1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8235 Blagden, Robert B. Dozier, Watt W. Heine, Charles E. Lynch, Thomas J. Pish, Robert H. Smalls, O'Neal Bonine, Larry S. Duffie, Jerry R. Hensley, John H. MacNamee, Richard Portner, Edward. M., Smith, David H. Bowman, Barry R. Dundy, Michael W. Herrington, Stuart A. W. Jr. Soler, Carlos A. Branch, David D., Jr. Dunlap, David W. Hill, James A. Mahar, Harold W., Jr. Powell, William R. Staas, Donald F. Branley, Michael J. Durand, Pedro J. Hoag, Leonard J. Mallberg, Dale D. Prawdzik, David A. Stair, Gary L. Briard, Fred K. Durgin, Harry W. Hockett, David R. Martin, John J . · Prickett, Arthur L., Stalmann, Bernard E., Brice, William T. Eanes, John T. Hoyer, Anthony X. Marxen, Edward L. III Jr. Brooks, James T., Ehrlich, Martin L. Hudak, Daniel K. Mathewson, Frank A., Prior, Arthur F. Styer, Norman W., Jr., 05415238 Eschenwald, Adolfo Ingram, Michael N. Jr. Quidgley, Ernesto 05222798 Brown, John T., Jr. Finger, George H. Jackson, Robert L. Matos, Louis Ragauskas, Raymond Sunderland, George Brunner, William H. Fowler, Jesse L., Jr. James, Kenneth A., Jr.Matthews, Gene F. R. R. M. Fulton, James G. Johnson, Curtis S. McCanham, Frank A. Rath, Frank H., Jr. Tazik, Cyril M., Jr. Bryant, James W., Jr.Futernick, Allan J. Johnson, Robert B. Mccarley, Kenneth Reale, David T. Timberlake, Vaughn Burch, Harold E. Gambrell, James B., Johnson, Thomas R. W . Reigelman, Milton M. K. Campbell, Donald L. Jr. Jones, Edward W ., Jr. McKinney, Samuel D. Revellese, William R. Torres, Juan H. Canada, Grady S. Gasdek, Barry D. Kacsmar, Francis N., McQueen, Arthur H., Rintamaki, John M. Treese, Edwin J. Carr, Thomas F . Gentle, John A. Jr. Jr. Rivera, Alfredo Tucker, Jeffrey Chapin, Edward D. Gibson, Clyde K. Keener, Allan W. Meisinger, Richard N. Rivera, Jose M. Twining, David T. Clearwaters, Boyd L. Gledhill, Carl W. Kim, Dennis S. Q. Mellon, Daniel R . Robb, Nathaniel H., Velez, David Cleek, Don E. Gordon, Donald J. Koeplin, Wayne M. Miles, Richard G . Jr. Verdel, Thomas H., Collins, William F. Gordon, Thomas G ., Kraus, Robert G., Jr. Miller, Leonard D. Rodriguez, Jaime A. III Cox, Walter T . III Jr. Kyle, Frederick A. Mitchell, Michael A. Romero, Robert T. Walden, Robert D. Cross, Ranson F., Jr. Goularte, Richard W. Laier, James E. Moran, Michael J. Rovira, Martin J. Wallace, Charles J. Dahl, Gary M . Govan, Gregory G. Landers, Willard O. Moravec, John G. Salgado,· Eduardo A. Wendell, Willis, III. Dahlen, Karl R. Gradwohl, Richard A. Langston, Ronald E. Morin, Maurice H.J. Sanchez, Washington Whiddon, · Lester V., Danielski, Loren R. Griswold, Clinton R., Lazenby, Gerald A. Moss, Jessie, Jr. J., Jr. Jr. Dawes, Michael F. Jr. Leaptrott, William M. Niford, Chester R., Jr. Schoening, Klaus D. White, Howard W., Jr. Day, James R. Hall, Harry J. Lee, John W. Ohta, Edward J. K. Willis, Edward J., Jr. DeVito, Kenneth J. HaJ?mer, Martin A. Lewis, David P., Jr. O'Neill, Joseph T. Sells, Harold E. Wilson, Julian A., Jr. Dexter, Craig M. Hamner, Donald L. Link, John D. Perkins, John C. Setikas, Algimantas Winslow, Robert S., Dickey, James L., Hampton, John J. Litvan, Leonard J ., Jr. Petersen, Bradley H., N. J~ 05221091 Harms, David H. Loflin, William P., Jr. Settlemire, William Wissinger, Thomas R. Dole, William E., Jr. Harris, Charles E. 05321020 Pezzillo, Frank M., D. Woods, Alex., Jr. Dorfman, William N. Heggie, Walter B., Jr. Lott, Thomas W. Jr. Skerker, Alan L. Zapata, Juan A.
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
Dr. Leonard F. Herzog II Wins Free reader and a reporter. He earned a ing, largely because our libraries are bachelor's degree at the California Insti leading in the campaign for learning and Enterprise Award tute of Technology, an engineering de knowledge. gree at Oregon State and a Ph. D. at I salute our libraries and their devoted EXTENSION OF REMARKS Massachusetts Institute of Technology. personnel during this National Library OF Dr. Herzog, a recognized authority on Week and wish for them every continued cosmochemistry and instrumental an success. I am particularly proud, Mr. HON. HUGH SCOTT alysis, is a part-time professor at Penn Speaker, of the superb achievements and OF PENNSYLVANIA sylvania State College. devotion to duty and success of the men IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Dr. Herzog is a good example of the and women in my own State of South Thursday, April 16, 1964 type of man that leads industry in Carolina who have been associated in im Pennsylvania: he is purposeful, dynamic, proving this great work. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, yesterday efficient, and resourceful. To the com in New York City at the Waldorf-Astoria mendations already given to him and his Hotel, the Free Enterprise Awards Asso firm, I would like to add my own. ciation presented citations to 10 men who Israel's 16th Anniversary have proved that the American dream of rising to the height of a profession is EXTENSION OF REMARKS still a reality, no matter how diverse the National Library Week circumstances, or how formidable the OF task. HON. CLAUDE PEPPER One of the recipients of these awards EXTENSION OF REMARKS is a Pennsylvanian, Dr. Leonard F. Her OF OF FLORIDA zog II, founder and president of Nuclide HON. W. J. BRYAN DORN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Corp., a Pennsylvania-based firm. OF SOUTH CAROLINA Thursday, April 16, 1964 Dr. Herzog, with the help of his asso IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, 16 years ciates, built Nuclide from a one-room ago today the ancient Jewish Common laboratory to three buildings. The 125 Thursday, April 16, 1964 wealth was reconstituted in Palestine as scientists and technicians presently em Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, a success the State o.f Israel. For over 2,000 years ployed at Nuclide develop standard and ful and determined offensive against ig the children of Israel wandered over the custom built mass spectrometers, spec norance, prejudice, and iliiteracy is be face of the earth, persecuted, harassed, trographs, and other technical apparatus ing waged by the libraries, librarians, and homeless. But it was not until the for the analysis of isotopes, gases, liquids, and all of those dedicated to this great height of persecution was reached with and solids. The firm's products can be cause. Poverty is associated with a lack the merciless slaughter of 6 million Jew used for such diverse purposes as lunar of learning and low income. ish men, women, and children that the exploration and heart research. Known Mr. Speaker, I am glad the United worldwide for its technological excel conscience of man was stirred. States is paying homage this week to all After the full horror of Auschwitz, lence, Nuclide recently received the of those throughout the Nation who President's "E" Award for its growing make our library program one of the - Dachau, and Bergen-Belsen became exports and its ability to compete suc very best in the world. These devoted known, the community of nations-in cessfully in this highly sophisticated men and women at the local level are partial restitution to the pitifully small market. making a great contribution to our na surviving remnant-overwhelmingly vot A sergeant in World War II, Dr. Herzog tional culture. Our country is moving ed for the establishment of a Jewish state worked his way through undergraduate forward to its destiny as a nation of en in part of Palestine. On May 14, 19.48, and graduate schools as a gasmeter lightenment, education, and understand- the State of Israel came into existence. CX--518 8236 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 16 The purpose of the new state was open full member of the United Nations. She able leadership the Committee intensi ly proclaimed in its declaration of inde has one of the few governments which fied its educational and promotional ef pendence: "The State of Israel will. be have maintained political stability since forts in behalf of the physically handi open for Jewish immigration and for the 1948. Changes have been brought about capped, and expanded its functions to ingathering of the exiles." And by the by the ballot box-not by violence. include the mentally restored and men hundreds of thousands the displaced per After attaining a higher standard of tally retarded. sons flocked to their new homeland. The living and overcoming economic prob General Maas also established an out 700,000 Jews in Palestine soon grew to lems at home, Israel has sent teachers standing record of military service dur 1 million and then to 2 million persons. and scholars throughout the entire ing three wars, and served with Adm. Immigrants from 5 continents and 100 world. Her technical assistance program William Halsey and Gen. Douglas Mac countries were absorbed and molded into is now reaching 87 states and territories Arthur in World War II. It was during citizens of tsrael. on four continents. the fighting on Okinawa that an enemy We in the United States did much to Israel's technical cooperation program bomb damaged his optic nerve. accomplish this modern-day miracle. is unique because it emphasizes training. Returning to civilian life after the President Truman recognized the new Students who come to Israel pass on close of the war General Maas assumed state 10 short minutes after it was de what they have learned to others. When responsibilities with several large busi clared and every succeeding administra they leave, they start their own course~ ness concerns until the outbreak of the tion has clearly enunciated our friend to meet immediate needs. The students Korean conflict. He was recalled to ship and support. study