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Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean 363.1098 Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean 363.1098 Report on the Security Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean. R425 / Coordinated by Lucia Dammert. Santiago, Chile: FLACSO, 2007. 204p. ISBN: 978-956-205-217-7 Security; Public Safety; Defence; Intelligence Services; Security Forces; Armed Services; Latin America Cover Design: Claudio Doñas Text editing: Paulina Matta Correction of proofs: Jaime Gabarró Layout: Sylvio Alarcón Translation: Katty Hutter Printing: ALFABETA ARTES GRÁFICAS Editorial coordination: Carolina Contreras All rights reserved. This publication cannot be reproduced, partially or completely, nor registered or sent through any kind of information recovery system by any means, including mechanical, photochemical, electronic, magnetic, electro-visual, photocopy, or by any other means, without prior written permission from the editors. First edition: August 2007 I.S.B.N.: 978-956-205-217-7 Intellectual property registration number 164281 © Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO-Chile, 2007 Av. Dag Hammarskjöld 3269, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile [email protected] www.flacso.cl FLACSO TEAM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE REPORT ON THE SECURITY SECTOR Lucia Dammert Director of the Security and Citizenship Program Researchers: David Álvarez Patricia Arias Felipe Ajenjo Sebastián Briones Javiera Díaz Claudia Fuentes Felipe Ruz Felipe Salazar Liza Zúñiga ADVISORY COUNCIL Alejandro Álvarez (UNDP SURF LAC) Priscila Antunes (Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais – Brazil) Felipe Agüero (University of Miami) John Bailey (Georgetown University) Carlos Basombrío (IDL-Peru) Jorge Chabat (CIDE Mexico) Claudio Fuentes (FLACSO-Chile) INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS Gabriel Aguilera (Guatemala) Paulo de Mesquita Neto (Brazil) Jesús Alemancia (Panama) Josefina Reynoso (Dominican Republic) Edgardo Amaya (El Salvador) José María Rico (Costa Rica) Sigrid Arzt (Mexico) Freddy Rivera (Ecuador) Lilian Bobea (Dominican Republic) Héctor Rosada-Granados (Guatemala) Roberto Cajina (Nicaragua) Leticia Salomón (Honduras) Gino Costa (Peru) Marcelo Saín (Argentina) David Gibson (Belize) Loreta Tellería (Bolivia) Julián González (Uruguay) Nicolás Urrutia (Colombia) Anthony Harriot (Jamaica) REPORT ON THE SECURITY SECTOR IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN FLACS0 - Chile INDEX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 3 I. DEFENCE SECTOR 11 II. PUBLIC SECURITY SECTOR 57 III. INTELLIGENCE SECTOR 99 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 125 APPENDICES 133 BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 TABLE OF CONTENTS 192 INDEX OF TABLES, FIGURES AND GRAPHICS 194 1 REPORT ON THE SECURITY SECTOR IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN FLACS0 - Chile ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The development of the Report on the Security José María Rico (Costa Rica), Freddy Rivera Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean has (Ecuador), Héctor Rosada-Granados been the product of the continuous (Guatemala), Leticia Salomón (Honduras), collaboration among diverse organisations and Marcelo Saín (Argentina), Loreta Tellería people from the region. The project had an (Bolivia) and Nicolás Urrutia (Colombia) for their advisory council whose suggestions and contributions. contributions have been particularly relevant for the project—the active presence and support The support of area specialists has also been of Alejandro Álvarez (UNDP SURF LAC), Felipe particularly important for the development of Agüero (University of Miami), Priscila Antunes the report, and for which we thank Thomas (Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil), Bruneau for his analysis and reflections John Bailey (Georgetown University) and Carlos regarding the intelligence sector. The Basombrío (IDL, Peru) have allowed us to create information obtained by RESDAL, a network with a comprehensive report including comparative which we collaborate, has been particularly regional perspectives. Claudio Fuentes, Director helpful for the analysis of the defence sector. of FLACSO-Chile, deserves a special mention; his support at all levels of the project was The team also particularly thanks the different critical to achieving the proposed objectives. organisations that have supported us in this process, including the Organisation of American Additionally, we recognise the participation of States through its Secretary General José Miguel the national experts who assisted with the Insulza, as well as its Director of Public Security, collection of information, topical advice, and Christopher Hernández-Roy. The sustained review of the results. We would particularly like support for the development of a regional to thank Gabriel Aguilera (Guatemala), Jesús comparative analysis, as well as the financial Alemancia (Panama), Edgardo Amaya (El support for its distribution, have been very Salvador), Sigrid Arzt (Mexico), Lilian Bobea important for this initiative. The Open Society (Dominican Republic), Roberto Cajina Foundation has been our partner in this effort— (Nicaragua), Gino Costa (Peru), David Gibson not only through its financial support to launch (Belize), Julián González (Uruguay), Anthony the project, but also through the substantive Harriot (Jamaica), Paulo de Mesquita Neto contributions of George Vickers and Victoria (Brazil), Josefina Reynoso (Dominican Republic), Wigodzky. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FLACS0 - Chile The distribution of the national reports has been Without a doubt, the principal acknowledgement expanded thanks to the assistance of the Center should go to the team of the Security and for Latin American Studies at Georgetown Citizenship Program of FLACSO-Chile for its University and the Political Database of the dedication to, and confidence in, a project Americas. We especially would like to thank whose multiple dimensions posed significant Arturo Valenzuela and Beatriz Ramacciotti for challenges to its realization. The members of their continuous efforts to publicize this the team who, for more than a year, have project’s initiatives. Similarly, we thank the applied their best efforts and enthusiasm are: Institute for Strategic and Public Policy Studies David Álvarez, Felipe Ajenjo, Patricia Arias, of Nicaragua, whose initiative to publish all of Sebastián Briones, Javiera Díaz, Claudia the national reports of the Central American Fuentes, Carsten-Andreas Schulz, Felipe Ruz, countries allowed a broader dissemination of Felipe Salazar and Liza Zúñiga. Finally, we offer these advances. Finally, we would like to thank a special thanks to the staff of FLACSO-Chile, the Legal Defence Institute of Peru for its in particular to Carolina Contreras, the press support of the distribution of the project and publications coordinator. through its Defence and Legal Reform Area. LUCÍA DAMMERT Director Security and Citizenship Program FLACSO-Chile 2 REPORT ON THE SECURITY SECTOR IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN FLACS0 - Chile INTRODUCTION Security is one of the most urgent problems in have been uneven on both a thematic and Latin America and the Caribbean today. The territorial level. For example, the armed forces topic is a central concern of citizens in were heavily analysed during the 1990s in practically all of the countries. Moreover, it is Central America and the Southern Cone, where one of the central issues affecting relationships they played active roles during the civil wars among states and government finances. From and dictatorships. Similarly, police institutions the perspective of individuals, it affects the were the focus of important changes after the daily life of the population. Moreover, in many signing of the Central American peace of these countries, the institutions affiliated agreements. However, in most of the countries with the security sector have taken on roles in the region, reform and research initiatives beyond those originally assigned to them. In the relating to the armed forces, police and past, in various countries, security sector intelligence services are still very limited. This institutions have directly intervened in national is particularly true of the intelligence sector— political life, which with the installation of progress is still much less evident and, in many democratic regimes, has required an effort to instances, reform processes have not yet begun. “adjust” to new political systems. It is in this context that reform efforts arise that, in many The consolidation of democracy in Latin America instances, are not in line with the goals of and the Caribbean requires security services strengthening the rule of law, democracy, and that function within a constitutional framework, professionalism of the sector. respecting human rights and the decisions of the ruling government. Within a context of high The principal goal of the Report on the Security levels of public insecurity, it is necessary to Sector in Latin America and the Caribbean is professionalise the institutions affiliated with to contribute to the understanding of the the security sector. The development of political and institutional processes taking place comparative studies will permit the recognition in the region related to the security sector since of political and institutional processes underway, the return to democracy. The development of a thereby allowing for the identification of systematic vision of the multiple institutions weaknesses and the necessary conditions for an linked to the sector is, without a doubt, one of agenda to strengthen civilian and democratic the remaining tasks in the process of democratic management of the sector. consolidation in the region. Advances in this area 3 INTRODUCTION FLACS0
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