Antologia Della Letteratura Ittita
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The Akkadian Empire
RESTRICTED https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-akkadian-empire/ The Akkadian Empire LEARNING OBJECTIVE • Describe the key political characteristics of the Akkadian Empire KEY POINTS • The Akkadian Empire was an ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia, which united all the indigenous Akkadian speaking Semites and the Sumerian speakers under one rule within a multilingual empire. • King Sargon, the founder of the empire, conquered several regions in Mesopotamia and consolidated his power by instating Akaddian officials in new territories. He extended trade across Mesopotamia and strengthened the economy through rain-fed agriculture in northern Mesopotamia. • The Akkadian Empire experienced a period of successful conquest under Naram-Sin due to benign climatic conditions, huge agricultural surpluses, and the confiscation of wealth. • The empire collapsed after the invasion of the Gutians. Changing climatic conditions also contributed to internal rivalries and fragmentation, and the empire eventually split into the Assyrian Empire in the north and the Babylonian empire in the south. TERMS Gutians A group of barbarians from the Zagros Mountains who invaded the Akkadian Empire and contributed to its collapse. Sargon The first king of the Akkadians. He conquered many of the surrounding regions to establish the massive multilingual empire. Akkadian Empire An ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform One of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, and made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. Semites RESTRICTED Today, the word “Semite” may be used to refer to any member of any of a number of peoples of ancient Southwest Asian descent, including the Akkadians, Phoenicians, Hebrews (Jews), Arabs, and their descendants. -
Iscrizioni Reali Dal Vicino Oriente Antico
Università di Pisa Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia ISCRIZIONI REALI DAL VICINO ORIENTE ANTICO Materiali per il corso di Storia del Vicino Oriente antico Traduzione di Giuseppe Del Monte Pisa – 2004 Indice 1 L’EPOCA PROTODINASTICA Mesalim di Kish 1 3 Mesannepada di Ur 1 3 Enshakushanna di Uruk 1 3 Urnanshe di Lagash 51 3 Eannatum di Lagash 2 4 Enannatum I di Lagash 1 4 Entemena di Lagash 28-29 5 Urukagina di Lagash 4-5 6 Urukagina di Lagash 16 8 Lugalzagesi di Uruk 1 9 LA DINASTIA DI AKKAD Sargon b 1 11 Sargon b 2 11 Rimush b 2 12 Rimush b 7-8 12 Rimush b 9/10 12 Rimush b 12 13 Man-ishtushu a 1 13 Man-ishtushu b 3 13 Naram-Sîn b 1 13 Naram-Sîn b 5 14 Naram-Sîn Statua A da Susa 15 Naram-Sîn Base di statua da Basetki 15 Shar-kali-sharri BM 38302 15 La nascita di Sargon (VIII sec.) 16 La “Lettera di Sargon” (Ur, XVIII sec.) 16 Sargon Re della battaglia (versione da Boghazköy, XVI sec.) 16 La rivolta generale contro Naram-Sîn (versione “Ginevra”) 17 La rivolta generale contro Naram-Sîn (versione da Boghazköy) 18 PERIODO GUTEO Erridu-pizir 1 19 Erridu-pizir 2 19 Gudea Statua B V 21-VII 20 20 Utu-hegal 4 21 Utu-hegal Coni di argilla da Lagash 22 Stele di Ur-Nammu governatore di Ur 22 III DINASTIA DI UR Ur-Nammu 23 Cono di argilla 22 Ur-Nammu 26 Cono di argilla 22 Shulgi 9 Tavola di pietra da Nippur 22 Shulgi 3 Mattone da Eshnunna 22 Shulgi 63 Mattone da Susa 23 Amar-Suen 3 Mattoni da Ur 23 Shu-Sîn 9 Cardini di porta da Umma e altrove 23 2 Indice Ibbi-Sîn 1/2 Coni di argilla da Ur 23 Ibbi-Sîn 9 (Tavoletta paleo-babilonese) 23 Ibbi-Sîn 11 (Tavoletta -
For the Hittite “Royal Guard” During the Old Kingdom: Observations on Elite Military Units and Their Possible Warfare Applications
Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies - Volume 7, Issue 3, July 2021 – Pages 171-186 The “Protocols” for the Hittite “Royal Guard” during the Old Kingdom: Observations on Elite Military Units and their Possible Warfare Applications By Eduardo Ferreira* In this article, we intend to analyse the importance and modus operandi of a military unit (generally known as “Royal Guard”) whose function was, among other things, the protection of the Hattuša-based Hittite kings. For this essay, we will be mainly using two Hittite textual sources known as “instructions” or “protocols”. We aim to find a connection between these guards and their function regarding the protection of the royal palace as well as their military enlistment in that elite unit. The period to be covered in this analysis comes directly from the choice of sources: the Hittite Old Kingdom, confined between the chronological beacons of the 17th, 16th and 15th centuries BC. With this analysis, we intend to provide some relevant data that may contribute to a better understanding of these elite military units, particularly in regards to their probable warfare functions. Were they used in battle? How were they armed? What was their tactical importance in combat? How was the recruitment done? How were the units formed? These will be some questions that we will try to answer throughout this article. Keywords: guard, palace, command, warfare, infantry Introduction The Hittites were an Indo-European people that arrived in Anatolia through the Caucasus from Eurasia between 2000 and 1900 BC (Haywood 2005, Bryce 2005). On their Indo-European journey to the west, they also brought horses (Raulwing 2000, Renfrew 1990, Joseph and Fritz 2017/2018). -