about cooperation in agriculture, active duty, and served briefly as a mem Our Government since 1951 has given in industry, and commerce; about hotel ber of the Reserve Forces policy board. or lent Israel nearly $1 billion in foreign management, child welfare, communica Since 1949, he has been active in efforts aid. The American people have contrib tion, home economics, youth and com to build a better way of life for handi uted generously of their efforts and munity leadership, crime prevention, capped citizens. finances. journalism, physical education, metal It is appropriate that we remember Israel's accomplishments are thus a working, carpentry, automobile mechan the achievements and sacrifices of Mel source of pride to us as well as to the ics, and public administration. vin J. Maas as he served his country and Israelis. From Israel, other new governments his fellow man in war and peace. We Their strides toward economic self gain confidence that they, too, can build pray God's blessing on this worthy sufficiency, their reconquest of the a rapidly growing economy, produce a American, and on his loving family in swamps and desert, and above all, the wide variety of crops and products, train this hour of grief. Thousands of citi assistance they have given to the newer its population to be workers, farmers, and zens are comforted in the knowledge that nations of Africa and Asia are achieve good citizen&-eombining many cultures Melvin J. Maas brought lasting benefit ments many older states would do well to and traditions and accomplishing this to the world in which we live. emulate. miracle with voluntary cooperation, free Mr. President, I request that the But one task remains incomplete, one from dictatorial coercion. Washington Post article of April 14, 1964, goal unattained. Peace in the Middle The most important lesson Israel on the death of Maj. Gen.·Melvin J. Maas East lies as much in our hands as it does teaches many new nations, as well as be printed in the RECORD at this point. in the hands of the countries of the re many old nations, is the art of coopera gion. If we speak out forceably and re There · being no objection, the article tion. This little nation has remained in was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, fuse to condone aggression, whether by dependent, despite being surrounded by threats or boycotts or blockades, if we as follows: threats to destroy her. Israel proves that GENERAL MAAS, THREE-WAR VETERAN assure Israel's strength, if we insist that a nation can advance and overcome hos the resources of the Middle East be con tilities by the cooperation of self-respect (By Kenneth M. Boyd) structively utilized for economic develop ing free men. Retired Maj. Gen. Melvin J. Maas, USMC, ment; then Jerusalem, the City of Peace, veteran of three wars, former U.S. Congress will finally know peace. I salute Israel and her people on her man from Minnesota and Chairman of the day of independence. President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, died yesterday at Bethesda Naval Hospital. Israel Celebrating 16th Anniversary The death of the 65-year-old general was Nation Mourns Death of Melvin J. attributed. to a combination of heart disease, Today arteriosclerosis and diabetes. It was the Maas-Soldier-Statesman Headed Pres 10th anniversary of his appointment to the EXTENSION OF REMARKS ident's Committee on Employment of Committee chairmanship. OF General Maas, blinded since 1951 from in the Handicapped for a Decade juries suffered during World War II, traveled HON. DANTE B. FASCELL hundreds of thousands of miles since his ap OF FLORIDA EXTENSION OF REMARKS pointment to the Committ ee chairmanship IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF in an effort to obtain equal opportunity for the handicapped. Thursday, April 16, 1964 HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH He curtailed his extensive traveling a year ago, however, because of ailing health, but Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, we join OF WEST VIRGINIA continued to direct his affairs by tape Israel in celebrating the 16th anniversary IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES recorder from his home, 4714 Essex Street, of her independence on April 17. Since Chevy Chase. Israel was established, in May 1948, with Thursday, April 16, 1964 a Jewish population of 650,000, more Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, we J"OlNED M ARINES IN 191 7 than a million newcomers have found a are saddened at the passing of Maj. Gen. A graduate of the College of St. Thomas, in St. Paul, Minn., General Maas interrupted home there. Her story is a history of Melvin J. Maas, a respected public serv his education to enter the Marine Corps in humanity and freedom from tyranny and ant and the cherished friend of many April 1917, to serve as a private with Marine persecution. who today serve in this body. As a sol Aviation in the Azores throughout the war. From the beginning her doors have dier, statesman, and crusader for the He accepted a Marine Reserve commission been open to any Jew in need of a home. handicapped, he won the admiration and in 1926 before his election to Congress that In doing this, Israel has become a symbol esteem of those who seek justice and year at the age of 27. to the world in cherishing and honoring progress under the democratic system. In 1933, General Maas received the Car people, in showing respect for the in It was my privilege to work closely negie Silver Medal for heroism for persuad dividual to be free in his own home, in with Mel Maas when we .served together ing a mentally deranged spectator in the House galleries to yield a pistol he was providing safety from oppression and in the House of Representatives. More waving menacingly at Congressmen .. hostility, and in showing man can work recently, we were associated in the A Republican and an opponent of most in union with others to overcome prej worthwhile efforts of the President's New Deal domestic policies, General Maas udices and provide a better life. Committee on Employment of the Han served in Congress until 1945 with the ex Since the day the independent State dicapped, a group which he headed for ception of 2 years when he went into private of Israel was established it has been a; 10 years prior to his death. Under his business. 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8237 He was joint author of legislation setting We are confident that you and your chil I mean that he provided the service to \J.P a promotion system for the Navy and dren will be comforted in the knowledge that his constituents and the loyalty to them, sponsoring author of the Naval Reserve Act the world ls a finer place because of the wis to his party, to his country, that earned of 1938 which, until passage of the Armed dom and sacrifice of this gifted man. Forces Reserve Act, governed the Naval and With warmest personal wishes, I am, him undying loyalty and devotion in Marine Corps Reserves. Very truly, return. The reason that his following in JENNINGS RANDOLPH. Illinois never abandoned him was that he SERVED WITH HALSEY never abandoned them, and as he fought The general returned to active duty in the summer of 1941 to serve at sea and on the valiantly for them, so they fought val staff of Adm. William Halsey and in 1942 with iantly for him. The best proof is, of Adm. Frank J. Fletcher in the Solomons Rep·resentative Thomas J. O'Brien, of Chi course, that death was knocking at his campaign. door at the very moment that his dedi He then served as a Marine observer in cago-A Tribute on His Death in His cated political following, in the Chicago Australia and New Guinea with the late Gen. 85th Year area, were casting ballots to make sure Douglas MacArthur, and in 1945 assumed he would be a candidate and then a command of the Awase Airbase on Okinawa, Member again in this House for his 15th where an enemy bomb explosion injured his EXTENSION OF REMARKS optic nerve. OF term. It is symptomatic, too, that in General Maas returned to civilian life to this House, as our · comments during become assistant to the chairman of the HON. WRIGHT PATMAN these days so eloquently prove, he en board of the Sperry Corp. He later became OF TEXAS joyed a deep, an abiding, a powerful a director of the U.S. Life Insurance Co., and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES range of friendships. Only a strict per of Mutual of Omaha. sonal and political integrity, and a long With the exception of a brief return to Thursday, April 16, 1964 record of keeping one's promises and active duty in the Korean war, when he Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, Repre acting on principle, can bring that about. served as a member of the Reserve Forces J. Policy Board in the Pentagon, General Maas sentative Thomas O'Brien, of Chicago, The Illinois delegation enjoys a high has been with the ·President's Committee on was typical in the very best sense of the quality of leadership among its mem Employment of the Handicapped since its grand politicos of the old school, and his bers but even among them Tom O'Brien formation in 1949. death, although not unexpected, seems to was unique. It is my most devout prayer He leaves his wife, Katherine; a son, Mel me something very much like the passing that the current and the forthcoming vin; three daughters, Patricia, a Marine of an era. For me Representative generations of Americans will send to major; Mrs. Anthony C. Martino, of Rich O'Brien, gone from us in his 85th year, this Chamber to represent them, men as mond, and Mrs. Leo Catteron, of Annapolis. embodied the finest qualities of leader dedicated and as competent in the han Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, in ship in the politics of the recent decades dling of the affairs of their time, as Tom submitting for the RECORD this article and the Middle West. I know it is the O'Brien was in the handling of the af from the Washington Post, explanatory custom to refer to men of decision and fairs of his. Politics. in our country will of the career of the late Melvin J. Maas, forthrightness in politics as "bosses," never know a higher level of character I wish to state that not only was he a once they achieve authority and great than that provided by Tom O'Brien. major general of the Armed Forces dur influence. But Tom O'Brien, as I ob ing an illustrious career, but he also was served him, could never be called the one of my cherished friends, with whom I boss in the dictatorial, the peremptory, had the privilege of serving-together the arbitrary, the domineering sense. Salute to the Federal Union with other Senators present today on the Rather, he was known to most of us in floor of the Senate--in the U.S. House of this House as an extremely astute master EXTENSION OF REMARKS Representatives. of his profession who ruled by right of OJ' He was stricken blind rather late in leadership and by the virtue of his serv life. His energies were used in the pub ice to his district, his State, and his HON. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI lic good. He became chairman of the country. Tom O'Brien was not listened OF WISCONSIN President's Committee on Employment to merely because of the weight of his IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES authority and the force of his personal for the Handicapped. Thursday, April 16, 1964 Now he is gone. I have written, will, but because also of his lucid and through dictation-for I cannot actually direct and unwavering judgments. Of Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, at read what I have dictated-a letter to his course, he knew how to make decisions, noon today, the Federal Union, Inc., and widow. I ask unanimous consent that but he knew also how to respect the the Advisory Council of the International this communication be printed in the opinions and the decisions of others. As Movement fo.r Atlantic Union, held a RECORD, together with my remarks, in a great craftsman in the field of parlia luncheon meeting in the New Senate mentary maneuver he knew how wisely Office Building at which it was my tribute to this great American, who gave to accept compromise when compromise pleasure to preside. so much of himself, his talents, and his suggested the best solution for the good The event commemorated two dates compassion to mankind. of the common welfare. Thus, he was significant in the history of the move There being no objection, the letter the type of legislative leader who got ment for federal union. First, today was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, things done and arrived at his goals with we celebrate the 175th anniversary of as follows: the day on which George Washington U.S. SENATE, the least possible friction and without SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON AGING, riding roughshod over those who dis left his plantation home in Virginia to April 14, 1Y64. agreed with him. It is symptomatic of ride to New York City for his inaugura Mrs. MELVIN J, MAAS, the man that when he spoke his voice tion as the first President of these United Chevy Chase, Md. was soft and persuasive and his manner States. DEAR Mas. MAAs: Permit me to extend deep gentle and cooperative. The respect he It is, of course, just one more histori est sympathy on the passing of your beloved enjoyed from the Illinois congessional cal event in this history-filled 175th an husband my cherished friend, Maj. Gen. Mel delegation was so great that he was its niversary year of the establi~hment of vin J. Maas. The Randolphs share your sense of loss in this difficult time. undisputed leader here in the Congress, our present form of government under It was my privilege to serve with Mel when and of course its dean, but it was a re the Constitution. we were Members of the House of Represent spect shared by many other Members of When one considers that our Nation atives, and I have worked closely with him in the House from all over the country. though relatively young-has the oldest his post as chairman of the President's Com What has been said here since the an written, working constitution in the mittee on Employment of the Handicapped. nouncement of his death Wednesday, · world, it becomes clear what a marvel He proved himself a responsible and purpose April 14, after a long illness in the Beth ous triumph of man's reason we com ful leader and one who was ever motivated by esda Naval· Hospital, is ample testimony memorate this year. the desire to serve his fellow man. As a of the high regard in which he was held The second date is one. notable because courageous military commander and as a statesman of vision and integrity, Melvin J. by us all. of its significance in the federal union Maas exemplified the strength of chara:cter When I say that he was the embodi movement, founded by our Mr. Clarence and devotion to duty which are the integral ment of the most admired qualities in Streit. Fired by a vision of a Federal components of American cltlzensblp. the makeup of the American politician, Union of North Atlantic States, Mr. 8238 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 16 Streit began a campaign to make this shchev had died was flashed to radio and judicial branches to follow. This Federal idea a reality, a campaign to which he TV stations around the globe, and before a system was a new political concept. Wash correction could be obtained 20 minutes ington's uneasiness, as he traveled north, has devoted his life. later, the rumor had already been broadcast must have matched his physical discomfort. To him, this date recalls the :first stir to villagers from Timbuktu to Tierra del Yet, a mere 50 years later, Dr. Tocqueville rings of interest for his ideas of federal Fuego. was able to hail this same document as a union among the people of the Midwest, Albert Beveridge, in his life of John great political discovery, and a half century a region which had a long history of Marshall, gives a delightful description of the later, Lord Acton saw it as "an astonishing isolationist feeling. state of transportation 175 years ago. When and unexampled success." Gladstone re The ultimate measure of his success Washington left Mount Vernon on April 16, ferred to it as the greatest document ever 1789, to travel by carriage to assume the stricken off at one time by the pen and pur can be seen today. We know that the duties of President, "his carriage stuck in pose of man. isolationism which once dominated the the mud, and only after it had been pried I submit that the limits of this powerful Nation's midlands has all but vanished, up with poles and pulled out with ropes concept have not been reached. As we look melted like snow before the frictions of could the Father of his Country proceed on backward to 1789, we can also look forward our modern times and the fervor of men his journey; and this, too, over the principal not 175 years ahead but to the immediate like Clarence Streit. highway of Maryland." future. The atomic age is pressing upon us. More than any one event, it was the Beveridge adds that the driver of a We must hasten, or we shall lose the heritage founding of the North Atlantic Treaty lumbering coach of that day would shout to we celebrate today. his passengers: "Lean to the right," and all Organization that brought our Nation the jostled and bethumped travelers crowded TEXT OF REMARKS BY REPRESENTATIVE PAUL closest to a true federal union with the to that side of the clumsy vehicle. "Left," FINDLEY, REPUBLICAN, OF lLUNOIS democracies of Western Europe. Today, roared the coachman a little later, and his My colleagues of the Congress, and my col however, with signs of a thaw in the cold fares threw themselves to the opposite side. leagues, one and all, in the family of freedom, war, the structure of NATO has begun The ruts and gullies, now on one side and the year 1964 is a year for reflection and to show signs of stress. There is grave now on the other, of the highway were so forethought. It is the 175th anniversary danger that, instead of pressing forward deep that only by acting as a shift ballast of the American Republic. It is the 50th an to the goal of union, NATO will be could the voyagers maintain the stage's cen niversary of the outbreak of World War I, ter of gravity and keep it from an upset. and the 25th anniversary of the outbreak of scrapped. "Richard Henry Lee objected to the Con World War II. Recently we have heard warnings stitution," says Beveridge, "because, among It is also the 25th anniversary of an under about this eventuality from no less a other things, 'many citizens will be more taking as creative and as hopeful as the world statesman than Konrad Adenauer. than 300 miles from the seat of this (Na American Republic itself, as breathtaking in He has warned that Soviet tactics in the tional) Government and as many assessors its potential for good as the World Wars next few years would be directed at and collectors of Federal taxes will be a.bove were awful in their power to destroy. Seven breaking up the North Atlantic alliance 300 miles from the seat of the Federal Gov months before World War II began, the book ernment as will be less.'" "Union Now" was published. Written by after 1969, the year when the treaty Advances in the physical sciences, includ comes up for renewal. Clarence