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Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia

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Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie Piotr Taracha Herausgegeben von Religions Johann Tischler of Second Millennium Anatolia Band 27 2Q09 2009 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden I The illustration on the cover page 4 shows a drawing of the Hieroglyphic Luwian seal ZN 1769 stored in the Skulpturensammlung of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden. CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations ix Introduction . 1 1. Prehistoric Anatolia . 7 1.1. Neolithic 8 1.2. Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age 18 2. The Old Assyrian Colony Period 25 2.1. Kanesite gods in the light of the Cappadocian tablets 27 2.2. Iconography of Cappadocian deities 31 3. Hittite Anatolia 33 3.1. The Old Hittite Period 36 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbihliothek 3.1.1. Pantheon of the state and the capital city 38 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek serceichnet diese Puhlikation iu der Deutschen 3.1.2. Local beliefs 50 Natioualhihliograhe; detaillierte hihliografische Daten siud ito Internet uher http://duh.d-nb.cle ahrufhar. 3.1.3. Cult 59 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationaihibliothek 3.1.4. Magic and the nascency of myths 74 The Deutsche Natiooalhihliothek lists this puhlicatiou in the Deutsche 3.2. The Empire Period 80 Nationalbihliograhe; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnh.d-ttb.de. 3.2.1. State pantheon 84 3.2.2. Dynastic pantheon 92 3.2.3. Local pantheons in central and northern Anatolia 95 For further information about our publishing program consult our wcbsite http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de 3.2.4. Luwian beliefs 107 © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wicsbaden 2009 3.2.5. Beliefs of the Hurrians of Anatolia 118 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Cult 128 Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission 3.2.6. of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies 3.2.7. Prayer 141 particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage 3.2.8. Omen and divination 144 and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. 3.2.9. Magic and mythology 149 Typesetting: Piotr Taracha 3.2.10. Eschatology, burial customs and the ancestor cult 158 Printing and binding: Hubert & Co., Göttingcn Printed in Germany Bibliography 169 ISSN 1619-0874 Indexes 215 ISBN 978-3-447-05885-8 I PREFACE My studies on Hittite religion have brought me to the conclusion that discrepan cies existing between earlier views concern not only the identity of particular de ities and the nature of their cult, but also the rather more fundamental question of why Hittite religion changed so radically under the Empire. Several issues remain to be analyzed for a better understanding of the religions of Hittite Anatolia and their development, but even so. recent progress in the field merits a review of the extended source base, which includes relevant, newly published texts and fresh studies on specific issues. I have put it to myself to evaluate the new propositions and to offer a synthesis of my own views on the subject. The present book is the effect of that work. I am fully aware that definite answers to many questions are still lack ing. Neither can I presume to gain full approval of most Hittitologists for all the views presented here. In particular, the opinion that a new dynasty originating from a strongly Hurrianized Kizzuwatnean milieu seized power in Uattuia at the outset of the Empire period still finds many opponents. In my view, however, it was this fact that determined the new cultural image of Hittite Anatolia and with it the change that occurred in the official pantheon and cult of the Hittite state. I am indebted in various ways to many persons and institutions, whose kindness and generous assistance have permitted this book to germinate. The Rector and the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the University of Warsaw, my academic base, have provided generous assistance for the publication of this book. Prof. Doris Prechel twice (2004 and 2008) graciously invited me to work as a visiting professor at the Institut für Agyptologie und Altorientalistik of the Universitdt Mainz. Prof. Gernot Wilhelm kindly and generously allowed me the use of the files of the Boazkoy Archiv in Mainz. On these occasions, I benefited from the kind assistance of Dr. Silvin Koèak and Prof. Jared Miller. A special word of thanks goes to my Teacher, Prof. Maciej Popko, who kindly read through an earlier draft of the manuscript. I have profited much from his valuable suggestions and insights relating to the schol arlv substance of the book. Dr. Guido Kryszat has also given me very welcome help viii PREFACE by reading and Commenting on parts of the manuscript. Needless to say. I alone am responsible for the views expressed here. Prof. Johann Tischler kindly agreed to publish the book in the Dresdner Bei trhge zur Hethitologie series. I am indebted to Ms. Iwona Zych for translating the Polish text, to my colleague, Prof. ABBREVIATIONS Krzysztof Nowicki. for looking through the manu script and for his useful editorial suggestions and corrections, and to Ms. Alma Nowak for preparing the camera-ready version. la/b, etc. Inventory numbers of Bogazköv tablets excavated 193 1—1967 AS Archaologischer Anzeiger. Jahrbueh des Deutschen Archaologischen Institute. Berlin Last of all, this book would not have been written without the constant support ABoT Ankara Arkeoloji Mdzesinde buluoan Bogazkoy Tab letleri, Istanbul 1948 01 m wile Jolanta. It is dedicated to her. AcAn Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Budapest . V Aria Iramca Acta Iranico. Encyclopedic pernianente des etudes‘ iranzennesV puhliee par Ic Centre Piotr Taracha internotionole dktude,c indo-ironiennes. Troisièmc série: Hommages et opera Ininora. Louvarn-la.Neuve September 2008 Acts ITCH Lluslororasi 1. Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri (19-21 Temmuz 1990). .Ankara E1992J Acts — II ICH 0. Carruba M. Giorgeri — C. Mora (eds), Atti del II Congresso Internaztonale di Hit titologia: Pavia, 28 giugno — 2 luglio 1993. Studia Mediterranea 9, Pavia 1995 Acts III ICH S. Alp — A. SueT (eds). Iii. Uluslararasi Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri: coruin 16- 22 EvIdl 1996 = Acts of the illrd international Congress of Hittitologv: (‘oruln, September 16-22, 1996. Ankara 1998 Acts IV ICH Ii. Wilhelm led.). Akten des Il’. Interoationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie: Whrzburg, 4.