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INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ®

Index of

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INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ®

P.. Box 3665 Culver City, CA 90231-3665

Phone: 310.258.9451 Fax: 310.342.7086

Email: [email protected] Website: www.ierf.org 1969-2017

© 2017 International Education Research Foundation (IERF) Celebrating 48 years of service Index of Languages

IERF is pleased to present Index of Languages as the newest to The New Index series. as established as a not-for-profit, public-benefit agency This helpful guide provides the primary languages of instruction for over 200 and territories around but also in the . Inez Sepmeyer and the world. highlights not only the at the secondary and postsecondary levels, but also , respectively, identifies the official () of these regions. This resource, compiled by IERF evaluators, was developed recognized the need for assistance in the placement of international students and professionals. In 1969, IERF as a response to the requests we receive from many of our institutional users. These include admissions officers, registrars and counselors. A bonus section has also been added to highlight the examinations available to help assess proficiency. . Using ation of individuals educated I would to acknowledge and thank those IERF evaluators contributed to this publication. My sincere . gratitude also goes to the editors for their hard work, energy and enthusiasm that have guided this project.

Editors: Emily Tse Alice Tang profiles of 70 countries around the

Contributors: Volume I. An An Kevin Orbach Anastasia Harper Stephanie Paredes Ksenia Kozhukhovskaya Irene Romo Dawid Kwapien Amy Santiago . John McGrath Alina Trofimova Andrej Molchan Jun Xiang John Navarrette Alvin Yin Melody Ojeda

.

Finally, I would also like to express my appreciation to our colleagues in international education who responded to our requests for information.

Susan Bedil Executive Director 2017

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Index of Languages

Introduction

Part I: Languages of Instruction

Part II: English Language Proficiency Examinations

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 1 Introduction

2 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] This resource is intended to aid those who work with international educational records and must determine an applicant’s level of proficiency in the English language. This volume comprises two parts.

Part I: Languages of Instruction

This section lists the official languages for over 200 countries and territories, as well as the medium of instruction at the secondary and postsecondary levels. For secondary-level education, this publication focuses on the primary, standard languages of instruction used in state / public schools. It does not reference those that may be found in international schools which typically follow a program of study that differs from the national curriculum. For postsecondary-level education, this resource also focuses on the primary languages of instruction used. However, in the education , it is important to note that, with globalization as well as the rise of transnational, cross-border education, many more programs and courses are now offered in English. Additionally, within the same institution of learning, the language of instruction can also vary by faculty and program of study. For example, medical programs or engineering programs may be taught in English, whereas all other programs at a may be offered in the native language of that country. While we try to reference such variations in this section, it is important to check directly with the institution of study, where possible.

Part II: English Language Proficiency Examinations

There exists a number of examinations that help determine ’s level of proficiency in English. This section highlights the most common ones available, along with their identifying features, from content to the administration of the test and reporting of results. The details reflect information available at the time of publication and are subject to change. Please also note that IERF does not endorse one examination over another.

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 3 Part I: Languages of Instruction

4 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected]

Official Language(s) Dari,

Note: Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are considered the third in areas where the language is spoken by the majority.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dari, Pashto

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dari, Pashto

ALBANIA

Official Language(s) Albanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Albanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Albanian

ALGERIA

Official Language(s) , Berber (also known as Tamazight)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, French

ANDORRA

Official Language(s) Catalan

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 5 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Catalan (within the Andorran school system), French (within the French school system), Spanish (within the Spanish school system)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Catalan, French, Spanish, English

ANGOLA

Official Language(s) Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese

ANGUILLA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Not applicable. There are no postsecondary academic institutions in .

ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

6 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] ARGENTINA

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

ARMENIA

Official Language(s) Armenian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Armenian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Armenian

ARUBA

Official Language(s) Dutch,

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch

ASCENSION

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 7 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Not applicable. There are no postsecondary academic institutions in Ascension.

AUSTRALIA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

AUSTRIA

Official Language(s) German, Croatian (in Burgenland), Hungarian (in Burgenland), Slovene (in Carinthia)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level German

AZERBAIJAN

Official Language(s) Azerbaijani (also known as Azeri)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Azerbaijani, Russian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Azerbaijani, Russian

BAHAMAS

Official Language(s) English

8 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

BAHRAIN

Official Language(s) Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English

BANGLADESH

Official Language(s) Bangla (also known as Bengali)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Bangla, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Bangla, English

BARBADOS

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 9

Official Language(s) Belarusian, Russian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Belarusian, Russian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Belarusian, Russian

BELGIUM

Official Language(s) Dutch, French, German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch (in ), French (in Wallonia), German (in Ostkantone)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch (in Flanders), French (in Wallonia), German (in Ostkantone)

BELIZE

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

BENIN

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

10 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Note: Arabic is the language of instruction at Arabic schools.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

BERMUDA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

BES ISLANDS (, & )

Official Language(s) Dutch, Papiamento, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

BHUTAN

Official Language(s) Dzongkha

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 11 BOLIVIA

Official Language(s) Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, Araona, Baure, Bésiro, Canichana, Cavineño, Cayubaba, Chácobo, Chimán, Ese Ejja, Guarasu’we, Guarayu, Itonama, Leco, Machajuyai-kallawaya, Machineri, Maropa, Mojeñotrinitario, Mojeño-ignaciano, Moré, Mosetén, Movima, Pacawara, Puquina, Sirionó, Tacana, Tapiete, Toromona, Uruchipaya, Weenhayek, Yaminawa, Yuki, Yuracaré, Zamuco

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

Official Language(s) Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian

BOTSWANA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

BRAZIL

Official Language(s) Portuguese

12 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese

BRITISH

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

BRUNEI

Official Language(s) Malay

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Malay, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Malay, English

BULGARIA

Official Language(s) Bulgarian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Bulgarian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Bulgarian

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 13 BURKINA FASO

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

BURUNDI

Official Language(s) French,

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

CAMBODIA

Official Language(s) Khmer

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Khmer

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Khmer

CAMEROON

Official Language(s) French, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, English

14 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, English

CANADA

Official Language(s) English, French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, French

Note: French is more commonly used in .

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, French

Note: While French is more commonly found in Quebec, ’s University, Concordia University and McGill University use English as the primary language of instruction.

