DOCSLIB.ORG

Mission and Revolution in Central Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 by John Hultvall A translation by Birgitta Åhman into English of the original book, Mission och revolution i Centralasien, published by Gummessons, Stockholm, 1981, in the series STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA XXXV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword by Ambassador Gunnar Jarring Preface by the author I. Eastern Turkestan – An Isolated Country and Yet a Meeting Place 1. A Geographical Survey 2. Different Ethnic Groups 3. Scenes from Everyday Life 4. A Brief Historical Survey 5. Religious Concepts among the Chinese Rulers 6. The Religion of the Masses 7. Eastern Turkestan Church History II. Exploring the Mission Field 1892 -1900. From N. F. Höijer to the Boxer Uprising 1. An Un-known Mission Field 2. Pioneers 3. Diffident Missionary Endeavours 4. Sven Hedin – a Critic and a Friend 5. Real Adversities III. The Foundation 1901 – 1912. From the Boxer Uprising to the Birth of the Republic. 1. New Missionaries Keep Coming to the Field in a Constant Stream 2. Mission Medical Care is Organized 3. The Chinese Branch of the Mission Develops 4. The Bible Dispute 5. Starting Children’s Homes 6. The Republican Frenzy Reaches Kashgar 7. The Results of the Founding Years IV. Stabilization 1912 – 1923. From Sjöholm’s Inspection Tour to the First Persecution. 1. The Inspection of 1913 2. The Eastern Turkestan Conference 3. The Schools – an Attempt to Reach Young People 4. The Literary Work Transgressing all Frontiers 5. The Church is Taking Roots 6. The First World War – Seen from a Distance 7. The Russian Revolution Had Far-Reaching Consequences for the Mission 8. Severe Blood Letting in the Missionary Group 9. Everyday Life of the Missionaries 10. For and Against the Eastern Turkestan Mission 11. The Persecution of 1923 V. “Fields Whitening to Harvest”. (1924-1932). From the reconstruction of the Church to an approaching revolution. 1. A Coming Storm 2. “Distressed, Tortured and in Pain” 3. To preach the Gospel 4. Between Colleagues Only 5. Renewal of Health Care Work 6. On the Brighter Side 7. A Spiritual Breakthrough – Some Underlying Causes VI. Phasing out. (1933 – 1938). From Ma Chung-yen to Sheng Shih-tsai. 1. The Muslim Revolution Reaches the Mission Field (1933 – 1934) 2. The Mission in the Storm 3. Interwar Years – Russian Years (1934 – 1936) 4. Reconstruction of the Mission 5. A Missionary’s Life – One of Many… 6. Guarded Optimism – in Spite of Everything 7. The New Testament in the Language of the People 8. Sheng Shih-tsai Strikes (1937 – 1938) 9. The Mission is Crushed 10. Separate Destructive Forces Sealed the Fate of the Mission VII. The Church of Christ in Sinkiang. 1. “Red Exodus” and “Sheng Shih-tsai’s Exodus” 2. “God’s Surprising Providence” 3. The Mission Continues in India 4. The Completion of the Bible Translation 5. Exploring Old Territory 6. Signs of Life from the Mission Field 7. The Mission’s Heritage Notes Bibliography Foreword by Ambassador Gunnar Jarring The history of Swedish Mission covers many years and many parts of the world that were thought to be inaccessible and unreachable. The work and living conditions of the missionaries have never been easy. Often the journey to the mission field was full of hardship. Living conditions were very primitive and the climate was often tiring and bothersome to many. Illnesses and diseases of varying kinds were a daily experience. In his historical account of the Mission’s history in Eastern Turkestan, fulfilling all the criteria mentioned above, John Hultvall describes in detail the work of the Swedish Mission in Central Asia which began in 1892 in the southwest part of the province of Xinjiang, China’s most westerly and inaccessible province. The work continued until 1938 when the last missionaries were forced to leave the country because of internal political turmoil. John Hultvall’s history of the Mission in Eastern Turkestan has been written with great insight on the basis of highly valuable sources with whose help he has been able to present an integrated picture of the unforgettable work of the Swedish Mission there. It was a difficult mission field, both physically and psychologically. The missionaries were confronted with a conservative, almost fanatical form of Islam. It would not be true to say that their work resulted in great numbers of people converting from Islam. Their main contribution was in meeting social needs in medical work, in education and giving general help. The Swedish missionaries were not only representatives of Christ but were serving the people in various ways. Their assistance provided technical help for an undeveloped country. Swedish Mission also made similar contributions in other parts of the world. In John Hultvall’s book we have a well documented description of the contribution to Central Asia by the Swedish Mission - a contribution which was also a cultural one to far away Central Asia. Gunnar Jarring Stockholm, September 1980 Preface by the Author 1981 Eastern