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Claude Pepper the New South Rebel: Ideology in Action 1936-1952 Robert Ortiz

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Claude Pepper the New South Rebel: Ideology in Action 1936-1952 Robert Ortiz Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 Claude Pepper the New South Rebel: Ideology in Action 1936-1952 Robert Ortiz Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES CLAUDE PEPPER THE NEW SOUTH REBEL: IDEOLOGY IN ACTION 1936-1952 By ROBERT ORTIZ A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2014 Robert Ortiz defended this dissertation on March 7, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: Neil Jumonville Professor Directing Dissertation Charles Barrilleaux University Representative Michael Creswell Committee Member Maxine D. Jones Committee Member Jennifer L. Koslow Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For Lahertes and Luis, my mother and father, who showed me the value of liberty and the pursuit of happiness… iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many responsible for my successful return to school and in writing this dissertation. I want to first thank my family, friends, teachers and the Dissertation Committee who supported my academic endeavor. To Elna Green who prepared me for the dissertation process and Neil Jumonville and guided its writing, thank you both for your patience and caring mentoring. Many thanks to Robert Rubero and Kim Boo York from the Pepper Library for their research support. To my son Zach and Nancy a special thank you for your understanding, when the project limited our time together. RO. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 POLITICAL BEGINNINGS ...........................................................................................................9 A LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC FLORIDA .....................................................................................38 A BRAVE NEW WORLD…... .....................................................................................................64 IMPERIAL SECURITY! .............................................................................................................104 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................133 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................145 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................150 v LIST OF FIGURES 1 Florida’s Senator Claude Denson Pepper ..........................................................................37 2 Senator Pepper’s maverick behavior became instant political fodder. ..............................63 3 Senator Pepper with family and friends listening to the 1950 election returns ...............103 4 Cartoon given to Senator Pepper for his support of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ...................132 vi ABSTRACT The historical interpretations of Claude Pepper’s Senate career until now depicted a Senator who had lost touch with his constituency and the political ideas of the nation after World War II. In examining his record in the Senate and his personal views on public policy, we discover that Senator Pepper was a southerner that was willing to stand up for the values of traditional southern liberalism and populist views. Pepper adhered to these principles and rebelled against the intolerance and prejudices of post war fear and the Cold War. Pepper battled those perceptions and supported progress since the New Deal for all in the New South. His defeat in 1950 marked the end of southern liberalism as a force in Florida and in Southern politics. Conservatism also, would never be the same losing its traditional enlightenment to reaction and endangering America’s political culture and ideology. As modern America replaced traditional liberalism with European terms, it began to characterize America’s public policy. vii INTRODUCTION Claude Pepper, U.S. Senator from Florida, exercised great influence on the transformation of political culture in the mid-twentieth century South. When he arrived on the political scene, the southern political accent rang out in clear tones of a populist reform promoted by the New Deal to alleviate the Great Depression. This reformist politics expressed itself in racial hostility, the hope for economic uplift by “remedying” regional poverty, and resentment toward the privileged upper middle class and business elites.1 When Senator Pepper left public office at the end of 1950, politics in the South still featured a noticeable populism, but now it spoke the language of reaction, a populism deemed conservative, anticommunist, anti- integrationist and opposed to social or economic equality. Pepper opposed much of this reaction as an undemocratic populist conservative agenda and helped moderate its lack of liberal expression in the Senate and in Florida. In the Senate, Pepper was confronted with a conservative political cycle that challenged the political machinations of Florida’s “variegated” populism and polarized it into a populist conservative reaction, which split Southern Populism as it had done in the early 1900s and later in the mid-1960s and 1980s.2 Surprisingly, historians have devoted little attention to Senator Pepper’s political ideas that separated liberal progressive populism from conservative populism 1 Arthur S. Link, “The Progressive Movement in the South, 1870-1914.” North Carolina Historical Review 23, no. 1 (1946): pp. 172-195. 2 Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1972), p. 1. Kirby separates the degree of reaction from Southerners to Federal programs that will help African Americans, ranging from tacit support to violent reaction. 3 C. Vann Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938) Woodward did write about Tom Watson’s traditional liberal populist values in the early 1900s and his reaction with violence and bigotry when special interest destroyed his ideal of populism. 2 Alexander R. Stoesen, “The Senatorial Career of Claude D. Pepper” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1964) 5 Ric Kabat, “From Camp Hill to Harvard Yard: The Early Years of Claude Pepper,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 72, no.2 (1993): pp. 153-179. 1 during Pepper’s senatorial tenure in the years of Depression and war.3 There have been other works published tracing strains of populism through the Cold War and beyond, but only a handful of works have been published on Senator Pepper. Alexander Stoeson in the Senatorial Career of Claude Pepper provided a general and in-depth biographical sketch of the Senator’s elections and work in the Senate.4 Others focused on only a limited aspect of Senator Pepper’s political ideology when he was in the Senate. Rick Kabat, in From Camp Hill to Harvard Yard: The Early Years of Claude D. Pepper, surveyed Pepper’s early political career up to his defeat in the 1950 election. Senator Pepper, according to Kabat, was an internationalist New Dealer warrior who never adjusted to the post World War II political setting in Florida and the United States. Pepper’s internationalism earned him the nickname Red Pepper.5 Pepper’s New Deal ideals, also checked big business interest and seemed to dominate the Senator’s political views. Tracy Danese described them in his story of Claude Pepper’s political struggles with Ed Ball, the DuPont trustee, in Claude Pepper and Ed Ball: Politics Purpose and Power. Both men, according to Danese, had opposing ideas about how the political economy of the state should evolve and, according to Danese, became bitter enemies by 1950.6 They differed on the amount of state involvement in economic growth and over the role of business elites. Pepper, the liberal New Dealer, pushed the civil rights agenda in an obvious manner, according to Julian M. Pleasants’ Claude Pepper, Strom Thurman and the 1948 Presidential Election in Florida. Pleasants explains how Pepper’s disagreement with President Harry 6 Tracy Danese, Claude Pepper and Ed Ball: Politics Purpose and Power, (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2003). 7 Julian M. Pleasants, “Claude Pepper, Strom Thurmond, and the 1948 Presidential Election in Florida” Florida Historical Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): pp. 439-473. 2 Truman’s Cold War policy did not prevent the Senator from working tirelessly to get Truman elected in order to continue the Democratic Party’s liberal Civil Rights agenda.7 He turned out the vote in Florida to ensure progress on Civil Rights and overlooked Truman’s Cold War policy. Pepper’s views on foreign policy, dominated by his liberal populism, provided him with provocatively different set of ideas in dealing with the Soviets, ideas that were explained by Alex Lichtenstein, In the Shade of the Lenin Oak: ‘Colonel’
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