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Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
Thank You Mr. Moderator. I Am Nuriddin Rizoyi, From
Thank you Mr. Moderator. I am Nuriddin Rizoyi, From Tajikistan, head of foreign affairs of Political movement “Group 24”. According to today’s topic I would like to focus on the “Rights of persons belonging to national minorities” - Although oppressions and injustices are happening over all societies in Tajikistan, but the national minority in the region of Badakhshan is in a very bad situation for a long time and still it’s going on. The “Kūhistoni Badakhshon” autonomous region located in the east of Tajikistan in the Pamir Mountains, it makes up 45% of the land area of the country. The population is almost 218,000. The main ethnic group are Pamiris. The largest city is Khorugh. They have their own language, it called Pamiris. The majority religion is Ismaili Shi'ite and adherence to the Aga Khan is widespread. Although Badakhshan is Semi-independent, but unfortunately its people have no any contribution in their destiny. For example: 1. Head of province elected by the President, not by the people. 2. Despite the existence of a local parliament, but without any authority. 3. It is one of the richest areas by its natural resources in the world, but unfortunately the people of this region are deprived of all those resources. 4. The majority of the new generation of Badakhshan is among the rest of the Tajik youth in Russia working as a labor. 5. The central government does not give serious attention and not care toward this region, the evidence of the mentioned is lack of factories and industries. 6. -
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Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Between Shanghai and Mecca: Diaspora and Diplomacy of Chinese Muslims in the Twentieth Century by Janice Hyeju Jeong Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Advisor ___________________________ Prasenjit Duara, Advisor ___________________________ Nicole Barnes ___________________________ Adam Mestyan ___________________________ Cemil Aydin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Janice Hyeju Jeong 2019 Abstract While China’s recent Belt and the Road Initiative and its expansion across Eurasia is garnering public and scholarly attention, this dissertation recasts the space of Eurasia as one connected through historic Islamic networks between Mecca and China. Specifically, I show that eruptions of -
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia
Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 by John Hultvall A translation by Birgitta Åhman into English of the original book, Mission och revolution i Centralasien, published by Gummessons, Stockholm, 1981, in the series STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA XXXV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword by Ambassador Gunnar Jarring Preface by the author I. Eastern Turkestan – An Isolated Country and Yet a Meeting Place 1. A Geographical Survey 2. Different Ethnic Groups 3. Scenes from Everyday Life 4. A Brief Historical Survey 5. Religious Concepts among the Chinese Rulers 6. The Religion of the Masses 7. Eastern Turkestan Church History II. Exploring the Mission Field 1892 -1900. From N. F. Höijer to the Boxer Uprising 1. An Un-known Mission Field 2. Pioneers 3. Diffident Missionary Endeavours 4. Sven Hedin – a Critic and a Friend 5. Real Adversities III. The Foundation 1901 – 1912. From the Boxer Uprising to the Birth of the Republic. 1. New Missionaries Keep Coming to the Field in a Constant Stream 2. Mission Medical Care is Organized 3. The Chinese Branch of the Mission Develops 4. The Bible Dispute 5. Starting Children’s Homes 6. The Republican Frenzy Reaches Kashgar 7. The Results of the Founding Years IV. Stabilization 1912 – 1923. From Sjöholm’s Inspection Tour to the First Persecution. 1. The Inspection of 1913 2. The Eastern Turkestan Conference 3. The Schools – an Attempt to Reach Young People 4. The Literary Work Transgressing all Frontiers 5. The Church is Taking Roots 6. The First World War – Seen from a Distance 7. -
Tea Horse Road April 8-14, 2014
lijiang Michael Freeman Acclaimed Photographer and Bestselling Author & present The Lijiang Tea Horse Road April 8-14, 2014 The 3rd Three Skills Photography Workshop The Spring Michael Freeman photo workshop at The Bivou, Lijiang, takes masterclasses to a new level with a programme that sets participants on the path to fully rounded photography. At the heart of the masterclass is the assignment. For the 7 days that they spend in the Lijiang area, participants will be working as a group on an editorial photo assignment called The Lijiang Tea Horse Road. Just as for a magazine, we’ll be illustrating with our cameras this section of the ancient trade route, bringing it to life by focusing on a few Limited Availability spectacular locations: Old Lijiang, Yulong Mountain and Register Now Online Baoshan Stone City. With Michael guiding the shoot and as picture editor, this group assignment will be published www.bivou.com/photoreg both on-line and as a 50-page book. The Three Essential Skills For rewarding, satisfying photography, indeed to be a complete photographer, you need to have, and balance, three different kinds of skill. They are: technical, visual and conceptual. Technical skills are to do with camera handling, knowing about exposure, depth of field, processing pictures on the computer, and so on. Almost all books and websites about photography focus on these, and they’re essential - but only the beginning of the story, Visual skills are more about seeing, and appreciating, framing images in the viewfinder, and of course composition. This, frankly, is when photography stops being nerdy and starts to become fascinating. -
CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II
CAPSTONE 20-1 SWA Field Study Trip Book Part II Subject Page Afghanistan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 2 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 3 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 24 Culture Gram .......................................................... 30 Kazakhstan ................................................................ CIA Summary ......................................................... 39 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 40 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 58 Culture Gram .......................................................... 62 Uzbekistan ................................................................. CIA Summary ......................................................... 67 CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 68 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 86 Culture Gram .......................................................... 89 Tajikistan .................................................................... CIA World Fact Book .............................................. 99 BBC Country Profile ............................................... 117 Culture Gram .......................................................... 121 AFGHANISTAN GOVERNMENT ECONOMY Chief of State Economic Overview President of the Islamic Republic of recovering -
Islam in China More Legitimate Than Their Death in 632 CE
Asian Intercultural Contacts he presence of Muslims in as they did not proselytize, the China challenges the con- government did not interfere Tventional wisdom about with the practice of their reli- both the country’s isolationism gion. Nor did it impose itself on and homogeneity in traditional their communities, which had times. In fact, pre-modern their own judges who adminis- China dealt with a great variety tered Islamic law. They formed of foreign states, tribes, empires, virtually self-governing entities. and confederations, and numer- Other than one disastrous ous foreign religions reached episode, relations between and influenced the so-called China, the Islamic communities, Middle Kingdom. Globalization, and the world were amicable. A to use modern terminology, af- conflict erupted between Tang fected China long before the and Arab armies near the Talas twenty-first century. Other than River in Central Asia. In 751, Buddhism, Islam was China’s Arab forces defeated the Chi- most important foreign religious nese, but had to return to West import. Indeed Muslims, both Asia because of the temporary Chinese and non-Chinese, cur- turbulence accompanying the rently are found throughout the Abbasid overthrow of the country. A survey of the history Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). of the Islamic communities in The Abbasids, one of the most China is essential for an under- glorious West Asian dynasties standing of the present status of (750–1258), claimed descent Muslims in the country. Islam from one of Muhammad’s un- reached China within a few cles, portrayed themselves as decades after Muhammad’s Islam In ChIna more legitimate than their death in 632 CE. -
Decentralized Electrification of Suyuek in Xinjiang
Decentralized Electrification of Suyuek in Xinjiang EDF Solution for Decentralized Rural Electrification Asia Pacific Branch, EDF R&D, EDF Group CONTENTCONTENT • Brief introduction of EDF Activities • EDF’s solution for Decentralized Electrification • Introduction of Suyuek Decentralized Rural Electrification project BriefBrief IntroductionIntroduction ofof EDFEDF • Public Electrical Company, be responsible for power generation and distribution of electricity. • Public service mission • Power Installation 120GW (101.2GW in France) * Nuclear 62.3% * Hydro 20.1% * Thermal 17.6% EDF INTERNATIONAL INVESTISSEMENT Hydro & Gas Nuclear Other Renewable 7.3% 10.5% 6% 25.2% CCGT IGCC Coal 20% 1% 38.2% EDFEDF’’ss solutionsolution forfor decentralizeddecentralized electrificationelectrification • Situation in France * 10000 isolating sites far from the grid * Most of these isolated sites have been electrified by EDF through decentralized electrification EDFEDF’’ss solutionsolution forfor decentralizeddecentralized electrificationelectrification • Programme ACCESS * 4 existing Projects: - 2 projects in Mali in Africa - 1 project in Morocco - 1 project in South Africa * Supplied population 100,000 (still augment) * Under developing projects -Laos - Madagascar - Philippines SuyuekSuyuek decentralizeddecentralized ruralrural electrificationelectrification projectproject • Background of the project • Participants of the project • Project Description ENR conference in Bonn, june 2004, China’s declaration : “By 2010 the capacity of renewable energy will -
Mapping the Tea Horse Road 2016-03-07 Xiaohong Wang 王小红
