UNODC/HONLAC/28/3
6 August 2018
Original: English*
Twenty-eighth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Latin America and the Caribbean Santiago, 22–26 October 2018* Item 3 of the provisional agenda** Major regional drug trafficking trends and countermeasures
Current situation with respect to regional and subregional cooperation
Note by the Secretariat
I. Introduction
1. The present note provides information on regional cooperation initiatives and assistance in countering drug trafficking and related crimes provided by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) to Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean, focusing on developments since the Twenty-seventh Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Guatemala City from 2 to 6 October 2017.
II. Precursor control
Colombia
2. UNODC, through the Integrated Illicit Crops Monitoring System, continued to provide technical advice to the Ministry of Justice and Law and the National Police of Colombia on a number of initiatives, including research and the drafting of studies on the control of substances.
Mexico
3. The UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Mexico and the Federal Commission for Protection against Sanitary Risks of Mexico, together with the UNODC Information Technology Service, in order to meet the requirements of the ir partners in Mexico, updated to the latest versions two precursor control software platforms installed in 2017, namely, the National Drug Control System program suite, version 7, and the International Import and Export Authorization System (I2ES).
______* Available only in English, French and Spanish, which are the working languages of the subsidiary body. ** UNODC/HONLAC/28/1.
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Peru
4. In 2017, UNODC, through the project “Strengthening strategies against precursor diversion and drug trafficking in Peru”, in close coordination with the Division for Investigation and Monitoring of Controlled Substances and Chemical Inputs of the Anti-Drug Directorate of the National Police of Peru, conducted two workshops, in Ayacucho and Puno, on the use of global positioning system methodologies. As a result, Peru made advances in mapping the routes and methods used in precursor diversion and in identifying risk zones in the Ayacucho and Puno regions. 5. In addition, with the objective of gradually implementing a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based methodology, the Anti-Narcotics Police of Peru procured global positioning system equipment, cameras and scanner equipment, to be used by various anti-narcotics divisions within coca production areas in Peru.
III. Legal assistance and anti-money-laundering
Central America and the Caribbean
6. The UNODC Global Programme against Money-Laundering, Proceeds of Crime and the Financing of Terrorism and the UNODC Regional Office for Central America and the Caribbean in Panama provided specialized technical assistance to 13 Member States in the region in the area of cash smuggling, in particular in the implementatio n of recommendation 32 of the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. 7. Similarly, the Panama-based UNODC Regional Anti-Corruption Adviser Programme provided normative assistance to authorities of the Dominican Republic in strengthening the Penal Code and the laws on bribery and asset declaration. UNODC continued to provide support to national authorities in El Salvador in the reform of the country’s Law against Money-Laundering, with a view to aligning it with international standards.
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
8. In November 2017, UNODC, in close coordination with the authorities of Bolivia (Plurinational State of) and Guatemala and the UNODC Country Office in Colombia, delivered a workshop on asset forfeiture in the context of goods seized i n drug trafficking cases and on the implementation of national laws against drug trafficking. A total of 44 participants (including policymakers) benefited directly from the workshop. 9. In March 2018, UNODC, in coordination with the authorities of Bolivia (Plurinational State of) and Colombia and the UNODC Country Office in Colombia, delivered a workshop on the exchange of experiences in the implementation of asset forfeiture laws. A total of 71 participants, including officials from the prosecutor ’s office, judges and judicial investigators, benefited from the workshop.
Colombia
10. UNODC developed two specialized tools to enhance prevention and prosecution strategies in the fight against money-laundering in the public and private sectors: a guide on modern techniques in investigating cases of money-laundering and a model of risk management in relation to countering money-laundering and the financing of terrorism in the context of public performance spectacles. In addition, UNODC helped to build capacities in the administration of justice in relation to money-laundering by delivering five specialized training events to 250 criminal investigators.