Turkestan, or Sinkiang as the province is called today, is the very hub between the two eastern giants of today, the Soviet Union and China. At the end of the 19th century, this area was not just a political “hot spot”; it was also an area of confrontation between different religions. And in this meetings of religions, the Swedish Mission was involved for at that time the Mission Covenant Church, of Sweden (the MCCS), as sole mission society within a vast area, was carrying out an attempt of evangelical mission work among Turks and Chinese. Its main mission stations were built in Kashgar, in 1894, Jarkend, in 1896, Hancheng in 1908 and in Jengi-Hessar in 1912. This Swedish Mission attracted international attention. Dr John R. Mott’s comment on the Eastern Turkestan Mission reads, “If the door of Islam is not opened, Christianity cannot win the world.”1 And Dr Samuel Zwemer underlined the great importance of the Swedish Mission for the propagation of the Gospel in Asia, as it was so strategically located in Kashgar. He also stressed the fact that this particular mission society was the most successful one among orthodox Muslims that he knew of.2 After 45 years of hard work, however, this missionary effort came to a full stop in 1938 because of political upheavals. By the look of things, the end came as a failure, and “the most remarkable enterprise among many other missionary efforts” never had the time to develop into anything more than an attempt, a beginning. Behind my wish to put together some essential aspects of the Eastern Turkestan mission lies a long time interest in what is, in my opinion, a remarkable mission. For the last ten years – and more – all my spare time has been spent studying these highly interesting matters. This account is based mainly on a large collection of letters, sent to and from the missionaries in the area. I have also used the minutes from meetings and conferences both in Sweden and in Eastern Turkestan. Other non published material has been found in different archives such as the Mission Archives of Lidingö, those of the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden in Stockholm and of the British and Foreign Bible Society in London. Several missionaries, their children and close friends have on various occasions recounted memories and very willingly placed diaries, letters and other material not in print at my disposal. The printed material used includes a number of general works on the country, its people and religions, etc. Several Swedes are among the authors. During the 1970s, books by Jan Myrdal, Lars-Erik Nyman and Gunnar Jarring have been published. There are also documents and other publications written by missionaries and various Mission leaders. In many cases the story of a life-long missionary commitment lies behind these books. Other printed documents include annual reports, diaries, periodical reviews and newspapers. Unique printed material, such as the MCCS registers, mission station diaries, correspondence between stations and between the mission and local authorities, etc. were lost when the mission activities came to an end. As a precautionary measure, the missionaries burnt their archives before leaving the mission field. Thereby they wanted to remove everything that could possibly be used as evidence against the Asian Christians. They hoped that doing this they might be able to save their lives. How suspicious those in power were of everything printed or non printed, belonging to the Mission was experienced for instance by missionary Moen. At the time of his expulsion, Moen had a handwritten portion of the Bible in his pocket, the letters of Paul to Timothy. During a search this text was found and when the officer of the guard saw that it was “a letter”, it was immediately confiscated, with the 1 Folke, 1927 I, p. 84. 2 Folke, 1927, p. 27, 84, 87. Nyrén to Törnquist, January 27th, 1927. Andersson, 1948, p. 29. explanation, “I cannot allow you to travel with this letter.”3 How interesting and valuable these destroyed documents would have been for the understanding of the mission and the conditions of the missionaries is shown by a number of letters that were saved for posterity. They were written in Eastern Turkestan by various missionaries to Raquette, their colleague, and when he returned to his own country, in the beginning of the 1920s, he took these letters home with him. These letters contain a lot of details explaining the situation in the field. The source material may seem one-sided, since in most cases it was written by the missionaries themselves. As to the religious life of the people – in which area the mission came to play its main role - not much other material is however available.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UZBEK WOMEN and the IMAGINING of UZBEKISTAN in the 1920S
