14 in Halle (Saale) o Reinhard Jung und Roberto Risch ktober 2 ktober O

Herausgeber Harald Meller, Helge Wolfgang Arz, Arz, Wolfgang Helge Meller, Harald Herausgeber . Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag 7 für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? for the collapse of the old world? old the of collapse the for BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache als Ursache Klimasturz – Ein BC oo vom 23. bis 26. bis 23. vom 22 BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause as a cause breakdown – A climatic BC TAGUNGEN DESTAGUNGEN LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE oo 22 2015 12/I

TAGUNGEN DES 22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 12/I ISSN 1867-4402 ISBN 978-3-944507-29-3 Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 12/I | 2015

22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world?

7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale) 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2o14 in Halle (Saale)

Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 12/I | 2015

22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale) 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2o14 in Halle (Saale)

Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt landesmuseum für vorgeschichte

herausgegeben von Harald Meller, Helge Wolfgang Arz, Reinhard Jung und Roberto Risch

Halle (Saale) 2o15 Dieser Tagungsband entstand mit freundlicher Unterstützung von: The conference proceedings were supported by:

Die Beiträge dieses Bandes wurden einem Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen. Die Gutachtertätigkeit übernahmen folgende Fachkollegen: Prof. Dr. Helge Wolfgang Arz, Prof. Dr. Robert Chapman, Prof. Dr. Janusz Czebreszuk, Dr. Stefan Dreibrodt, Prof. José Sebastián Carrión García, Prof. Dr. Albert Hafner, Prof. Dr. Svend Hansen, Dr. Karl-Uwe Heußner, Dr. Barbara Horejs, PD Dr. Reinhard Jung, Dr. Flemming Kaul, Prof. Dr. Ourania Kouka, Dr. Alexander Land, Dr. José Lull García, Prof. Dr. Rafael Micó, Prof. Dr. Pierre de Miroschedji, Prof. Dr. Louis D. Nebelsick, Prof. Dr. Marco Pacciarelli, Prof. Dr. Ernst Pernicka, Prof. Dr. Lorenz Rahmstorf, Prof. Dr. Roberto Risch, Prof. Dr. Jeremy Rutter, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Schmiedl, Anja Stadelbacher, Dr. Ralf Schwarz, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Trnka, Prof. Dr. Jordi Voltas, Dr. Bernhard Weninger.

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://portal.dnb.de abrufbar. isbn 978-3-9445o7-29-3 issn 1867-44o2 isbn (universitat autònoma 978-84-49o-5585-o de barcelona)

Redaktion Markus C. Blaich, Konstanze Geppert, Kathrin Legler, Anne Reinholdt, Manuela Schwarz, Anna Swieder, David Tucker, Melina Wießler Redaktion und Übersetzung Sandy Hämmerle • Galway (Irland), Isabel Aitken • Peebles (Schottland), David Tucker der englischen Texte Organisation und Korrespondenz Konstanze Geppert, Anne Reinholdt Technische Bearbeitung Thomas Blankenburg, Anne Reinholdt, Seeländer Sektionstrenner Gestaltung: Thomas Blankenburg, Nora Seeländer; S. 33 Photograph Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 39.1. Creative Commens-BY; S. 95 © Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen; S. 333 © UAB-ASOME; S. 481 © R. Kolev (National Museum of History, Sofia), © Dr. M. Hristov (National Museum of History, Sofia); S. 669 © J. Lipták, München; S. 8o3 © Aberdeen University Museum, © National Museums of Scotland, © Dr. A. Sheridan (National Museums of Scotland) Umschlag Malte Westphalen, Nora Seeländer

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Papier alterungsbeständig nach din/iso 97o6 Satzschrift FF Celeste, News Gothic Konzept und Gestaltung Carolyn Steinbeck • Berlin Layout, Satz und Produktion Anne Reinholdt, Nora Seeländer Druck und Bindung LÖHNERT-DRUCK Inhalt/Contents

Band I

9 Vorwort der Herausgeber/Preface of the editors

25 Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete Herrada, and Roberto Risch What is an event?

Sektion Orient und Ägypten/ Section Middle East and Egypt

35 Harvey Weiss Megadrought, collapse, and resilience in late 3rd BC

53 Helge Wolfgang Arz, Jérôme Kaiser, and Dominik Fleitmann Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic changes around 22oo BC recorded in sediment cores from the northern Red Sea

61 Michele Massa and Vasıf S¸ahog˘lu The 4.2 ka BP climatic event in west and central Anatolia: combining palaeo-climatic proxies and archaeological data

79 Juan Carlos Moreno García Climatic change or sociopolitical transformation? Reassessing late BC in Egypt

Sektion Östlicher und Zentraler Mittelmeerraum/ Section Eastern and Central Mediterranean

97 Hermann Genz Beware of environmental determinism: the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age on the Lebanese coast and the 4.2 ka BP event

113 Felix Höflmayer The southern Levant, Egypt, and the 4.2 ka BP event

131 Lindy Crewe Expanding and shrinking networks of interaction: Cyprus c. 22oo BC

149 Lorenz Rahmstorf The Aegean before and after c. 22oo BC between Europe and Asia: trade as a prime mover of cultural change

181 Stephan W. E. Blum and Simone Riehl in the 23rd BC – environmental dynamics and cultural change

205 Reinhard Jung and Bernhard Weninger Archaeological and environmental impact of the 4.2 ka cal BP event in the central and eastern Mediterranean 235 Bernhard Friedrich Steinmann Gestürzte Idole – Das Ende der frühkykladischen Elite

253 Marco Pacciarelli, Teodoro Scarano, and Anita Crispino The transition between the Copper and Bronze Ages in southern Italy and Sicily

283 Giovanni Leonardi, Michele Cupitò, Marco Baioni, Cristina Longhi, and Nicoletta Martinelli Northern Italy around 22oo cal BC. From Copper to Early Bronze Age: Continuity and/or discontinuity?

305 Giulia Recchia and Girolamo Fiorentino Archipelagos adjacent to Sicily around 22oo BC: attractive environments or suitable geo-economic locations?

321 Walter Dörfler The late 3rd millenium BC in pollen diagrams along a south-north transect from the Near East to northern Central Europe

Sektion Westlicher Mittelmeerraum/ Section Western Mediterranean

335 Laurent Carozza, Jean-François Berger, Cyril Marcigny, and Albane Burens Society and environment in Southern France from the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the BC: 22oo BC as a tipping point?

365 Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete Herrada, and Roberto Risch Transition and conflict at the end of the 3rd millennium BC in south Iberia

409 António Carlos Valera Social change in the late 3rd millennium BC in Portugal: the twilight of enclosures

429 Germán Delibes de Castro, Francisco Javier Abarquero Moras, Manuel Crespo Díez, Marcos García García, Elisa Guerra Doce, José Antonio López Sáez, Sebastián Pérez Díaz, and José Antonio Rodríguez Marcos The archaeological and palynological record of the Northern Plateau of Spain during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC

449 Martin Kölling, Vicente Lull, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete Herrada, and Roberto Risch No indication of increased temperatures around 22oo BC in the south-west Mediterranean derived from oxygen isotope ratios in marine clams (Glycimeris sp.) from the El Argar settle- ment of Gatas, south-east Iberia

461 Mara Weinelt, Christian Schwab, Jutta Kneisel, and Martin Hinz Climate and societal change in the western Mediterranean area around 4.2 ka BP

Band II Sektion Mittel- und Osteuropa/ Section Central and Eastern Europe

483 Martin Hristov New evidence for funeral and ritual activity in the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula: a case study from Southern Bulgaria in the second half of the 3rd millennium BC to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC 503 Klára Pusztainé Fischl, Viktória Kiss, Gabriella Kulcsár, and Vajk Szeverényi Old and new narratives for Hungary around 22oo BC

525 Mirosław Furmanek, Agata Hałuszko, Maksym Mackiewicz, and Bartosz Mys´lecki New data for research on the Bell Beaker Culture in Upper Silesia, Poland

539 Janusz Czebreszuk and Marzena Szmyt Living on the North European Plain around 22oo BC: between continuity and change

561 François Bertemes and Volker Heyd 22oo BC – Innovation or Evolution? The genesis of the Danubian Early Bronze Age

579 Frank Sirocko Winter climate and weather conditions during the »Little-Ice-Age-like cooling events« of the : implications for the spread of »Neolithisation«?

595 Alexander Land, Johannes Schönbein, and Michael Friedrich Extreme climate events identified by wood-anatomical features for the Main Valley (Southern Germany) – A case study for 3ooo–2ooo BC

603 Matthias B. Merkl and Jutta Lechterbeck Settlement dynamics and land use between the Hegau and the western Lake Constance region, Germany, during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC

617 Philipp W. Stockhammer, Ken Massy, Corina Knipper, Ronny Friedrich, Bernd Kromer, Susanne Lindauer, Jelena Radosavljevic´, Ernst Pernicka und Johannes Krause Kontinuität und Wandel vom Endneolithikum zur frühen Bronzezeit in der Region Augsburg

643 Andreas Bauerochse, Inke Achterberg, and Hanns Hubert Leuschner Evidence for climate change between 22oo BC and 216o BC derived from subfossil bog and riverine trees from Germany

651 Johannes Müller Crisis – what crisis? Innovation: different approaches to climatic change around 22oo BC

Sektion Mitteldeutschland/ Section Central Germany

671 Ralf Schwarz Kultureller Bruch oder Kontinuität? – Mitteldeutschland im 23. Jh. v. Chr.

715 Matthias Becker, Madeleine Fröhlich, Kathrin Balfanz, Bernd Kromer und Ronny Friedrich Das 3. Jt. v. Chr. zwischen Saale und Unstrut – Kulturelle Veränderungen im Spiegel der Radiokohlenstoffdatierung

747 Kathrin Balfanz, Madeleine Fröhlich und Torsten Schunke Ein Siedlungsareal der Glockenbecherkultur mit Hausgrundrissen bei Klobikau, Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland

765 Madeleine Fröhlich und Matthias Becker Typochronologische Überlegungen zu den Kulturen des Endneolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit zwischen Saale und Unstrut im 3. Jt. v. Chr.

