Nato Requirements, Part Ii

Land Forces Academy Review Vol. XXVI, No 1(101), 2021

COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SERVICES – NATO REQUIREMENTS, PART II

Tibor FARKAS National University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary [email protected]

ABSTRACT Recent publication is the second part of an article which summing up the most important requirements, by which “Heads of State and Government of NATO member countries” have defined the basic tasks and guidelines for the alliance and the member states in order to guarantee their security. These principles and requirements fundamentally defined the needs of command and control’s ICT (Information and Communication Technology) support and its management methodology. Based on these, it introduces the changes in the capabilities and requirements defined by NATO, and the general operational capabilities defining communication and information systems and services in the next 10 years after Bucharest Summit. In this paper, the author analyzes the declarations, summarizes the key directives in the field of ICT, and draws conclusions about the needs for present and future capabilities.

KEYWORDS: communication and information system, cyber defence, development, modernization, NATO Summit

1. Introduction and thus our forces, the findings of the Nowadays it became focal, that NATO Summits are the basic elements for NATO has to deal with constantly the further research, modernization and changing, renewing security threats, since capacity increase. security environment got worse greatly. The developing of defence capabilities and 2. NATO Summits in the Last armed forces, as an element of international 10 Years and national level reaction is required. “NATO summits are not held The NATO member states began their long perodically, but according to some important term defence and military development events of the alliance. These meetings are programs in the recent years by which the always organised in one of the member states agility of the alliance is raised through and led by the Security General. […] national capabilities. Decisions are summarised in resolutions, and The communication and information published in the form of announcements. support is one of the key elements of these Afterwards the member states begin with modernization procedures. The new military work, by the leading of the competent equipments (tanks, drones, cannon) more of organisation” (Farkas, 2020, p. 283). a computer (infocommunication) system By the end of the 2000s, information than a weapon, and these are not only operations, and the protection of information elements of the military operation, but networks had become increasingly important elements of information operation and as can be seen from the declarations of the environment. To protect the information summits.

9 2.1. Strasbourg/Kehl Summit Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (3-4 April 2009) (CCDCOE) is to support the member In 2009 the Alliance strenghtened nations and NATO with unique their strategic concept regarding interdisciplinary expertise in the field of Afghanistan and Kosovo. Global threats, cyber defence research, training and such as terrorist activity and the threat exercises covering the focus areas of caused by WMD-s were defined as technology, strategy and law (CCDCOE, increasing. The peak put a focus on cyber 2008). attacks, with an emphasys on the protection One of the criteria, in order to reach of information networks. the capability of high level cyber defence is According to the discussion, that the communication and information technological development has to be system trainings and cyber defence highlighted and maintained further, and a trainings are buikt into NATO-s allied great awareness has to be put on tranings, and that the members and information collection and the sharing of partners, just like other international data in order to support NATO missions. organisations cooperate closer in their The utilisation of deployable, activity against cyber attacks. sustainable and agile forces has to be The capabilities discussed at NATO strenghtened, with the additional aim of peaks have been defined according to the avoiding possible shortcomes, thus enabling changes of the given era and the experience quick and efficient reaction, when needed at gained during activity. In my opinion, quick the place of possible crisis spots. and effective response to the constantly During the multinational operations evolving new threats is only possible, if we of Afghanistan and the Balcans, NATO recognise the directions, which help our armed forces cooperate woth several other aims, and are able to define the principles nations and organisations, which further and tools to reach our goals. This is a stresses the importance of compatibility and natural task of every NATO member states, interoperability in the whole spectrum of defining the constant development greatly. operations, regarding technical, methodical and personnel-related aspects as well. 2.2. Lisbon Summit For the sake of higher protection for (19-20 November 2010) the information networks of the Alliance The summit agreed on a new strategic and its members, the development of concept strenghtening transatlantic alliance infocommunication assets has to be of and fostering efficient response to the new highest interest, since this field also is put types of threats. The peak, being of high in the foreground on the list of recent importance regarding info-communication threats. The occurance of cyber attacks is support and cyber-defence capabilities, puts increasingly possible, against which the the focus on non-conventional threats and creation of new capabilities was urged. creates Emerging Security Challenges “To prevent and respond to such attacks, in Division (ESCD). line with our agreed Policy on Cyber Previous summits already have put a Defence, we have established a NATO stress on terrorism, events threatening Cyber Defence Management Authority, energy service, proliferation of WMD-s, improved the existing Computer Incident and cyberattacks as activities destabilising Response Capability, and activated the security, but this was the first time, that the Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of possible counter-measures have been Excellence in Estonia” (NATO, 2009, collected together. Regarding new types of p. 49). The mission of the Cooperative threats, given possible attack (such as in the