    Int. J. Middle East Stud. 34 (2002), 263–278. Printed in the United States of America Marianne Kamp PILGRIMAGE AND PERFORMANCE: UZBEK WOMEN AND THE IMAGINING OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE 1920s In August 1924, Anabibi Safaeva set off from her home city of Khiva, which was then the capital of the Xorezm People’s Republic, to study in Tashkent, which was the administrative center of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Safaeva traveled with some 160 students in a convoy of three boats down the Amu River toward the Aral Sea. However, misfortune befell Safaeva: her boat was attacked by basmachis, a bandit or rebel gang.1 The basmachis killed all twenty-two of the men in Safaeva’s group and carried off the women as captives. By the time that Safaeva was rescued, more than two months later, there was no longer a Xorezm People’s Republic or a Turkistan Republic; instead, Safaeva’s Khivan home was now in Uzbek- istan, and Tashkent, the goal of her academic pilgrimage, had become the capital of Uzbekistan. Safaeva waited for several years after her abduction before attempting to travel to Tashkent again, finally going there in 1927 to study at the Central Asian Communist University.2 She worked for the Communist Party of Uzbekistan as an activist in the Tashkent regional Women’s Division while she was studying, and in 1931 she was sent by the party to Uzbekistan’s Bukhara province to participate in the collectivization of agriculture. There she was poisoned, presumably by someone who opposed the state’s appropriation of land.3 Anabibi Safaeva was one of thousands of young women who joined in what Bene- dict Anderson refers to as the pilgrimage of modern education.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebirth of the Great Silk Road: Myth Or Substance?
    Conflict Studies Research Centre S41 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3-5 “THE ANCIENT SILK ROAD” 6-9 TRACECA – THE MODERN SILK ROAD 10-25 Concept of the TRACECA Project 10 The TRACECA Route 11 TRACECA and the Establishment of Transport Corridors 13 First European Transport Conference – Prague 1991 13 Second European Transport Conference – Crete 1994 14 Third European Transport Conference – Helsinki 1995 14 St Petersburg Transport Conference – May 1998 15 Significance of European Transport Conferences in Russia 15 TRACECA Conference 7/8 September 1998 15 Russian Grievances 16 Underlying Factors in Economic Development 19 Natural Resources 21 Trans-Caspian Transport Trends and Developments 22 Creation of a Permanent Secretariat in Baku 22 Increase in Number of Ferries in the Caspian 22 Railway Developments and Proposals 24 Position of Russia, Iran and Armenia in Caucasus-Caspian Region 24 RUSSIAN CONCEPT OF A SUPER MAGISTRAL 26-28 The Baritko Proposal 26 THE PROBLEMS OF THE SUPER MAGISTRAL 29-35 The Problem of Siberia 29 Ravages of Climate compounded by Neglect 29 Financial and Strategic Contexts 30 Problems concerning the Baykal-Amur Magistral 33 CONCLUSIONS 36-38 TRACECA 36 European-Trans-Siberian Trunk Routes 37 APPENDIX 39-41 Text of Baku Declaration of 8 September 1998 1 S41 Tables Table 1 – Euro-Asiatic Trans-Continental Railway Trunk Routes Table 2 – TRACECA – The Modern Silk Road Table 3 – Three Transport Corridors Crossing into and over Russian Territory Table 4 – Trade Flows in the Transcaucasus Table 5 – Kazakhstan’s Railway Development
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: 17129 - CHA PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT Public Disclosure Authorized ONA PROPOSED LOAN OF $90 MILLION AND A PROPOSED CREDIT EQUIVALENT TO SDR 44.6 MILLION TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Public Disclosure Authorized FOR THE TARIM BASIN II PROJECT April 23, 1998 Public Disclosure Authorized Rural Development & Natural Resources Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective January 1998) Currency Unit = Yuan Y 1.00 = US$ 0.12 US$ 1.00 = Y 8.3 FISCAL YEAR January I to December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES I meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 kilometer 0.62 miles I square kilometer 100 ha I hectare (ha) = 15 mu 2.47 acres I ton (t) = 1,000 kg - 2,205 pounds PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED CAS - Country Assistance Strategy GOC - Government of China EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization GIS - Geographical Information System IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA - Intemational Development Association IPM - Integrated Pest Management MIS - Management Information System MOF - Ministry of Finance MWR - Ministry of Water Resources NBET Non-Beneficial Evapotranspiration NGO - Non-governmental Organization PMO - Project Management Office PRC - People's Republic of China RAP Resettlement Action Plan SIDD - Self-financing Irrigation and Drainage District TBWRC - Tarim Basin Water Resources Commission TMB - Tarim Management Bureau WSC - Water Supply Corporation WUA - Water User Association XUAR - Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Vice President: Jean-Michel Severino, EAP Country Manager/Director: Yukon Huang Sector Manager/Director: Geoffrey B. Fox Task Team Leader/Task Manager: Douglas OlsoIn CHINA Tarim Basin II Project CONTENTS A.