783 Frauke Jacobi »Size matters!« – Die endneolithischen Gräberfelder von Profen, Burgenlandkreis, Sachsen-Anhalt 793 André Spatzier Pömmelte-Zackmünde – Polykultureller Sakralort oder Ortskonstanz im Heiligtum während einer kulturellen Transformation? Ein Beitrag zur Kulturentwicklung des späten 3. Jts. v. Chr. in Mitteldeutschland

Sektion Nord- und Westeuropa/ Section Northern and Western Europe

805 Andrew P. Fitzpatrick Great Britain and Ireland in 22oo BC

833 Mike Baillie and Jonny McAneney Why we should not ignore the mid-24th century BC when discussing the 22oo–2ooo BC climate anomaly

Anhang/Appendix

845 Autorenkollektiv/Collective contribution Ergebnistabelle/Table of results Megadrought, collapse, and resilience in late 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamia

Harvey Weiss

Zusammenfassung Summary

Massive Dürre, Zusammenbruch und Anpassungsfähigkeit The 22oo–19oo BC (4.2–3.9 ka BP) deflection or weakening of im Mesopotamien des späten 3. Jts. v. Chr. the Mediterranean westerlies and the Indian monsoon gener­ ated synchronous megadrought across the Mediterranean, Die Abweichung bzw. Abschwächung der mediterranen West Asia, the Indus, and north-east Africa. Dry farming Westwinde und des Indischen Monsuns zwischen 22oo v. Chr. agriculture domains and their productivity were reduced und 19oo v. Chr. hatten eine gleichzeitige massive Dürreperi­ severely, forcing adaptive societal collapses and regional ode im mediterranen Raum, in Westasien, am Indus und in abandonments, habitat-tracking, and nomadisation. These Nordostafrika zur Folge. Trockenfeldbauregionen und deren processes extended across the steppic, riparian, paludal, and Produktivität wurden massiv reduziert, was zu gesellschaft­ karst spring landscapes of West Asia, demon­strating demo­ lichen Zusammenbrüchen und zum Verlassen gewisser Regi­ graphic and societal resilience and illuminat­ing previously onen, sowie zur Verlagerung von Lebensräumen und einer obscure processes, such as collapse in the generellen Nomadisierung der Bevölkerung führte. Diese and adjacent regions. The return of pre-megadrought pre­ Verlagerung in Steppen-, Fluss-, Sumpf- und Karstquellen­ cipitation at c. 19oo BC permitted sedentarisation and reset­ landschaften in Westasien setzte eine hohe Anpassungs­ tlement by former pastoralists, and ushered in the succeeding fähigkeit der Bevölkerung voraus und erlaubt es, bisher nur Middle Bronze Age era of warring territorial kingdoms. How­ ungenügend bekannte Prozesse wie den Zusammenbruch ever, the social forces behind the oppor­tunistic resettlement des Akkadischen Reiches und andere regionale Phänomene remain to be explored. High-resolution dating and transfer des Zerfalls besser zu verstehen. Die Wiederkehr von Nieder­ functions for palaeoclimate proxy records will refine the schlagsmengen um ca. 19oo v. Chr., die mit denjenigen vor understanding of the chronology and the magnitude of adap­ der massiven Dürreperiode vergleichbar waren, ermöglichte tive responses to the onset and termination of the mega­ es ehemaligen Nomaden, wieder sesshaft zu werden und lei­ drought. tete den Übergang zur mittelbronzezeitlichen Phase krieg­ führender Königreiche ein. Das dieser opportunistischen Wie­ derbesiedlung zugrunde liegende sozialen Gefüge bedarf jedoch noch weiterer Erforschung. Die hochauflösende Datie­ rungs- und Transferfunktion der paläoklimatischen Proxy­ daten wird es der zukünftigen Forschung ermöglichen, den chronologischen Ablauf sowie das Ausmaß des Anpassungs­ verhaltens zu Beginn und am Ende der Dürreperiode genauer nachzuvollziehen.

Introduction drought included: 1. sedentarisation and resettlement; 2. political state formation; 3. increased and enhanced sur- In West Asia and adjacent dry farming and irrigation-agri- plus agro-production; and 4. political-territorial expan- culture realms, adaptive social responses to altered dry farm­ sion. ing cereal production developed within decades of the onset These societal processes have previously been catego- and terminus of the abrupt megadrought of 4.2–3.9 ka BP rised archaeologically and historically in West Asia as com- (42oo–39oo ago, or c. 22oo–19oo BC). Relatively high- ponents of the unexplained »Early Bronze/Middle Bronze resolution and independent archaeological and palaeocli- transition«, »Intermediate Bronze Age«, »Akkadian col- mate records document that this period of abrupt climate lapse«, and »Amoritisation«. The highly resolved data cur- change began with: 1. political collapse and regional aban- rently available for the 4.2 ka BP abrupt mega­drought have donments in rain-fed regions; 2. habitat-tracking to ripar­ focused many palaeoclimate and archaeological research ian, paludal, and karst spring-fed refugia where agriculture programmes on the period, while century-scale Holocene remained productive; and 3. nomadisation (subsistence- abrupt climate changes also occurred at 8.2 ka BP, (Wenin- transfer from agriculture to pastoral nomadism). Adaptive ger/Clare 2o14), 5.2 ka BP (Staubwasser/Weiss 2oo6), and social responses at the termination of the abrupt mega­ 3.2 ka BP (Kaniewski et al. 2o13).

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 36 HARVEY WEISS 60˚N Latitude 30˚N

20˚W 10˚W 0˚ 10˚E 20˚E 30˚E 40˚E 50˚E 60˚E 70˚E 80˚E

Longitude 100

Fig. 1 Moisture vectors map; December – January – February; Europe, Mediterranean, North Africa, West Asia, Indus. The climatological vertically integrated moisture transport from the beginning of December to the end of February, as estimated for December 1949 to February 2o14. The units are in kg/m/s, with the reference vector shown at the bottom.

Abb. 1 Karte der Feuchtigkeitsvektoren; Dezember – Januar – Februar; Europa, Mittelmeerraum, Nordafrika, Westasien, Indusgebiet. Vertikal integrierter klimatologischer Feuchtigkeitstransport von Dezember bis Februar beruhend auf Schätzwerten von Dezember 1949 bis Februar 2o14. Angaben in kg/m/s, der Vergleichsvektor ist unten angegeben.

The 4.2–3.9 ka BP abrupt climate change event sation of dry farming populations (Weiss 2o12; Weiss 2o14). The social processes within these varied adaptations, how­ The annual precipitation for the Mediterranean and West ever, remain occluded by still-absent archaeological and Asia is guided by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO; epi­graphic data, the research programme targets for another Kushnir/Stein­ 2o1o; Cullen et al. 2oo2) and delivered by the generation of archaeologists. Mediterranean westerlies that pass through the Mediterra- The temporal frame of the 4.2–3.9 ka BP event’s North nean trough to West Asia (Lionello et al. 2oo6). The wester- Atlantic chronology and magnitude is now available within: lies’ paths onto and across the West Asian land mass have 1. Icelandic lake sediment records (Geirsdóttir et al. 2o13; Blair been known from antiquity and well-documented since the et al. 2o15); and 2. a Greenland lake sediment record linked early twentieth century (Wirth 1971, 82). The westerlies’ to the NAO index derived from tree-ring and speleothem variabil­ity, a function of the NAO, has been analysed records (Olsen et al. 2o12). These temporal boundaries are recently and in detail for the instrumental period (Fig. 1; reflected in the abundant and synchronous Mediterranean Cullen et al. 2oo2; Lionello et al. 2oo6). westerlies palaeo­climate proxy records, usually 14C and ura- During the pre-instrumental period, the abrupt century- nium-thorium dated, that extend across seven sub-regions: scale megadrought interruptions of the westerlies at 8.2 ka BP, 5.2 ka BP, 4.2 ka BP, and 3.2 ka BP, still only partially ex- 1. Coastal Spain and France plained, suddenly reduced cultivable dry farming areas in the eastern Mediterranean and West Asia, reduced both Doñana National Park: Jiménez-Moreno et al. 2o15; Sierra de and Tigris-Euphrates river flow, and forced adaptive Gádor: Carrión et al. 2oo3; Cova da Arcola: Railsback et al. social responses among the regions’ varied polities, econo- 2o11; Borreguiles de la Virgen: Jiménez-Moreno/Anderson mies, and agricultural regimes (Weiss et al. 1993; Staubwas- 2o12; Lake Montcortès: Scussolini et al. 2o11; Lac Petit: Bris- ser/Weiss 2oo6). During the 3o–5o % precipitation reduc- set et al. 2o13. tions and colder temperatures of the 4.2–3.9 ka BP abrupt megadrought, these adaptations are visible in West Asia, 2. The central Mediterranean Italian lakes both archaeologically and epigraphically, as desertion of dry farming regions, habitat-tracking to cultivable riparian, Lago di Pergusa: Sadori et al. 2o13; Peyron et al. 2o13; Buca paludal and karstic refugia, and the nomadisation/Amoriti- della Renella: Drysdale et al. 2oo6; Lago Alimini Piccolo: Di

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 MEGADROUGHT, COLLAPSE, AND RESILIENCE IN LATE 3RD MILLENNIUM BC MESOPOTAMIA 37