CAPE VERDE

Official Language(s) Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese

CAYMAN ISLANDS

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 15 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Official Language(s) French, Sango

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

CHAD

Official Language(s) French, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, Arabic

CHILE

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

CHINA

Official Language(s) Chinese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level

16 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Mandarin Chinese

COLOMBIA

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

COMOROS

Official Language(s) Arabic, French, Shikomori (also known as Comorian)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

CONGO, REPUBLIC OF

Official Language(s) French

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 17 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

COSTA RICA

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

CROATIA

Official Language(s) Croatian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Croatian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Croatian

CUBA

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

18 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] CURAÇAO

Official Language(s) Dutch, Papiamento, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch, English

CYPRUS

Official Language(s) Greek, Turkish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Greek, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Greek, English

CZECH REPUBLIC

Official Language(s) Czech

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Czech

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Czech

DENMARK

Official Language(s) Danish

Note: Danish is the of .

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 19 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Danish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Danish, English

DJIBOUTI

Official Language(s) French, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

DOMINICA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

20 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] ECUADOR

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

EGYPT

Official Language(s) Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic

Note: English is the language of instruction in , engineering and medical programs.

EL SALVADOR

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

ENGLAND

Official Language(s) English

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 21 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

ERITREA

Official Language(s) Tigrinya, Arabic, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

ESTONIA

Official Language(s) Estonian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Estonian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Estonian

ETHIOPIA

Official Language(s)

Note: Oromo, Somali, Tigrinya and Afar have official status in their respective ethnically-based regions.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Amharic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

22 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected]

Official Language(s) English, Fijian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

FINLAND

Official Language(s) Finnish, Swedish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Finnish, Swedish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Finnish, Swedish

FRANCE

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

FRENCH GUIANA

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 23 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

FRENCH POLYNESIA

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

GABON

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

GAMBIA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

GEORGIA

Official Language(s) Georgian

24 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Note: Abkhaz is the official language in the autonomous republic of Abkhazia.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Georgian

Note: Abkhaz is the language of instruction in Abkhazia.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Georgian

Note: Abkhaz is the language of instruction in Abkhazia.

GERMANY

Official Language(s) German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level German

GHANA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

GIBRALTAR

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 25 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Not applicable. There are no postsecondary academic institutions in .

GREECE

Official Language(s) Greek

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Greek

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Greek

GREENLAND

Official Language(s) Greenlandic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Greenlandic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Greenlandic, Danish

GRENADA

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

GUADELOUPE

Official Language(s) French

26 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

GUATEMALA

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

GUINEA

Official Language(s) French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

GUINEA-BISSAU

Official Language(s) Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 27

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

HAITI

Official Language(s) French, Creole

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

HONDURAS

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

HONG KONG

Official Language(s) Chinese, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Cantonese Chinese, English

28 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Cantonese Chinese, English

HUNGARY

Official Language(s) Hungarian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Hungarian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Hungarian

ICELAND

Official Language(s) Icelandic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Icelandic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Icelandic, English

INDIA

Official Language(s) , English

Note: Assamese, Bangla (also known as Bengali), Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, , Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, , Meitei (also known as Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, , Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and are additional recognized languages in .

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, Hindi

Note: The may also be used.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, Hindi

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 29 Note: English is the primary language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs as well as in graduate-level programs.

INDONESIA

Official Language(s) Indonesian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Indonesian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Indonesian

IRAN

Official Language(s) Persian (also known as Farsi)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Persian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Persian

IRAQ

Official Language(s) Arabic, Kurdish

Note: Turkmen and Assyrian (also known as Syriac) are recognized regional languages.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic

Note: The language of instruction is Kurdish in the Kurdistan region, and Turkmen and Assyrian in areas where the language is spoken by the majority.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English, Kurdish

30 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected]

Official Language(s) English, Irish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, Irish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, Irish

ISRAEL

Official Language(s) Hebrew, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Hebrew, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Hebrew

ITALY

Official Language(s) Italian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Italian

Note: The local language may be used in autonomous regions (French in Valle ’Aosta, German in Trentino-Alto Adige and Slovene in Friuli-Venezia Giulia).

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Italian

IVORY COAST

Official Language(s) French

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 31 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level KAZAKHSTAN French Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Kazakh, Russian French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Kazakh, Russian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) Kazakh, Russian English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, Kiswahili English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English Japanese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Japanese Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Japanese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level KOREA, REPUBLIC OF Arabic Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Korean Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Note: English is the language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs. Korean

32 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 33 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level KAZAKHSTAN French Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Kazakh, Russian French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Kazakh, Russian JAMAICA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) Kazakh, Russian English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level KENYA English Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, Kiswahili English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English JAPAN Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English Japanese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level KIRIBATI Japanese Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Japanese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English JORDAN Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level KOREA, REPUBLIC OF Arabic Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Korean Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Note: English is the language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs. Korean

32 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 33 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Korean, English Official Language(s) Lao KOSOVO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Lao Albanian, Serbian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Lao Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish, English Official Language(s) Latvian KUWAIT Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Latvian Arabic Note: is available in the most commonly spoken minority languages Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level (Belarusian, Estonian, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Polish, Roma, Russian and Ukrainian). Russian is the Arabic most widely used .

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English Latvian, English, Russian

KYRGYZSTAN LEBANON

Official Language(s) Official Language(s) Kyrgyz, Russian Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Kyrgyz, Russian Arabic, French, English

Note: Instruction in Uzbek or Tajik is available for minorities. Note: The language of instruction may vary according to the subject. Arabic is often used to teach arts and humanities, and French and English are often used to teach mathematics and science. Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Kyrgyz, Russian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, French, English

34 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 35 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level LAOS Korean, English Official Language(s) Lao KOSOVO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Lao Albanian, Serbian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Lao Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level LATVIA Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Turkish, English Official Language(s) Latvian KUWAIT Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Latvian Arabic Note: Bilingual education is available in the most commonly spoken minority languages Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level (Belarusian, Estonian, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Polish, Roma, Russian and Ukrainian). Russian is the Arabic most widely used minority language.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English Latvian, English, Russian

KYRGYZSTAN LEBANON

Official Language(s) Official Language(s) Kyrgyz, Russian Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Kyrgyz, Russian Arabic, French, English

Note: Instruction in Uzbek or Tajik is available for minorities. Note: The language of instruction may vary according to the subject. Arabic is often used to teach arts and humanities, and French and English are often used to teach mathematics and science. Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Kyrgyz, Russian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, French, English

34 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 35 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level German, English Official Language(s) Sesotho (also known as Southern Sotho), English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Lithuanian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Lithuanian

LIBERIA Note: Instruction in Russian or Polish is available for minorities.

