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Women in the Armed and Police Forces Resolution 1325 and Peace Operations in Latin America

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Women in the Armed and Police Forces Resolution 1325 and Peace Operations in Latin America WOMEN IN THE ARMED AND POLICE FORCES RESOLUTION 1325 AND PEACE OPERATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Project GPSF Nº 07-814: Women in the Armed Forces and Police in Latin America: A gender approach to peace operations Donadío, Marcela Women in the armed and police forces : resolution 1325 and peace operations in Latin America / Marcela Donadío y Cecilia Mazzotta ; con colaboración de Ivet- te Castañeda García ; coordinado por Marcela Donadío y Cecilia Mazzotta. - 1a ed. - Buenos Aires : RESDAL, 2010. 152 p. ; 26x21 cm. ISBN 978-987-25167-2-7 1. Fuerzas Armadas Internacionales. 2. Personal Militar. 3. Mujeres. I. Maz- zotta, Cecilia II. Castañeda García, Ivette, colab. III. Donadío, Marcela, coord. IV. Mazzotta, Cecilia, coord. V. Título CDD 355.357 Project Management: Marcela Donadio Cecilia Mazzotta With the collaboration of: Ivette Castañeda García Local researchers: Alejandra Marzuca (Uruguay) Ana Laura García (Argentina) Dina Marbely Martinez (El Salvador) Edgar Lopéz (Paraguay) Fabricio Herrera (Honduras) Katherine Ross Silva (Chile) María Belén Cuesta (Ecuador) María Teresa Álvarez (Guatemala) Renata Giannini (Brazil) Rosario Peréz Ponce (Bolivia) Rossy Salazar e Ivette Castañeda García (Peru) Sub-regional coordinations: Carmen Rosa de León Escribano Loreta Tellería Escobar Suzeley Kalil Mathias Translators: Clarisa Korovsky Leonardo Nacimiento Graphic design: Rubén Longas Cover photo: Female personnel from the V Uruguayan Battalion in MONUC performing operational reconnaissance tasks (March 12, 2003). National Support System to Peacekeeping Operations (SINOMAPA). Eastern Republic of Uruguay RESDAL Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina http://www.resdal.org Executive Secretariat: Av. Corrientes 1785 – 5J (1042) Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel: (5411) 4371-3822 Fax: (5411) 4371- 5522 ISBN 978-987-25167-2-7 © Copyright RESDAL Legal deposit has been made as provided by law All Rights Reserved. Printed in Argentina The articles published are based on the authors’ criterion. Their content does not necessarily represent RESDAL’s opinions. This publication received the support of TABLE OF CONTENTS Presentation ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Preliminary lessons ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Part 1: The context Chapter 1: Peace operations and the gender perspective in confl icts ............................................................................ 14 Chapter 2: Women in the regional scenario ............................................................................................................... 32 Juan Rial: Women in the military organizations .......................................................................................................... 38 Part 2: The assessment Chapter 1: Women in the armed forces ..................................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 2: Women in the police forces ...................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 3: Latin America and Resolution 1325 ....................................................................................................... 103 Johanna Mendelson Forman: Latin American peacekeeping: A new era of regional cooperation .................................... 130 Annexes Resolution 1325 (2000) ....................................................................................................................................... 143 Resolution 1820 (2008) ....................................................................................................................................... 147 3 PRESENTATION Latin-American countries are important contributors within the peace operations scenario. In regional terms, contribution has increased by 725% throughout the last decade and this trend is not showing any prospective signs of change towards the near future. Congresses’ yearly approvals and the involvement of Ministries such as the Foreign Aff airs and Defence show how the presence in MINUSTAH is politically supported. However, for many decision makers and actors who are directly involved in peace opera- tions some questions remain unsolved: the mission´s action limits, the steps to follow in the institutional reconstruction process, and the links between security and development. The United Nations - along with other organizations and actors from the international community - constantly promotes doctrines and experiences aimed at considering and implementing appropriate national contributions, in line with the future challenges within the fi eld. Women in the armed and police forces - Resolution 1325 and peace operations in Latin America is a contribu- tion for the promotion and refl ection upon one of the most signifi cant and paradoxically unknown resolutions: Resolution 1325, passed in the year 2000 by the Security Council, with the purpose of promoting women’s participa- tion at all levels within the scope of peacekeeping operations. Our approach to the topic started while working on another publication of RESDAL: the Comparative Atlas of Defence. Within this publication, one of the most diffi cult pieces of information to obtain was the year in which women joined the command corps of the armed forces; an issue which remains under consideration, as there are no criteria in common among the countries of the region. The contrast between the growing regional interest and the low par- ticipation of women in peace operations was clear. We assumed that it was 5 Women in the armed and police forces. Resolution 1325 and peace operations in Latin America more due to invisibility and lack of information rather than the lack of politi- cal will to take the thrust provided by Resolution 1325 to practice. Because of that we decided to spread this Resolution and help the consideration of sending women to peace operations through this research. Therefore, the motivation was clear from the beginning: to reinforce re- gional participation in peace operations through the promotion of a gen- der perspective in security and defence institutions. Bearing this in mind, the fi rst step was to survey the incorporation of women in the armed and police forces. The information presented is the result of a project initiated by the end of 2007 with the support of the Global Peace and Security Fund from the De- partment of Foreign Aff airs and International Trade of Canada. The project “Women in the Armed Forces and the Police in Latin America: a gender approach to peace operations” had two components: the promotion and debate on this topic at the regional level through seminars, and the analysis of domestic cases from eleven countries. The team was made up of a head offi ce, sub- regional coordinations (Loreta Tellería in the Andean region, Carmen Rosa de León Escribano in Central America, and Suzeley Khalil Mathias in the Southern Cone; Lilian Bobea was in charge of the Caribbean region over the fi rst stage of the sub-regional diagnoses), and the supervision of two re- nowned regional experts such as Johanna Mendelson Forman and Juan Rial. Ivett e Castañeda García - who left her homeland Peru, to work particularly on this project -, and Ana Laura García from Argentina, have both been of paramount signifi cance. There has been a local researcher working in each country surveyed, ca- rrying out interviews and gathering data from diff erent institutions. The se- lected cases were those which had a signifi cant participation in United Na- tions peace operations throughout 2008: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay. The reports, rich in information, are available on RESDAL’S website. During 2009 while the results were being processed, we collected and included data from Colombia. The working methodology set up two ways of gathering information: the work of local researchers and, when it was considered necessary, comple- mentary visits from RESDAL’S main team to diff erent countries, in order to carry out fi eld work with the directors of the training centers; offi cers of the armed and police forces; representatives of the Women’s, Defence and Interior Ministries; offi cers of parliament; female offi cers from academies , as well as military and police women who had experience in the fi eld of peace operations. 6 Presentation An initial diagnosis about women’s situation in the armed forces in diff e- rent sub-regions was presented in Antigua, Guatemala in March 2008, as an input debate among representatives of the main peace operations training institutes, ministerial authorities and scholars, sharing their own experiences. The need for information, in conjunction with the recommendations agreed upon, led us to spread the issue in order to be dealt by the next Conference of Ministers of Defence (which was eventually held in 2008). Eff ective progress on this matt er was achieved when diff erent governments agreed to include Resolution 1325 into the Final Declaration of this Conference. Two new international meetings were held under the name of “Women, Peace and Security” in Bolivia (June) and in Argentina (August) over 2009, with the support of the Ministries of Defence and the Presidency of Bolivia, and the Ministry of Defence and Foreign Aff airs of Argentina.
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