K. Streit, one of our speakers today, ing communications technology have been it proposed a federal union of the democra He urged that the NATO countries constant since 1789, but progress in political cies of the North Atlantic. A few months overcome their differences and make science has been uneven and uncertain. The later a membership association now known urgently needed changes in the NATO cities of Washington and San Juan and as Federal Union, Inc. was established to treaty by 1967. If this is to be· accom Anchorage and Honolulu are close neighbors promote the idea set forth in the book. plished, we must, of course, begin now today, not only in time but also in political The "now" of "Union Now" is yet to be, to work and plan for those changes. structure, thanks to federation. On the but in the 25 years since the proposal first Any revision of this treaty should be other hand, the distance between the United appeared in print, remarkable progress can States and France today, politically and be noted. aimed at promoting a closer union of the psychologically, is greater than it was in 1789. Atlantic States. The job will be difficult, The Federal Constitution of the United In 1939 the doctrine of absolute national .for there is sure to be objection from ism ruled world thought and action just as States takes only seven pages, with the completely as the dogma of communism France, but we must-as President amendments, in the World Almanac, yet it rules Russia today. The League of Nations Johnson is fond of saying-"reason to contains the framework within which the had few believers. In the United States iso gether" for the good of all. original States, now grown to be 50, have lationism had sunk to neutralism. thrived for nearly two centuries. The docu The group of Congressmen and other ment has shown its capacity for adaptation, The "Union Now" proposal-to use the distinguished guests at the luncheon and the same basic principles embodied magic of the U.S. constitutional system to were privileged to hear three speakers therein could serve as the basis for the gov link the free peoples of the North Atlantic who are exceptionally knowledgeable in ernment of other communities of peoples was regarded in many quarters as visionary, matters of federal union. Hon. George having a similar background and common unrealistic, utopian, or downright dangerous. V. Allen, former Director of the U.S. goals. Eyebrows went up all the way when it The nations of the North Atlantic form a was apparent that traditionally isolationist Information Agency, former Ambas United States was to lead-not just partici sador to Yugoslavia and now executive common community, geographically and cul turally. The peoples of Europe and America pate--in the federal union. director of the American Tobacco In are joint heirs of the political and ethical A 1939 review of Mr. Streit's book wrote stitute, spoke on the meaning of the fed concepts of the Judea-Hellenic tradition. that the author must mean "now" in the eral union in our Nation's history. The Yet two World Wars have started among this · geological sense. distinguished gentleman from Illinois very group of peoples during the present Today attitudes have changed immensely. [Mr. FINDLEY] spoke on the change in century. World Wars I and II have been The advance toward Atlantic union has been attitude toward federal union with called, with reason, civil wars. One of our so great the only serious questions left are Europe which has occurred since 1939. purposes today must be to assure, at the how and when-in time to prevent another The final speaker of the day was Mr. least, that a third civil war does not break out · disaster, or too late. within this same community. Another pur Neutralism is now gone from the United Streit himself, who discussed the mean pose is to build a solid enough structure to States and so is isolationism. The U.S. took ing of America's "revolution" of 1789 avoid, discourage, and if necessary, repel any the lead in forming NATO, the North At and its meaning for the concept of aggression from the outside. lantic Treaty Organization with a North At Atlantica. Fifteen free nations can be held together lantic Treaty Council and a North Atlantic At this point I should like to include today on the same basic principles that 13 commander. The term "Atlantic Commu the remarks of Mr. Allen, Representative sovereign States were merged into one fed nity" has become commonplace, and so has Findley, and Mr. Streit, and commend eration in 1789-by providing machinery the fundamental interdependence of this through which differences can be thrashed community. A group of Republicans in the them to the attention of my colleagues: out, adjudicated, or compromised, and by House is devoting its attention to the prob REMARKS OF GEORGE V. .ALLEN, FORMER which, if necessary, aggression from with lems of strengthening NATO. DmECTOR OF U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY ·out or defection from within, can be The federal union proposed in "Union As we commemorate this anniversary, the repelled. Now" is a respectable proposal, given serious sharp contrast in commwiications between George Washington began a journey into consideration in many high places. 1789 and the present is worth recalling. the unknown in 1789. The new Constitution Each of the four leading prospects for the Then, 9 days elapsed between the counting seemed a medley of accommodations and ad Republican presidential nomination-Gold of the electoral ballots in New York and the justment.s which pleased no one entirely, and water, Nixon, Rockefeller, and Lodge--has notification of Washington in Mount Vernon the result was bitterly distrusted by a large spoken plainly either in behalf of this very that he had been chosen President. In con part of our population. There were no proposal or for structural changes to make trast, a false rumor on Monday that Khru- precedents for the legislative. executive, and · NATO more effective and durable. 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8239 In a foreign policy statement in Life maga potent yeast that freedom then possessed greatest breakthroughs in world political zine, January 17, Senator GOLDWATER made with which to transform a world far more history, as eminent foreign scholars have the key to his own policy the "structural" sodden with oppression than is ours today. testified. strengthening of the Atlantic community. Today, the name Washington stands for We now think of the Constitution as a "We must rethink the purpose of the al the world's strongest power. But does this means for governing domestic rather than liance, and the degree to which we are name now have the revolutionary fermenting foreign affairs. But to the people of each of willing to concede to NATO certain pre force for our ideals it had when its power the 13 States it came as a bold "experiment" rogatives which we now reserve to our came from moral virtues, rather than from (to quote Washington) in foreign policy selves." missiles and money? . a new way to govern their own State's rela In April 1963, Richard Nixon, who missed In his Farewell Address, Washington tions with the other 12, and the rest of the the White House by a few votes, urged "ex asked: "Can it be that Providence has not world-a way so new as to be unheard of. panding NATO to a political confederation." connected the permanent felicity of a people It was far worse than that to Patrick Henry, He called it the only solution for NATO. with its virtue?" To assure to Washington who nearly killed it aborning. Convinced Just last month Governor Rockefeller now the power for freedom and union it had it would destroy the liberty of Virginians, he spoke up for a "union of the free." In 1962 when that name stood also for a living man, almost persuaded them not to ratify it. He he said, "The Federal idea, which our Found must we not have the virtue to remember told them this Constitution was "extremely ing Fathers applied in their historic act of the great creators and creative acts that gave pernicious • • • and dangerous," "oppres political creation in the 18th century, can us our present material power? sive," "absurd," "the most fatal plan that be applied in this 20th century in the larger It was on March 4, 1789, that our Federal could possibly be conceived to enslave a free context of the world of free nations-if we Union began "the career it has so grandly people," and "a solution as radical as that will but match our forefathers in courage run" to quote the great English historian which separated us from Great Britain." and vision." of freedom, Lord Acton. The slowness with Radical it was indeed. It completely re Ambassador Lodge, until his appointment which it began to function reflects the versed the system on which the United to South Vietnam, was director general of apatr.y and hostility it still had to overcome. States Congress under the Articles of Con ·the Atlantic Institute. Last year he spoke New York City was then the Capital, and it federation was based. Both systems applied up for a "union of free nations." hailed with cannon and bells the dawn of the Roman maxim of "divide and rule" On July 4, 1962, President Kennedy called March 4. But though that date had been of but in opposite ways: The Confederat ion ap for a "declaration of interdependence in the ficially set nearly 6 months previous as the plied it to divide the American people (or Atlantic community." day for the Federal Government to begin rather, to keep them divided) into New On July 10, 1963, former Prime Minister work, it could not start to function, for only Yorkers, Pennsylvanians, Virginians