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Lithuanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English , French, German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Luxembourgish, French, German

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic Luxembourgish, French, German, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic MACAO

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic Cantonese Chinese, Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level LIECHTENSTEIN Cantonese Chinese, English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level German Cantonese Chinese, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German

36 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 37 LESOTHO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level German, English Official Language(s) Sesotho (also known as Southern Sotho), English LITHUANIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Lithuanian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Lithuanian

LIBERIA Note: Instruction in Russian or Polish is available for minorities.

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Lithuanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English LUXEMBOURG

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English Luxembourgish, French, German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level LIBYA Luxembourgish, French, German

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic Luxembourgish, French, German, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic MACAO

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic Cantonese Chinese, Portuguese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level LIECHTENSTEIN Cantonese Chinese, English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level German Cantonese Chinese, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German

36 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 37 MACEDONIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Malay, English Official Language(s) Macedonian, Albanian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Macedonian, Turkish, Albanian Official Language(s) French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Macedonian, Turkish, Albanian Note: Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fulfulde, Hasanya Arabic, Kassonke, Mamara, Maninka, Soninke, Songhai, Syenara and Tamasheq are also recognized national languages.

MADAGASCAR Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) French, Malagasy Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, Malagasy Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, Malagasy Official Language(s) Maltese, English

MALAWI Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Maltese, English Official Language(s) English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) French

MALAYSIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) Malay Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil

38 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 39 MACEDONIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Malay, English Official Language(s) Macedonian, Albanian MALI Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Macedonian, Turkish, Albanian Official Language(s) French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Macedonian, Turkish, Albanian Note: Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fulfulde, Hasanya Arabic, Kassonke, Mamara, Maninka, Soninke, Songhai, Syenara and Tamasheq are also recognized national languages.

MADAGASCAR Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) French, Malagasy Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, Malagasy MALTA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, Malagasy Official Language(s) Maltese, English

MALAWI Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Maltese, English Official Language(s) English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English MARTINIQUE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) French

MALAYSIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) Malay Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Malay, English, Chinese, Tamil

38 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 39 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Romanian, Russian Official Language(s) Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Romanian, Russian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, Arabic MONACO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, Arabic Official Language(s) French

MAURITIUS Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Mongolian

MEXICO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Mongolian Official Language(s) Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Mongolian Note: Spanish is the de facto national language of . There are also 68 recognized indigenous languages. MONTENEGRO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Official Language(s) Montenegrin Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Montenegrin

MOLDOVA Note: Instruction in Albanian, Bosnian and Croatian is available for minorities.

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Romanian Montenegrin

40 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 41 MAURITANIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Romanian, Russian Official Language(s) Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Romanian, Russian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French, Arabic MONACO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, Arabic Official Language(s) French

MAURITIUS Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French, English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English MONGOLIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Mongolian

MEXICO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Mongolian Official Language(s) Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Mongolian Note: Spanish is the de facto national language of Mexico. There are also 68 recognized indigenous languages. MONTENEGRO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Official Language(s) Montenegrin Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Montenegrin

MOLDOVA Note: Instruction in Albanian, Bosnian and Croatian is available for minorities.

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Romanian Montenegrin

40 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 41 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Arabic, Berber (also known as Tamazight) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic, French Official Language(s) Nauruan Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

MOZAMBIQUE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Portuguese NEPAL Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese Official Language(s) Nepali Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Nepali

MYANMAR, UNION OF Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Nepali, English Official Language(s) Burmese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Burmese, English Official Language(s) Dutch, Frisian (in Fryslan) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch

NAMIBIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch, English Official Language(s) English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) English, Maori, New Zealand Sign Language

42 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 43 MOROCCO Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Arabic, Berber (also known as Tamazight) NAURU Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic, French Official Language(s) Nauruan Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

MOZAMBIQUE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Portuguese NEPAL Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese Official Language(s) Nepali Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Nepali

MYANMAR, UNION OF Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Nepali, English Official Language(s) Burmese NETHERLANDS Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Burmese, English Official Language(s) Dutch, Frisian (in Fryslan) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch

NAMIBIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch, English Official Language(s) English NEW ZEALAND Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) English, Maori, New Zealand Sign Language

42 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 43 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English English

Note: Maori is the language of instruction at Maori schools. Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Norwegian (Bokmål and ) Note: Maori is the language of instruction at Maori schools. Note: Sami is an official language in nine in Norway.

NICARAGUA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk) Official Language(s) Spanish Note: Sami is the language of instruction in Sami-speaking areas.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish Norwegian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish OMAN

Official Language(s) NIGER Arabic

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Arabic, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

Official Language(s) Urdu, English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Urdu

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Note: English is the language of instruction in mathematics and science subjects. English

44 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 45 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English English

Note: Maori is the language of instruction at Maori schools. NORWAY Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk) Note: Maori is the language of instruction at Maori schools. Note: Sami is an official language in nine municipalities in Norway.

NICARAGUA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Norwegian (Bokmål and Nynorsk) Official Language(s) Spanish Note: Sami is the language of instruction in Sami-speaking areas.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish Norwegian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish OMAN

Official Language(s) NIGER Arabic

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Arabic, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French PAKISTAN

Official Language(s) NIGERIA Urdu, English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Urdu

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Note: English is the language of instruction in mathematics and science subjects. English

44 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 45 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Urdu Official Language(s) Note: English is the primary language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs. , English,

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Palauan, English English

Note: Sonsorolese (in Sonsorol), Tobian (in Hatohobei) and Japanese (in Angaur) are additional official state languages (i.., based on the administrative region). PARAGUAY

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Palauan, English Spanish, Guarani

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Spanish, Guarani

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

Official Language(s) Arabic PERU

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic Spanish, Quechua, Aymara

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic, English Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level PANAMA Spanish

Official Language(s) Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Spanish Filipino, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish English, with Filipino for certain subjects

46 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 47 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level PAPUA NEW GUINEA Urdu Official Language(s) Note: English is the primary language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs. Tok Pisin, English, Hiri Motu

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level PALAU English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Palauan, English English

Note: Sonsorolese (in Sonsorol), Tobian (in Hatohobei) and Japanese (in Angaur) are additional official state languages (i.e., based on the administrative region). PARAGUAY

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Palauan, English Spanish, Guarani

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Spanish, Guarani

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES Spanish

Official Language(s) Arabic PERU

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic Spanish, Quechua, Aymara

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic, English Spanish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level PANAMA Spanish

Official Language(s) Spanish PHILIPPINES

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Spanish Filipino, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish English, with Filipino for certain subjects

46 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 47 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, with Filipino for certain subjects Arabic, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English

Official Language(s) Polish RÉUNION

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Polish French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Polish French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French

Official Language(s) Portuguese, Mirandese

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Portuguese Romanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese Romanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Romanian

Official Language(s) Spanish, English RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Spanish Russian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Russian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level QATAR Russian

Official Language(s) Arabic

48 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 49 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, with Filipino for certain subjects Arabic, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level POLAND Arabic, English

Official Language(s) Polish RÉUNION

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Polish French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Polish French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level PORTUGAL French

Official Language(s) Portuguese, Mirandese ROMANIA

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Portuguese Romanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese Romanian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level PUERTO RICO Romanian

Official Language(s) Spanish, English RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Spanish Russian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Russian

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level QATAR Russian

Official Language(s) Arabic

48 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 49 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) , French, English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English SAINT PIERRE & MIQUELON Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) French Notes French was the language of instruction at the secondary and postsecondary levels until 2009 when Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level it was replaced by English. French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Not applicable. There are no postsecondary academic institutions in Saint Pierre & Miquelon.

Official Language(s) English SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Not applicable. There are no postsecondary academic institutions in Saint Helena. English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level & NEVIS English

Official Language(s) English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English Samoan

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English English, Samoan

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

Official Language(s) English

50 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 51 RWANDA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Kinyarwanda, French, English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English SAINT PIERRE & MIQUELON Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Official Language(s) French Notes French was the language of instruction at the secondary and postsecondary levels until 2009 when Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level it was replaced by English. French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level SAINT HELENA Not applicable. There are no postsecondary academic institutions in Saint Pierre & Miquelon.

Official Language(s) English SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Not applicable. There are no postsecondary academic institutions in Saint Helena. English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level SAINT KITTS & NEVIS English

Official Language(s) English SAMOA

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English Samoan

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English English, Samoan

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level SAINT LUCIA English

Official Language(s) English

50 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 51 SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) Portuguese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese SERBIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese Official Language(s) Serbian

SAUDI ARABIA Note: Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovak, Ruthenian and Croatian are official languages in the autonomous of Vojvodina. Official Language(s) Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Serbian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic Note: Instruction in Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and Albanian is available in areas with large ethnic minorities. Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Serbian Note: English is the language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs.

SEYCHELLES Official Language(s) Official Language(s) , English, French English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, French English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, French English

SIERRA LEONE SENEGAL Official Language(s) Official Language(s) English French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

52 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 53 SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Official Language(s) Portuguese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Portuguese SERBIA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Portuguese Official Language(s) Serbian

SAUDI ARABIA Note: Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian, Slovak, Ruthenian and Croatian are official languages in the autonomous province of Vojvodina. Official Language(s) Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Serbian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic Note: Instruction in Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and Albanian is available in areas with large ethnic minorities. Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Serbian Note: English is the language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs.

SEYCHELLES SCOTLAND Official Language(s) Official Language(s) Seychellois Creole, English, French English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, French English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, French English

SIERRA LEONE SENEGAL Official Language(s) Official Language(s) English French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

52 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 53 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Note: Hungarian and Italian have official language status in large Hungarian and Italian English communities, respectively.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Slovene

Official Language(s) Note: Instruction in Hungarian and Italian is available in large Hungarian and Italian communities, Mandarin Chinese, English, Tamil, Malay respectively.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Slovene

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

Official Language(s) English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch, Papiamento, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English

Official Language(s) Somali, Arabic

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Slovak Somali, English, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Slovak Somali, English, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Slovak SOUTH

Official Language(s) Zulu (also known as IsiZulu), Xhosa (also known as IsiXhosa), , English, Sepedi (also known as Northern Sotho), Tswana (also known as Setswana), Sesotho (also known as Southern Official Language(s) Sotho), Tsonga (also known as Xitsonga), Swazi (also known as Swati or siSwati), Venda (also Slovene (also known as Slovenian) known as Tshivenda), Ndebele (also known as isiNdebele)

54 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 55 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Note: Hungarian and Italian have official language status in large Hungarian and Italian English communities, respectively.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level SINGAPORE Slovene

Official Language(s) Note: Instruction in Hungarian and Italian is available in large Hungarian and Italian communities, Mandarin Chinese, English, Tamil, Malay respectively.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Slovene

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English SOLOMON ISLANDS

Official Language(s) SINT MAARTEN English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch, Papiamento, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English SOMALIA

Official Language(s) SLOVAKIA Somali, Arabic

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Slovak Somali, English, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Slovak Somali, English, Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Slovak

Official Language(s) SLOVENIA Zulu (also known as IsiZulu), Xhosa (also known as IsiXhosa), Afrikaans, English, Sepedi (also known as Northern Sotho), Tswana (also known as Setswana), Sesotho (also known as Southern Official Language(s) Sotho), Tsonga (also known as Xitsonga), Swazi (also known as Swati or siSwati), Venda (also Slovene (also known as Slovenian) known as Tshivenda), Ndebele (also known as isiNdebele)

54 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 55 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, Afrikaans Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, Afrikaans Arabic

Note: English is the language of instruction in engineering and medical programs.

Official Language(s) Official Language(s) Note: Co-official languages may be used in autonomous regions – Catalan (in Catalonia and the Dutch Balearic Islands), Valencian (in the Valencian Community), Galician (in Galicia), Basque (in Basque Country and Basque-speaking ) and Aranese (in the northwest corner of Catalonia). Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Castilian Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch Note: The co-official regional language may be used in autonomous regions.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level SWAZILAND Castilian Spanish Official Language(s) Note: The co-official regional language may be used in autonomous regions. English, Swazi (also known as Swati or siSwati)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Sinhala, Tamil English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Sinhala, Tamil, English SWEDEN

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English Swedish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Swedish

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English Swedish, English

56 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 57 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, Afrikaans Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English, Afrikaans Arabic

Note: English is the language of instruction in engineering and medical programs. SPAIN

Official Language(s) SURINAME Castilian Spanish Official Language(s) Note: Co-official languages may be used in autonomous regions – Catalan (in Catalonia and the Dutch Balearic Islands), Valencian (in the Valencian Community), Galician (in Galicia), Basque (in Basque Country and Basque-speaking Navarre) and Aranese (in the northwest corner of Catalonia). Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Dutch Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Castilian Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Dutch Note: The co-official regional language may be used in autonomous regions.

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level SWAZILAND Castilian Spanish Official Language(s) Note: The co-official regional language may be used in autonomous regions. English, Swazi (also known as Swati or siSwati)

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level SRI LANKA English

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Sinhala, Tamil English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Sinhala, Tamil, English SWEDEN

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Official Language(s) English Swedish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level SUDAN Swedish

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English Swedish, English

56 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 57

Official Language(s) Official Language(s) German, French, Italian, Romansh Tajik

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German, French, Italian, depending on the region and canton: Tajik, Russian

• German – Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Basel-Stadt, Bern, Glarus, Graubünden, , Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schauffhausen, Tajik, Russian Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Uri, Zug, Zurich as well as parts of Fribourg, Valais • French – Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Jura as well as parts of Bern, Valais, Fribourg Official Language(s) • Italian – Ticino as well as part of Graubünden Swahili (also known as Kiswahili), English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German, French, Italian, depending on the region and canton English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level SYRIA English

Official Language(s) Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic Thai

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic Thai

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Thai

Official Language(s) Mandarin Chinese TOGO

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Mandarin Chinese French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Mandarin Chinese French

58 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 59 SWITZERLAND TAJIKISTAN

Official Language(s) Official Language(s) German, French, Italian, Romansh Tajik

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German, French, Italian, depending on the region and canton: Tajik, Russian

• German – Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Basel-Stadt, Bern, Glarus, Graubünden, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schauffhausen, Tajik, Russian Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Uri, Zug, Zurich as well as parts of Fribourg, Valais TANZANIA • French – Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Jura as well as parts of Bern, Valais, Fribourg Official Language(s) • Italian – Ticino as well as part of Graubünden Swahili (also known as Kiswahili), English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level German, French, Italian, depending on the region and canton English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level SYRIA English

Official Language(s) Arabic THAILAND

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic Thai

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic Thai

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TAIWAN Thai

Official Language(s) Mandarin Chinese TOGO

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Mandarin Chinese French

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Mandarin Chinese French

58 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 59 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Turkish, English, French, German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TONGA Turkish, English

Official Language(s) Tongan, English TURKISH REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English Turkish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Turkish, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Turkish, English

Official Language(s) English TURKMENISTAN

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English Turkmen

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Turkmen

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Turkmen

Official Language(s) Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic, French Tuvaluan, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic, French English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TURKEY English

Official Language(s) Turkish

60 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 61 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level French Turkish, English, French, German

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TONGA Turkish, English

Official Language(s) Tongan, English TURKISH REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English Turkish

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Turkish, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Turkish, English

Official Language(s) English TURKMENISTAN

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) English Turkmen

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Turkmen

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TUNISIA Turkmen

Official Language(s) Arabic TUVALU

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Official Language(s) Arabic, French Tuvaluan, English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic, French English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level TURKEY English

Official Language(s) Turkish

60 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 61 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish Official Language(s) English UZBEKISTAN Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Uzbek Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Note: Uzbek and Karakalpak are the official languages in the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan.

UKRAINE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Uzbek Official Language(s) Ukrainian Note: Instruction in Russian, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen and Kyrgyz is available for minorities. Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Ukrainian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Uzbek, Russian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Ukrainian

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Official Language(s) , English, French Official Language(s) Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English VENEZUELA

URUGUAY Official Language(s) Spanish Official Language(s) Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

62 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 63 UGANDA Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish Official Language(s) English UZBEKISTAN Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Uzbek Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Note: Uzbek and Karakalpak are the official languages in the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan.

UKRAINE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Uzbek Official Language(s) Ukrainian Note: Instruction in Russian, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen and Kyrgyz is available for minorities. Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Ukrainian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Uzbek, Russian Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Ukrainian VANUATU

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Official Language(s) Bislama, English, French Official Language(s) Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English, French Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic, English VENEZUELA

URUGUAY Official Language(s) Spanish Official Language(s) Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Spanish Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Spanish

62 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 63 Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Vietnamese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Vietnamese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Vietnamese Official Language(s) Shona, Ndebele (also known as isiNdebele), English, Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Shangani, sign language, Sesotho (also known as Southern Sotho), Tonga, Tswana (also known as Setswana), Venda (also known as Tshivenda), Xhosa (also known as IsiXhosa)

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Welsh, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Welsh, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Welsh, English

YEMEN

Official Language(s) Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic

Note: English is the language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs.

ZAMBIA

Official Language(s) English

64 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 65 VIETNAM Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level English Official Language(s) Vietnamese Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level English Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Vietnamese ZIMBABWE Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Vietnamese Official Language(s) Shona, Ndebele (also known as isiNdebele), English, Chewa, Chibarwe, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Shangani, sign language, Sesotho (also known as Southern Sotho), Tonga, Tswana (also WALES known as Setswana), Venda (also known as Tshivenda), Xhosa (also known as IsiXhosa)

Official Language(s) Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Welsh, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Welsh, English English

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Welsh, English

YEMEN

Official Language(s) Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Secondary Level Arabic

Main Language(s) of Instruction at the Postsecondary Level Arabic

Note: English is the language of instruction in science, engineering and medical programs.

ZAMBIA

Official Language(s) English

64 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 65 The internationalization of any college campus has countless benefits. However, this also places an Part II: important responsibility on admissions staff to determine the level of preparedness of its incoming students, which includes ensuring their English proficiency. Currently, this is done most commonly English Language Proficiency by examination. In Part II of this publication, three major English language assessments will be explored, along with Examinations other options that exist. Each has its own defining characteristics and concentrations. Depending on the needs of the college or university and its programs within, different scores or different tests altogether may be required. Before choosing the test(s) to be accepted, it is important to consider the relevance of content, breadth of skills, and depth of detail that each examination has with respect to the goals of the institution.

TOEFL (formerly Test of English as a )

TOEFL was developed in the early 1960s at the Center for Applied in response to demand for English-proficiency certification. Shortly thereafter, Education Testing Service (ETS) stepped in, first as a partner with College Board, and later with Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) as well, to oversee the examination. A decade later, ETS became the sole manager. TOEFL’s stated purpose is to evaluate the relative ability with which test takers comprehend and produce university-level English, based on -, writing-, listening- and speaking-skill testing proce- dures. Skills are tested in isolation and integration. Currently, more than 9,000 colleges, and other institutions in over 130 countries accept TOEFL scores as an international admission criterion.

OVERVIEW

Established 1960s Administrator Educational Testing Service (ETS) Test Centers Worldwide Format iBT (Internet-based Test) taken via computer accounts for 97% of tests. 3% is the PBT (Paper-based Test) taken by hand in areas where Internet access is unreliable. Registration Online, by mail, in person, or by at least 7 days before the iBT exam date. Online or by mail for the PBT. Duration Approximately 4 hours for the iBT. Approximately 2 ½ hours for the PBT. Cost Price varies by location worldwide, ranging from $170-270 USD for the iBT. Dates Over 50 sittings per year for the iBT. Approximately 4 sittings for the PBT. Result Turnaround 10 days after the iBT. 5 weeks after the PBT. Delivery Online or by mail for the iBT. By mail for the PBT. Validity Period 2 years for both formats Website www.ets.org/toefl

66 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 67 The internationalization of any college campus has countless benefits. However, this also places an Part II: important responsibility on admissions staff to determine the level of preparedness of its incoming students, which includes ensuring their English proficiency. Currently, this is done most commonly English Language Proficiency by examination. In Part II of this publication, three major English language assessments will be explored, along with Examinations other options that exist. Each has its own defining characteristics and concentrations. Depending on the needs of the college or university and its programs within, different scores or different tests altogether may be required. Before choosing the test(s) to be accepted, it is important to consider the relevance of content, breadth of skills, and depth of detail that each examination has with respect to the goals of the institution.

TOEFL (formerly Test of English as a Foreign Language)

TOEFL was developed in the early 1960s at the Center for Applied Linguistics in response to demand for English-proficiency certification. Shortly thereafter, Education Testing Service (ETS) stepped in, first as a partner with College Board, and later with Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) as well, to oversee the examination. A decade later, ETS became the sole manager. TOEFL’s stated purpose is to evaluate the relative ability with which test takers comprehend and produce university-level English, based on reading-, writing-, listening- and speaking-skill testing proce- dures. Skills are tested in isolation and integration. Currently, more than 9,000 colleges, universities and other institutions in over 130 countries accept TOEFL scores as an international admission criterion.

OVERVIEW

Established 1960s Administrator Educational Testing Service (ETS) Test Centers Worldwide Format iBT (Internet-based Test) taken via computer accounts for 97% of tests. 3% is the PBT (Paper-based Test) taken by hand in areas where Internet access is unreliable. Registration Online, by mail, in person, or by phone at least 7 days before the iBT exam date. Online or by mail for the PBT. Duration Approximately 4 hours for the iBT. Approximately 2 ½ hours for the PBT. Cost Price varies by location worldwide, ranging from $170-270 USD for the iBT. Dates Over 50 sittings per year for the iBT. Approximately 4 sittings for the PBT. Result Turnaround 10 days after the iBT. 5 weeks after the PBT. Delivery Online or by mail for the iBT. By mail for the PBT. Validity Period 2 years for both formats Website www.ets.org/toefl

66 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 67 TEST SECTIONS Section Tasks Duration

Structure Students are explicitly tested on and choice, 25 TOEFL iBT (Internet-based Test) and Written usually by being given sentences with key phrases omitted/ minutes Expression underlined and having to choose an appropriate equivalent or Section Tasks Duration replacement.

Reading Students read three-four academic passages, each followed by 60-80 Test of TWE is a separately scored module attached to the paper-based 30 multiple-choice questions. Questions include identification of minutes Written examination. There is only one task, whose prompt is general minutes detail/purpose, , inference, and insertion, English in scope. Test-takers must present and defend an argument. among others. (TWE) University-level language is expected.

Listening Students listen to recordings of academic lectures and 60-90 conversations typical on a college campus. The recordings are minutes followed by questions comparable to the reading section. Accents from multiple English-speaking countries may be used. SCORING

TOEFL iBT (Internet-based Test) Writing Students write two essays. One is opinion-based, requiring 50 students to state and support their stance. The other requires minutes students to read a passage, listen to a lecture on the same Scale 0-30 (per section) topic, and write an essay showing the connections between the Overall Score 0-120 (total of section scores) two. Scoring is based on topic development, organization and Scoring Increments of 1 language use. Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Grading Reading and Listening: Speaking Students use a microphone headset to record their answer. 20 High (22-30) Similar to the writing section, there are personal experience minutes Intermediate (15-21) questions and integration of material questions. Content is Low (0-14) university-related, some casual and some academic. Students are Speaking: scored on the same criteria as the writing section, but factors like Good (26-30) pronunciation, clarity and are considered as well. Fair (18-25) Limited (10-17) Weak (0-9) TOEFL PBT (Paper-based Test) Writing: Good (24-30) Section Tasks Duration Fair (17-23) Limited (1-16) Reading Students read several passages, followed by multiple-choice 55 Reports Reports include marks for each skill/section, along with the overall total questions. These passages are about one-third the of iBT minutes (cumulative) score. passages. Questions include identification of detail/purpose, vocabulary, inference, and sentence insertion, among others. TOEFL PBT (Paper-based Test)

Listening Students listen to a series of conversations. After each 30-40 Scale 31-68 for Listening Comprehension as well as for Structure/Written conversation, recorded questions are played and students must minutes Expression choose an answer from their booklet. 31-67 for Reading Comprehension

68 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 69 TEST SECTIONS Section Tasks Duration

Structure Students are explicitly tested on grammar and word choice, 25 TOEFL iBT (Internet-based Test) and Written usually by being given sentences with key phrases omitted/ minutes Expression underlined and having to choose an appropriate equivalent or Section Tasks Duration replacement.

Reading Students read three-four academic passages, each followed by 60-80 Test of TWE is a separately scored module attached to the paper-based 30 multiple-choice questions. Questions include identification of minutes Written examination. There is only one task, whose prompt is general minutes detail/purpose, vocabulary, inference, and sentence insertion, English in scope. Test-takers must present and defend an argument. among others. (TWE) University-level language is expected.

Listening Students listen to recordings of academic lectures and 60-90 conversations typical on a college campus. The recordings are minutes followed by questions comparable to the reading section. Accents from multiple English-speaking countries may be used. SCORING

TOEFL iBT (Internet-based Test) Writing Students write two essays. One is opinion-based, requiring 50 students to state and support their stance. The other requires minutes students to read a passage, listen to a lecture on the same Scale 0-30 (per section) topic, and write an essay showing the connections between the Overall Score 0-120 (total of section scores) two. Scoring is based on topic development, organization and Scoring Increments of 1 language use. Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Grading Reading and Listening: Speaking Students use a microphone headset to record their answer. 20 High (22-30) Similar to the writing section, there are personal experience minutes Intermediate (15-21) questions and integration of material questions. Content is Low (0-14) university-related, some casual and some academic. Students are Speaking: scored on the same criteria as the writing section, but factors like Good (26-30) pronunciation, clarity and intonation are considered as well. Fair (18-25) Limited (10-17) Weak (0-9) TOEFL PBT (Paper-based Test) Writing: Good (24-30) Section Tasks Duration Fair (17-23) Limited (1-16) Reading Students read several passages, followed by multiple-choice 55 Reports Reports include marks for each skill/section, along with the overall total questions. These passages are about one-third the length of iBT minutes (cumulative) score. passages. Questions include identification of detail/purpose, vocabulary, inference, and sentence insertion, among others. TOEFL PBT (Paper-based Test)

Listening Students listen to a series of conversations. After each 30-40 Scale 31-68 for Listening Comprehension as well as for Structure/Written conversation, recorded questions are played and students must minutes Expression choose an answer from their booklet. 31-67 for Reading Comprehension

68 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 69 Overall Score 310-677 EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM SCORE REQUIREMENTS Scoring Increments of 1 Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Please note that the scores below reflect admissions requirements posted online at the time of Reports Scores are reported for each of the three categories: Listening publication and are subject to change. Acceptance of examinations and the minimum required (or Comprehension (31-68), Structure/Written Expression (31-68), and recommended) scores can also vary among faculty and programs within an institution. These are Reading Comprehension (31-67). These scores are then converted to the for TOEFL iBT only. TOEFL test scale and totaled. This total (cumulative) score is also reported, ranging between 310 and 677. Institution Minimum Score

The Test of Written English (TWE) score is reported on a scale of 1 to 6, by increments of 0.5, and Baruch College, City 80 (Undergraduate) printed in a separate box on the TOEFL score report. It is not added to the TOEFL score. University of 102 (Graduate – Zicklin School of Business, with varying minimum required scores per section) Sample Institutional Score Report for TOEFL iBT Boston College 100 (Undergraduate and graduate)

Columbia University 100 (Undergraduate) 100-105 (Graduate, varies by program)

Michigan State 79 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 17 in each section) University 80-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

New 100 (Undergraduate, listed as recommended only) 90-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

Northeastern University 92 (Undergraduate, with varying minimum required scores per section) 79-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

Seattle Pacific University 79 (Undergraduate) 80-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

Texas A& University 100 (Undergraduate) 80 (Graduate)

University of British 90 (Undergraduate, with varying minimum required scores Columbia per section) 80-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

University of , 100 (Undergraduate) Los Angeles 87 (Graduate, with varying minimum required scores per section)

University of 79 (Undergraduate) , Boston 79-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

70 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 71 Overall Score 310-677 EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM SCORE REQUIREMENTS Scoring Increments of 1 Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Please note that the scores below reflect admissions requirements posted online at the time of Reports Scores are reported for each of the three categories: Listening publication and are subject to change. Acceptance of examinations and the minimum required (or Comprehension (31-68), Structure/Written Expression (31-68), and recommended) scores can also vary among faculty and programs within an institution. These are Reading Comprehension (31-67). These scores are then converted to the for TOEFL iBT only. TOEFL test scale and totaled. This total (cumulative) score is also reported, ranging between 310 and 677. Institution Minimum Score

The Test of Written English (TWE) score is reported on a scale of 1 to 6, by increments of 0.5, and Baruch College, City 80 (Undergraduate) printed in a separate box on the TOEFL score report. It is not added to the TOEFL score. University of New York 102 (Graduate – Zicklin School of Business, with varying minimum required scores per section) Sample Institutional Score Report for TOEFL iBT Boston College 100 (Undergraduate and graduate)

Columbia University 100 (Undergraduate) 100-105 (Graduate, varies by program)

Michigan State 79 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 17 in each section) University 80-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

New York University 100 (Undergraduate, listed as recommended only) 90-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

Northeastern University 92 (Undergraduate, with varying minimum required scores per section) 79-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

Seattle Pacific University 79 (Undergraduate) 80-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

Texas A&M University 100 (Undergraduate) 80 (Graduate)

University of British 90 (Undergraduate, with varying minimum required scores Columbia per section) 80-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

University of California, 100 (Undergraduate) Los Angeles 87 (Graduate, with varying minimum required scores per section)

University of 79 (Undergraduate) Massachusetts, Boston 79-100 (Graduate, varies by program)

70 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 71 Institution Minimum Score OVERVIEW