10 cyber space) against one member state not 2.3. Chicago Summit (20-21 May 2012) necessarily has the same impact on the New strategic concept, as defined in other members, since it cannot necessarily Lissabon comprises of three basic pillars, be regarded as being attack against NATO. such as collective defence, active Based on this, the response is also a cooperation and crisis management. Threats question, since not necessarily has a have to be met as a comprehension, still military force to be deployed as answer. with a scope on dinamic changing security All these highly affect the definition of the environment, and with the creation of field of collective defence. In my opinion financial background. After the financial this has created a similar situation to that crisis, the defence budget of the nations after the terror events of 2001, when the were cut back, which makes complex type of attack, and the decision, whether the security more hard to manage, thus attack happened against one member only, threatening the goals set. Existing capabilites had to be maintained further as a or the whole alliance, where of question. fundament of the Alliance being able to Other feature of the new types of attacks is, realise complex and synchronised that it’s not always realised by a state or operations, with the need of adaptable and alliance, the actor can be any type of quickly deployable forces.To secure this, organisation, and that the aim is not smart defence concept was created, necessarily of military nature, but possibly containing a new way of thinking. economical for example to destabilise the The point is that the member states have to given country. cooperate in some key features, developing Closer cooperation is visibly more capabilities together, also sharing and more stronger in the field of cyber responsibility. This way ongoing defence and information operations, also development has been secured, just as the growing request for national level cyber maintaining of defence capability with defence capability emerged, beyond that, efficient economic support. NATO members unite in a centralised and Further fields of development served integrated cyber defence system. efficiency and ability to react, with the most Missile defence system became a important being: the renewal of command component of this striving as a part of structure, rationalisation of command, reform network capability. Tendencies show in a of handling resources, and the consolidation direction, that command, control and of NATO agencies, also involving the communication (C3) capability of the creation of new ones, such as NATO Support Active Layered Theatre Ballistic Missile and Procurement Agency (NSPA) and Defence (ALTBMD) program has to be NATO Communications and Information strenghtened, and expanded beyond the Agency (NCI Agency). Latter is of key deployable forces also to the teritory of the importance in the field of infocommunication European allied countries. support. NCI recently secures the aquisition, Although the summit puts new types maintaining and protection of different of threats into focus, the alliance regards the communication systems at political and activity against them as secondary, next to command level as well. It plays an important universal military tasks. It can be seen, that role in cyberdefence activity, the striwing global security cannot neglect the development and protection of inevitable handling of new type threats, which thus systems, from complex systems to client becomes a prime feature of the Allianceʼs assets. As a result, NATO’s activity with a focus on critical systems infocommunication support became more (NATO, 2010).

11 efficient, and the professional support of the the defined goals. Two initiatives have been member states has been broadened. scheduled: Partnership Interoperability NATO is further committed in the Initiative (PII) and Defence Capacity creation of a modern, strongly connected, Building Initiative (DCBI). According to cooperable armed forces, provided with the situation, it became vital, that the state-of-the-art tools and trained at high strenghtening of the Eastern members and level. As an experience of the multinational through it the whole Alliance becomes operations, cooperability between national faster, with steps of deploying combat and militaries has to be strenghtened, especially technlogical assets, creating close to border during common training and mission tasks. bases, and develop military infrastructure. Strenghtening interoprability through the Capability development involved utilisation of Connected Forces Initative supporting elements and sub-systems (CFI) is one of the pillars, connecting subserving full-spectrum military activity, modern technology with education, characterised by interoperability in the training, preparing and evaluation. This is interest of successfully utilise early warning meant to support NATO’s goals for 2020. system, allied missile defence system, or The further development of Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and cyberdefence capabilities is increasingly Reconnaissance (JISR) system. present among the strivings, because of The volume of damage, caused by constant rising of cyber attacks. Defence cyber attacks was again stressed, with the involves the capability of prevention and possible additional dangers threatening the detecting, with the aim of securing full stability of the Euroatlantic region. Cyber spectrum allied protection in the cyber space. defence as basic task of the collective Cooperation with different organisations and defence was again defined. It was disclosed, partners is still of high importance, securing that every occurance will be analysed the power of common engagement. It was individually as being under Article 5, or also announced, that by the end of the year not. In order of the above it was declared, NATO Computer Incident Response that cyberdefence has to be integrated into Capability (NCIRC) becomes operable, with NATO operations and planning, with the the task of protecting the own network key element of information distribution, through providing a centralised cyber defence and cyber defence education and training service, managing the events, creating reports (NATO, 2014). and sharing information necessary for the broadening of defence (NATO, 2012). 2.5. Warsaw Summit (8-9 July 2016) This peak can be regarded as the 2.4. Wales Summit continuation of Wales Summit deciding the (4-5 September 2014) development of military capabilities. “The Russian intervention against From the Eastern neighbourhood Crimea on 18.03.2014 surprised the Russia endangered the souvereighnity of Alliance and the whole Western world, and the members constantly, in the South and it wasn’t prepared for the Eastern- the major cities of Europe ISIS meant a Ukrainean civil war either. The events in threat. Post-socialist countries and the Ukraine forced the Alliance to take serious Baltic region were dedicated towards steps” (Siposné, 2017, p. 118). As a result, further military strenghtening because of the high importance of collective defence in their geopolitical situation. In order to the life the alliance was announced once decrease the treats above, (four) battalion again, resulting in the primacy of level combat groups have to be created, strenghtening military capabilities among based on voluntary offering, being

