Tracing Our Ancestors
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World Bank Document
Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 17129 - CHA PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT Public Disclosure Authorized ONA PROPOSED LOAN OF $90 MILLION AND A PROPOSED CREDIT EQUIVALENT TO SDR 44.6 MILLION TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Public Disclosure Authorized FOR THE TARIM BASIN II PROJECT April 23, 1998 Public Disclosure Authorized Rural Development & Natural Resources Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective January 1998) Currency Unit = Yuan Y 1.00 = US$ 0.12 US$ 1.00 = Y 8.3 FISCAL YEAR January I to December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES I meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 kilometer 0.62 miles I square kilometer 100 ha I hectare (ha) = 15 mu 2.47 acres I ton (t) = 1,000 kg - 2,205 pounds PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED CAS - Country Assistance Strategy GOC - Government of China EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization GIS - Geographical Information System IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA - Intemational Development Association IPM - Integrated Pest Management MIS - Management Information System MOF - Ministry of Finance MWR - Ministry of Water Resources NBET Non-Beneficial Evapotranspiration NGO - Non-governmental Organization PMO - Project Management Office PRC - People's Republic of China RAP Resettlement Action Plan SIDD - Self-financing Irrigation and Drainage District TBWRC - Tarim Basin Water Resources Commission TMB - Tarim Management Bureau WSC - Water Supply Corporation WUA - Water User Association XUAR - Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Vice President: Jean-Michel Severino, EAP Country Manager/Director: Yukon Huang Sector Manager/Director: Geoffrey B. Fox Task Team Leader/Task Manager: Douglas OlsoIn CHINA Tarim Basin II Project CONTENTS A. -
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 by John Hultvall A translation by Birgitta Åhman into English of the original book, Mission och revolution i Centralasien, published by Gummessons, Stockholm, 1981, in the series STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA XXXV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword by Ambassador Gunnar Jarring Preface by the author I. Eastern Turkestan – An Isolated Country and Yet a Meeting Place 1. A Geographical Survey 2. Different Ethnic Groups 3. Scenes from Everyday Life 4. A Brief Historical Survey 5. Religious Concepts among the Chinese Rulers 6. The Religion of the Masses 7. Eastern Turkestan Church History II. Exploring the Mission Field 1892 -1900. From N. F. Höijer to the Boxer Uprising 1. An Un-known Mission Field 2. Pioneers 3. Diffident Missionary Endeavours 4. Sven Hedin – a Critic and a Friend 5. Real Adversities III. The Foundation 1901 – 1912. From the Boxer Uprising to the Birth of the Republic. 1. New Missionaries Keep Coming to the Field in a Constant Stream 2. Mission Medical Care is Organized 3. The Chinese Branch of the Mission Develops 4. The Bible Dispute 5. Starting Children’s Homes 6. The Republican Frenzy Reaches Kashgar 7. The Results of the Founding Years IV. Stabilization 1912 – 1923. From Sjöholm’s Inspection Tour to the First Persecution. 1. The Inspection of 1913 2. The Eastern Turkestan Conference 3. The Schools – an Attempt to Reach Young People 4. The Literary Work Transgressing all Frontiers 5. The Church is Taking Roots 6. The First World War – Seen from a Distance 7. -
Iranian Languages in the Persian Achamenid
ANALYZING INTER-VOLATILITY STRUCTURE TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM HEDGING RATIO FOR THE JET PJAEE, 18 (4) (2021) FUEL The Function of Non- Iranian Languages in the Persian Achamenid Empire Hassan Kohansal Vajargah Assistant professor of the University of Guilan-Rasht -Iran Email: hkohansal7 @ yahoo.com Hassan Kohansal Vajargah: The Function of Non- Iranian Languages in the Persian Achamenid Empire -- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 18(4). ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: The Achamenid Empire, Non-Iranian languages, Aramaic language, Elamite language, Akkedi language, Egyptian language. ABSTRACT In the Achaemenid Empire( 331-559 B.C.)there were different tribes with various cultures. Each of these tribes spoke their own language(s). They mainly included Iranian and non- Iranian languages. The process of changes in the Persian language can be divided into three periods, namely , Ancient , Middle, and Modern Persian. The Iranian languages in ancient times ( from the beginning of of the Achaemenids to the end of the Empire) included :Median,Sekaee,Avestan,and Ancient Persian. At the time of the Achaemenids ,Ancient Persian was the language spoken in Pars state and the South Western part of Iran.Documents show that this language was not used in political and state affairs. The only remnants of this language are the slates and inscriptions of the Achaemenid Kings. These works are carved on stone, mud,silver and golden slates. They can also be found on coins,seals,rings,weights and plates.The written form of this language is exclusively found in inscriptions. In fact ,this language was used to record the great and glorious achivements of the Achaemenid kings. -
Toxicology in Antiquity