-h. Oktobcr 199.9. SiBoT 45, Wiesbaden 2001 Acts V ICH A. Süd (ed). V. Uluslararasi Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri: coruin 02-08 EylOl 2002 =Acts of the Vth international Congress of Hittitology: carom, September 02-08, 2002. Ankara 2005 Acts VI ICH A ..Archi — H. Francia (eels). VI Congrcsso Iiitcrnoztona?e di ittitologio: Room, 5-9 settembre 2005, vol. I = SMEA 49. 2007: vol. II = SMEA 50. 2008 AfO Archiv für Orientforschung. Internazionale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft yam Vorderen Orient, Berlin — Graz — Wien AION Annali dellIstituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli AION-L Annali deflistituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli — Sezione Linguistica AJA American ‘Journal of Archaeology. Princeton — Boston ALASPM Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Svrien-Paleistinas und Mesopotamiens American Antiquity American Antiquity. -Journal of the Society for American Archaeology. Washington. D.C. Anadolu (Anatolia) Anadolu/Anatolia. Revue annuelle de l’Institut d’Archeologie de I’Université d’Ankara. Ankara Anatolian Archaeology Anatolian Archaeology. Annual magasine of the BIAA. London Anatolica Anatolica. Annuaire international pour 1es civilisations de l’Asie Antérieure. Istanbul — Leiden AnSt Anatolian Studies. •Journal of the BIAA, London Antike Welt Antike Welt. Zeitschrift für Archdologie und Kulturgeschichte, Mains Antiquity Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of Archaeology. London — Tonbndge AOAT Alter Orient nod Altec Testament AoF Altorientalische Forschungen. Berlin AOS American Oriental Series I r x ABBREVIATIONS ABBREvIATIoNs Xi APA Acta Prehistorica et Archaeologica, Berlin Fe Biggs M.T. Roth, W. Farber, M.W. Stolper, P. von Bechtolsheim (eds), Studies Presented to ArAn Archivum Anatolicum, Ankara Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2004. AS 27, Chicago 2007 Archaeologia Polona Fs Bittel2 R.M. Boehmer — H. Hauptmann (eds), Beitrdge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens: Feet. Archaeologia Polona. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of schrift für Kurt Bittel, Mainz am Rhein 1983 Sciences, Warsaw Fe Bossert Anadolu Arattirmalari: Helmut Theodor Bossert’in Hat irasina Armagon (= JKF 4!), Archeologia Archeologia. Roczmk Instytutu Archelogii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, War Istanbul 1965 szawa Fs cambel G. Arsebük — M.J. Mellink — W. Schirmer (eds), Light on Top of the Black Hill: Studies ArOr Archly Orientálni, Praha Presented to Halet Cambel, Istanbul 1998 AS Assyriological Studies Fe Carruba A. Archi — F. Pecehioli Daddi (eds), Studi di Ittitologia in onore di Onofrio Corruba AuOr Aula Orientalis. Revista de estudios del Prhximo Oriente antiguo, Barcelona ( Or NS 73, 2004, face. 4) Athenaeum Athenaeum. Studi periodici di letteratura e storia dell’antichitk, Pavia Fs Civil = AuOr 9, 1991 ‘Atiqot ‘Atiqot. Journal of the Israel Department of Antiquities Fs Cotsen G. Buccellati — M. Kelly-Buccellati (eds), Urkesh and the Hurrians, Studies in Honor BAR IS British Archaeological Reports, International Series of Lloyd Cotsen. Urkesh/Mozan Studies 3, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 26, Malibu 1998 BASOR Bulletin Pro of the American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven — Atlanta Fs de Roes Th.P.J. van den Hout (ed), The Life and Times of Ijattulili III and Tutholiya IV- BBVO Berliner Beitrhge zum Vorderen Orient ceedings of a Symposium Held in Honour of J. de Roos, 12-13 Dece,nber 2003, Leiden, Belleten Turk Tarih Kurumu Belleten, Ankara Leiden 2006 BIAA The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Fe Dincol M. Alparelan — M. Doan-Alparslan — H. Peker (eds), Belkis Dinçol ye Ali Dincol’a BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis, Leiden Arinagan: VITA. Festschrift in Honor of Belkis Dincol and Ali Dincol, Istanbul 2007 BMECCJ Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan, Wiesbaden Fs Erkanal A. Erkanal-Oktü — E. Ozgen — S. Günel (eds), Hoyat Erkanal’a Arrna4kio.
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    Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2017.08.38 http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2017/2017-08-38 BMCR 2017.08.38 on the BMCR blog Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2017.08.38 Paola Cotticelli-Kurras, Alfredo Rizza (ed.), Variation within and among Writing Systems: Concepts and Methods in the Analysis of Ancient Written Documents. LautSchriftSprache / ScriptandSound. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2017. Pp. 384. ISBN 9783954901456. €98.00. Reviewed by Anna P. Judson, Gonville & Caius College, University of Cambridge ([email protected]) Table of Contents [Authors and titles are listed at the end of the review.] This book is the first of a new series, ‘LautSchriftSprache / ScriptandSound’, focusing on the field of graphemics (the study of writing systems), in particular historical graphemics. As the traditional view of writing as (merely) a way of representing speech has given way to a more nuanced understanding of writing as a different, rather than secondary, means of communication,1 graphemics has become an increasingly popular field; it is also necessarily an interdisciplinary field, since it incorporates the study not only of written texts’ linguistic features, but also broader aspects such as their visual features, material supports, and contexts of production and reading. A series dedicated to the study of graphemics across multiple academic disciplines is therefore a very welcome development. This first volume presents twenty-one papers from the third ‘LautSchriftSprache’ conference, held in Verona in 2013. In their introduction, the editors stress that the aim is to present studies of writing systems with as wide a scope as possible in terms of location, chronology, writing support, cultural context, and function.
  • IMPACT of a MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: a STUDY on the HITTITES by Amber N. Hawley Submitted to the Faculty of the Archaeological Stud