Rita/Magri 2oo9; Maar lakes: Magri/Parra 2oo2; Magri/ Dixit et al. 2o14; Prasad et al. 2o14), West African (Marchant/ Sadori 1999; Lake Accesa: Magny et al. 2oo7; Peyron et al. Hooghiemstra 2oo4) and north-east African precipitation 2o13; Lago Preola: Magny et al. 2o11; Corchia Cave: Regat­ (Marshall et al. 2o11; Revel et al. 2o14; Thompson et al. tieri et al. 2o14. 2ooo), and consequent Nile flow (Hassan et al. 2oo6; Bern- hardt et al. 2o12; Welc/Marks 2o14). Saharan precipitation 3. Greece and Albania was similarly disrupted, as at Lakes Yoa (Kröpelin et al. 2oo8; Lézine 2oo9) and Jikariya (Wang et al. 2oo8), where Lake Lerna: Jahns 1993; Osmanaga Lagoon, Pylos: Zangger the aridification and dust event terminated the »African et al. 1997; Lake Vrana: Schmidt et al. 2ooo; Lake Prespa: Humid Period« and probably created the sources of syn- Leng et al. 2o1o; Lake Shkodra: Zanchetta et al. 2o12; Maz- chronous African dust in Tuscany (Magri/Parra 2oo2). zini et al. 2o15; Sadori et al. 2o15; Lake Ohrid: Wagner et al. Globally, the proxy evidence of the 4.2–3.9 ka BP event 2oo9; Lake Dojran: Francke et al. 2o13; Aegean Sea: Ehr- has accumulated rapidly (Walker et al. 2o12). In China, mann et al. 2oo7; Kuhnt et al. 2oo8; Triantaphyllou et al. numerous records now available suggest a relationship with 2o14; Kotychi Lagoon: Haenssler et al. 2o14. the still-sketchy soci­etal collapse events surrounding the Longshan Culture of the Yangtze valley1. In North America, 2 4. Levant and Red Sea the data extend across the continent and include the Great Basin tree-ring record (Salzer et al. 2o14), which revises the Acre: Kaniewski et al. 2o13a; Tweini: Kaniewski et al. 2oo8; environmental reconstructions at the coincident introduc- Dead Sea: Migowski et al. 2oo6; Zeelim, Dead Sea: Langgut tion of maize agriculture into the south-west of the USA et al. 2o14; Sedom, Dead Sea: Frumkin 2oo9; Soreq Cave: (Merrill et al. 2oo9) and the Yucatan (Torrescano-Valle and Bar-Matthews/Ayalon 2o11; Shaban Deep: Arz et al. 2oo6; Islebe 2o15). In South America, the well-known glacial central Red Sea: Edelman-Furstenberg et al. 2oo9; Lake record (Thompson 2ooo) is now supplemented with other Hula: Baruch/Bottema 1999. proxies3, sug­gesting a relationship with the poorly under- stood rise and fall of contemporary north Peruvian cities 5. Anatolian plateau and northern Mesopotamia (Sandweiss et al. 2oo9).

Konya lakes: Roberts et al. 1999; Leng et al. 1999; Reed at al. 1999; Gölhisar Gölü: Eastwood et al. 1999; Eastwood et al. The multi-proxy stack 2oo7; Leng et al. 2o1o; Eski Açıgöl: Roberts et al. 2oo1; Koçain Cave: Göktürk 2o11; Abant Gölü: Bottema 1997; A Mediterranean westerlies multi-proxy stack (Fig. 2) por- Yeniçaga Gölü: Bottema 1997; Sög˘ütlü Marsh: Bottema 1997; trays the high- to low-chronological resolution presently Lake Iznik: Ülgen et al. 2o12; Yenis¸ehir: Bottema et al. 2oo1; available for the proxy excursions at 4.2–3.9 ka BP. Linear Arslan Tepe: Masi et al. 2o13; Göbekli Tepe: Pustovoytov interpolation across -thorium or 14C dated points is et al. 2oo7; Lake Van: Lemcke/Sturm 1997; Wick et al. 2oo3; provided for measured quantities of stable isotopes, arbo- Lake Tecer: Kuzucuog˘lu et al. 2o11; Tell Leilan: Weiss et al. real and other pollen, diatoms, carbonates, lake levels, mag- 1993. netic susceptibility, or other climate proxies. The stack (Weiss et al. 2o12; Walker et al. 2o12) illustrates the ranges of chron­ 6. Persian Gulf ological resolution within two standard deviations around 4.2–3.9 ka cal BP. In addition, for comparative purposes, the Gulf of Oman: Cullen et al. 2ooo; Awafi: Parker et al. 2oo6; coincident high-resolution chronologies at Mawmluh Cave Parker/Goudie 2oo8; Qunf Cave: Fleitmann et al. 2oo3. (Berkelhammer et al. 2o12) and Mount Logan (Fisher 2o11) are shown, illustrating the global extent of the 4.2 ka BP 7. Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Iranian plateau event. At Lago Alimini Piccolo, Italy (Di Rita/Magri 2oo9), the Lake Zeribar: Stevens et al. 2oo1; Lake Mirabad: Stevens radiocarbon dated lake core shows a decrease in arboreal et al. 2oo6, Schmidt et al. 2o11; Lake Maharlu: Djamali et al. pollen, suggesting deforestation (Magny et al. 2oo9; Zan- 2oo9; Black Sea: Cordova/Lehman 2oo5; Caspian Sea: Leroy chetta et al. 2o12). The Koçain Cave, speleothem et al. 2oo7; Leroy et al. 2o14. (Göktürk 2o11), provides high-resolution uranium-thorium dates that constrain abrupt decreases and increases of δ18O. In addition to these Mediterranean westerlies proxies, syn- The Eski Açıgöl, Turkey, lake core (Roberts et al. 2oo1) has chronous abrupt alterations are evident in African and no radiocarbon dates during a decline in lake core charcoal, Indus proxies. These measure both Nile flow and Indus pre- misinterpreted as anthropogenic deforestation (Turner et al. cipitation and river flow, functions of the Indian monsoon 2oo8), while the Gölhisar, Turkey, lake core (Eastwood et al. as it passes across the Arabian Sea between the sub-conti- 2oo7) carbonate spike and rise in δ18O are framed by radio- nent and the Horn of Africa (Fig. 1). The 4.2 ka BP event dis- carbon dates 2ooo years apart. The Lake Van, Turkey, core rupted the Indian monsoon (Berkelhammer et al. 2o12; (Lemcke/Sturm 1997) displays a quartz spike understood as

1 Dykoski et al. 2oo5; Wang et al. 2oo8a; 2 Dean 1997; Booth et al. 2oo5; Zhang/Hebda 3 Baker et al. 2oo9; Licciardi et al. 2oo9; Schettler et al. 2oo6; Cai et al. 2o1o; 2oo5; Li et al. 2oo7; Menounos et al. 2oo8; Licciardi et al. 2oo6; Schittek et al. 2o15. Liu et al. 2o1o; Lu et al. 2o15. Hardt et al. 2o1o; Fisher 2o11.

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 38 HARVEY WEISS

Fig. 2 Multi-proxy stack of Mediterranean westerlies and related palaeo- climate proxies displaying the 4.2 ka BP abrupt climate change event

Total arboreal pollen within marine, lake, speleothem, and glacial records of varying chrono­ (x10 concentration logical resolution and two standard deviations. 3 grains g Abb. 2 Aufstellung mehrerer Proxydaten von mediterranen Westwinden und verwandter paläoklimatischer Proxies, die den abrupten Klimawechsel -1 Alimini Piccolo ) um 4,2 ka BP mittels Meeres-, Seen-, Speläothem- und Gletscherdaten in

δ unterschiedlicher zeitlicher Auflösung mit zweifacher Standardabweichung

Koçain 13

C (in ‰ ) anzeigen. O (in ‰ ) 18 δ anomaly//cm

Charcoal (influx dates, but with large standard deviations that provide a labile chronology. The Dead Sea lake levels (Migowski et al. Eski Açıgöl 2oo6) are estimated to have dropped 45 m (see Frumkin 2oo9) during this period. In the Red Sea Shaban Deep core 2 ) (Arz et al. 2oo6), 15-year diatom sampling intervals are Carbonate Gölhisar (in wt% ) con­strained by high-resolution radiocarbon dates with a marine reservoir correction (see Edelman-Furstenberg et al. O 18

δ 2oo9). The Gulf of Oman marine core (Cullen et al. 2ooo) has (in ‰ vs. VPDB ) 14 Lake Van dolomite and calcium carbonate (dust) spikes framed by C (in wt%)

Quartz dates and is tephra-linked to the Tell Leilan chronostratigra- phy (Weiss et al. 1993). The Mawmluh Cave, India, speleo- them (Berkelhammer et al. 2o12) provides 6-year δ18O sam- pling intervals constrained with uranium-thorium dates δ Soreq Cave 13 C (in ‰ ) and links the Nile flow reductions (see Hassan et al. 2oo6; Bernhardt et al. 2o12), East African lake level reductions O (in ‰ ) 18 δ (see Gasse 2ooo), and the Indian summer monsoon deflec- tion (see Dixit et al. 2o14). The Mount Logan, Yukon, glacial core (Fisher 2o11) is cross-dated with the NorthGRIP-core Dead Sea and dated tephra records, and exemplifies the event’s North Lake level Lake (in m bmsl δ Globigerinodes ruber 18 American expression, second in magnitude to the 8.2 ka BP O (in ‰ vs. VPDB ) event. Illustrative of the distribution of synchronous high-reso- Shaban Deep lution proxies are the Lac Petit, France, core (Brisset et al. 2o13) tied to other recent and adjacent cores at Lake Shko- dra4, Lake Accesa (Magny et al. 2oo9; Zanchetta et al. 2o12), Gulf of Oman Dolomite 3 (in wt% ) and Acre (Kaniewski et al. 2o13a), dated c. 4.2–3.9 ka BP, or

CACO in some cases c. 4.3–3.8 ka BP. (in wt% ) Statistical tests of synchronicity remain a desideratum for further dating refinement of the 4.2 ka BP megadrought.