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Ecuador
11. In September 2017, a memorandum of understanding between Ecuador and UNODC was signed with the aim of consolidating, developing and detailing joint cooperation efforts and common objectives in the areas of anti-corruption, illicit asset recovery and anti-money-laundering. Following the signing of the memorandum of understanding, UNODC and authorities of Ecuador cooperated on the analysis of the bill to combat corruption entitled “Organic Law Reforming the Comprehensive Organic Penal Code”, as well as on the draft law on asset forfeiture and on the development of indicators for the design of public policies against corruption. In that connection, UNODC and the World Bank responded positively to a request from the Government of Ecuador by initiating technical assistance activities through the joint UNODC-World Bank Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative in the area of recovery of stolen and diverted assets.
Panama
12. The Regional Office in Panama continued to provide assistance to the Office of the Attorney General in the establishment of a specialized unit on money-laundering.
Paraguay
13. UNODC and national partners made progress in the establishment of a centralized unit for the management of forfeited assets. UNODC also provided relevant national authorities with technical assistance to strengthen the capacity of prosecutors and judges in the area of asset forfeiture.
Peru
14. Peru recently enacted legislation bringing the country’s savings and loan cooperatives under the regulatory umbrella of the Superintendency of Banking, Insurance and Private Pension Fund Administrators.
IV. Strengthening of national police forces and cooperation initiatives
Central America and the Caribbean
15. All UNODC initiatives being implemented in Central America continued to support, either directly or indirectly, the implementation of the Central American Integration System’s Central American security strategy. 16. Assistance was provided by UNODC to police forces in Central America through the delivery of training activities in the field of cybercrime, in particular through the Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force programme. 17. In the context of a regional initiative focused on combating trafficking in persons in Central America and the Dominican Republic, UNODC provided criminal justice practitioners and law enforcement officials working in border areas with relevant training on detecting, investigating, prosecuting and adjudicating trafficking in persons cases and identifying and assisting victims. A memorandum of understanding on regional cooperation in the field of trafficking in persons was developed under the initiative and was signed by the Attorneys General of Member States in Central America (except Nicaragua) and the Dominican Republic. 18. In El Salvador, UNODC continued to support the work of the Cybercrime Unit established within the National Civil Police, including through training activities, the purchase of equipment and software and the provision of assistance in the development and implementation of its annual operations plan. Support was also provided to the National Civil Police in the strengthening of its capacities to effectively address the smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons, including
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through the delivery of tailor-made training and the facilitation of inter-institutional cooperation. 19. In Panama, as part of a new national initiative following up on the work carried out under the Security Cooperation in Panama project, UNODC delivered technical assistance to the National Security Council, in particular to its Strategic Analysis Centre in the strengthening of its criminal intelligence capacities, including through the procurement of equipment and the promotion of inter-institutional and international operational cooperation to fight crime. 20. In Panama and the Dominican Republic, UNODC provided technical assistance to the offices of the Attorneys General in the context of the interregional programme on strengthening criminal investigation and criminal justice cooperation along the cocaine route in Latin America, the Caribbean and West Africa (CRIMJUST).
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
21. In October 2017, through the chapter of the Airport Communication Project (AIRCOP) in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, officials of the national customs authority participated in a regional training event on interdiction of air cargo. The event took place in Santo Domingo. 22. In November 2017, an AIRCOP evaluation mission was undertaken in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. In addition, with support from CRIMJUST and AIRCOP, police officials from the Plurinational State of Bolivia participated in a specialized regional training event on currency trafficking, and counter-narcotics police officials from that country participated in a technical training event on institutional strengthening to address cocaine production and trafficking. The event was held in Tolima, Colombia. 23. In June 2018, police officials from the Plurinational State of Bolivia participated in a CRIMJUST advanced-level training event on drug trafficking in Buenos Aires. In the same month, the Plurinational State of Bolivia hosted a specialized training event on fraudulent documents. The event was organized by AIRCOP and was focused on Viru Viru International Airport in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Plurinational State of Bolivia. 24. In July 2018, two counter-narcotics police officers from the AIRCOP Joint Airport Interdiction Task Force in the Plurinational State of Bolivia participated in a regional training event on operational practices in criminal investigation at international airports, common challenges in suppressing crime and the exchange of experiences and work methodology in relation to suppressing international drug trafficking in Brazil. 25. In June 2018, officials of the counter-narcotics police force and the customs authority of the Plurinational State of Bolivia participated in the international operation called “Sports Bag”, which was organized by the Container Control Programme and involved the participation of officials from more than 15 countrie s in Latin America, as well as 61 counter-narcotics units operating in ports throughout the world.