and so Anthony Eden came out for an "Atlantic 8 Senators and 14 Representatives had ar- on, let their State governments rule not only Federation" on the initial Telstar broadcast 1ived. Neither House had a quorum. their purely State affairs but their own com and asked General Eisenhower if he agreed Only 11 States had then ratified the Con mon affairs with the people of the other that "the only future really deserving of our stitution, and though these included New States. efforts and our idealism is some sort of At York, its State government remained so hos The Constitution allowed the American lantic Union." tile to the new Federal Union that the presi· people to rule the United States as well as General Eisenhower replied, "Well An dential electors, who had cast their votet their own State governments; it did this by thony, you have stated the final objective for President in February, included no New uniting the people while keeping all their beautifully and eloquently." Yorkers, and no Senators from New York governments divided-the State governments This is a year to give pause to any grand appeared in the Senate until mid-July. The independent of one another, the Federal Gov father or grandmother, any father or mother, number of Representatives the Constitution ernment independent of them all, and its· and any son or daughter. It should help gave the 11 States totalled 59-but it took legislative, executive and judicial branches open their minds and hearts to the idea of nearly a month before the 14 reached, on separated from each other, and its Senate constituting a new great union of the free, April 1, the 30 needed for a quoru.m and the from its House. not in the future, not eventually, but now House could do business. The Senate was Under the Confederation the relations of while the living can enjoy its immense ad then indeed a club; there were only 22 Sen the 13 States were set up basically the same vantages. ators-but it took more than a month, it was as those of the 15 Atlantic allies now. Each Federal union is the only answer to the April 6th, before the 8 grew to 12 and had its own armed force, trade barriers, cur life-and-death problem of securing freedom the Senate had·a quorum. Only on that day rency, citizenship, and foreign policy-when peacefully that has proved practical through could the two Houses meet' jointly and count Massachusetts closed its ports to British seven generations-as attested by this 175th the electoral ballots and announce the unan ships, rival Connecticut opened its harbors birthday of the Federal Constitution. imous election of George Washington as to them. Common affairs were handled, as The times demand an imaginative yet President. in the NATO Council, through a one-house thoroughly tested program. They demand This dragging of feet explains why George body (Congress) composed of Delegates bold, swift, comprehensive action capable of Washington did not leave Mount Vernon for named, instructed and paid by their State moving the hearts of men. Atlantic federal his inauguration until April 16-6 weeks governments. Each State -had one vote union offers that kind of program. It has after the day set for the Federal Government and a veto over any change in the Confed the further advantage of being deeply identi to begin. Ironically, the Father of our eration-and the Congress (again like the fied with the basic principles and patrotism Country is our only President who never got NATO Council)-had no power ,to enforce its of the American people, of springing from to serve his full 4-year term even while liv resolutions, or make delinquent States fur the purest sources of American life,· of ing. He was shortchanged by those 6 weeks. nish their military or financial quotas. The pioneering and carrying forward heroically His first term ended not 4 years after April U.S. President was as powerless then as the the living American dream. 30, when he was inaugurated, but 4 years NATO President is now. For that reason, I propose that President after March 4, 1789-for that day remained, It was the Federal Constitution that gave Johnson assemble a blue-ribbon panel of and still remains, the birthday of our Federal the United States what we now take for citizens and invite the leaders of other NATO Union. granted-its common market, common cur nations to do the same. Then let these best This birthday was marked every 4 years rency, common citizenship, common stand minds of the free world sit down together, thereafter by the inauguration of the Presi ing armed force. It was Federal Union that just as our forefathers met in Philadelphia dent and a new Congress on March 4, until gave us our common government, one rep in 1787. Let them fashion and propose for 1933 when the 20th amendment advanced resenting the people directly rather than ratification a new standard to which the the date to January. Since then this birth their State governments-a common gov wise and the honest can repair. day has been increasingly forgotten. Even ernment with voting power proportioned to this 175th anniversary passed with no official population, and no State having a veto, with AMERICA'S FORGOTTEN REVOLUTION OF 1789- celebration of March 4. Nothing marked power to govern the fields transferred to it AND ITS MEANING FOR ATLANTICA Now that day this year except half a dozen by operating directly on the citizens through speeches on the floor of the House ( three of a strong Executive. (By Clarence Streit) them by Members present here today--C'on The Constitution reversed no less revolu Much as the names London and Paris, in gressmen ZABLOCKI, FINDLEY and SCHWENGEL) tionarily the purpose of the previous, so news dispatches are taken to mean Britain and by a luncheon which our organizations called United States. The confederal aim and France, the name of our Capital often held in New York. was to maintain the "sovereignty, freedom, means to the world our Government and If any day deserves to be celebrated by us and independence" of each of the States th&'c people. This was true even before this city every year, it is March 4, for it marks an made it. The Federal purpose was, and is, and this Government existed or we formed even more revolutionary event, in some ma to preserve the sovereignty of the citizens one people. They all resulted from the Fed jor respects, than the Fourth of July. This who made the Constitution-"We the Peo eral Union whose advent we commemorate "forgotten re·volution" drastically changed ple of the United States, in order to • • • today-and George Washington's leadership the United States from an association or secure the Blessings of Liberty to our was decisive in this achievement. But even alliance of sovereign State governments, as it selves • • • do ordain and establish this before this vast creation, his virtues had was under the Articles of Confederation, into Constitution." made his name renowned through the civi a Federal state composed, primarily, of This transformation from Confederation to lized world, a sym·bol of the free principles sovereign citizens rather than States. And it Federal Union was so profound as to con the 13 States had declared in 1776, the most was much more than that: It was one of the stitute a "second American revolution" 8240 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 16 much more extraordinary than the preceding the age-old way-by violence, bloodshed, 3-day horseback ride from Mount Vernon, he one we all remember, the one which set up war-8 years of war. The second American arrived at Independence Hall on May 14, the those 13 "free and independent States." revolution was achieved in a new way-peace day set for the Convention to open, he found The 13 Colonies were not the first to break fully-not merely without war but without the only other delegation present was the away from the mother country and become any bloodshed or violence, to my knowledge, one from Philadelphia. independent. Nor were they the first to set except one minor riot in Albany, N.Y. It With such proof of public apathy or hos up democracies and unite them in a con happened on the fourth of July 1788, while tility, his modern successors in office would, federacy. This had been done by the ancient the New York State Convention, elected by I fear, have saddled their plane and jetted Greek city states. But the 13 were the first the people to approve or reject the Consti home. The Father of our Federal Union to solve the problem that had always baffled tution was meeting in Poughkeepsie-only merits that title because he stayed, cooling mankind and had led to the destruction of halfway through its heated 6 weeks' debate his heels for 11 days until a quorum of seven democracy ever since the ancient Greek failed on the subject. Only 1 man was k1lled and delegations allowed the Convention to open to solve it: How to unite democracies ef 18 injured in that Albany riot. May 25. fectively, democratically, enduringly? How In our time most Americans profess to at During those 11 days that tried the souls to 'balance equitably big and little States? tach high importance to peaceful solution o! of the Founding Fathers, "practical" dele How to save liberty from its hereditary twin this very problem. And well they should, gates urged that the Convention-if it ever foes-tyranny and anarchy, too much gov since they had to suffer the bloodshed of two could open-limit its efforts to some halfway ernment and too little? World Wars and be faced by another atomic measures which the people might approve. As Lord Acton said of the 13 some 70 years one before they would enter even the At But George Washington, deeply as he shared later: "They had solved