Mawmluh Cave The complexity of the event, now evident in some high-reso- lution proxy records, and the precise, sub-decadal, start and O (in ‰ ) 18

δ end dates remain a challenge to the societal response record Mount Logan

δ that is often measured within a multi-decadal frame, as in 18 O (in ‰ ) the case of the Mesopotamian regnal years (Sallaberger/ Schrakamp 2o15) and the Tell Leilan radiocarbon chronol­ ogy (Weiss et al. 2o12).

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Calendar year BP (1950 AD) Societal adaptations

The global distribution of the records for this event is the product of more than twenty years’ Holocene palaeoclimatol­ a dust proxy dated by varve counts with slight errors (see ogy research. The archaeological and epigraphic record of Kuzucuog˘lu et al. 2o11). The dense sampling intervals for societal responses to the 4.2–3.9 ka BP event has grown grad­ the Soreq Cave, Israel, speleothem (Bar-Matthews/Ayalon ually over 75 years, to the point where the societal responses 2o11) δ18O and δ13C values are linked to uranium-thorium are almost a sub-field of Old World archaeology, including

4 Zanchetta et al. 2o12; Sadori et al. 2o13; Sadori et al. 2o15; Mazzini et al. 2o15.

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Fig. 3 The Akkadian Empire, c. 225o BC, with Khabur Plains settlement and topographic elevations.

Abb. 3 Das Akkadische Reich um 225o v. Chr. mit der Besiedlung der Chaburebene und topografischen Höhenlagen.

its Mediterranean, West Asian, Central Asian, and East Imperialisation and collapse Asian realms. The societal responses mirror the event’s chronology, and punctuate the usually gradual archaeologi- In the early 24th century BC, in southernmost Mesopotamia, cal record with their abruptness, magnitude, duration, and the period of the warring states of Sumer terminated with extent: societal collapses, regional abandonments, habitat- one »lord of the land«5. Lugalzaggisi, the king of the city- tracking, and trans-regional nomadisation. A new chrono- state of Umma, emerged from decades-long battles with logical clarity, that substantiates trans-regional synchro­ control of many, if not all, neighbouring city states, such as nicity and dispels some time-transgressive notions (e. g. Nibru, Adab, and Uruk, the first of these being dozens of Roberts et al. 2o11), is available through the use of high- kilometres distant from Umma (Almamori 2o14). The sur- resolution AMS-radiocarbon dates and Bayesian wiggle- rounding events are known only sketchily, but include matching of radiocarbon date sequences (Ramsey et al. Lugalzaggisi’s conquest of Mari on the central Euphrates, 2o1o; Weiss et al. 2o12). and royal travel as far as the Mediterranean (Fig. 3). The West Asian record also extends across the bounda- This supremacy over Sumer took a quantitative and qual­ ries of literacy, as it contributes the literate and boastful itative leap in the immediately succeeding decades – for first empire, Mesopotamia’s Akkadian Empire, with its bold, reasons yet unknown. The next ruler, according to the innovative settlements, monuments and art, eloquent po- Sumerian King List, was Sargon, the founder of a six-gener­ etic laments, king lists and royal inscriptions, and trans- ation-long dynasty that created a capital city at Akkade regional conquests and imperialisation, each unique for its (probably near Sippar but still not located), and within two time. Also stunning, however, is the archaeological obser- generations embarked upon an imperial venture that was vation that the collapse of the Akkadian Empire was sud- exponentially more extensive and extractive than that of den, abrupt, unforeseen, and now best recorded archaeolog­ Lugalzaggisi, »lord of the land«. This first imperial effort, ically on the Khabur Plains of north-eastern . This has the Akkadian Empire, was truncated by natural forces, the prompted some debate, as Akkadian imperial expansion 4.2 ka BP event, only about one hundred years after its and collapse now challenge long-standing orthodoxies about launch and full-blown development, but its successes were principally endogenous societal collapse. emulated and venerated for the next thousand years. Deploy­

5 The historical chronology for Mesopotamia 2o15), which are in accord with the Leilan and Syria here follows the »Middle Chro­ radiocarbon chro­nology (below) for late nology«, and its minor variants with a range 3rd millennium BC north­ern Mesopotamia. of thirty years (Sallaberger/Schrakamp

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c. BC Ruler Territorial control Area (estimated Tab. 1 Expansion and collapse of the Akkadian km2) Empire.

2350 Lugalzaggisi to Kish 3000 Tab. 1 Ausbreitung und Zusammenbruch des 2300 Sargon Akkad to Ur 5000 Akkadischen Reichs. 2250 Naram-Sin Akkad to Ur, , Mari, Esˇnunna, 30 000 Awal, Gasur, Ninua, Taya, Leilan, Mozan, Brak 2200 Post-collapse Akkad 1

ing both epigraphic and archaeological data, the establish- regions of Mesopotamia. This imperialisation across Meso- ment of Akkadian imperial power can be outlined in three potamia is documented in the collection of taxes and fin­ stages. ished products (Glassner 1986), imperial archives (e. g. Visi- cato 1999), the implementation of new imperial standard Stage 1 measures for collection of imperial revenues (Powell 199o), and the creation of imperial agricultural domains using Sargon (c. 2324–2285 BC): Sargon extended the united realm land surveying and agrimensorial innovations (Foster 2o11; from Akkad in the north to Ur in the south, approximately Høyrup 2o14). In southern Mesopotamia, the »Great Rebel- 5 ooo km², and embarked upon a series of long-distance con- lion« was defeated, and Naram-Sin was deified in celebra- quests up the Euphrates, to Mari, Tuttul, and . This was a tion (Tab. 1). departure from regional southern Mesopotamian city con- quest, and a qualitative leap from both Mari’s and Ebla’s Across the Khabur Plains, at the major city sites of Mozan, more restricted efforts towards regional hegemony. These Leilan, and Brak, the depth and extent of the Naram-Sin conquests did not, however, leave controlling for­tresses at period Akkadian imperial control is manifest in the monu- the conquered cities; they provided only the »primitive«, mental public buildings, Akkadian administrative texts, immediate, acquisition of plunder. sealings of imperial revenues, and standardised flat-based

»sila3-bowls« probably for worker ration distribution that Stage 2 occur frequently within excavated samples at each of these cities (Senior/Weiss 1992). Impressive epigraphic represen- and Manishtushu (c. 2284–2262 BC): Brak, , tations become common and include the name-stamped and Leilan in northern Mesopotamia. The extension of irri- lower-course bricks at Brak’s unfinished Naram-Sin for­ gation-agriculture based Akkadian imperial power into dry tress (Mallowan 1947, 66 pl. 64), the sealings of the daugh- farming northern Mesopotamia followed shortly thereafter, ter of Naram-Sin, wife of the ruler, at the Mozan Akkadian and for reasons similarly unknown. The imperial Akkadian palace (Buccellati and Kelly-Buccellati 2oo2), and the seal presence is evident at three loci: impression of Haya-abum, the Akkadian šabra, at »The Unfin­ ished Building« (TUB), Tell Leilan (Weiss et al. 2o12, 173). 1. Tell Brak, on the marginal edge of the fertile Khabur To the limits of efficient transport, the extractive impe- Plains, where a Rimush-inscribed vase fragment was re- rial success was apparently unfettered. The extortion of trieved (Sallaberger/Schrakamp 2o15, 1o5); land and estates from local southern powers, the conquest 2. Nineveh, on the river Tigris as it crosses the fertile Assyr­ and rebuilding of distant cities like Leilan/Shekhna, Brak/ ian plains, where Shamshi-Adad recorded his reconstruc- Nagar, Nurrugum, and Ninua, the crushing defeat of the tion of a temple repaired earlier by Manishtushu (Grayson »Great Rebellion«, and the deification of Naram-Sin all sug- 1987, 53); gest effective intimidation, terror, and large military forces. 3. Tell Leilan, in the centre of the Khabur Plains, where the But however certain the conveyance of the Akkadian ex- earliest Khabur Plains Akkadian texts were retrieved tractions, the means remain unclear. For example, how were from the period IIb3 Akkadian schoolroom (Lillis For- imperial revenues collected and then delivered from Gasur/ rest et al. 2oo7). Yorgan Tepe to Akkad? Were the revenues collected at Aššur, disposed at Aššur, or removed to Akkad? The very ki Stage 3 large grain shipments from NAGAR , probably Tell Brak (Na-gàrki, Ebla; Na-ga-arki, elsewhere; Gelb 1961, 191) were Naram-Sin (c. 2261–22o6 BC): conquests to west, conquest removed from the Khabur Plains and collected at imperial of Khabur Plains and »Great Rebellion«. During the reign of Sippar (CT 1: 1b, 2,7; 1c, 12). By which water-borne route Naram-Sin, Sargon’s grandson, another qualitative leap was were these twenty-nine tons of cereal harvest, probably col­ taken. The Akkadian forces now conquered adjacent dry lected in the fields of Mozan and Leilan-Mohammed Diyab, farm­ing regions in south-western , north-eastern , dispatched to Sippar – and who controlled their measure- and north-eastern Syria, and installed themselves within ment (Sommerfeld et al. 2oo4)? The divide between state palace fortresses as at Leilan, Mozan, and Brak, on the Kha- and private interests in such imperial extractions was prob­ bur Plains, and henceforth extracted and deployed reve- ably porous, as in the famous activities of the šabra-s (Brum- nues from both the rain-fed and the irrigation-agriculture field 2o13), and as in empires today.

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Fig. 4 The Khabur Plains in north-eastern Syria with modern precipitation isohyets and regional archaeological settlement surveys (red bordered areas).

Abb. 4 Die Chaburebene im Nordwesten Syriens mit modernen Niederschlagshöhenlinien und regionalen archäologischen Siedlungssurveys (rot umran­ dete Flächen).