Mapping the Tea Horse Road 2016-03-07 Xiaohong Wang 王小红 Associate Professor, Institute of Collection and Research of Ancient Books, Sichuan University http://www.iq.harvard.edu/people/wang-xiaohong The ancient Tea Horse Road (chamagudao 茶马古道) was one of the world’s highest and most precipitous ancient roads, and was a trade route mainly through Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, stretched across Bhutan and Sikkim, Nepal and India, and then reached Western Asia and even the Red Sea coast in Western Africa. In ancient times, people in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces exchanged tea for horses or medicines with people in Tibet. The tea, the medicine and the other materials were transported by caravans (mabang 马帮), and thus the pathway was called the Tea Horse Road, which was first named by Mu Jihong in 1990 when he and other five people first explored it. The ancient Tea Horse Road was an enormous network of trails which grew up between Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet in the long historical period. Generally speaking, it was divided into two major roads: Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road and Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road. The Sichuan-Tibet Tea Horse Road appeared in the Tang Dynasty, starting from Ya'an (雅安) to Lhasa (拉薩) via Luding (瀘定), Kangding (康定), Litang (理塘), Markam (芒康) and Chamdo (昌都), extending to the outside countries of Nepal, Burma and India. The Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road was formed roughly in the late part of the 6th century, it began from Pu'er (普洱) to Lhasa, crossing Dali (大 理), Lijiang (麗江), and Shangri-La (香格里拉), continuing to Nepal, Burma and India. -
The Tea Horse Road Guide Part 2
THE TEA HORSE ROAD GUIDE PART 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN WRITTEN BY MICHAEL FREEMAN COURTESY OF LUX* 2 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN INTRODUCTION 3 INTRODUCTION Between the 7th century and the middle of the 20th, one of the longest trade route, because in return for tea, which Tibetans came quickly to trade routes in the Ancient World, more than 3,000 kilometres, carried crave, the Tang dynasty wanted horses for the Imperial Army. The route tea from its homeland in the deep south of Yunnan to Tibet. It was added came under strict control, as the trading of tea for war horses became to by a route from a second source, the tea mountains of Sichuan, and the an arm of Tang foreign policy in its dealing with a neighbour that had combined network of stone roads and mountain trails became known as risen from a loose collection of tribal societies to a military power on the the Tea Horse Road, Cha Ma Dao. This was much more than a simple empire’s northwestern border. The Tea Horse Road, marked in red, began in the tea mountains of Caravan on Xishuangbanna and worked its way north through Yunnan to the Tibetan a cliff-cut trail Plateau, later joined by a second route from Sichuan Lead horse in a tea caravan 4 LIJIANG TO MEILI SNOW MOUNTAIN THE TEA HORSE ROAD the tea west to join the Yunnan route As the trade developed, it became a and continue to Lhasa. saga of epic proportions, combining These are the broad strokes, but a true odyssey of a journey, long and the Tea Horse Road was a network, difficult, with exchanges between in some stretches coalescing into one, very different cultures. -
Introduction
Notes Introduction 1. Hobsbawm 1990, 66. 2. Diamond 1998, 322–33. 3. Fairbank 1992, 44–45. 4. Fei Xiaotong 1989, 1–2. 5. Diamond 1998, 323, original emphasis. 6. Crossley 1999; Di Cosmo 1998; Purdue 2005a; Lavely and Wong 1998, 717. 7. Richards 2003, 112–47; Lattimore 1937; Pan Chia-lin and Taeuber 1952. 8. My usage of the term “geo-body” follows Thongchai 1994. 9. B. Anderson 1991, 86. 10. Purdue 2001, 304. 11. Dreyer 2006, 279–80; Fei Xiaotong 1981, 23–25. 12. Jiang Ping 1994, 16. 13. Morris-Suzuki 1998, 4; Duara 2003; Handler 1988, 6–9. 14. Duara 1995; Duara 2003. 15. Turner 1962, 3. 16. Adelman and Aron 1999, 816. 17. M. Anderson 1996, 4, Anderson’s italics. 18. Fitzgerald 1996a: 136. 19. Ibid., 107. 20. Tsu Jing 2005. 21. R. Wong 2006, 95. 22. Chatterjee (1986) was the first to theorize colonial nationalism as a “derivative discourse” of Western Orientalism. 23. Gladney 1994, 92–95; Harrell 1995a; Schein 2000. 24. Fei Xiaotong 1989, 1. 25. Cohen 1991, 114–25; Schwarcz 1986; Tu Wei-ming 1994. 26. Harrison 2000, 240–43, 83–85; Harrison 2001. 27. Harrison 2000, 83–85; Cohen 1991, 126. 186 • Notes 28. Duara 2003, 9–40. 29. See, for example, Lattimore 1940 and 1962; Forbes 1986; Goldstein 1989; Benson 1990; Lipman 1998; Millward 1998; Purdue 2005a; Mitter 2000; Atwood 2002; Tighe 2005; Reardon-Anderson 2005; Giersch 2006; Crossley, Siu, and Sutton 2006; Gladney 1991, 1994, and 1996; Harrell 1995a and 2001; Brown 1996 and 2004; Cheung Siu-woo 1995 and 2003; Schein 2000; Kulp 2000; Bulag 2002 and 2006; Rossabi 2004. -
Alleged Uyghur Terrorism Information for the Press
Alleged Uyghur Terrorism Information for the Press Uyghur American Association 1 Table of Contents 1. Uyghur American Association on Terrorism ...........................................................................3 1.1 Uyghur American Association Position........................................................................3 1.2 Quotes by Ms. Rebiya Kadeer on Terrorism.................................................................3 2. Uyghur American Association on the East Turkestan Islamic Movement ................................4 2.1 Designation by the U.S. government ...........................................................................4 2.2 Independent observers on ETIM .....................................................................................4 2.3 Unaddressed concerns .................................................................................................7 2.4 Chinese government justifications for repression............................................................8 2.5 Conclusion of Uyghur American Association on the existence of ETIM.......................8 3. Uyghur American Association on the Guantánamo Uyghurs ...................................................9 4. Timeline of Events Since 2007..............................................................................................11 5. Background on the Uyghur People and East Turkestan..........................................................14 6. Uyghur American Association...............................................................................................15