TOXICOLOGY IN ANTIQUITY Other published books in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series Wexler, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume I, May 2014, 978-0-12-800045-8 Wexler, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity, Volume II, September 2014, 978-0-12-801506-3 Wexler, Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, March 2017, 978-0-12-809554-6 Bobst, History of Risk Assessment in Toxicology, October 2017, 978-0-12-809532-4 Balls, et al., The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology, October 2018, 978-0-12-813697-3 TOXICOLOGY IN ANTIQUITY SECOND EDITION Edited by PHILIP WEXLER Retired, National Library of Medicine’s (NLM) Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, Bethesda, MD, USA Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright r 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). -
The Calendars of Ebla. Part III. Conclusion
Andrews Unir~ersitySeminary Studies, Summer 1981, Vol. 19, No. 2, 115-126 Copyright 1981 by Andrews University Press. THE CALENDARS OF EBLA PART 111: CONCLUSION WILLIAM H. SHEA Andrews University In my two preceding studies of the Old and New Calendars of Ebla (see AUSS 18 [1980]: 127-137, and 19 [1981]: 59-69), interpreta- tions for the meanings of 22 out of 24 of their month names have been suggested. From these studies, it is evident that the month names of the two calendars can be analyzed quite readily from the standpoint of comparative Semitic linguistics. In other words, the calendars are truly Semitic, not Sumerian. Sumerian logograms were used for the names of two months of the Old Calendar and three months of the New Calendar, but it is most likely that the scribes at Ebla read these logograms with a Semitic equivalent. In the cases of the three logograms in the New Calendar these equiva- lents are reasonably clear, but the meanings of the names of the seventh and eighth months in the Old Calendar remain obscure. Not only do these month names lend themselves to a ready analysis on the basis of comparative Semitic linguistics, but, as we have also seen, almost all of them can be analyzed satisfactorily just by comparing them with the vocabulary of biblical Hebrew. Given some simple and well-known phonetic shifts, Hebrew cognates can be suggested for some 20 out of 24 of the month names in these two calendars. Some of the etymologies I have suggested may, of course, be wrong; but even so, the rather full spectrum of Hebrew cognates available for comparison probably would not be diminished greatly. -
Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform
water Article Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform Jiahao Chen 1,2 , Tingting Kang 1,2, Shuai Yang 1,2, Jingyi Bu 1,2 , Kexin Cao 1,2 and Yanchun Gao 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (K.C.) 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6488-8991 Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020 Abstract: The Tarim River Basin (TRB), located in an arid region, is facing the challenge of increasing water pressure and uncertain impacts of climate change. Many water body identification methods have achieved good results in different application scenarios, but only a few for arid areas. An arid region water detection rule (ARWDR) was proposed by combining vegetation index and water index. Taking computing advantages of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, 56,284 Landsat 5/7/8 optical images in the TRB were used to detect open-surface water bodies and generated a 30-m annual water frequency map from 1992 to 2019. The interannual changes and trends of the water body area were analyzed and the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on open-surface water body area dynamics were examined. -
Mpub10110094.Pdf
An Introduction to Chaghatay: A Graded Textbook for Reading Central Asian Sources Eric Schluessel Copyright © 2018 by Eric Schluessel Some rights reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, California, 94042, USA. Published in the United States of America by Michigan Publishing Manufactured in the United States of America DOI: 10.3998/mpub.10110094 ISBN 978-1-60785-495-1 (paper) ISBN 978-1-60785-496-8 (e-book) An imprint of Michigan Publishing, Maize Books serves the publishing needs of the University of Michigan community by making high-quality scholarship widely available in print and online. It represents a new model for authors seeking to share their work within and beyond the academy, offering streamlined selection, production, and distribution processes. Maize Books is intended as a complement to more formal modes of publication in a wide range of disciplinary areas. http://www.maizebooks.org Cover Illustration: "Islamic Calligraphy in the Nasta`liq style." (Credit: Wellcome Collection, https://wellcomecollection.org/works/chengwfg/, licensed under CC BY 4.0) Contents Acknowledgments v Introduction vi How to Read the Alphabet xi 1 Basic Word Order and Copular Sentences 1 2 Existence 6 3 Plural, Palatal Harmony, and Case Endings 12 4 People and Questions 20 5 The Present-Future Tense 27 6 Possessive -
Controls on Erosion in the Western Tarim Basin: Implications for the Uplift of Northwest Tibet and the Pamir