with astonishing and lantic alliance. One might expect such a the prevailing pessimism, intervened with one unexampled success two problems which had generation to consider as revolutionary in of the most decisive speeches in human his hitherto baffled the capacity of the most deed the fact that their forebears made the tory. Certainly it was the shortest of impor enlightened nations; they had contrived a giant breakthrough from alliance to federa tant speeches. Here is the whole of it: system of federal government which prodi tion without war and with practically no "It is too probable that no plan we propose giously increased the national power and yet violence or bloodshed. Yet this revolution will be adopted. Perhaps another dreadful respected local liberties and authorities; and is the forgotten revolution-forgotten even conflict is to be sustained. If, to please the they had founded it on the principle of by our generation. So much do we still seek people, we offer what we ourselves disap equality, without surrendering the securities peace by rating the victories of violence as prove, how can we afterward defend our for property and freedom." more memorable, more heroic, more revo work? Let us raise a standard to which the They achieved this historic breakthrough, lutionary than the triumphs of reason. wise and the honest can repair; the event as Tocqueville pointed out, by "this Con Some will say-indeed, many here and in is in the hand of God." stitution which * * * rests, in fact, on a Europe have said to me through 25 years Result: The practical men gave in, and theory that is entirely new, and which stands that it was relatively easy for the people of the Convention began with so revolutionary as a great discovery in modern political the 13 States to do all they did in so little a spirit that it ignored its instructions science." time with so little violence, and therefore which limited it to merely amending the "Revolution" connotes something rela it wasn't so great a thing after all. They Articles of Confederation-and set out to tively great in scope done in relatively little mean that they assume it was easy, compared draft a whole new government on lines which time by relatively new ways. By all these to the problems they see facing the step the delegates themselves believed would three acid tests, the second American revo- from alliance to union in the Atlantic com work-and they left the result to the people, 1ution outranks the first one. munity now. and to the hand of God. Six weeks later In scope: It was not only greater in com It seems to me that those who faced the the Convention had come to complete dead parison with past human achievement, but situation in America then were in a much lock, after such wrangling that Washington in comparison with even the latest compa better position to Judge its difficulties than on July 10, wrote to Hamilton (who had been rable efforts. The European uniC'n movement we are now-especially the great majority of called back to New York): "I almost despair has gained great and deserved credit for its us who are so incredibly ignorant of the con of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings achievements, yet the European Common of your Convention, and to therefore repent Market is only one item among those which ditions in which this second revolution was achieved. Patrick Henry was by no means having had any agency in the business." the Constitution wrapped up in its Federal But he ended his letter by saying character package. the only one who found that this break through was as "radical" as the one we re istically: "The crisis is equally important As for speed : It took Europe 9 years from and alarming, and no opposition under such the first proposals in 1948 to reach the stage member so well. To Alexander Hamilton it was more than circumstances should discourage exertion un of signing in 1957 the Treaty of Rome--un til the signature is fixed." der which the Common Market of the Six a revolution, it was a miracle. We have time to hear only three other witnesses, two When the Constitution was finally signed Nations would be completed by 197~an on September 17, Benjamin Franklin-my other 13 years (President de Gaulle permit Americans and one European. We call to the stand first George Washington. second witness-gave the testimony you have ting) or 22 years in all. Now turn back the on your program on the dangers and difficul clock to the sundial era. The State of New Only 3 months before the Federal Con ties the signers had thus overcome. Speaking York has the honor of having been the first vention met, he wrote General Knox on of the finished Constitution, he said: government to propose formally (thanks to February 3, 1787, "I believe that the polit "I think it will astonish our enemies, who Alexander Hamilton) that a Federal Con ical machine will yet be much tumbled and are waiting with confidence to hear that our vention be called to "revise and amend" the tossed, and possibly wrecked altogether, be councils are confounded like those of the Articles of Confederation. That was on July fore such a system * * * will be adopted. builders of Babel; and that our States are 20, 1782. Five years later the Convention The darling sovereignties of the States in on the point of separation, only to meet here met, drafted, and signed the Federal Con dividually • * • would give their weight of after for the purpose of cutting one another's stitution-all in 1787. opposition." Still more gloomily General throats." After long and strenuous debate in a num Washington wrote a month later, March 10, Such was the danger of wars among the 13 ber of the States it was ratified by enough to the Foreign Secretary of Congress that States then, in the considered judgment of of them for the Federal Government to be the latter's opinion that "attempts to alter or so realistic a man as Poor Richard, so experi inaugurated less than 2 years later-7 years amend it-the Articles of Confederation enced a statesman as Franklin, then 81. from start to completion. This in the sun will be like the proppings of a house that is Today, there is no danger of any war among dial, oxcart age, when it took 24 days to ready to fall, and which no shoars can sup the 15 NATO allies-but so timid are the carry the Declaration of Independence from port ( as many seem to think) may also be successors of Washington and Franklin now Philadelphia to South Carolina by the fast true. But is the public mind matured for that they cease all effort when President de est means available. such an important change as the one you Gaulle vetoes some elements in the adminis Yet the peoples of the 13 States did far have suggested? What would be the conse tration's Atlantic "partnership" plan. The more than begin a common market in those quences of a premature attempt? • • • A mounting Atlantic disunion, which results 7 years; they set up at the same time a thirst for power, and for the bantling, I had from their own lack of vision and courage, common currency, defense force, foreign pol like to have said monster, for sovereignty, is to them not urgent incentive to redouble icy, citizenship, government. All this was which have taken such fast hold of the efforts to unite the Atlantic community but done as a step in the dark, a bold experi States individually will • • • form a strong justification for ceasing them and seeking ment undertaken despite the warning of phalanx against it. It is more than prob accord with Moscow instead of with Paris, Patrick Henry against a solution which that able that we shall exhibit the last melancholy our oldest ally. fiery revolutionist called "as radical" as the proof, that mankind are not competent to Europeans are now among the first to aE separation from Great Britain. By way of their own Government." sume that the change from alliance to Fed comparison, that first American Revolution How often I have been told that the eral Union among the 13 States was far too took 8 years-from the Declaration of Inde public is not ripe for even an Atlantic Fed-. simple to be compared to the difflculties of pendence to the ratification of the peace eral Convention, that it would be too danger making such a change now. But when the treaty in 1783--0r 18 years if one starts with ous to risk failure. The difference between U.S. Constitution was signed, Europeans the Stamp Act in 1765. these modern nay-sayers and Washington is were, indeed, "astonished." Small wonder, Let us turn to our third acid test. That that he nonetheless agreed to stake his pres for Europeans found the difflculties facing first American Revolution was· achieved in tige by serving as a delegate. When, after a union then so impossible to surmount that 1964 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 8241 my third witness-Josiah Tucker, dean of that the remainder of this century will see out the approval of both Houses, and dead Gloucester-wrote in 1781: our forgotten revolution spread federation lock is theoretically possible, there has been, "AB to the future grandeur of America, and of the free through the world as the remem in practice, no serious danger of stalemate- its being a rising empire under one head, bered revolution spread independent nation and none whatever in times of grave danger whether republican or monarchical, it is one alism through the first half of our century. from abroad. For, over and above both the of the idlest and most visionary notions that Which will it be? House and the Senate, stand the sovereign ever was conceived even by writers of I come to the second lesson of the forgot citizens of the Union, on whom all the Mem romance. The