    [Show full text]
  • Etherton at Kashgar: Rhetoric and Reality in the History of the “Great Game”
    Etherton at Kashgar: Rhetoric and Reality in the History of the “Great Game” Daniel C. Waugh Bactrian Press Seattle 2007 This study is part of a larger project on the British Consulate at Kashgar between 1918 and 1924. The author is Professor Emeritus of History, International Studies and Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA. He may be contacted at [email protected]. © Daniel C. Waugh 2007 All rights reserved. Bactrian Press: “We deliver!” Contents [Introduction]……………………………………………………………………………………….1 Etherton’s Career………………………………………………………………………………….3 The Challenges of Being British Consul in Kashgar…………………………….6 The Origins of the Kashgar Mission……………………………………………………..8 The Consulate’s Intelligence and Communications Networks…………..15 Confusion in the British Government’s Policies Toward the Bolsheviks………………………………………………………………………………….24 Etherton’s Intelligence Activity…………………………………………………………..30 How Serious Was the Bolshevik Threat? …………………………………………..40 The Denouement of Etherton’s Kashgar Career………………………………..50 Etherton’s Book as Political Discourse and Self-Serving Propaganda………………………………………………………………………………..55 Selected Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….68 Map..…………………………………………………………………………………………………….72 Frontispiece from P. T. Etherton, Across the Roof of the World (London: Constable, 1911). The Soviet regime’s intent to spread revolution in Asia in the years immediately following the Bolshevik Revolution is quite well known, as is the international response. However, there is much yet to be learned about events in Central Asia, where initially the new regime had but a toehold and local resistance was widespread and long-lasting. Soviet historiography understandably exaggerated British machinations to subvert the new regime there, a view that oddly enough mirrors the emphasis in Western sources which exaggerate the danger of Soviet expansion and the efforts of a few individuals to combat it.
    [Show full text]
  • Decentralized Electrification of Suyuek in Xinjiang
    Decentralized Electrification of Suyuek in Xinjiang EDF Solution for Decentralized Rural Electrification Asia Pacific Branch, EDF R&D, EDF Group CONTENTCONTENT • Brief introduction of EDF Activities • EDF’s solution for Decentralized Electrification • Introduction of Suyuek Decentralized Rural Electrification project BriefBrief IntroductionIntroduction ofof EDFEDF • Public Electrical Company, be responsible for power generation and distribution of electricity. • Public service mission • Power Installation 120GW (101.2GW in France) * Nuclear 62.3% * Hydro 20.1% * Thermal 17.6% EDF INTERNATIONAL INVESTISSEMENT Hydro & Gas Nuclear Other Renewable 7.3% 10.5% 6% 25.2% CCGT IGCC Coal 20% 1% 38.2% EDFEDF’’ss solutionsolution forfor decentralizeddecentralized electrificationelectrification • Situation in France * 10000 isolating sites far from the grid * Most of these isolated sites have been electrified by EDF through decentralized electrification EDFEDF’’ss solutionsolution forfor decentralizeddecentralized electrificationelectrification • Programme ACCESS * 4 existing Projects: - 2 projects in Mali in Africa - 1 project in Morocco - 1 project in South Africa * Supplied population 100,000 (still augment) * Under developing projects -Laos - Madagascar - Philippines SuyuekSuyuek decentralizeddecentralized ruralrural electrificationelectrification projectproject • Background of the project • Participants of the project • Project Description ENR conference in Bonn, june 2004, China’s declaration : “By 2010 the capacity of renewable energy will
    [Show full text]
  • Ellen Tanner's Persia