Fig. 5 Leilan region survey (165o km²) histo- gram of settlements (in ha) per period spans. 800 The Akkadian collapse at the end of period IIb 767 reduced settled areas by around 87 % at c. 223o BC. Major resettlement by formerly 700 pastoralist Amorite populations (Khabur-ware occu­pations) is evident by c. 195o BC. Akk – Akkadian; pA – post-Akkadian; 600 ppA – post-post-Akkadian. 500 Abb. 5 Balkendiagramm der im Leilan-Survey erfassten Siedlungsausdehnungen (in ha) je Zeit­ 406 397 periode. Der akkadische Zusammenbruch am 400 Ende von Periode IIb um 223o v. Chr. hatte eine Siedlungsreduktion um ca. 87 % zur Folge. Eine 300 großräumige Wiederbesiedlung durch amori­ Hectares occupied tische ehemalige Nomadenpopulationen (Sied­ 238 lungen mit Chabur-Ware) lässt sich um 195o 200 167 169 v. Chr. erkennen. Akk – akkadisch; pA – post- akkadisch; ppA – post-post-akkadisch. 100 69 40 0 0 3400 3000 2800 2600 2400 2300 2230 2200 1950 1700

IV IIIa IIIb–c IIId IIa IIb IIc IId I Late Uruk Ninevite 5 Akk pA ppA Ha¯bu¯r ˘ Cal BC

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Fig. 6 Tell Leilan. Akkadian collapse and abandonment: room 12 floor, terminal occupation, »Akkadian Administrative Building«, end of period IIb1, 2254–222o cal BC (68.2 %). Clay balls for tablet manufacture, uninscribed clay tablets, a 2 l basalt measure, and a cereal storage vessel were abandoned on terminal floor.

Abb. 6 Tell Leilan. Zusammenbruch des Akkadischen Reichs und das Verlassen von Siedlungsräumen: Boden in Raum 12, letzte Phase der Besiedlung, »akkadisches Verwaltungsgebäude«, Ende der Periode IIb1, 2254–222o cal BC (68.2 %). Tonkugeln zur Tafelherstellung, unbeschriftete Tontafeln, ein 2 l Maß aus Basalt und ein Vorratsgefäß für Getreide wurden auf dem Fußboden zurückgelassen.

Collapse at 4.2 ka BP and »Who was king, who was not king« (Sumerian King List: Glassner 1993, 14o), while in northern Mesopotamia When precipitation dropped abruptly by approximately the period following the collapse was recorded as »(…) seven 3o–5o % at 4.2 ka BP (Bar-Matthews/Ayalon 2o11; Frumkin generations since the Fall of Akkad« (Shamshi-Adad: Gray- 2oo9), the dry farming cultivable land areas narrowed son 1987, 53; Glassner 2oo4, 22), with the predecessors of (Staubwasser/Weiss 2oo6, 38o f. Fig. 4; 5) and regional aggre- Shamshi-Adad’s lineage famously designated as »the seven- gate cereal yields plummeted. Marginal production areas, teen [Amorite] kings who lived in tents« (Assyrian King such as the area around Tell Brak (289 mm/annum today) List: Glassner 2oo4, 147). dropped below the requirements of cereal agriculture, as did The minimal contemporary epigraphic record for the the environs of higher rainfall Tell Leilan (45o mm/annum Akkadian collapse (Glassner 1986) is now, however, ampli- today). fied and quantified through recent archaeological measure- The Akkadian Empire’s collapse and abandonment of the ment of regional site abandonments, site-size reductions, Khabur Plains was swift and sudden, and with it departed and high-resolution, radiocarbon dated rates of change on most of the indigenous regional population. The Tell Leilan the Khabur Plains. region survey, a thirty-kilometre wide, north-south, 165o km² transect through the heart of the eastern Khabur Plains, documents an 87 % reduction in settled area for the post- Akkadian collapse and abandonment on the Khabur Akkadian Leilan IIc period and complete abandonment Plains 3o–5o years later (Arrivabeni 2o12; Ristvet 2o12). The elimi- Tell Brak nation of imperial revenues from the Khabur Plains and the other imperialised dry farming plains trun­cated their flow The Akkadians built several public structures at the north to the Akkadian capital; but this flow and its southern and south edges of the approximately 4o ha large Tell Brak/ Akkadian deployment remain to be quantified (Fig. 4–5). Nagar acropolis and created a worker settlement of about Evocative epigrams for the Akkadian collapse in south­ 3o ha size at its southern base. Less than fifty years later the ern Mesopotamia included »On its canal-bank towpaths the acropolis and the lower town were abandoned suddenly, grass grew long« (Curse of Akkade: Black et al. 2oo4, 124) while the Naram-Sin palace (Mallowan 1947), a grain

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storeroom, was abandoned while probably still under con­ were rough-dressed basalt block walls still without bricks, struction (Weiss 2o12). and some partially-built mudbrick walls of only three or Following the Akkadian abandonment, short-lived houses four courses upon a mud-set sherd layer atop the basalt were constructed at sparsely distributed loci across the Brak blocks. This construction effort had not yet reached the acropolis (Colantoni 2o12). These included the post-Akka- stage of floor preparation, but sub-floor plumbing had dian ramshackle pisé construction on top of the abandoned already been installed (Lillis Forrest et al. 2oo7). A semi- formal Akkadian building in area TC. These were all aban- circle of partially dressed blocks awaited finishing and wall doned at c. 22oo BC (Emberling et al. 2o12) along with three placement, and a line of basalt blocks extended west to the excavation-sampled villages north of Tell Brak. Hence the edge of the acropolis, where they were still a visible outcrop Akkadian collapse at Brak consisted of the immediate 5o % in 1978. At desertion, the string-impressed clay sealing of abandonment of the site area, including all monumental the imperial Akkadian minister, »Haya-abum, šabra« (Lei- buildings and the lower town, followed by abandonment of lan object number L93-66), was left on TUB’s construction less-dense, dispersed pisé residences by 3o–5o years later. surface (Fig. 7–8; Weiss et al. 2o12; McCarthy 2o12). Thereafter, at c. 195o or 19oo BC some Khabur-ware related In the immediately subsequent post-Akkadian Leilan IIc houses appeared at Tell Brak’s western (HH) and north-west­ period, a four-room house was built on top of the abandoned ern (HN) acropolis edges (McDonald/Jackson 2oo3). Akkadian palace. The abandonment of the Leilan IIc house is now 14C dated to 2233–2196 cal BC (68.2 %), only 3o– Tell Leilan 4o years after its construction. Thereafter, only Early-Kha- bur-ware strata, radiocarbon dated to some 25o years later, The Akkadian scribal room, dated stratigraphically, palaeo- appear at Tell Leilan (Fig. 9; Weiss et al. 2o12). graphically, and by radiocarbon, was established late in Lei- lan period IIa, which can now be called Leilan IIb3, on the Mohammed Diyab north-west Leilan acropolis (Lillis Forrest et al. 2oo7). Shortly thereafter, the period IIa palace, across the stone- Only 8 km east of Tell Leilan, Tell Mohammed Diyab’s two cobbled street, was destroyed by the Akkadians, and then Akkadian buildings (levels 6a-4 and 5a-12), like TUB at Tell replaced with a palace with more than 17 rooms, the »Akka- Leilan, were incomplete at abandonment. Together, there- dian Administrative Building«, in Leilan IIb2-1, reusing the fore, Mohammed Diyab and Leilan seem to have comprised remnant IIa palace glacis and some of its brickwork. For an Akkadian conurbation of 14o ha in the centre of the Kha- several decades in the late 23rd century BC, large-scale bur Plains. The relative chronology of the Akkadian deser- grain storage, processing, and distribution were Akkadian- tion of Mohammed Diyab is also intri­guing: here TUBs’ directed imperial activities here. When the Akkadians sud- wall constructions were stopped prior to any brick laying denly abandoned 9o ha Tell Leilan, with the acropolis and (Nicolle 2oo6, 64; 133). the lower town, they left clay balls for tablet manufacture, uninscribed clay tablets, a large storage vessel, and a 2 l Tell Mozan ground stone measure on the terminal room 12 floor in the »Akkadian Administrative Building«. That abandonment of Tell Mozan/Urkesh was a city of approximately 1oo ha, lo- the »Akkadian Administrative Building« and the end of cated 8 km from the Tur Abdin mountains astride a remnant Leilan IIb1 are now radiocarbon dated to 2254–222o cal BC wadi. The area AA, level 2 Akkadian-period palace, built of (68.2 %; Fig. 6; Weiss et al. 2o12). dressed basalt blocks and mudbrick, was abandoned along TUB, across the stone-cobbled street from the »Akkadian with the city’s 1oo ha lower town area at the time of the Administrative Build­ing«, was similarly abandoned. Here Akkadian abandonments at Brak and Leilan. After its aban-

Fig. 7 Tell Leilan. TUB, end of period IIb1, 2254–222o cal BC (68.2 %), south stratigraphic section showing the point at which brick-laying upon dressed basalt foundation stones ceased.

Abb. 7 Tell Leilan. Das »Unfertige Gebäude« (TUB), am Ende von Periode IIb1, 2254–222o cal BC (68.2 %), Südprofil. Der Moment, als die Auf­ mauerung auf den bearbeiteten Basaltfunda­ menten abbrach, ist gut sichtbar.

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sponse of dry farming sedentary agriculturalists and Hanaean pastoralists that created the hypertrophic cities of Ur III in southern Mesopotamia. Urban settlement flourished and expanded during this shakkanaku-period at Mari (Butterlin 2oo7), at Terqa with its public buildings, as well as Tuttul, Emar, , and (perhaps Urshu), each 4o ha or larger. But Tell Sweyhat on the Euphrates terrace, removed from the floodplain’s irrigation-sustained fields, was abandoned. Dry farming cities within the upper Euphrates drainage near and , at Tilbes¸ar, Titris¸, and Kazane were, of course, abandoned.