mutual antipathies and ten revolution. It is this: It is much more bers of both Houses depend for office. clashing interests of the Americans, their prudent and practical to build the Atlantic It is the partnership plan which Presi differences of governments, habitudes, and pilot plant on the broad lines of the Fed dent de Gaulle has blocked. His motives manners, indicate that they will have no eral Union which has already stood the test may have been the wrong ones, but per center of union and no common interest. of 175 years, than along the lines which the sonally I am very grateful to him for hav They never can be united into one compact administration is now following. ing halted Operation Dumbbell, and thus empire under any species of government Atlantic union has progressed so far in given people an opportunity of seeing the whatever; a disunited people till the end of the past 25 years that is no longer a ques folly of this project and turning to the sound time, suspicious and distrustful of each tion of whether Atlantica should be effec alternative before it is too late. The United other, they will be divided and subdivided tively united, but only of how. There are States drifted into Operation Dumbbell with into little commonwealths or principalities, two major answers to this question. One is out its implications and basic principles ever according to natural boundaries, by great the administration's Atlantic partnership having been subjected, so far as I know, to bays of the sea, and by vast rivers, lakes, and plan; the other is the plan we uphold, for close scrutiny by those in power or by most ridges of mountains." an Atlantic Federal Union in which all the others. Massachusetts ratified the Constitution NATO nations would be znember states. President de Gaulle, by my reading of his after prolonged debate by a majority of only Both plans depend on federal principles, various statements, has always left the door 19. Despite Washington's endorsement, but the partnership one would apply them open to our Atlantic federal plan. I wish Virginia, after listening to Patrick Henry de only in Western Europe. It se~ks to solve I had time to point out how it meets many nounce the Constitution for 3 weeks-and the problem of balancing the American co of his main objections to the partnership raise fears of civil war-ratified it by only 89 lossus with the European nations by fed plan. Suffice it to say now that, until the to 79 . Despite the Federallst papers-writ erating the latter in a European union, so U.S. Government proposes Atlantic federal ten to win a majority for the Constitutuion that it would thus become equally colos union along the lines we propose, and he in the election of delegates to the New York sal. The two giants would then be united rejects it, I for one shall continue to believe Convention-the people elected a two-thirds by a bar called "partnership" which has that the obstacle lies much more in Wash majority of them opposed to ratification. never been defined, but which would obvi ington than in Paris. I have been told on Hamilton had to argue through 6 weeks be ously be much weaker than federation. good authority both in Washington and Paris fore, by one of the greatest forensic feats in This plan was originally called "Operation that the U.S. Government has never even history, he finally persuaded them, by 30 to Dumbbell" by its State Department au sounded him out on Atlantic federal union. 27, to ratify the· Constitution. thors. They were thinking in terms of the The third lesson to be drawn from our What are the lessons in our forgotten gymnasium-two equal spheres connected forgotten revolution is that the sound way American Revolution of 1789 for the people by a bar-but with all respect to them I be to solve the problem of Atlantic unification of the 15 nation-states of Atlantica today? lieve that the slang sense of "dumbbell" is to tackle it as a whole--again by the I see many, but I shall touch on only three more accurately describes this operation. method that has now worked for 175 years- or four, depending on the time I have left. I have time to mention only two of the and not piecemeal, by the little tested The first lesson is that we Americans, reasons why I think this plan is unsound method that is now being followed officially. Atlanticans and all the non-Communist and unworkable. One is that the Dumbbell This method, called by its supporters the world have far more to gain now from study balance is essentially the old European bal functional approach, has set up among the ing our forgotten revolution than our re ance of power between sovereign nations, six nations in Europe first the Coal and membered one. The principles of free gov which has never worked to prevent war Steel Authority, then Euratom and later the ernment in our first Revolution's Declaration and depression. Two sovereign democracies Common Ma,ket. The plan is to add next of Independence began toppling autocrats are bound to differ on how to advance peace a common currency, then a common defense in Western Europe in May 1789, when they and freedom just as two political parties force, and finally a common government. helped lead to the meeting of the States Gen do. But there is no way on earth to get The fact is that these economic, monetary, eral in France. In the 175 years since the sovereign powers to agree short of war, French Revolution began spreading these and since neither wants war, the result military and political elements in the prob principles in Europe, a number of nations is stalemate. For more than a year now lem are closely interrelated, much as are the there have grown into stable democracies. the United States has been deadlocked with digestive, circulatory, muscular and nervous Their growth in freedom, combined with the a much smaller power-France. And in systems of ou.r bodies. To tackle them sepa force of the example of the Thirteen Colo other ways, with another smaller power rately seems to be simpler, but the successes nies in breaking away from the British Em Britain How much worse the stalemate are lllusory-as I had ample opportunity to pire, has led, particularly in the last decade, would be, were it between two equally pow observe when covering for the New York to the transformation of their colonies in erful sovereign unions, European and Amer Times such efforts at the League of Nations ABia and Africa into independent nation ican. To stake life and liberty on the in the period between World Wars. What states-usually without the wars that marked hope that the reverse will then be true, that ever progress one makes in one function is the much earlier breakup of Spain's Ameri equality in national power will make for jeopardized by failure to advance propor can Empire. Only the Russian, Red Chinese, agreement and prevent dangerous deadlocks, tionately in some other function. In a re and Portuguese Empires now remain to be is to fly in the face of all experience, to the cent example, the Nassau agreement on broken up by the principles of the first height of folly. weapons triggered President de Gaulle into American revolution. Operation Dumbbell is also unsound be blocking the development of the Common The transformation of the Western Euro cause it would bridge the Atlantic by build Market. pean empires into scores of small independ ing only the approach on either side on The Founding Fathers of our Federal Un ent nations has come at a time when mass tested federal principles-and then con ion had the revolutionary wisdom to create production and mass destruction, together necting the main span, between the two through the Constitution a body politic com with the rise of Communist dictatorship, towers, by the fragile principle of partner plete with all these interrelated organs or have made even the strongest democracies ship. There it depends on the old European functions. Because of our reluctance to unite in the Atlantic a111ance. The chal balance of power--equivalent to stretching study afresh our forgotten revolution it lenge of "unite or perish" which the 13 a tight rope between the two towers of the seems to many that it is much harder for us States faced after independence, and solved Atlantic suspension bridge and relying on to do this now in Atlantica. Be that as it at the dawn of the steam-electric age by diplomats to balance their way acros~ may, why not first try at least the method their forgotten revolution, faces the strong across the ocean. that worked and see what we can do ? est Atlantic democracies far more impera Our plan would build the longest span · Full-fledged union will take years, of tively now, at the dawn of the jet-atomic of this great bridge by the strongest, not course, to achieve. This does not mean, how age. Its solution is no less vital to the in the weakest principles-by federal princi ever, that we must leave the attainment of experienced new nations-but they have no ples all the way across, and not just at the this goal to the mercy of time, and mean possibility whatever of solving it effectively two approaches. Put in federal, instead of while concentrate on meeting this and that by regional federations if the Atlantic democ engineering terms, our plan would solve the crisis with this and that "practical" gim racies fail to meet this challenge-fail to problem of balance between the American mick. To build one's dream house takes provide the world with a pilot plant on in colossus and the small European nations by time, too-but jerry-building wm never tE:irna tional democratic federal union. If the time-tested Federal balance between the turn the dream into reality. The goal can they fail to