    Ellen Tanner’s Persia: A Museum Legacy Rediscovered Catrin Jones In December 1894 Miss Ellen Georgiana Tanner FRGS (1847–1937) set off from Victoria Station for Marseilles, took a merchant steamer through the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia, and up the River Tigris to Baghdad. Tanner was accompanying Emma Mockler, wife of the British Resident at Baghdad, who was returning to the city: ‘as we came in sight of Baghdad it looked like a fairy city with the palm-fringed river, orange gardens, the houses on the water side like Venice, and all her mosques and minarets gleaming in the yellow evening sunlight.’1 It was during this journey that Tanner decided to visit Persia after an acquaint- ance ‘spoke of its scenery, its ruins and its climate with an enthusiasm that fired my already stimulated imagination and fixed a floating fantasy not to stop short in Mesopotamia’ (i, 2). Tanner headed for the port of Bandar Bushehr at the foot of the caravan route to central Persia, and began a remarkably intrepid journey across the region on horseback, visiting the bazaars of Shiraz, Isfahan, and Kerman along the way. The journey marked her emergence as a collector: years later, she would donate her unusual col- lections of Persian art to several UK museums. Ellen Tanner was the elder daughter of a wealthy attorney-at-law, William Tanner. The family lived at Frenchay House, just outside Bristol. Tanner’s mother had died when she was a child and she spent much of her adult life caring for her father.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudanworkingpaper
    SUDANWORKINGPAPER Comparing borderland dynamics Processes of territorialisation in the Nuba Mountains in Sudan, southern Yunnan in China, and the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan Leif Ole Manger Department of Social Anthropology, (UiB) Universtity of Bergen SWP 2015: 3 The programme Assisting Regional Universities in Sudan and South Sudan (ARUSS) aims to build academic bridges between Sudan and South Sudan. The overall objective is to enhance the quality and relevance of teaching and research in regional universities. As part of the program, research is carried out on a number of topics which are deemed important for lasting peace and development within and between the two countries. Efforts are also made to influence policy debates and improve the basis for decision making in both countries as well as among international actors. ARUSS is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. About the author Leif Ole Manger is Professor in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Bergen. His research has emphasis on the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean, with long-term field research in the Sudan, and shorter fieldworks in Yemen, Hyderabad, India, Singapore and China. His research focuses on economic and ecological anthropology, development studies, planning, land tenure, trade, communal labour, Arabization and Islamization. Mixing a broad cultural historical understanding of a region with current events is also important in Manger’s latest work on borders and borderland populations. Regionally this work focuses the borderland situations between Sudan and the new nation state of South Sudan, between post-Soviet Tajikistan, China and Afghanistan, and between contemporary China, Myanmar and India.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire
    ANTHONY CROSS In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of The Russian Empire (1613-1917) OpenBook Publishers To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/268 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) Anthony Cross http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Anthony Cross The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Cross, Anthony, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917), Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042 Please see the list of illustrations for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations).
