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ERGONOMIC SLEEPING BAG SUPPORT Eliana Palumbo Palumbo 1

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ERGONOMIC SLEEPING BAG SUPPORT Eliana Palumbo Palumbo 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my parents for their financial support and their patience by putting up with a dining room full of different foams. They were extremely supportive throughout this whole process and were always there to answer any engineering questions I had. I would also like to thank Mr. Regele, Mr. Ellis, Ms. Curran, and Mr. Brunner. I would like to thank them for their guidance throughout the duration of this project because they were always there to brainstorm with me and help me with anything I needed. Palumbo 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 4 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 5 Insomnia ............................................................................................................................. 5 Sleep Debt........................................................................................................................... 6 Sleep Deprivation Impairing Emotional Recognition ........................................................ 6 Sleeping Cycles and REM .................................................................................................. 7 Sleep Number ..................................................................................................................... 8 Spinal Alignment ................................................................................................................ 9 Spinal Displacement Side Effects..................................................................................... 10 Pressure Related Injuries .................................................................................................. 11 Engineering Plan .................................................................................................................. 14 Engineering Problem Statement ....................................................................................... 14 Engineering Goals ............................................................................................................ 14 Procedure Overview ......................................................................................................... 14 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 15 Materials ........................................................................................................................... 15 Procedure .......................................................................................................................... 15 Results .................................................................................................................................. 19 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 20 References ............................................................................................................................ 22 Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 24 Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 24 Assumptions ..................................................................................................................... 24 Raw Data .......................................................................................................................... 25 Engineering Matrix Ranges .............................................................................................. 27 Notes File .......................................................................................................................... 27 Literature Search Parameters ............................................................................................ 27 Knowledge Gaps............................................................................................................... 27 DSM-5 Insomnia and Short Sleep .................................................................................... 28 Medicated and un-medicated kids with ADHD ............................................................... 29 Sleep Deprivation Impairs Recognition of Specific Emotions ......................................... 30 Back Alignment ................................................................................................................ 31 Foams................................................................................................................................ 32 Palumbo 3 Different Types of Foam .................................................................................................. 33 Back Alignment 2 ............................................................................................................. 34 Average Lengths of Mattresses and People ...................................................................... 35 Sleep Number Mattress .................................................................................................... 36 Amazon Sleeping Bag Reviews ....................................................................................... 37 Talking with Ms. Curran .................................................................................................. 38 Sleep Cycles ..................................................................................................................... 39 Sleep Rhythms .................................................................................................................. 40 Palumbo 4 Abstract Sleeping bags do not support the spine properly, maximize sleep time, or optimize sleep quality. A support that is too soft or too hard can cause spinal joint irritation and back pain. If there are unsupported gaps between the body and the support, pressure points may begin to form. Other problems, such as a restriction of blood flow and a constriction of nerves, can arise as a result of a misaligned spine. The purpose of this project was to create an insert for a sleeping bag that would keep the spine in a neutral position, while evenly distributing the sleeper's weight. Five different foams were tested, using a pressure sensor to obtain the contact area, average pressure, and maximum pressure exerted on a model body. A model spine was also developed to assess whether the foams kept the spine in its neutral position. The most effective foam was Memory Foam, as determined by the weight and spine data. Using the foam insert could significantly improve the comfort and support of the sleeping bag user. Palumbo 5 Literature Review Insomnia Insomnia is one of the most widespread health concerns and an estimated 30% to 50% of the general population has been affected by insomnia. ("Disorders and Treatments: Insomnia", 2010) Even though insomnia is so common, clinicians are often reluctant to treat the problem because they have difficulty identifying the cause, they are unfamiliar with some of the treatment options, or have concerns with pharmacologic treatments. This common clinical condition can be distinguished by the difficulty of initiating or maintaining sleep. Insomnia puts the sleeper at risk for impaired function, and the development of other medical and mental disorders. The causes and observed conditions of insomnia include genetic, environmental, behavioral, and physiological factors that lead up to hyperarousal. After a thorough history of sleep behaviors, medical problems, psychiatric problems, common medications, and a potential record of sleep patterns, insomnia can be diagnosed. If behavioral treatments cannot be used, then medications should be used for the shortest amount of time and in the lowest dosage possible. Clinicians are able to diagnose insomnia because of its effects on function and health; a thorough clinical history is often sufficient to identify factors that contribute to insomnia. Behavioral treatments should be used when possible and hypnotic medications are also efficacious but should be carefully monitored. (Daniel J. Buysse, 2013) Insomnia disorder with short sleeping periods is the most severe type of insomnia. The subjects in a recent study were asked to self-report information like insomnia classification, sleep duration, vascular events, cardiometabolic disease, pain conditions, and psychiatric symptoms. The researchers found that short sleeping insomniacs were at a higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, chronic pain, back pain, anxiety, and Palumbo 6 depression independent of sex, age, and obesity. Cardiometabolic and psychiatric illness burden was greater for black people with short sleep; black people who experienced sleep disturbances had a greater risk of health problems than their white peers. (Kalmbach, 2016) Sleep Debt Sleep debt is known as the difference between the amount of sleep people get and the amount of sleep that their individual body requires. The amount of sleep debt accumulates slowly, and the effects of sleep deprivation vary depending on if the deprivation is short-term or long-term.
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