do this promptly, the undevel House and the Senate. It safeguards the not be gained without a definite decision to oped nations of Asia, Africa and Latin Amer pf!ople of the larger States by their voting build the house, followed by selection of ica are doomed, I believe. to go the way of power in the House and those of the smaller architects to prepare the plans and builders Cuba, Zanzibar, and North Vietnam. I! we States equally by their voting power in the to turn the blueprints into building. To do rise to the challenge, then I am confident Senate. Though no law can be passed with- put these decisions off indefinitely because 8242 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 17 the final goal take~ much longer than the years, a common defense force in ______Our second delusion is that we do not need first step is the opposite of practical. years, and free movement of citizens even to attempt to federate Atlantica with This is true of Atlantic union, too; the throughout the Union in ______years. the revolutionary scope and speed with which basic decisions take relatively little time, Certainly there would be conflicting views they achieved their great breakthrough. We there is no sense in deferring them further, in such a convention, and many compromises talk of the explosion of population, of new and every reason to take them now. What would have to be made. But the conven nations, of technological and scientific ad does this mean, concretely? It means a tion would be spared the difficulty of work vance that is shrinking the world at revolu decision by the President to invite the NATO ing out the details of transition which the tionary speed-and we nurse the delusion allies to send delegates to meet with U.S. drafters of the Rome Treaty incorporated in that we don't need to advance with revolu delegates in another federal constitutional that voluminous document which set up the tionary speed and on a revolutionary scale convention, patterned broadly on the one Common Market. All such questions would in the political field, in constituting effec in 1787, to take-subject to ratification by be left to the new union government to tive free international government in such their peoples-the following positive, cre answer. This Convention, like the one in a world. ative actions: Philadelphia, could concentrate on the basic Our third delusion is that we can meet our 1. Declare that the goal is the transforma political problem-and turn out as short a challenge without demanding of our leaders tion of the NATO alliance into, eventually, document as the U.S. Constitution. the revolutionary character, heroic courage, a full-fledged federal union, that is, one If the French Government refused to par the Founding Fathers farsighted vision and with a common citizenship, foreign policy-, ticipate, or, participating, refused to sign or sublime faith in the sovereign citizen which defense force, and free movement of money, ratify the resulting constitution, the other Washington, Franklin, Hamilton and a goods and men through its territory-which nations could still federate. How long could galaxy of Founding Fathers provided 175 would guarantee the continued independence even GE,!neral de Gaulle keep France out of years ago. of each Member Nation as regards its purely a union that included the United States, Let us be done with these delusions. Let national affairs, and could admit other na Canada, Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, us be done with them now. We are not so tions that so desired, when it agreed that the German Federal Republic, Italy-to men feeble that we cannot do what our fathers this would advance its purpose. tion no more? There is w much support for did and what we expect our children to do. 2. Draft a federal constitution to speed Atlantic union already among the French, We, too--each of us here, and all our friends attainment of this goal by: including the Gaullist leaders, that one could and fellow citizens-we, too, can do far better (A) Listing the bill of rights, or indi confidently expect France to enter such a than we have yet begun to do. We, too, can vidual liberties, and the other peaceful pur federation soon, if it were not among the raise a standard to which the wise and the poses which this union of the free would founders, as I am confident it would be. honest can repair. We, too, can have Wash be made to advance. The fourth and concluding lesson we can ington's faith that if we will but raise that (B) Establishing a democratic government draw from the forgotten federal revolution standard, the hand of God will turn the with a federal senate and house, and an is the most important: It is to meet the chal event our way. executive and Judiciary to pursue these lenge of our day with the revolutionary We of Federal Union, Inc., and of the In aims; vision and courage. This means abandoning (C) Assigning to this Government the three delusions we now cherish. One delu ternational Movement for Atlantic Union task of working out, as a whole, the transi sion is that we can succeed in meeting our have that faith. We have already raised tion to complete union in the various inter oceanic challenge with halfway measures anew Washington's standard of Federal Union related fields to be given it, and fixing a that even such statesmen as Washington, of the free. We invite you cordially to help definite time-table for the attainment of Franklin, Hamilton could not succeed with us carry it forward to another "astonishing" each-a common currency to be achieved in among 13 English-speaking States in "easier" triumph of human reason, and of the human ______years, a common market in ______conditions. spirit.
who do justly, love mercy, and walk Mr. HUMPHREY. I announce that SENATE humbly with their God. the Senator from Alaska [Mr. BARTLETT], In the dear Redeemer's name we pray. the Senator from Virginia [Mr. BYRD], FRIDAY, APRIL 17, 1964 Amen. the Senator from North Carolina [Mr. (Legislative day of Monday, March 30, ERVIN], the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. 1964) · FULBRIGHT], the Senator from Indiana THE JOURNAL [Mr. HARTKE], the Senator from Florida The Senate met at 10 o'clock a.m., and On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by [Mr. HOLLAND], the Senator from Wash was called to order by the Acting Presi unanimous consent, the reading of the ington [Mr. JACKSON], the Senator from dent pro tempore (Mr. METCALF). . Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, Massachusetts [Mr. KENNEDY], the Sen The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown April 16, 1964, was dispensed with. ator from Minnesota [Mr. McCARTHY], Harris, D.D., offered the following the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. prayer: McINTYRE], the Senator from Oregon [Mrs. NEUBERGER]' the Senator from Wis O God, our Father, in this pavilion of CALL OF THE ROLL consin [Mr. PROXMIRE], tbe Senator prayer in which we bow day by day, as Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I from Georgia [Mr. RUSSELL], and the spirit with spirit may meet, we would suggest the absence of a quorum. Senator from Ohio [Mr. YoUNG] are ab fling open the shuttered windows of our The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem sent on official business. darkened lives to the effulgence of Thy I also announce that the Senator from presence, that some broken beams of Thy pore. The clerk will call the roll. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and West Virginia [Mr. BYRD], the Senator glory may shine upon our daily work. from Oklahoma [Mr. EDMONDSON]' the Teach us that to live worthily, we the following Senators answered to their names: Senator from Louisiana [Mr. ELLENDER], must have a faith fit to live by, a self fit the Senator from California [Mr. to live with, and a cause fit to live for. [No. 146 Leg.] Alken Hart Moss ENGLE], the Senator from Tennessee In this tragic· and tangled world we Allott Hayden Mundt [Mr. GORE], the Senator from Alabama are conscious of our woeful inadequacy Anderson Humphrey Muskie [Mr. HILL], the Senator from Louisiana to sit in the seats of judgment, to bal Bayh Inouye Nelson Bennett Javits Pa.store [Mr. LONG], the Senator from Florida ance the scales of justice, and to respond . Bible Johnston Pearson [Mr. SMATHERS], the Senator from Geor with equity to the myriad calls of hu Boggs Jordan, N.C. Pell gia [Mr. TALMADGE], the Senator from man need. Grant that those by the peo~ Brewster Jordan, Ida.ho Prouty South Carolina [Mr. THURMOND]' and ple's choice, here lifted to high pedes Burdick Kea.ting Ribicoff Cannon Kuchel Robertson the Senator from Texas [Mr. YAR tals in the life of the state, conscious Carlson Lausche Saltonstall BOROUGH] are necessarily absent. of the great tradition in which they Case Long,Mo. Scott I further announce that the Senator stand, may rise to greatness of vision Church Magnuson Simpson Clark Mansfield Smith from Mississippi [Mr. EASTLAND] is ab and of soul as the anxious eyes of all Cooper McClellan Sparkman sent because of illness. the nations are upon this Chamber in Curtis McGee Stennis I further announce that the Senator so fear-haunted a day. Dirksen McGovern Symington Dodd McNamara. Walters from West Virginia [Mr. RANDOLPH] is Despite the brutalities of man to his Dominick Metcalf Williams, N .J. absent during convalescence from an fell ow man, keep love's banners floating Douglas Miller Williams, Del. illness. Fong Monroney Young, N. Dak. o'er us as we march breast forward, with Goldwater Morse Mr. KUCHEL. I announce that the faith undimmed, in the ranks of those Gruening Mprton Senator from Maryland [Mr. BEALL], the