The Limits of Middle Babylonian Archives1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenstarTs The Limits of Middle Babylonian Archives1 susanne paulus Middle Babylonian Archives Archives and archival records are one of the most important sources for the un- derstanding of the Babylonian culture.2 The definition of “archive” used for this article is the one proposed by Pedersén: «The term “archive” here, as in some other studies, refers to a collection of texts, each text documenting a message or a statement, for example, letters, legal, economic, and administrative documents. In an archive there is usually just one copy of each text, although occasionally a few copies may exist.»3 The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the archives of the Middle Babylonian Period (ca. 1500-1000 BC),4 which are often 1 All kudurrus are quoted according to Paulus 2012a. For a quick reference on the texts see the list of kudurrus in table 1. 2 For an introduction into Babylonian archives see Veenhof 1986b; for an overview of differ- ent archives of different periods see Veenhof 1986a and Brosius 2003a. 3 Pedersén 1998; problems connected to this definition are shown by Brosius 2003b, 4-13. 4 This includes the time of the Kassite dynasty (ca. 1499-1150) and the following Isin-II-pe- riod (ca. 1157-1026). All following dates are BC, the chronology follows – willingly ignoring all linked problems – Gasche et. al. 1998. the limits of middle babylonian archives 87 left out in general studies,5 highlighting changes in respect to the preceding Old Babylonian period and problems linked with the material. -
Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires -
IMPACT of a MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: a STUDY on the HITTITES by Amber N. Hawley Submitted to the Faculty of the Archaeological Stud
IMPACT OF A MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE HITTITES By Amber N. Hawley Submitted to the Faculty of The Archaeological Studies Program Department of Sociology and Archaeology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science University of Wisconsin – La Crosse 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Amber N. Hawley All rights reserved ii THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE HITTITES Amber N. Hawley, B.S. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2012 The purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between the military, the economy, and the societal collapse of the Hittites, a militaristic society. The Hittite empire suffered from many problems near the end of its existence, but this research supports the idea that the military‟s demand for subsistence goods was too great for the economy to provide. By analyzing historical documentation, many aspects of the Hittite culture can be examined, such as trade networks as well as military campaign reports. The study also looks at the archaeological excavations of Hattusa, the Hittite capital, and Kaman-Kalehöyük, a supply city that would restock the campaigning military. By examining these cities and historical documentation, better understanding of the economy and military will be attained for militaristic societies; and in the case of the Hittites, their relationship to the societal collapse is determined to be strong. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisors, Dr. David Anderson and Dr. Mark Chavalas for providing me with feedback throughout my research. I would also like to thank my reading group, which consisted of Mitchell Johnson and Maximilian Pschorr for giving me great advice. -
HİTİT KRAL AİLE Si ÜYELERİNİN SİYASAL ETKİNLİGİ ÜZERİNE Yard.Doç
HİTİT KRAL AİLE sİ ÜYELERİNİN SİYASAL ETKİNLİGİ ÜZERİNE Yard.Doç. Dr. Turgut YİöİT* . Günümüze dek ulaşan çivi yazılı belgelerde Hititler'in siyasal ve kültürel yaşamına ilişkin pek çok ayrıntılı bilgiyi bulma şansına sahibiz. Siyasal aktiviteler açısından baktığımızda, bu belgelerin kralları konu aldiğını, bunun yanında ve bununla bağlantılı olarak da kral ailesi üyelerinin ya da diğer üst düzey görevlilerin siyasal hareket ve ilişkilerinin de konu edildiğini görüyoruz. Bu hareket ve ilişkiler, kralın yanında devlet yönetiminde görevalma, kral tarafından yönetici olarak bir şehir ya da bağlı devletin başına getirilme, krala karşı isyan ederek yönetimi ele geçirme ya da buna teşebbüs,diplomatik ilişkilere dolaylı katkı gibi çok farklı yönleriyle ele alınabilir. Yayınlanmış