerine politik ve stratejik anlamda bağımlı olan kent krallıklarını kontrol altına almışlardır. İmparatorluğun yayılım aşamasında karşılıklı olarak kültürel etkileşim içerisinde olan Hititlerin bölgede bıraktıkları çiviyazılı tabletler, mühürler, aletler ve sanat eserleri ile dönem hakkında bilgilere ulaşmaktayız. Tez çalışmamı bu konu üzerinde yapmaya yönlendiren ve araştırmamın her aşamasında bana yol gösteren değerli hocam Prof. Dr. İ. Tunç Sipahi’ ye teşekkürü borç bilirim. Öğretim programı boyunca bilgilerini ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Prof. Dr. Fikri Kulakoğlu ve Prof. Dr. Tayfun Yıldırım’ a minnetlerimi sunarım. vi KISALTMALAR: a.g.e.: adı geçen eser Bkz. : Bakınız cm : Santimetre CTH: Catalog der Texte der Hethiter Fig. : Figür Lev. : Levha MÖ. : Milattan Önce Pl. : Plate Res. : Resim S. : Sayfa vd. : ve diğerleri yy. : yüzyıl vii I. GİRİŞ Suriye- Filistin bölgesi Önasya arkeolojisinde sosyal değişimler, kentlerin kuruluşu, ticaret ağının gelişmesi ve ilk imparatorlukların ortaya çıkış aşamaları ile ilgili oldukça fazla bilgi ve belge veren bölgelerden biridir. Coğrafi bağlamda günümüz Suriye siyasi sınırlarını ve İsrail- Filistin bölgelerini kapsayan alan kuzeyde Amanos sıradağlarının güneyinden başlayarak Akdeniz kıyı şeridini takip etmektedir. Suriye’ nin batısında Jebel Ansariyah ve Jebel Zawiyah olarak adlandırılan kuzey- güney hattında ilerleyen birbirine paralel dağ sıraları kaplamaktadır. Bu sıradağ kütleleri arasında yer alan Ghab ve Akkar gibi vadi ve çöküntü alanları doğal ve stratejik geçiş yolları ile diğer bölgelere ulaşımı sağlamaktadır. Güneyde Lübnan ve Anti- Lübnan sıradağları benzer şekilde Akdeniz kıyısı ve iç bölgeler arasında set oluşturmuş, aralarında yer alan Bekaa Vadisi kuzey- güney yönünde ulaşımı sağlamaktadır. Batıda Asi Nehri, kuzeydoğuda Fırat Nehri kurak iklime sahip Suriye’ nin tarım arazilerinde sulama imkanı sağlamış ve en yoğun yerleşim bölgeleri olmuştur1. Güney Levant olarak tanımlanan İsrail- Filistin sınırları içerisinde Suriye bölgesine benzer olarak bölge Ürdün Nehri ve oluşturduğu vadi ile bölgelere ayrılmaktadır. Ürdün sınırları içerisinde kaynaklanan Ürdün Nehri’ nin Taberiya Gölü’ ne ulaştığı kuzeyde kalan bölge “ Transjordan”, Ürdün Nehri’ nin Ölü Deniz’ den Akabe Körfezi’ ne kadar ulaştığı bölge ise “ Cisjordan” olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Akdeniz kıyısı ve Ürdün Nehri arasında kalan bölge içerisinde erken dönemlerden itibaren bölgeler arası ulaşıma ve ticaretin yapılmasına imkan veren vadiler yer almaktadır2. Hititlerin Kuzey Suriye ve Doğu Akdeniz kıyı yerleşimlerini kontrol altına alma ve bölgede hakim güç olmaya çalışması MÖ. II. bin başlarında Yamhad Krallığı’ nın 1 Akkermans, Schwartz 2003, s. 2 2 Suriano 2014, s. 9 vd. 1 sahip olduğu ticari zenginliği ele geçirme isteğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Yamhad Krallığı’ nın batıda Akdeniz kıyısı, doğuda Fırat Nehri, doğuda Anadolu platosu ve güneydoğusunda Mezopotamya’ nın yer aldığı coğrafi konumunu kullanarak ticaret ağlarının merkezinde olması zenginliğinin artmasını sağlamıştır3. Hititler bu zenginliğe sahip olma amacıyla güneyde Fırat Nehri bölgesi ve Akdeniz kıyılarına ulaşmayı amaçlamışlardır. Hitit Eski Krallık dönemine ışık tutan Hititçe ve Akkadca kaynaklar, Hititlerin
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