Colombia
26. Following work carried out in previous years to provide technical assistance to national and local governments in the design and formulation of plans for security and peaceful coexistence, in 2017 the Office developed a technical tool for the development of local and departmental public policies on security and peaceful coexistence. The Office also developed a technical tool for conducting safety audits to enhance strategic approaches against insecurity, including risk-based approaches involving the analysis of quantitative and qualitative sources, and current and prospective institutional analytical capacities in related matters. UNODC conducted safety audits in the cities of Armenia and Neiva, which contributed not only to the
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enhancement of local strategies to fight insecurity, but also to the development of local security and peaceful coexistence plans. 27. In 2017, in partnership with the National Police of Colombia, a digital platform was developed to store and validate information related to the eradication of illicit crops. Relevant data were recorded for the development of activities in the field. 28. UNODC also provided technical assistance to the Ministry of Justice and Law in the implementation and harmonization at the local level of the national drug policy. In particular, national authorities were provided with two technical documents containing recommendations on public policy developments: the semi-annual document on the process of regionalization of the national drug policy and the report on human rights in the national drug policy. 29. UNODC provided technical assistance to the 32 departmental governments in the country in the development of departmental comprehensive drug plans.
Mexico
30. UNODC and the Federal Police of Mexico jointly delivered the 2017 LE TrainNet (Law Enforcement Training Network) training event in Mexico City from 30 August to 1 September 2017 as part of the Police Community of the Americas (AMERIPOL) calendar of activities. The 2017 training event covered subjects such as the use of cryptocurrency by criminal and terrorist groups, the criminal use of the darknet, disruption of illicit financial flows, and the monitoring, investigation and prosecution of firearms trafficking. 31. The UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Mexico and the National Security Commission implemented a programme on strengthening the security of groups in vulnerable situations to increase the capacity of first responders to attend to victims of gender-based violence, and to improve coordination between police officers, emergency call operators and women’s justice centres. In the period under review, some 3,000 police officers from municipal, state and federal police corps benefited from the programme, which was financed by the Merida Initiative. 32. The UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Mexico began the implementation of the National Survey on Police Standards, Training and Professionalization. The project was aimed at collecting and analysing information regarding the police force of Mexico, including sociodemographic characteristics, background, recruitment processes, basic functions and technical activities, as well as habits, daily activities, institutional relationships, management and co-worker relationships, victimization, equipment and corruption experiences. The survey covered a representative sample of police officers from different hierarchal levels of all targeted police organizations, including the Federal Police, the preventive State and Municipal Police, the Ministerial Federal Police (or Investigative Police) and internal control units. The survey results were expected to support decision makers in orienting and strengthening police professionalization strategies.
Peru
33. UNODC completed its delivery of technical assistance on precursor detection and identification to prosecutors and police officials working in the area of drug control.
Regional and subregional levels
34. The UNODC-World Customs Organization Global Container Control Programme team for Latin America and the Caribbean consolidated and expanded its reach. At the time of reporting, the programme was being implemented in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana,
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Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Peru and Suriname. Activities being implemented under the initiative included, but were not limited to: (a) the provision of basic and advanced training and mentoring; (b) operational monitoring and oversight of the established Joint Port Control Units; and (c) the acquisition of relevant equipment. 35. AIRCOP was very active in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a view to expanding its operational coverage in the region. The Project was being implemented at international airports in Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Jamaica, Panama and Peru.
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
36. In February 2018, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and UNODC signed a memorandum of understanding on the implementation of AIRCOP in the country. Furthermore, in June 2018, the two parties also signed a memorandum of understanding on the implementation of the Global Container Control Programme in the country.