tarihsel içerikli belgelerdeki kral ailesi üyelerine ilişkin kayıtları bu bakış açısından bir araya getirerek, Hititler'de kral ailesi üyelerinin siyasal etkinliğinin ne ölçüde olduğunu ortaya koymayı amaçlıyoruz. Ancak hemen şunu belirtmek gerekir ki, kral ailesinin çok etkin bir üyesi Tawananna ve bununla birlikte kraliçe başlıbaşına çalışmalara konu olduklarından i burada ele alınmayacaktır. Kral ailesi üyeleri arasında prensierin önemli' idari görevlerde bulunduklarını belgeler vasıtasıyla biliyoruz. Ancak prensler arasında "veliaht" olar~k atananların şüphesiz gelecekte elde edecekleri mevki, yani krallık, dolayısıyla daha önemli roller üstlendikleri ve daha etkili oldukları kabul edilmelidir. ' c Bir veliahtın belirtildiği ilk belgeler Anitta'ya ilişkin olanlardır. Daha Kültepe çağı'na ait olmak üzere Kültepe'de ele geçen bir belgede "Kral Pithana 2 ve merdiven büyüğü Anitta" ifadesi vardır • Yine aynı çağa ait olmak üzere Alişar'da ele geçen bir belgede bu defa "Büyük Kral Anitta, merdiven büyüğü 3 4 Peruwa" ifadesi yer alır • "Merdiven büyüğü" "veliaht" anlamındadır . Burada adı veliaht olarak geçenlerden Anitta'nın daha sonra krallık yaptığını biliyoruz. -
HAAS, Volkert — Geschichte Der Hethitischen Religion. Sight of Îedammu.3) Since This Same Theme of Someone's (Handbuch Der Orientalistik: Abt
411 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LIV N° 3/4, Mei-Augustus 1997 412 HETTITOLOGIE allusion to a period of famine. I wonder whether the behav- iour of Istar might be explained as the goddess's terror at the HAAS, Volkert — Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. sight of Îedammu.3) Since this same theme of someone's (Handbuch der Orientalistik: Abt. 1, Der Nahe und refusal of food and drink that is offered recurs in another Mittlere Osten, 15). (Handbook of Oriental Studies: passage of the Kumarbi cycle in a context which in my view The Near and Middle East, 15). E.J. Brill Publishers is similar to the previous one, this theme might be inter- N.V., Leiden, 1994. (25 cm, XXII, 1032, (2) + 50 Taf. preted as a literary topos. In a passage from the Song of + 1 Karte). ISBN 90-04-09799-6. ISSN 0169-9423. Ullikummi,4) in fact, it is narrated that the Sun, after having In this book of over a thousand pages, enriched with seen Ullikummi from the sky, seized by anger, rushes to detailed illustrative material, V. Haas examines the gods, the Tessob to inform him of the existence of this monstrous myths and the cults of the Hittites, gathering together and creature; the Sun-god, arriving before Tessob, refuses to sit carefully analyzing textual sources and archaeological down, to eat and to drink — most probably because he is sources not only from Anatolia, but more generally from all still upset by the sight of Ullikummi — and accepts the hos- over the ancient Near East. pitality offered to him only after much insistence on the part The geographical and chronological coordinates within of the Weather-god. -
International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science, 3 (1) 2019, 31-43
International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science, 3 (1) 2019, 31-43 e-ISSN: 2602-4381 Received: 22.10.2018 Accepted: 26.12.2018 Published (online): 26.12.2018 REVIEW PAPER SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RITUALS Murat TURGUT1* 1Selcuk University, Faculty of Letters, History / Ancient History Department. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ; [email protected] Abstract Hittites is a society, Indo Europan origin and lived in Anatolia since BC second millenium. Hittites had polytheistic religion. They set rituals for a deities in their religious life. They used numereous objects in their rituals. Like as many societies of ancient times, Hittites used various animals in rituals. Votive / offering was most commonly using style of Animals in the Hittites rituals. Sheeps, Bull, Goat – Goatling / kid, Dog – Puppy, Pig – Piglet and Bird species were most commonly animals used in the Hittite rituals as an offering. In this paper, we will examine which animals were used and it’s using aims in the ritual of Hittites in the light of cuneiform texts and archaeological relief and remains. Key words: Animal using, Hitite rituals, Ancient animals, Animal votive. INTRODUCTION Hittites, Indo-European origin, lived in Anatolia since BC second millenium. It is unknown that whether Hittites came to Anatolia from the outside or not. Also if they came to Anatolia from the outside, we didn’t know that which road (sea or land) were used by the Hittites. According to first data about Hittites, they were first seen in the Kuššara region. Pitḫana, is known King of Kuššara, conquered Neša, modern Kayseri Kültepe. -
Sargon of Akkade and His God
Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung. Volume 69 (1), 63–82 (2016) DOI: 10.1556/062.2016.69.1.4 SARGON OF AKKADE AND HIS GOD COMMENTS ON THE WORSHIP OF THE GOD OF THE FATHER AMONG THE ANCIENT SEMITES STEFAN NOWICKI Institute of Classical, Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, University of Wrocław ul. Szewska 49, 50-139 Wrocław, Poland e-mail: [email protected] The expression “god of the father(s)” is mentioned in textual sources from the whole area of the Fertile Crescent, between the third and first millennium B.C. The god of the fathers – aside from assumptions of the tutelary deity as a god of ancestors or a god who is a deified ancestor – was situated in the centre and the very core of religious life among all peoples that lived in the ancient Near East. This paper is focused on the importance of the cult of Ilaba in the royal families of the ancient Near East. It also investigates the possible source and route of spreading of the cult of Ilaba, which could have been created in southern Mesopotamia, then brought to other areas. Hypotheti- cally, it might have come to the Near East from the upper Euphrates. Key words: religion, Ilaba, royal inscriptions, Sargon of Akkade, god of the father, tutelary deity, personal god. The main aim of this study is to trace and describe the worship of a “god of the fa- ther”, known in Akkadian sources under the name of Ilaba, and his place in the reli- gious life of the ancient peoples belonging to the Semitic cultural circle. -
Subalternität Im Übergeordneten Raum: Hinter Den Kulissen Der „Hethiter“
Forum Kritische Archäologie 10 (2021) Subalternität im übergeordneten Raum Subalternität im übergeordneten Raum: Hinter den Kulissen der „Hethiter“ Néhémie Strupler Zitiervorschlag Néhémie Strupler. 2021. Subalternität im übergeordneten Raum: Hinter den Kulissen der „Hethiter“. Forum Kritische Archäologie 10:6– 22. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-30125 ISSN 2194-346X URL https://www.kritischearchaeologie.de Dieser Beitrag steht unter der Creative Commons Lizenz CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Namensnennung – Nicht kommer- ziell – Keine Bearbeitung) International. Sie erlaubt den Download und die Weiterverteilung des Werkes / Inhaltes unter Nennung des Namens des Autors, jedoch keinerlei Bearbeitung oder kommerzielle Nutzung. Weitere Informationen zu der Lizenz finden Sie unter: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de. Forum Kritische Archäologie 10 (2021) Subalternität im übergeordneten Raum Subalternität im übergeordneten Raum: Hinter den Kulissen der „Hethiter“ Néhémie Strupler Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes Nuru Ziya Sokak No:10, Beyoğlu Merkez, 34433 Istanbul, [email protected] Abstract From the perspective of central power, a capital city is the most important city in a state. In ancient studies, whether a city is considered as a “capital” or not, influences its investigation, the research questions and thus the interest in subaltern spaces. This contribution focuses on the capital of the Hittite Empire, and I examine how modern research on ancient capital created marginal spaces and how scientific traditions did consolidate them. I analyse archival sources from the “capital of the Hittites”, which whether consciously or unconsciously silence other act- ing persons and I propose with examples using quantitative analyses on older excavation documentation how to identify them, their spaces and their histories. -
Melchertrome.Pdf
INDICE VOLUME I PREFAZIONE ............................................................................................. Pag. VII RUKİYE AKDOĞAN: Gurparanzah Destanına Birleşen Yeni Bir Tablet Parçası » 1-20 SILVIA ALAURA: Un esempio di comunicazione non verbale nei testi ittiti: il cenno con gli occhi ......................................................................................... » 21-29 METİN ALPARSLAN: Die Gattinnen Muršili II.: Eine Betrachtung des heutigen Forschungsstandes und seiner Interpretationsmöglichkeiten ........ » 31-37 YASEMİN ARIKAN: The Mala River and its importance according to Hittite documents ....................................................................................................... » 39-48 DALIAH BAWANYPECK: Die Königinnen auf den Siegeln ................................ » 49-58 JACQUELINE BOLEY: Il ruolo dell'ittita antico nella ricerca della Logica antica .............................................................................................................. » 59-66 ORA BRISON: Aggressive goddesses, abusive men: gender role change in Near Eastern mythology ............................................................................. » 67-74 DENNIS CAMPBELL: The Old Hurrian verb ...................................................... » 75-92 BIRGIT CHRISTIANSEN: Ein Entsühnungsritual für Tutðaliya und Nikalmati? Betrachtungen zur Entstehungsgeschichte von KBo 15.10+ .......................... » 93-107 CARLO CORTI: The so-called “Theogony” or “Kingship in Heaven”. The name of the Song