Ciencia Ficción

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Ciencia Ficción 1ª edición: septiembre, 1990 La presente edición es propiedad de Ediciones B, S.A. Calle Rocafort, 104 - 08015 Barcelona (España) © Miguel Barceló García, 1990 Colección NOVA nº 28 Printed in Spain ISBN: 84-406-1420-9 Depósito legal: B. 27.773-1990 Impreso en Talleres Gráficos «Dúplex, S.A.» Ciudad de Asunción, 26-D 08030 Barcelona Diseño de colección y cubierta: LA MANUFACTURA / Arte 4 + Diseño Ilustración: Jairo Ribero Contraportada Esta GUIA DE LECTURA está escrita en España, pensando en el lector español y en los libros del género que realmente pueden encontrarse en nuestras librerías. Incluye también un completo apéndice sobre la ciencia ficción en España, con comentarios sobre la mayoría de sus autores y obras sin olvidar las colecciones en las que se ha publicado ciencia ficción en nuestro país. El autor es un conocido especialista en ciencia ficción y ha destacado en su actividad como fan y editor profesional en el género. Es también el único miembro español de la «Asociación de Estudios sobre la Ciencia Ficción» (SFRA - Science Fiction Research Association) y de la «Sociedad Norteamericana de Escritores de Ciencia Ficción» (SFWA - Science Fiction Writers of America). Cien autores famosos y cien títulos básicos en un libro imprescindible para conocer a fondo uno de los géneros literarios de mayor auge en los últimos años. Presentación Parece evidente que en los últimos años la edición de ciencia ficción en España está atravesando un período excepcionalmente positivo. Nuevas editoriales se atreven a publicar colecciones de ciencia ficción, y algunas de las veteranas experimentan una sana y vigorosa revitalización. Los viejos aficionados al género saben ya que en la ciencia ficción es habitual la presencia de unos ciclos con momentos de auge indefectiblemente seguidos de una cierta parquedad editorial mientras se espera el nuevo período alcista. Pero entre algunos aficionados empieza a circular la idea de que quizás esta vez la cosa «vaya en serio» y la ciencia ficción acabe teniendo en nuestro país el éxito de público y el reconocimiento intelectual de que ya goza en otros lugares. La aparición de colecciones especializadas en Ediciones B, Destino, Miraguano, Júcar y otras editoriales que se incorporan a la ciencia ficción, junto a las colecciones ya existentes en Minotauro, Edhasa, Acervo, Martínez Roca, Ultramar, y los volúmenes tal vez aislados pero con cierta voluntad de continuidad de Planeta, Plaza y Janés y varias editoriales más, parecen demostrar el creciente interés por la ciencia ficción y la fantasía en España. Posiblemente este fenómeno no es ajeno a los nuevos lectores, que ha aportado a la ciencia ficción el éxito obtenido por los cien volúmenes de la Biblioteca de Ciencia Ficción de Ediciones Orbis, que en 1985 y 1986 reeditó muchos de los títulos clásicos del género a precios francamente reducidos y muy asequibles. Por todo ello se me ocurrió pensar que tal vez sería adecuado proporcionar a este nuevo lector incorporado al género (sin olvidar tampoco al aficionado veterano) una GUÍA DE LECTURA que le permitiera conocer la historia y la evolución del género, los autores más relevantes y los títulos que lo han caracterizado en sus ya más de sesenta años de historia oficial. No se trataba de traducir algunas de las ya abundantes obras sobre la ciencia ficción publicadas en el mundo anglosajón. Todas ellas parten de un entorno editorial y una disponibilidad de títulos muy distinta de la nuestra. La idea consiste precisamente en elaborar una GUÍA DE LECTURA escrita pensando en el lector español y en los libros que realmente se han editado en nuestro país y que el lector en castellano podía encontrar con facilidad. En nuestro país se han publicado muy pocos libros sobre la ciencia ficción, y la mayoría son traducciones. El más reciente entre los escasos originales españoles es LA LITERATURA DE CIENCIA FICCIÓN (1975) de Juan José Plans, publicado en el número 19 de la Biblioteca Cultural que coeditó Prensa Española, Magisterio Español, Planeta y la Editora Nacional. El libro de Plans tiene ya quince años y, por otra parte, su visión es básicamente histórica y pretendidamente cultural. De sus escasas ciento cincuenta páginas, las 90 primeras llegan sólo hasta finales del siglo XIX, y Plans dedica una cincuentena escasa de páginas a lo que él llama «la ciencia ficción en la actualidad». Más años han pasado desde que apareció LA NOVELA DE CIENCIA FICCIÓN de Juan Ignacio Ferreras (Siglo XXI, 1972), uno de los muchos libros que este especialista literario dedicó a todo tipo de géneros (novela rosa, novela del siglo XIX español, teoría y praxis de la novela, etc., han sido temas de sus libros). El texto de Ferreras adolece de una visión exageradamente afrancesada para lo que es la ciencia ficción que se ha publicado en España y, además, está claramente escrito al margen del género pese a sus re- petidas confesiones de afición al mismo. Excesivamente contagiado del chovinismo francés, Ferreras llega a afirmar despropósitos tales como que Van Vogt es el autor más conocido universalmente y que ciertos clásicos franceses como J. H. Rosny Ainé son comparables a H. G. Wells. Otro ilustre antecedente español es el largo artículo que el doctor Alfonso Álvarez Villar publicó en el número de septiembre-octubre de 1966 de la revista Arbor. Se titulaba La ciencia-ficción en nuestro mundo (con guión incluido) y se ve ya tan antiguo como el mejor texto argentino sobre el tema, El sentido de la ciencia ficción, de Pablo Capanna (Ed. Colúmbia, 1966). Casi veinticinco años han transcurrido ya desde entonces, y la ciencia ficción ha cambiado por efecto de la New Wave de finales de los sesenta y la nueva madurez a que ha llegado el género en las dos últimas décadas. Más recientemente los argentinos dispusieron de la GUÍA PARA EL LECTOR DE CIENCIA FICCIÓN elaborada por Aníbal M. Vinelli (Ed. Convergencia, 1977), un librito demasiado breve (94 páginas) pero de indudable interés, aunque prácticamente careció de distribución en España. Ante este panorama, me pareció conveniente obtener una GUÍA DE LECTURA más actual y apasionada, pensada en España para lectores españoles, y centrada en el género desde su edad dorada en los años cuarenta y cincuenta hasta la actualidad. También me parecía importante que estuviera escrita desde la óptica de un aficionado estudioso y amante del género que no se sintiera excesivamente preocupado por el «reconocimiento literario» de la ciencia ficción, sino por su eficacia como literatura de ideas que ha generado un curioso y activo movimiento de aficionados. Convencido de que la idea era buena, el problema se reducía a encontrar al inocente primo que se hiciera cargo de tal labor. En el país hay ya algunos especialistas sobre el género, pero pocos de ellos son lo bastante ingenuos como para perder el tiempo en realizar esta tarea. Finalmente no tuve más remedio que incurrir en el viejo vicio del amiguismo y le encargué/impuse el trabajito a una persona con la que me unen unas especiales relaciones de amor/odio y de la que debo reconocer que, aun siendo su amigo, puedo llegar en ocasiones a ser su enemigo más irreconciliable. Pero, en general, me fío de él. Me consta no sólo el interés del autor del presente libro como lector y editor de ciencia ficción, sino también su voluntad de estudioso del género. Una de sus actividades públicas en la ciencia ficción ha sido la edición del fanzine Kandama (que no está muerto y tan sólo permanece en estado de hibernación según jura y perjura su faneditor), en cuyo número 6 se había publicado en 1982 una sugerente lista/comentario/sinopsis de las 100 novelas más famosas de la ciencia ficción hasta 1976, que parece ser un adecuado precedente para una parte de la GUÍA DE LECTURA que este editor deseaba. En sus otras actividades (aún menos conocidas del público), el autor de este libro es, por el momento, el único español que se ha preocupado de pertenecer a la «Asociación de Estudios sobre la Ciencia Ficción» (SFRA, Science Fiction Research Association). Y, lo que es mucho más curioso, ha conseguido ser también el único miembro español de la «Sociedad Norteamericana de Escritores de Ciencia Ficción» (SFWA, Science Fiction Writers of America), y ello pese a no ser ni norteamericano ni conocido (¡todavía!) como escritor de ciencia ficción, circunstancia que por lo menos demuestra su voluntad por «estar al loro» de lo que se cuece en el mismísimo ombligo del género. Bromas aparte, ésta es finalmente la GUÍA DE LECTURA elaborada por un determinado autor siguiendo (en parte) las indicaciones de este editor. Con toda seguridad es un trabajo perfeccionable y ojalá pueda mejorarse en futuras ediciones pero, por el momento, espero y deseo que sea un material adecuado para satisfacer e interesar a todos los aficionados a la ciencia ficción, tanto nuevos como veteranos. Miquel Barceló A mi padre, que, hace años, inició la elaboración de este libro. A MODO DE INTRODUCCIÓN En una GUÍA DE LECTURA de la ciencia ficción escrita por un único autor resulta inevitable que aflore la subjetividad de quien la compila. Al destacar una novela y no otra, al comentar con detalle la obra de un autor dejando la de otros fuera del libro, se van tomando una serie de decisiones que influyen sin lugar a dudas en el resultado final. En esta GUÍA, elaborada siguiendo mis propias impresiones, he intentado no dejar nunca a un lado todas aquellas obras y autores sobre los que hay un consenso general entre los diversos críticos, comentaristas y estudiosos de la ciencia ficción. Pero debo reconocer que incluso éstos se contemplan bajo una determinada óptica. Por ello, para que nadie se llame a engaño por la inevitable subjetividad de esta GUÍA, creo que es casi una obligación explicitar de entrada cuál es mi punto de vista sobre la ciencia ficción para que el lector sepa qué ideas de fondo han guiado mis elecciones finales y cuál es el objetivo que persigo.
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