VI. Regional networks and exchange of information
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
37. In May 2018, the Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia announced the creation of the Regional Counter-Narcotics Intelligence Centre in Santa Cruz, which was expected to involve the participation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and its neighbouring countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Peru. The initiative was supported by UNODC within the framework of the two proposals to facilitate regional drug control cooperation presented by the UNODC Country Office in 2016. 38. The Ministry of the Interior, UNODC and the Government worked together to plan a regional cooperation meeting of representatives of law enforcement institutions from Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay and Peru. The regional meeting was expected to be held during the first half of 2019 and was to focus on enhancing operational cooperation.
VII. Trend analysis and studies on drug trafficking and related issues
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
39. In July 2018, UNODC presented the semi-annual report on the validation of information on the incineration and/or destruction of seized drugs in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. As in the case of the coca cultivation survey, it was expected to be released by August 2018. UNODC started the development of two additional studies, on coca-cocaine conversion factors and the potential yield of coca crops, respectively.
Colombia
40. UNODC continued to provide technical assistance for capacity-building at the national and regional levels focusing on the implementation and adjustment of the Methodological Toolkit for the Monitoring of Department Drug Plans. 41. Since the end of 2017, UNODC has been developing a characterization of cannabinoid markets and small growers of cannabis crops. In addition, the Office conducted a local analysis in the city of Cajicá on the situation with regard to drug trafficking, micro-trafficking and related challenges. 42. UNODC carried out research for the annual report on the status of the system of indicators for monitoring the drug problem in Colombia. The researchers defined new dimensions of the problem in order to facilitate the monitoring and evaluation of
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indicators. The dimensions used were: (a) crops and territorial vulnerabilities; (b) crime associated with drug trafficking; and (c) consumption. 43. In 2017, UNODC and the Ministry of Mines and Energy of Colombia signed a cooperation agreement to continue monitoring illegal activities related to alluvial gold mining. In June 2018, UNODC and the Ministry launched the second report on illegal gold mining. 44. The UNODC Country Office in Colombia and the Observatory of Drugs of Colombia provided technical and technological support for the development of a system of indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of the strategy against drug trafficking in the country.
Mexico
45. UNODC continued its work with the Centre of Excellence for Statistical Information on Governance, Victims of Crime, Public Security and Justice of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography of Mexico. In that framework, UNODC and the Centre continued to provide assistance to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, including Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Jamaica, Guatemala, Ecuador and Panama. 46. In Lima in June 2018, the UNODC country offices in Mexico and Peru, the Centre of Excellence and the National Institute of Statistics and Information of Peru held the Fourth International Conference on Governance, Crime and Justice Statistics. Some 400 academic experts, decision makers and staff from national statistics offices and ministries of justice and security from 35 countries around the world attended the conference. The four-day event was supported by the Inter-American Development Bank, the United Nations Development Programme and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 47. At the end of 2017, the UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Mexico, in coordination with the Secretariat of National Security and Defence and the National Centre for Planning, Analysis and Information to Combat Crime, started the project entitled “Monitoring and eradication”. The objective of the project was to strengthen the capacity of the Government of Mexico in collecting and processing statistical information on eradicated illicit crops. Work also continued on an effort to strengthen the capacity of the Government of Mexico in detecting, measuring and reporting illicit crops, in particular opium poppy. In that framework, UNODC and its government partners, together with the National University of Mexico, developed a protocol for estimating potential illicit production of opium poppy crops. Results of the exercise were expected to be available by the end of 2018.
Panama
48. Building on the work carried out under the Security Cooperation in Panama initiative, UNODC supported, through a new national initiative, the Integrated System of Criminal Statistics of Panama in enhancing the quality of statistics and trend analysis on crime and drug-related matters in the country. UNODC provided training and technical assistance to the personnel of national institutions involved in the work of the Integrated System.