Dry farming in Western Syria and the steppe

The wealth and power of Ebla on the Idlib Plains made it the famous target of the Akkadian or Mari coalition forces that destroyed its palace c. 23oo BC. Following a short occupa­ tional hiatus, the succeeding Early Bronze IVB city of this time period was reduced in size and ruled from the Archaic palace, with its unique water cisterns. The palace construc- 5 mm tion, however, remained unfinished, like the buildings at Leilan and Brak, and the city was destroyed again c. 2ooo BC Fig. 8 Tell Leilan. Clay seal impression of »Haya-abum, šabra,« retrieved (Matthiae 2o13). At this same time, habitat-tracking to the on the unfinished working floor at TUB, period IIb1. Reverse: string Madekh swamp resulted in settlement expansion at Tell impressed. Touqan (Baffi/Peyronel 2o13). Nearby, the Jabbul Plain, with Abb. 8 Tell Leilan. Tonsiegelabdruck »Haya-abum, šabra« vom unfertigen the 2o ha large town at Umm el-Marra, at the limits of dry Arbeitsniveau im TUB, Periode IIb1. Rückseite: Faden­abdrücke. farming cultivation prior to 22oo BC, was abandoned during the aridification period (Schwartz et al. 2o12). Rawda and its environs further south in the semi-arid marginal zone were donment, a few buildings were constructed on parts of the also abandoned at c. 22oo BC (Barge et al. 2o14). There the remnant 2o ha of the acropolis (Pfälzner 2o12): a scatter of radial planned town, an unexplained phenomenon from the briefly occupied post-Akkadian houses (Buccellati/Kelly- Khabur Plains to the Orontes River, was the settlement out- Buccellati 2ooo, Fig. 5; 6) and a house with a fragment of an post facing, or replaced by, the nomad-repelling Très Longue Ur III-period tablet and a late Akkadian or Ur III seal Mur during the aridification (Geyer et al. 2o1o). The extended impression (Pfälzner 2o12). This remnant-wadi refugium at pastoralist cemeteries of this period at the Jebel Bishri pos- the mountains’ base was occupied for another hundred sibly mirrored tribal units in the spatial distribution of years, became a caravan stop after Leilan/Shubat Enlil in stone-lined and cairn-marked inhumations (Ohnuma 2o1o). the BC, but was then abandoned.

Hamoukar Orontes River

At the eastern edge of the Khabur Plains, the 1oo ha occupa- The Orontes River provides a unique environmental con­ tion at Hamoukar probably terminated at the end of the trast with the Jabbul and Idlib Plains. Here the karstic Aïn Akkadian period. There are no utilisable radiocarbon dates ez-Zarka drains a slow infiltration system with o1 billion m3 from Hamoukar, but »early post-Akkadian« pits seal the of phreatic zone storage and a mean residence currently last Hamoukar occupation (Gibson 2oo1), and thereby set around 4o years (Wirth 1971). Hence, during this 3oo-year its abandonment date at c. 22oo BC. period of reduced precipitation, the Orontes River and its Amuq Plain debouchment attracted and sustained large sedentary agricultural populations (al-Maqdissi 2o1o; Yener The Euphrates River 2oo5). The karstic springs of the Orontes system include those that provided the stream flow at the oo1 ha large Away and apart from the Akkadian imperialised realms, Mishrifé/, blocked to create a greater than 7o ha large state polities and region-wide settlements were similarly artificial lake and irrigation agriculture during the city’s affected by precipitation, reduction, and agricultural disturb­ late 3rd millennium BC growth (Morandi Bonacossi 2oo9, ance. The river Euphrates’ flow was diminished, but did not Fig. 5). Survey and excavation along the Orontes River have cease, during this period. Hence, habitat-tracking (Coope also documented the synchronous and sudden growth 1979; Eldredge 1985) from desiccated dry farming areas to of the square-walled, Qatna-like, 76 ha large Nasriyah, the irrigation agriculture Euphrates River refugia was one re- smal­ler, but similarly square-walled, Tell She’irat (al-Maq-

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dissi 2o1o), and the first occupations at the o7 ha large epigraphic documentation for Hanaean/Amorite pastoral Acharné, ancient Tunip, where 175 karst springs debouche nomad activity during the period following the Akkadian into the paludal Ghab depression (Vouˆte 1961). collapse (c. 21oo–2ooo BC; the southern Mesopotamian On the western of the karst plateau, along the fertile Ur III period), followed by the Isin-Larsa and early Old Baby- littoral, springs provided for the town at Tell Arqa and its lonian period (c. 2ooo–18oo BC) for the emergence of these villages and for Tell Sukas. Coastal Syria and Lebanon new Amorite dynasts in both southern and northern Meso- otherwise seem to lack karst springs, apart from the Jeita potamia. The first period sees the construction of walls Cave, along the Nahr el-Kalb valley near Beirut. Hence, against the nomads, such as »The Repeller-of-the-«, population reductions and site abandonments were experi- in the Ur III period, attesting to the futile efforts to control enced at Ugarit and Byblos at this time. pastoralist movement from northern Mesopotamia into the Synchronous and similar-scale abandonments occurred south (Gasche 199o). The second period witnessed two pro- across the dry farming realms of Palestine (Haiman 1996; cesses: in southern Mesopotamia, the emergence of these D’Andrea 2o12; Harrison 2o12), Anatolia (Boyer et al. 2oo6), Hanaean/Amorite pastoralists as the controlling dynasts of the eastern Mediterranean (Weiberg/Finne 2o13; Davis southern Mesopotamian cities (Finkelstein 1966); and in 2o12; Weiss 2ooo, 89 f.), and Turkmenistan (P’yankova 1994), northern Mesopotamia, the sedentarisation of former while habitat-tracking to riparian refugia occurred along the Hanaean pastoralists within the resettlement that accompa- Euphrates River in both southern Mesopotamia and Central nied the return of pre-4.2 ka BP precipitation (Heimpel 2oo3; Syria, along the Orontes River, and at the karst springs of Ristvet 2oo8). This latter process, of course, enfolds the rise Palestine (Weiss 2o12). to paramountcy of Shamshi-Adad and the creation of new regional capital cities at Ekallatum and Shubat Enlil, begin- ning as early as in the late 2oth century BC (Weiss et al. 2o12). Nomadisation These pastoralist processes presuppose an earlier third process that remains poorly documented archaeologically The archaeological data for massive regional abandonment and epigraphically: the nomadisation of Mesopotamia at the and collapse as well as the settlement displacement data 4.2 ka BP megadrought collapse (Ristvet/Weiss 2o13). While for the movement of (estimated) 3oo ooo persons over 3oo some populations from northern Mesopotamia, such as years are supplemented, in the Mesopotamian case, with those of the Khabur Plains, Western Syria, and the Assyrian

Fig. 9 Tell Leilan. The post-Akkadian four-room house built around a courtyard, period IIc, 2233–2196 cal BC (68.2 %). It was occupied briefly after the Leilan period IIb1 Akkadian site abandonment. This is the only post-Akkadian occupation yet located at Tell Leilan.

Abb. 9 Tell Leilan. Nach-akkadisches Gebäude mit vier um einen Hof angelegten Räumen, Periode IIc, 2233–2196 cal BC (68.2 %). Es war nach Aufgabe der akkadischen Siedlung der Periode IIb1 für eine kurze Zeit bewohnt. Bis heute ist dies der einzige Nachweis für eine nach-akkadische Besiedlung Tell Leilans.

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Fig. 1o Syria and Mesopotamia, 4.2–3.9 ka BP. West Asian settlement reductions and abandonments in rain-fed terrains, and riparian, paludal, and karst spring habitat-tracking refugia. The »Très Long Mur« protected the new karst spring Orontes River urban refugia from »Amorite« nomad in- cursions much as did its contemporary analogue »The Repeller-of-the-Amorites Wall« in southern Mesopotamia.

Abb. 1o Syrien und Mesopotamien, 4,2–3,9 ka BP. Rückgang der Besiedlung Westasiens und Verlassen von nicht bewässerten Gebieten sowie die Verla­ gerung in Fluss-, Sumpf- und Karstquellenregionen. Die »sehr lange Mauer« bot den neuen urbanen Zufluchtstätten an den Karstquellen des Orontes Flusses Schutz gegen Einfälle durch »amoritische« Nomadenpopulationen; dieselbe Funktion erfüllte die gleichzeitige »Abwehrmauer gegen die Amoriten« in Südmesopotamien.­

plains, removed themselves as sedentary agriculturalists to 4.2 ka BP phenomenon. N. Roberts et al. (2o11), for instance, riparian, paludal, and karstic refugia, others appear to have see settlements that were not abandoned during this period, adopted pastoralism as a lower-energy adaptation to dry hence »successful adaptions«, although these adaptations farming desertification. With the continuation of the are not described. In fact, however, sites that are cited as not 4.2 ka BP megadrought, these Hanaeans – that is, literally, collapsing, either did, in fact, collapse (e. g. Tell Brak and pastoralists – were blocked from the seasonal Euphrates Rawda abandonments), or were located in riparian or kar- winter/Khabur Plains summer transhumance – known from stic refugia (e. g. Mari on the Euphrates River and Qatna on the subsequent resettlement period’s Mari archives –, and the Orontes River). A similar error clouds observations that were pushed and pulled downstream into southern Mesopo- posit an isotropic Syria (e. g. Schwartz 2oo7), and thereby tamia by the enlarging consumption of riverside forage, as miss the geographical and hydrological variability that pro- in the 193os droughts (Boucheman 1934). Although this vided habitat-tracking refugia along the karstic spring-fed appears a logical reconstruction, the archaeological and epi- Orontes River and along the central and southern Euphrates graphic data remain limited and a target for future docu- River, supplying irrigation agriculture. mentation and amplification. Nomadisation as a societal re- The collapse and abandonment of Akkadian imperialised sponse to megadrought still remains difficult to quantify, but Khabur Plains settlement, and adjacent dry farming domains nevertheless appears as a response to similar circumstances in the Aegean and West Asia, were a function of 4.2–3.9 ka BP elsewhere, as during the Tiwanaku megadrought and col- megadrought abruptness (onset over less than five years), lapse (Fig. 1o; Dillehay/Kolata 2oo4). magnitude (3o–5o % precipitation reduction) and duration (2oo–3oo years) that reduced dry farming agriculture. In the absence of available technological innovation or regional Conclusions subsistence relief, the region-wide societal adaptations were collapse, abandonment, habitat-tracking to agricultural ref­ Counterfactually, would regional abandonment have oc- ugia, and nomadisation. curred without the 4.2 ka BP megadrought? Some accounts The abrupt return of a pre-4.2 ka BP annual precipitation argue against a purported »environmental determinism« returned dry farming to the Khabur Plains and the West in view of the abruptness, magnitude, and duration of the Syrian plains around Aleppo and Idlib, as well as to Pales-