Research Paper GEOSPHERE Controls on erosion in the western Tarim Basin: Implications for the uplift of northwest Tibet and the Pamir GEOSPHERE; v. 13, no. 5 Peter D. Clift1,2, Hongbo Zheng3, Andrew Carter4, Philipp Böning5, Tara N. Jonell1, Hannah Schorr1, Xin Shan6, Katharina Pahnke5, Xiaochun Wei7, and Tammy Rittenour8 doi:10.1130/GES01378.1 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA 2School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China 3 12 figures; 3 tables; 1 supplemental file Research Center for Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 4Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK 5Max Planck Research Group for Marine Isotope Geochemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany CORRESPONDENCE: pclift@lsu .edu 6Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China 7School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China CITATION: Clift, P.D., Zheng, H., Carter, A., Böning, 8Department of Geology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA P., Jonell, T.N., Schorr, H., Shan, X., Pahnke, K., Wei, X., and Rittenour, T., 2017, Controls on erosion in the western Tarim Basin: Implications for the uplift ABSTRACT started by ca. 17 Ma, somewhat after that of the Pamir and Songpan Garze of of northwest Tibet and the Pamir: Geosphere, v. 13, northwestern Tibet, dated to before 24 Ma. Sediment from the Kunlun reached no. 5, p. 1747–1765, doi:10.1130/GES01378.1. -
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space. -
Uighur Cultural Orientation
1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 2 MAP OF XINJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA ............................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 PROFILE ................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 6 AREA ............................................................................................................................................... 7 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES ........................................................... 7 NORTHERN HIGHLANDS .................................................................................................................. 7 JUNGGAR (DZUNGARIAN) BASIN ..................................................................................................... 8 TIEN SHAN ....................................................................................................................................... 8 TARIM BASIN ................................................................................................................................... 9 SOUTHERN MOUNTAINS .................................................................................................................. 9 CLIMATE ...................................................................................................................................... -
Contrasting Streamflow Regimes Induced by Melting Glaciers Across
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Contrasting streamfow regimes induced by melting glaciers across the Tien Shan – Pamir – North Received: 23 January 2018 Accepted: 19 September 2018 Karakoram Published: xx xx xxxx Yi Luo1,2,3, Xiaolei Wang1,2, Shilong Piao4,5, Lin Sun1, Philippe Ciais6, Yiqing Zhang2, Changkun Ma7, Rong Gan2 & Chansheng He8 The glacierized Tien Shan – Pamir – Karakoram mountain complex supplies water to about 42 million people. Yet, the knowledge about future glacial runof in response to future climate is limited. Here, we address this issue using a hydrological model, that includes the three components of glacial runof: ice melt, snowmelt and the runof of rainfall over ice. The model is forced by climate projections of the CMIP5 models. We fnd that the three components exhibit diferent long-term trajectories, sometimes opposite in sign to the long-term trend in glacier impacts. For the eastern slope basins, streamfow is projected to increase by 28% (ranging from 9 to 44%, from climate model variation (CMV)) by the late 21st century, under the representative concentration pathway, RCP8.5. Ice melt contributes 39% (25 to 65%, CMV) of the total streamfow increase. However, streamfow from the western slopes is projected to decrease by 5% (−24 to 16%, CMV), due to the smaller contribution of ice melt, less precipitation and higher evapotranspiration. Increasing water supply from the eastern slopes suggests more water availability for currently degraded downstream ecosystems in the Xinjiang province of China, while the likely decreasing streamfow in Central Asian rivers on the western slopes indicates new regulations will be needed. -
22Oo BC – a Climatic Breakdown As a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World?
VORGESCHICHTE HALLE LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR DES TAGUNGEN 22 für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache als Ursache Klimasturz – Ein BC 22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale) Herausgeber Harald Meller, Helge Wolfgang Arz, Reinhard Jung und Roberto Risch ISBN 978-3-944507-29-3 12/I 12/I 2015 TAGUNGEN DES LANDESMUSEUMS FÜR VORGESCHICHTE HALLE ISSN 1867-4402 Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 12/I | 2015 22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale) 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2o14 in Halle (Saale) Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle Band 12/I | 2015 22oo BC – Ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 22oo BC – A climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2o14 in Halle (Saale) 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 23–26, 2o14 in Halle (Saale) Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt landesmuseum für vorgeschichte herausgegeben von Harald Meller, Helge Wolfgang Arz, Reinhard Jung und Roberto Risch Halle (Saale) 2o15 Dieser Tagungsband entstand mit freundlicher Unterstützung von: The conference proceedings were supported by: Die Beiträge dieses Bandes wurden einem Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen.