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History of the English Language L. Verba HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Edited by Dr. E.F.Rictio: New York University, N. Y. NOVAKNYHA 2004 ХДК811.111*01-04 Contents ББК 81.432.1-0 В 31 The subject matter of the course. Its ties with other subjects. Its place Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України wilhin the framework of linguistic disciplines. Its ties with other linguistic як навчальний посібник (лист№ 14/18.2-1023 від 20.05.04) and non-linguistic research data 6 I'criods in the history of the English language 13 The Old English period. General characteristic. Heptarchy. Рецензенти: Old English dialects. Writings in English 18 Старікова О. М. доктор філологічних наук The Old English alphabet and pronunciation. Stress 23 Малиновська І. В., кандидат філологічних наук English sounds as compared with the sounds in other Бортнічук О. М., кандидат філологічних наук Indo-European Languages. Grimm's Law 25 The Old English phonology. Vowels. The assimilative processes in the the vocalic system (breaking, patatal mutation, back mutation, contraction, dipthongization after palatal consonants) 30 Changes in the consonants 35 Верба Л. Г. The Old English morphology. General review 38 В 31 ІсторІяангашсьюзїмови.ПосібникдлястудентІвтавикладачІввищих навчальних закладів.-Вінниця: НОВА КНИГА, 2004.—304 с. The Old English noun. Categories 38 ГСВЇЧ 966-7890-67-8 The strong declension of nouns 40 У посібнику з історії англійської мови розглядаються основні етапи розвитку англійської мови від 5 століття - періоду відокремлення англосаксонських діалектів The weak declension of nouns 45 від континентального германського ареалу до кінця 17 століття, періоду утвердження англійської мови як національної мови англійської держави та ЇЇ експансії на інші The root stems, consonantal stems 46 континенти. У додатку для практичних занять подається збірка текстів, шо репрезентують мову різних періодів, з давньоанглійським та середиьоанглійським The table of paradigmatic endings of the Old English noun 49 словничком (глосарієм), та (для довідок) подаються переклади давніх текстів сучасною англійською мовою. Посібник призначений для студентів та викладачів вищих The Old English pronoun. Classes of pronouns (personal, demonstrative, навчальних закладів для спеціальностей англійська мова та література та переклад з definite, indefinite, interrogative, negative and relative) 50 англійської мови. The Old English adjective. Its categories. The paradigm of the Old ББК81.432.1-0 English adjective 54 The Old English adverb 56 The numeral in Old English 57 The meaning and use of cases of the nominal parts of speech in Old English 58 ISBN 966-7890-67-8 © Верба Л. Г., 2004 © Видавництво «Нова Книга», 2004 The Old English verb. Non-finite forms of the verb in Old English 61 The categories of the Old English verb 65 I lie Middle English syntax 143 Morphological classification of verbs 71 I ho Middle English vocabulary. Borrwings of the period 144 The strong verbs in Old English 73 I he word-building in the Middle English 149 The weak verbs in Old English I'hc Early New English. Rise of the National Standard. History of the English Renaissance 152 Preterite-Present verbs in Old English 82 The changes in the Early New English phonology. Vowels. The Great Irregular verbs in Old English 86 Vowel Shift 163 The old english vocabulary. Etymological characteristics of the The changes in the Early New English consonants 168 Old English words 89 The changes in the nominal system. Noun Loan-words in the Old English The Early New English pronouns 171 Word-building in the Old English 95 The Early New English adjective 173 The Middle English. General characteristics the Scandinavian influence. The Norman influence 102 The verb in the Early New English. Changes in the classification and the formation of the paradigmatic forms 175 Writings in the Middle English 108 The categories of the Early New English verb 184 The Scandinavian influence. The Norman influence The Early New English syntax 188 Changes in the spelling system Ill The Early New English vocabulary. Word - building 191 Changes in phonology Conversion as a new phenomenon in the Early New English word- Changes in Middle English morphology. General remarks 117 lormation 202 The Middle English noun 118 llorrowings in the Early New English 203 Rise of the article 120 Etymological doublets 213 The Middle English adjective 121 Some words that in the 17lh century had meaning different The Middle English adverb 123 from what they have now 216 Pronouns in the Middle English 125 The expansion of English 221 The numeral in the Middle English 128 Afterword 225 Stative as a new part of speech in the Middle English 129 A short reader in Early English 228 Verb in the Middle English. Non-Finite forms of the verb 130 Supplemen. Translations of the Old English texts 258 The changes in various classes of the Middle English verb 132 Old English vocabulary 266 The categories of the Middle English verb 136 Middle English vocabulary 280 4 5 The Subject Matter of the Course can overlook and oversee be opposites, while quiff a lot and quite a few are alike? How can the weather Its place within the framework of linguistic disciplines. Its ties with be hot as hell one day and cold as hell another. other linguistic and non-linguistic research data. Have you noticed that we talk about certain things only when they are absent? Have you ever seen a Musings on the English Language horseful carriage or a strapful gown? Met a sung Let's face it - English is a crazy language. There is hero or experienced requited love? Have you ever no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither run into someone who was combobuLat.ed. gruntled, apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't ruly or peccable? And where are all those people who invented in England or French fries in France. ARE spring chickens or who would ACTUALLY hurt Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which a fly? aren't sweet, are meat. You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language We take English for granted. But if we explore its in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, which you fill in a form by fdling it out and in which boxing rings are square and a guinea pig Is neither an alarm clock goes off by going on. from Guinea nor is it a pigAnd why is it that writers English was invented by people, not computers, and write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and it reflects the creativity of the human race (which, of hammers don't ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, course, isn't a race at all). That is why, when the stars why isn't the plural of booth beeth? One goose, are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese? One index. they are invisible. And why, when I wind up my watch, 2 indices? I start it, but when I wind up this essay, I end it. Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends but (Richard Lederer, from Crajy English) not one amend, that you comb through annals of history but not a single annal? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, History of the English language is one of the fundamental courses what do you call it? forming the linguistic background of a specialist in philology. It studies the If teachers taught, why didn't preacher praught? If a rise and development of English, its structure and peculiarities in the old days, vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian its similarity to other languages of the same family and its unique, specific eat? If you wrote a letter, perhaps you bote your features. It is a diachronistic view of the language, that is aimed at tongue? understanding the very essence of the language that seems to be so unique in Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be many respects today. In contrast to synchronistic approach with its study of committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. In a language as a system of interrelateed phenomena, separate aspects of the what language do people recite at a play and play at language are going to be investigated, and with due respect to synchronic a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have sludies, paying due attention to some periods (that is, each of the periods will noses that run and feet that smell? Park on driveways he studied in detail separate phenomena will be analysed). Actually, the usual and drive on parkways? nilicism to diachronistic studies is that they lack a system. In historical studies How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, only separate facts are investigated, for in reality, we are never sure that while a wise man and wise guy are opposites? How 6 7 some written records lost in the course of time might (or might not) contain helpful for the language learners - they can guess the meanings of the so- some other data for analysis. With diachronic studies one really must not be called international words - words taken into the language from various sources too categorical as far as the non-existence of a certain word or a form of the and later taken from it into other languages), and the liberal attitude to foreign word - that really might be due to the specific nature of the limited material elements in the language and the easiness with which the language assimilates that can be analysed. But practically, all-embracing material is rarely treated them is simply wondrous.
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