12 sustainable, working on rotational basis, hybrid attacks by state and non- being avantguard forces, which will be able governmental actors and military forces. to cooperate with the national forces to The alliance continously maintains fulfill tasks. According to the decision the tercial task system as in the strategic made, these will be deployed by 2017 in the concept (1. collective defence, 2. crisis Baltic region and Poland. This was of management, 3. cooperative security), relevant effect to the creation of while keeping 360 degree security interoperability, thus also to command and approach. According to the evaluation of control and infocommunication support the peak (Announcement, Point 1.) component of it. Information capabilities are international security environment is further strenghtened by the cooperation with continously dangerous and unpredictable, the Middle-Eastern partner Jordan in the field NATO has to meet permanent challenges of Defence and Related Security Capacity and threats from every strategic directions, Building (DCB) territory. The following seven meaning terrorist, cyber and hybrid attacks fields were defined as being priority: by state and non-governmental actors and information protection; cyber defence; military military forces. exercises; counter-improvised explosive Decision was made, that by 2020, devices; communication, command and 30 battalions, 30 fighter wings and 30 ships control; harbour protection; and border will be brought to such conditions, that they security (NATO, 2016). can be deployed within 30 days, and that The other key element of the meeting two new commands will be established, regarding our topic was the highlighting of increasing command network to 8000 cyber defence tasks, regarded as inevitable personnel (NATO, 2018). element of Allied operations and planning, From our aspect an important change and agreed to be the fifth dimension of is the creation of Cyberspace Operation operation, next to ground, air, sea, and Center (COC), with the aim of colligating space. Member states repeatedly dedicated military cyber defence tasks. The goal is to themselves for bi- and multilateral cyber make the nations develop their cyber defence cooperation, containing sharing of defence (NATO, 2018). information, situation awareness, education In order to broaden defence activity and training. spectrum, NATO has signed a common Among universal statements was, that declaration with EU, launching shared tasks defence budget, supporting capabilities against collective security threats. The were increasing for the first time, also parties strived a quick and measurable meaning the start and process of developing development, containing the renewal of military technology. responding hybrid threats, strenghtening preparedness to cryses, timely information 2.6. Brussels Summit (11-12 July 2018) sharing on cyber attacks, and active Brussels didn’t mean any great response to desinformation (NATO, EU, difference in military aspect compared to 2018). earlier decisions. The task system as described in the strategic concept, such as 2.7. London Summit collective defence, crisis management, and (3-4 December 2019) cooperative security are definitive focusing There was no real progress in the on the unpredictable security environment. field of military questions on this anniversal As stated earlier, the Alliance is facing meeting. An agreement was made, that the threats and dangers from every strategic members further increase their defence directions, meaning terrorist, cyber and budget and aquisition, share their costs and

13 response for security, and take a greater roll put on the field of communication and in missions. cyber defence, in order to meet possible The agressive approach of Russia still hybrid attacks more efficiently (NATO, means a threat, but the groving influence of 2019). China is also to be kept in sight. Instability beyond borders also strenghtens migration, 3. Conclusions which latter was reckoned as threat for the During any mission of NATO, on the first time. territory of the Alliance or outside of it, on It was affirmed, that the survivability air, land or sea, be it defensive task or crisis and security of critical infrastructure, response (See Figure no. 1), effective primarily energy supply has to be infocommunication support is required to strenghtened. Further, great role has to be make C2 activity successful.

Figure no. 1: NATO Crisis Management Process (Source: NATO, 2018, p. 15)

In the last 20 years, the approach can only be reached through high level hasn’t changed, that collecting and interoperability on a common information transmitting, processing and storing, and platform. Accordingly, not the type of the protection of information is inevitable to given technical asset is key feature next to reach success. A fundamental condition for its capability, but the ability to be integrated this is infocommunication support, which to the system.

14 Since a modern infocommunication secure the definition of infocommunication system can support tasks and activity only system requirements, thus the aquisition of with appropriate maintaining, the preparing appropriate technology and technical and training of personnel has to be stressed, equipment. with the element of common NATO level military training being very important. Acknowledgements Synchronising universal operative This article was supported by the capabilities and requirements with Ludovika – University of Public Service. infocommunication support capabilities can

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