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 MEGADROUGHT, COLLAPSE, AND RESILIENCE IN LATE 3RD MILLENNIUM BC MESOPOTAMIA 47

tine, Anatolia, and the Aegean. In Mesopotamia, the reset­ environmental interactions at the 4.2–3.9 ka BP mega­ tlement of formerly arid and abandoned territories was the drought. Demographic and social resilience across the West last stage of »Amoritisation«, the sedentarisation of the Amo- Asian landscapes were achieved by adaptive political col- rite/Hanaean pastoral nomads, dramatically recorded in lapse, regional abandonment, nomadisation, and habitat- their archaeologically retrieved settlements within the Lei- tracking to sustainable agricultural refugia. lan region survey (Ristvet/Weiss 2o13) and well recorded epigraphically, which led thereafter to the military strug­ gles for control of newly opened lands and agricultural Acknowledgements wealth during the BC and 18th century BC that initiated the succeeding Middle Bronze Age. While the phy- I am grateful to the editors of the State Museum of Prehis- sical return of dry farming lands is now clear, the social tory Halle for providing this opportunity to revise and forces behind this opportunistic resettlement remain to be resynthesise materials previously published in Weiss 2o12, explored. Weiss 2o14, and Weiss et al. 2o12. Technical assistance, The steppic, riparian, paludal, and karstic resources of appreciated greatly, was provided by S. Maples, M. Besonen, West Asia were thus fully utilised for the abrupt social and and R. Seager.

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Hughes, Five millennia of paleotempera- Staubwasser/Weiss 2oo6 J. M. Reed/A. Schwalb/R. Sulpizio/V. Valsecchi/ ture from tree-rings in the Great Basin, USA. M. Staubwasser/H. Weiss, Holocene Climate Martin Wessels/Giovanni Zanchetta, A Climate Dynamics 42,5–6, 2o14, 1517–1526, and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric- 4o,ooo-year record of environmental change doi:1o.1oo7/soo382-o13-1911-9. Early Historic West Asia. Quaternary from ancient Lake Ohrid (Albania and Mace- Sandweiss et al. 2oo9 Research 66, 2oo6, 372–387. donia). Journal Paleolimnology 41,3, 2oo9, D. H. Sandweiss/R. S. Solís/M. E. Moseley/ Stevens et al. 2oo1 4o7–43o, doi:1o.1oo7/s1o933-oo8-9234-2. D. K. Keefer/C. R. Ortloff, Environmental L. R. Stevens/H. E. Wright Jr./E. Ito, Proposed Walker et al. 2o12 change and economic development in coastal changes in seasonality of climate during the M. J. C. Walker/M. Berkelhammer/S. Björck/ Peru between 5,8oo and 3,6oo years ago. Proc. lateglacial and Holocene at Lake Zeribar, Iran. L. C. Cwynar/D. A. Fisher/A. J. Long/J. J. Lowe/ Nat. Acad. Scien. 1o6,5, 2oo9, 1359–1363, Holocene 11,6, 2oo1, 747–755, R. M. Newnham/S. O. Rasmussen/H. Weiss, doi:1o.1o73/pnas.o8126451o6. doi:1o.1191/o959683o195762. Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Schettler et al. 2oo6 Stevens et al. 2oo6 Epoch: A discussion paper by a working group G. Schettler/Q. Liu/J. Mingram/M. Stebich/ L. R. Stevens/E. Ito/A. Schwalb/H. E. Wright Jr., of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine P. Dulski, East-Asian monsoon variability be- Timing of atmospheric precipitation in the and terrestrial records) and the Subcommis- tween 15ooo and 2ooo cal. yr BP recorded in Zagros Mountains inferred from a multi-proxy sion on Quaternary Stratigraphy (Interna­ varved sediments of Lake Sihailongwan record from Lake Mirabad, Iran. Quaternary tional Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal (northeastern China, Long Gang volcanic Research 66,3, 2oo6, 494–5oo, Quaternary Scien. 27,7, 2o12, 649–659, field). Holocene 16, 2oo6, 1o43–1o57. doi:1o.1o16/j.yqres.2oo6.o6.oo8. doi:1o.1oo2/jqs.2565. Schittek et al. 2o15 Thompson 2ooo Wang et al. 2oo8 K. Schittek/M. Forbriger/B. Mächtle/ L. G. Thompson, Ice core evidence for climate H. Wang/J. A. Holmes/F. A. Street-Perrott/ F. Schäbitz/V. Wennrich/M. Reindel/B. Eitel, change in the Tropics: implication for our M. P. Waller/R. A. Perrott, Holocene environ- Holocene environmental changes in the high- future. Quaternary Scien. Rev. 19,1–5, 2ooo, mental change in the West African Sahel: lands of the southern Peruvian Andes (14° S) 19–35, doi:1o.1o16/So277-3791(99)ooo52-9. sedimentological and mineral-magnetic and their impact on pre-Columbian cultures. Torrescano-Valle/Islebe 2o15 analyses of lake sediments from Jikariya Lake, Climate Past 11, 2o15, 27–44, N. Torrescano-Valle/G. A. Islebe, Holocene northeastern Nigeria. Journal Quaternary doi:1o.5194/cp-11-27-2o15. paleoecology, climate history and human Scien. 23,5, 2oo8, 449–46o, Schmidt et al. 2ooo influence in the southwestern Yucatan Penin- doi:1o.1oo2/jqs.1154. R. Schmidt/J. Müller/R. Drescher-Schneider/ sula. Rev. Palaeobotany Palynology 217, 2o15, Wang et al. 2oo8a R. Krisai/K. Szeroczyn´ska/A. Baric´, Changes in 1–8, doi:1o.1o16/j.revpalbo.2o15.o3.oo3. Y. Wang/H. Cheng/R. L. Edwards/Y. He/ lake level and trophy at Lake Vrana, a large Triantaphyllou et al. 2o14 X. Kong/Z. An/J. Wu/M. J. Kelly/C. A. Dykoski/ karstic lake on the Island of Cres (Croatia), M. V. Triantaphyllou/A. Gogou/I. Bouloubassi/ X. Li, The Holocene Asian Monsoon: Links to with respect to palaeoclimate and anthropo­ M. Dimiza/K. Kouli/G. Rousakis/U. Kotthoff/ Solar Changes and North Atlantic Climate. genic impacts during the last approx. K.-C. Emeis/M. Papanikolaou/M. Athanasiou/ Science 3o8, 2oo8, 854–857. 16,ooo years. Journal Limnology 59,2, C. Parinos/C. Ioakim/V. Lykousis, Evidence for Weiberg/Finné 2o13 2ooo, 113–13o. a warm and humid Mid-Holocene episode in E. Weiberg/M. Finné, Mind or matter? People- Schmidt et al. 2o11 the Aegean and northern Levantine Seas environment interactions and the demise of A. Schmidt/M. Quigley/M. Fattahi/G. Azizi/ (Greece, NE Mediterranean). Regional Early Helladic II society in the northeastern M. Maghsoudi/H. Fazeli, Holocene settlement Environmental Change 14,5, 2o14, 1697–1712, Peloponnese. Am. Journal Arch. 117,1, 2o13, shifts and palaeoenvironments on the Central doi:1o.1oo7/s1o113-o13-o495-6. 1–31, doi:1o.3764/aja.117.1.ooo1. Iranian Plateau: Investigating linked systems. Turner et al. 2oo8 Weiss 2ooo Holocene 21,4, 2o11, 583–595, R. Turner/N. Roberts/M. D. Jones, Climatic H. Weiss, Beyond the younger Dryas. Collapse doi:1o.1177/o95968361o385961. pacing of Mediterranean fire histories from as adaptation to abrupt climate change in Schwartz 2oo7 lake sedimentary microcharcoal. Global ancient West Asia and the Eastern Mediter­ G. M. Schwartz, Taking the long view on col- Planetary Change 63,4, 2oo8, 317–324, ranean. In: G. Bawden/R. M. Reycraft (eds.), lapse: a Syrian perspective. In: C. Kuzucuog˘lu/ doi:1o.1o16/j.gloplacha.2oo8.o7.oo2. Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology C. Marro (eds.), Sociétés humaines et change- Ülgen et al. 2o12 of Human Response. Maxwell Mus. Anthr. ment climatique à la fin du troisième millé- U. B. Ülgen/S. O. Franz/D. Biltekin/ Papers 7 (Albuquerque 2ooo) 75–98. naire: une crise a-t-elle eu lieu en Haute Méso- M. N. Çagatay/P. A. Roeser/L. Doner/J. Thein, Weiss 2o12 potamie? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5–8 Climatic and environmental evolution of Lake H. Weiss, Quantifying Collapse: The Late décembre 2oo5. Varia Anatolica 19 (Istanbul Iznik (NW Turkey) over the last ~47oo years. Third Millennium Khabur Plains. In: 2oo7) 45–67. Quaternary Internat. 274, 2o12, 88–1o1, H. Weiss (ed.), Seven Generations Since Schwartz et al. 2o12 doi:1o.1o16/j.quaint.2o12.o6.o16. the Fall of Akkad. Stud. Chaburensia 3 G. M. Schwartz/H. H. Curvers/S. S. Dunham/ Verheyden et al. 2oo8 (Wiesbaden 2o12) 1–24. J. A. Weber, From urban origins to imperial S. Verheyden/F. H. Nader/H. J. Cheng/ Weiss 2o14 integration in western Syria: Umm el-Marra L. Edwards/R. Swennen, Paleoclimate recon­ H. Weiss, The northern Levant during the

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Intermediate Bronze Age: altered trajectories. New geoarchaeological evidence. Quaternary in the Plain of and Orontes Delta, In: M. L. Steiner/A. E. Killebrew (eds.), The Internat. 324, 2o14, 124–133. Turkey, 1995–2oo2. Orient. Inst. Publ. 131 Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Weninger/Clare 2o14 (Chicago 2oo5) 193–2o2. the Levant c. 8ooo–332 BCE (Oxford 2o14) B. Weninger/L. Clare/F. Gerritsen/B. Horejs/ Zanchetta et al. 2o12 367–387. R. Krauß/J. Linstädter/R. Özbal/E. J. Rolling, G. Zanchetta/A. Van Welden/I. Baneschi/ Weiss et al. 1993 Neolithisation of the Aegean and Southeast R. Drysdale/L. Sadori/N. Roberts/M. Giardini/ H. Weiss/M.-A. Courty/W. Wetterstrom/ Europe during the 66oo–6ooo calBC period C. Beck/V. Pascucci/R. Sulpizio, Multiproxy F. Guichard/L. Senior/R. Meadow/A. Curnow, of Rapid Climate Change. Doc. Praehist. 41, record for the last 45oo years from Lake The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millen- 2o14, 1–31. Shkodra (Albania/Montenegro). Journal nium North Mesopotamian Civilization. Wick et al. 2oo3 Quaternary Scien. 27,8, 2o12, 78o–789, Science 261,5124, 1993, 995–1oo4, L. Wick/G. Lemcke/M. Sturm, Evidence of doi:1o.1oo2/jqs.2563. doi:1o.1126/science.261.5124.995. Lateglacial and Holocene climatic change and Zangger et al. 1997 Weiss et al. 2o12 human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-reso- E. Zangger/M. E. Timpson/S. B. Yazvenko/ H. Weiss/S. W. Manning/L. Ristvet/L. Mori/ lution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemi- F. Kuhnke/J. Knauss, The Pylos Regional M. Besonen/A. McCarthy/P. Quenet/A. Smith/ cal records from the laminated sediments Archaeological Project 2. Landscape Evolution Z. Bahrani, Tell Leilan Akkadian imperializa- of Lake Van, Turkey. Holocene 13,5, 2oo3, and Site Preservation. Hesperia 66,4, 1997, tion, collapse and short-lived reoccupation 665–675, doi:1o.1191/o9596836o3hl653rp. 549–641. defined by high-resolution radiocarbon dating. Wirth 1971 Zhang/Hebda 2oo5 In: H. Weiss (ed.), Seven Generations Since E. Wirth, Syrien: eine geographische Landes- Q.-B. Zhang/R. J. Hebda, Abrupt climate the Fall of Akkad. Stud. Chaburensia 3 kunde. Wiss. Länderkde. 4–5 (Darmstadt change and variability in the past four mil­ (Wiesbaden 2o12) 163–192. 1971). lennia of the southern Vancouver Island, Welc/Marks 2o14 Yener 2oo5 Canada. Geophysical Research Letters 32,16, F. Welc/L. Marks, Climate change at the end of K. A. Yener, Conclusions. In: K. A. Yener (ed.), 2oo5, L167o8, doi:1o.1o29/2oo5GLo22913. the Old Kingdom in Egypt around 42oo BP: The Amuq Valley Regional Projects 1. Surveys

Source of figures

1 R. Seager (Columbia University); globe Version 4, available from 1o author; S. Maples (Stanford based on data from the National the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 9om Data- University); data source A. Jarvis/ Centers for Environmental base (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org) H. I. Reuter/A. Nelson/E. Guevara, Prediction/National Center for 4 author; S. Maples (Stanford Uni- 2oo8, Hole-filled SRTM for the Atmospheric Research Reanalysis versity); data source FAO 1966; globe Version 4, available from at the National Oceanic and map data © Google, Landsat the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 9om Data- Atmospheric Administration TOA Percentile Composite, Feb– base (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org) 2 author; M. Besonen (Texas Agri- June 2oo2 cultural & Mechanical University) 5 M. Arrivabeni (Freie Universität Tab. 1 author 3 author; S. Maples (Stanford Berlin); L. Ristvet (University of University); data source A. Jarvis/ Pennsylvania); E. Rova (Univer- H. I. Reuter/A. Nelson/E. Guevara, sita Ca’Foscari, Venezia); author 2oo8, Hole-filled SRTM for the 6–9 author

Address

Prof. Dr. Harvey Weiss Yale University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations P.O. Box 2o8236 New Haven CT o652o-8236 and School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Kroon Hall 122 New Haven CT o6511 United States of America [email protected]

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 Bislang erschienene Bände in der Reihe »Tagungsbände des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle«

Die Reihe der Tagungsbände des Landesmuseums wurde nationaler Autorinnen und Autoren entsprechend, erschei- 2oo8 ins Leben gerufen. Anlass dazu war die Konferenz nen viele Beiträge dieser Reihe in englischer Sprache mit »Luthers Lebenswelten«, die im Jahr 2oo7 in Halle ausge- deutscher Zusammenfassung. richtet wurde. Bereits der zweite Tagungsband widmete sich Mit dem bislang zuletzt erschienenen Tagungsband mit dem Thema »Schlachtfeldarchäologie« dem Mitteldeut- konnten die Vorträge und Posterpräsentationen des 6. Mittel­ schen Archäologentag, der seit 2oo8 jährlich von Landesamt deutschen Archäologentags »Metalle der Macht – Frühes für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt veran- Gold und Silber« in zahlreichen Artikeln renommierter For- staltet und zeitnah publiziert wird. Dem großen Anteil inter- scher verschiedenster Fachdisziplinen vorgelegt werden.

Lieferbar sind folgende Bände:

Band 1/2oo8 Harald Meller/Stefan Rhein/Hans-Georg Stephan (Hrsg.), Luthers Lebenswelten. Tagung vom 25. bis 27. September 2oo7 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-22-3, € 39,oo

Band 2/2oo9 Harald Meller (Hrsg.), Schlachtfeldarchäologie. Battlefield Archaeology. 1. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom o9. bis 11. Oktober 2oo8 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-41-4, € 35,oo

Band 3/2o1o Harald Meller/Kurt W. Alt (Hrsg.), Anthropologie, Isotopie und DNA – biografische Annäherung an namenlose vorge- schichtliche Skelette? 2. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom o8. bis 1o. Oktober 2oo9 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-53-7, € 29,oo Band 6/2o11 Hans-Rudolf Bork/Harald Meller/ Band 4/2o1o Harald Meller/Regine Maraszek (Hrsg.), Renate Gerlach (Hrsg.), Masken der Vorzeit in Europa I. Umweltarchäologie – Naturkatastrophen und Internationale Tagung vom 2o. bis 22. November Umweltwandel im archäologischen Befund. 2oo9 in Halle (Saale). 3. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom ISBN 978-3-939414-54-4, € 32,oo o7. bis o9. Oktober 2o1o in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-64-3, € 32,oo Band 5/2o11 Harald Meller/François Bertemes (Hrsg.), Der Griff nach den Sternen. Wie Europas Eliten Band 7/2o12 Harald Meller/Regine Maraszek (Hrsg.), zu Macht und Reichtum kamen. Masken der Vorzeit in Europa II. Internationales Symposium in Halle (Saale) Internationale Tagung vom 19. bis 21. November 16.–21. Februar 2oo5 (2 Bände). 2o1o in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5, € 128,oo ISBN 978-3-939414-9o-2, € 32,oo

TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015 Band 8/2o12 François Bertemes/Harald Meller (Hrsg.), Band 1o/2o13 Harald Meller/Christian-Heinrich Wunder- Neolithische Kreisgabenanlagen in Europa. lich/Franziska Knoll (Hrsg.), Neolithic Circular Enclosures in Europe. Rot – die Archäologie bekennt Farbe. Internationale Arbeitstagung 7. bis 9. Mai 2oo4 in 5. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom Goseck (Sachsen-Anhalt). o4. bis o6. Oktober 2o12 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-939414-33-9, € 59,oo ISBN 978-3-9445o7-o1-9, € 49,oo

Band 9/2o13 Harald Meller/Francois Bertemes/ Band 11/2o14 Harald Meller/Roberto Risch/ Hans-Rudolf Bork/Roberto Risch (Hrsg.), Ernst Pernicka (Hrsg.), 16oo – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber. -Ausbruchs? 16oo – Cultural change in the Metals of power – Early gold and silber. shadow of the Thera-Eruption? 6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 4. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2o13 in Halle (Saale). 14. bis 16. Oktober 2o11 in Halle (Saale). ISBN 978-3-9445o7-13-2, € 119,oo ISBN 978-3-9445o7-oo-2, € 69,oo

Erhältlich im Buchhandel oder direkt beim Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Richard-Wagner-Str. 9 D-o6114 Halle (Saale)

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TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE • BAND 12 • 2015