    IMPACT of a MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: a STUDY on the HITTITES by Amber N. Hawley Submitted to the Faculty of the Archaeological Stud

    IMPACT OF A MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE HITTITES By Amber N. Hawley Submitted to the Faculty of The Archaeological Studies Program Department of Sociology and Archaeology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science University of Wisconsin – La Crosse 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Amber N. Hawley All rights reserved ii THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A MILITARISTIC SOCIETY: A STUDY ON THE HITTITES Amber N. Hawley, B.S. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2012 The purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between the military, the economy, and the societal collapse of the Hittites, a militaristic society. The Hittite empire suffered from many problems near the end of its existence, but this research supports the idea that the military‟s demand for subsistence goods was too great for the economy to provide. By analyzing historical documentation, many aspects of the Hittite culture can be examined, such as trade networks as well as military campaign reports. The study also looks at the archaeological excavations of Hattusa, the Hittite capital, and Kaman-Kalehöyük, a supply city that would restock the campaigning military. By examining these cities and historical documentation, better understanding of the economy and military will be attained for militaristic societies; and in the case of the Hittites, their relationship to the societal collapse is determined to be strong. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisors, Dr. David Anderson and Dr. Mark Chavalas for providing me with feedback throughout my research. I would also like to thank my reading group, which consisted of Mitchell Johnson and Maximilian Pschorr for giving me great advice.
  • As William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–63) Would Have Said

    As William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–63) Would Have Said

    CONCLUSIONS Everything has its end, so does this book. “Our play is played out,” as William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–63) would have said. Our peculiar journey in space and time to the sources of Indo-European cultures and languages is also over. It is left only to draw important conclusions. The world of Indo-European cultures and languages is really huge, diverse, and marvelous. The history of the ancient Indo-Europeans and the peoples with whom they communicated in prehistory in many aspects is still shrouded in mystery. We know for sure that the Indo-Europeans were not autochthones neither in Europe nor in India. Although the word Europe is originally a prominent concept of Greek civilisation, basically used in a large number of modern languages, its etymology (as well as that of Asia) is of unknown ultimate provenance, which also speaks in favour of the later appearance of the Indo-Europeans on this continent. We also know that other civilisations flourished before them, but the origins of these civilisations or the specific circumstances of the invasion of Indo-Europeans tribes there – all this is the subject of much speculation impossible to verify. According to the Kurgan hypothesis that seems the most likely, the tribes who spoke Proto-Indo-European dialects originally occupied the territory that stretched between the Pontic steppe (the region of modern southern Russia and eastern Ukraine) and the Ural Mountains, and between the upper reaches of the Volga and the foothills of the Caucasus. Approximately during the 5th and 4th millennia BC, they split into various parts and began their movements in three main directions: to the east into Central Asia and later farther, to the south through the Caucasus into Asia Minor, and to the west into Europe.