Peru
49. In December 2017, the UNODC Country Office in Peru and the National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs (DEVIDA) published the 2016 edition of the annual coca cultivation survey. The report included a specific analysis of the effect coca cultivation was having on protected areas and native communities. 50. In March 2018, UNODC and DEVIDA signed a new technical cooperation agreement. As with the previous one signed in 2017, the agreement constituted part of the Office’s support for the effective implementation of the National Anti-Drug Strategy 2017–2021 developed by the Government of Peru.
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VIII. Demand reduction initiatives
Regional and subregional levels
51. Under the PREDEM project, aimed at reducing drug demand in the Andean Community, UNODC and national partners finalized and presented to the public the third epidemiological study on drug use among university students in the Andean Community (comprising Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia, Ecuador and Peru).
Central America and the Caribbean
52. Focused on drug demand reduction, the UNODC Strengthening Families Programme continued its support to national partners in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. The Programme is based on scientific evidence and works with families in selected at-risk communities on the development of parenting skills and approaches to drug abuse-related risk factors. 53. In Guatemala and the Dominican Republic, UNODC continued to support drug demand reduction efforts, including by building capacity for the implementation of “Leones Educando”, a school-focused programme that works with students between the ages of 5 and 18 in Guatemala. In the Dominican Republic, UNODC intervention was focused on a programme promoting strong families and parenting skills in vulnerable communities with a view to preventing drug abuse and other risky behaviour among youth.
Brazil
54. UNODC continued the implementation of a project on crime prevention through sports called “Line Up Live Up” in the Federal District and Rio de Janeiro. During 2017, the Office delivered five train-the-trainer courses to a total of 78 sports professionals, who in turn delivered training to 591 young people participating in the intervention. In November 2017, an international study tour brought 25 sports professionals to Rio de Janeiro to exchange good practices and learn about the implementation of the “Line Up Live Up” project in Brazil. In 2018, efforts were under way to assess the impact the prevention initiative had made in vulnerable areas of the Federal District. 55. In partnership with the National Department of Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis of the Ministry of Health of Brazil, UNODC made progress in the development of a new programme to strengthen national responses to sexually transmitted infections, HIV, AIDS and viral hepatitis for key and priority populations and people living with HIV. The new programme has a strong focus on HIV prevention, harm reduction and treatment for people who use drugs and other vulnerable populations.
Colombia
56. In coordination with the Mayor’s Office of Cota, Department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, UNODC undertook a drug use survey to plan and implement actions to respond more effectively to the problem of consumption of psychoactive substances in the municipality. The assessment served as input for the formulation of the Comprehensive Municipal Drug Plan of Cota. 57. In partnership with the Bank of the Republic of Colombia, UNODC developed a strategy to prevent drug use in the work environment. One major result of the partnership was the mapping of stakeholders committed to strengthening the planning and coordination mechanisms of a drug use prevention programme.
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Ecuador
58. In Quito in September 2017, UNODC presented the third epidemiological study on drug consumption in the university population in Ecuador, of 2016. There were two important findings; firstly, for the second time in a row, the consumption level of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-type substances among university students in Ecuador came close to that of more traditional drugs such as cocaine, and secondly, for the first time in this type of study, and in many conducted in Latin America, it was found that three of the five most frequently consumed substances were synthetic drugs or new psychoactive substances.
Mexico
59. In November 2017, the UNODC Liaison and Partnership Office in Mexico started a project on access to controlled drugs for medical purposes, entitled “Access without excess”. The new project seeks to support the actions of the Ministry of Health of Mexico and the Secretariat of Health of Mexico City in enhancing access to controlled drugs for medical purposes by building a specialized database accessible to both specialized palliative and terminal care units in hospitals and private pharmacies in Mexico City.
Paraguay
60. In December 2016, the Government of Paraguay, with the support of UNODC, finalized the draft text for the National Drug Policy. The National Drug Policy was enacted in October 2017 by presidential decree, and it was officially launched in June 2018.
Peru
61. In Lima in September 2017, UNODC presented the third epidemiological study on drug consumption in the university population in Peru, of 2016. One of the most significant findings of the study was that, among the university population in Peru, cocaine no longer stood alone as the second most consumed illicit substance after marijuana; it now shared that ranking with a great variety of psychoactive substances, including inhalants, hallucinogenic mushrooms, ketamine, synthetic cannabinoids and LSD.