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Women of the Fergana Valley: a 19Th-Century Ethnography from Central Asia
    Book Reviews 127 Muslim Women of the Fergana Valley: A 19th-Century Ethnography from Central Asia. Vladimir Nalivkin and Maria Nalivkina. Indiana University Press. 2016. 242 pp. (ISBN-13: 9780253021496) This work offers readers a nineteenth-century ethnography focused on women in an Islamic society. Originally titled A Sketch of the Everyday Life of Women of the Sedentary Native Population of the Fergana Valley, it was first published in Russian in 1886 by the Russian couple Vladimir and Maria Nalivkin, who lived in a “Sart” (Uzbek) village in a territory new to the Russian Empire. Vladimir Nalivkin, a Russian military man, and his wife were among the first group of Russians who provided precious detailed re- ports on Central Asia for the Russian Empire. Unlike other Russian scholars, Vladi- mir and his wife were not specialists in Oriental studies; therefore, their work provides a new perspective on Central Asian Studies. The book includes one introduction and ten chapters. The introduction by the ed- itor, Marianne Kamp, provides a comprehensive introduction to the book. It provides brief biographies of Vladimir and Maria, focusing on their intellectual formation, the milieu within which they worked, and their scholarly production. Comparisons are drawn between their ethnographic work and those of several of their contemporaries in Russian Central Asia. The first chapter, “A Short Sketch of the Fergana Valley,” deals with a physical description of the Fergana Valley, from the plants, mountains, and valley to the streets, mosques, and shops. It describes how Islamic religious ideas shaped the attitudes and livelihoods of the people. The second chapter, entitled “Religion and Clergy,” starts with a translation of passages from the Qur’an, followed by a description of some beliefs and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Flagship Species of the Pamir Range, Pakistan: Exploring Status and Conservation Hotspots
    Flagship Species of the Pamir Mountain Range, Pakistan: Exploring Status and Conservation Hotspots Final Report (January 2012 – July 2013) ©SLF/UMB/WCS Submitted by: Jaffar Ud Din Country Program Manager, Snow Leopard Foundation, Pakistan Page 1 of 23 Table of Contents S# Contents Page# 1. Executive summary................................................................................................ 3-4 2. Objectives………………......................................................................................... 5 3. Methods………………………................................................................................. 5-8 4. Results…….............................................................................................................. 8-11 5. Discussion……………………................................................................................... 11-12 6. Other activities……………………………….............................................................. 12-13 7. References………………………………………….................................................... 13-15 8. Tables…………………………………....................................................................... 16-17 9. Figures…………………………………………………................................................ 17-20 10. Plates………………………………………………...................................................... 21-23 Page 2 of 23 1. Executive summary: This report outlines the findings of the project titled as “Flagship species of Pamir Mountain Range, Pakistan: Exploring Status and Conservation Hotspots” funded by Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download News from Tartary Kindle
    NEWS FROM TARTARY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Peter Fleming | 424 pages | 28 Oct 2014 | I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd | 9781780765037 | English | London, United Kingdom News from Tartary PDF Book Based on incisive research and written with verve and insight, this new paperback edition of Ian Fleming's Commandos brings to life a long- obscured chapter of World War II and reveals the inspiration behind Fleming's famous fiction. News from Tartary describes a phenomenally successful attempt that legendary adventurer Peter Fleming made to travel overland from Peking to Kashmir. Added to basket This item has been added to your basket. First name:. J Agric Food Chem ; 48 : — A wondrously imagined tale of two female botanists, separated by more than a century, in a race to discover a life-saving flower. Sign-in or Register Basket: 0 View Basket. Cytotoxicity of abnormal Savda Munziq aqueous extract in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. In autumn , 'Fleming once again set off for the Far East with a far-ranging commission from The Times. Identified molecules can then be further developed as medicinal products or pharmaceutical medicines e. Your Basket There is nothing in your basket. When Women Pray Hardcover T. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med ; : pii: Seller Inventory B Skip to main content. The return of t… More. First American Edition. Published by London : Jonathan Cape Written in English — pages. About this Item: Jonathan Cape, Cape in English. Shelve Wolf Country. Includes index. News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir is a travel book by Peter Fleming , describing his journey through time and the political situation of Turkestan historically known as Tartary.
    [Show full text]
  • Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform
    water Article Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform Jiahao Chen 1,2 , Tingting Kang 1,2, Shuai Yang 1,2, Jingyi Bu 1,2 , Kexin Cao 1,2 and Yanchun Gao 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (K.C.) 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6488-8991 Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020 Abstract: The Tarim River Basin (TRB), located in an arid region, is facing the challenge of increasing water pressure and uncertain impacts of climate change. Many water body identification methods have achieved good results in different application scenarios, but only a few for arid areas. An arid region water detection rule (ARWDR) was proposed by combining vegetation index and water index. Taking computing advantages of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, 56,284 Landsat 5/7/8 optical images in the TRB were used to detect open-surface water bodies and generated a 30-m annual water frequency map from 1992 to 2019. The interannual changes and trends of the water body area were analyzed and the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on open-surface water body area dynamics were examined.
    [Show full text]