IX. Alternative development
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
62. During the reporting period, the UNODC Country Office in the Plurinational State of Bolivia continued to support the host country in its efforts to promote alternative development, in particular in the municipality of La Asunta. The focus of the support was on the production of plant material in local greenhouses to expand and consolidate the coffee value chain, the establishment of integrated farms within agroforestry systems, forest management by means of forest plantations and forest management plans, and strengthening the capacity of producers and productive associations to access private loans.
Colombia
63. The UNODC Country Office in Colombia, through the comprehensive monitoring component of its alternative development programme, monitored the Government’s strategies for alternative development and illicit crop substitution. In the territories targeted for intervention, the comprehensive monitoring component was responsible for gathering data (baseline, mid-term, follow-up and endline) on the verification of illicit crops, as well as the social, economic, environmental and institutional conditions in those territories, in order to support the Government ’s
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efforts to strengthen the territories by making them free of illicit crops and fostering a culture of lawfulness. 64. UNODC provided support to land access efforts in regions with alternative development programmes through cooperation with the National Land Agency in th e formalization of land property titles in territories with illicit crops. Land titling has been a key factor in integrating communities into the Colombian legal economy. As at the time of reporting, 9,737 legal studies had been completed and 1,044 land ti tles had been allocated to beneficiaries of the programme entitled “Formalize to substitute”. 65. UNODC continued to support the Government of Colombia in the implementation of a new illicit crop substitution programme within the framework of the peace agreements in Colombia and following the signature in November 2017 of an agreement on a joint project to that end on the implementation and monitoring of the public policy on illicit crop reduction and the integral strengthening of prioritized territories by the Government of Colombia within the framework for the implementation of the Peace Agreement. In general, the programme seeks to continue strengthening efforts to eradicate illicit crops through voluntary replacement, as well as to overcome conditions of poverty by providing new productive opportunities to farmers and strengthening the capacities of agricultural organizations to obtain access to national and international markets. All these efforts serve as key components in addressing the illicit drug problem with a long-term perspective and support peace consolidation efforts in the country. 66. In 2017, UNODC supported the Government of Colombia in the collection and processing of more than 7,000 baseline surveys to be used to analyse social, economic and institutional transformations in targeted territories.
X. Recommendations
67. There is a need to promote more effective international, regional and bilateral cooperation in the fight against drug trafficking and a balanced approach to supply and demand reduction strategies. 68. Drug policies and programmes should be evidence-based, consider human rights as a priority issue and be properly monitored and evaluated. 69. Additional efforts should be made to promote drug prevention and treatment based on international standards and good practices. 70. Specialized support to prosecutors in charge of money-laundering investigations is necessary to strengthen their capacity in financial forensic analysis. 71. Considering the increased relevance of synthetic drugs, their manufacture, trafficking and use in the region, and the advances in international chemical precursor control mechanisms, Governments of the region should consider upgrading their national precursor control platforms to the latest versions of the National Drug Control System program suite and I2ES, as well as strengthening the sharing of information on regional trends. 72. In the light of the Eighth Summit of the Americas, in April 2018, Governments should mainstream anti-corruption measures into all their counter-narcotics work. 73. Additional support should be provided to Governments of the Andean region (Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia and Peru) regarding the estimation of cocaine production figures, as well as for conducting specialized studies on quantities of coca leaf and chemical inputs required for the production of cocaine. 74. Within the framework of alternative development efforts, it is important to promote the use of relevant specialized tools to support decision-making, for example, those linked to land use planning.
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75. The importance of combining illicit crop monitoring efforts with the broader monitoring perspective is emphasized, in order to analyse crime dynamics linked to drug trafficking in specific territories, and to better understand how those dynamics work and/or evolve. 76. Inter-institutional coordination and information-sharing, especially at border areas, should be fostered to support effective action against precursor diversion, drug trafficking and organized crime.
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