University of Michigan 100 (Undergraduate, with varying minimum required scores Established 1980s per section) 84 (Graduate) Administrators The British Council, IDP: IELTS , and Cambridge English Language Assessment Test Centers Worldwide University of Southern 100 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 20 in each section) California 90-100 (Graduate, varies by program) Format Typically paper-based and hand-written, with the spoken English portion tested in person. A computer-based version has been introduced in 2016 in a select number of countries. Content and scoring remain identical. University of Texas at 79 (Undergraduate and graduate) Austin Registration Online or paper application at least 2 weeks before the exam date Duration 2 hours and 45 minutes University of 100 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 22 in writing) Cost Price varies by location worldwide, ranging from $180-300 USD. 93-100 (Graduate, varies by program) Dates Nearly 50 sittings per year Result Turnaround 13 days after the test University of 76 (Undergraduate) Delivery Online or by mail Washington 80-92 (Graduate) Validity Period 2 years Website www.ielts.org Washington State 79 (Undergraduate) University 80-100 (Graduate) TEST SECTIONS York University 83-100 (Undergraduate, varies by program) 79-100 (Graduate, varies by program) Section Tasks Duration

Reading Students read three academic passages which are sourced from 60 newspapers, books and journals. Students label diagrams, match minutes LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM (IELTS) information, write short-answer responses and fill in multiple- choice questions, testing abilities such as identifying tone and summarization. IELTS, initially ELTS, started in the UK as a joint venture between Cambridge English Language Assessment (formerly University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate or UCLES) and the Listening Students listen to recordings of four monologues and 30 British Council. The International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges conversations. Students listen to two recordings in general minutes (IDP) joined a few years later. The designation “IELTS” was first used in 1989, promoted as an contexts, and two academic. Accents from multiple English- international test with a on “real-world” and “communicative” language. Different accents speaking countries are used. of English were used, which, at the time, was unique. Reading, writing, listening and speaking skills are all tested independently of one another. The speaking section is a face-to-face interview, with a Writing Students have one hour to write two essays, one of at least 150 60 non-participatory grader observing. There are two types of exams, Academic and General Training, and the other 250. The objective of the first is to describe minutes the latter of which is intended for those in secondary education and the general work sector. This a given chart, diagram, table or other visual representation of publication focuses on IELTS - Academic, the purpose of which includes higher education and information. The second requires students to choose a position professional licensure. Today, over 9,000 education institutions worldwide accept IELTS, including and defend it, compare and contrast two arguments, evaluate an 3,000 in the . argument, or infer future implications.

72 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 73 Institution Minimum Score OVERVIEW

University of Michigan 100 (Undergraduate, with varying minimum required scores Established 1980s per section) 84 (Graduate) Administrators The British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia, and Cambridge English Language Assessment Test Centers Worldwide University of Southern 100 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 20 in each section) California 90-100 (Graduate, varies by program) Format Typically paper-based and hand-written, with the spoken English portion tested in person. A computer-based version has been introduced in 2016 in a select number of countries. Content and scoring remain identical. University of Texas at 79 (Undergraduate and graduate) Austin Registration Online or paper application at least 2 weeks before the exam date Duration 2 hours and 45 minutes University of Toronto 100 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 22 in writing) Cost Price varies by location worldwide, ranging from $180-300 USD. 93-100 (Graduate, varies by program) Dates Nearly 50 sittings per year Result Turnaround 13 days after the test University of 76 (Undergraduate) Delivery Online or by mail Washington 80-92 (Graduate) Validity Period 2 years Website www.ielts.org Washington State 79 (Undergraduate) University 80-100 (Graduate) TEST SECTIONS York University 83-100 (Undergraduate, varies by program) 79-100 (Graduate, varies by program) Section Tasks Duration

Reading Students read three academic passages which are sourced from 60 newspapers, books and journals. Students label diagrams, match minutes INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM (IELTS) information, write short-answer responses and fill in multiple- choice questions, testing abilities such as identifying tone and summarization. IELTS, initially ELTS, started in the UK as a joint venture between Cambridge English Language Assessment (formerly University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate or UCLES) and the Listening Students listen to recordings of four monologues and 30 British Council. The International Development Program of Australian Universities and Colleges conversations. Students listen to two recordings in general minutes (IDP) joined a few years later. The designation “IELTS” was first used in 1989, promoted as an contexts, and two academic. Accents from multiple English- international test with a focus on “real-world” and “communicative” language. Different accents speaking countries are used. of English were used, which, at the time, was unique. Reading, writing, listening and speaking skills are all tested independently of one another. The speaking section is a face-to-face interview, with a Writing Students have one hour to write two essays, one of at least 150 60 non-participatory grader observing. There are two types of exams, Academic and General Training, words and the other 250. The objective of the first is to describe minutes the latter of which is intended for those in secondary education and the general work sector. This a given chart, diagram, table or other visual representation of publication focuses on IELTS - Academic, the purpose of which includes higher education and information. The second requires students to choose a position professional licensure. Today, over 9,000 education institutions worldwide accept IELTS, including and defend it, compare and contrast two arguments, evaluate an 3,000 in the United States. argument, or infer future implications.

72 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 73 Section Tasks Duration Sample Institutional Score Report for IELTS – Academic

Speaking Students sit with an examiner for three sections. In the first, stu- 11-14 dents give an introduction and then converse with the examiner minutes (who will ask direct questions) about their . In the second, students are given a general topic card and must speak about it for two minutes. The remaining time is spent as a general discus- sion continuing or building upon themes from the second section.

SCORING

Scale 1 (lowest) to 9 (highest) Overall Score Average of four individual scores (Reading, Writing, Listening, Speaking) Scoring Half-band (6.5, 7.0, 7.5, etc.) Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Grading 9: expert user 8: very good user 7: good user 6: competent user 5: modest user 4: limited user 3: extremely limited user 2: intermittent user 1: non-user Reports Reports include marks for each skill/section, along with the overall band score.

74 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 75 Section Tasks Duration Sample Institutional Score Report for IELTS – Academic

Speaking Students sit with an examiner for three sections. In the first, stu- 11-14 dents give an introduction and then converse with the examiner minutes (who will ask direct questions) about their lives. In the second, students are given a general topic card and must speak about it for two minutes. The remaining time is spent as a general discus- sion continuing or building upon themes from the second section.

SCORING

Scale 1 (lowest) to 9 (highest) Overall Score Average of four individual scores (Reading, Writing, Listening, Speaking) Scoring Half-band (6.5, 7.0, 7.5, etc.) Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Grading 9: expert user 8: very good user 7: good user 6: competent user 5: modest user 4: limited user 3: extremely limited user 2: intermittent user 1: non-user Reports Reports include marks for each skill/section, along with the overall band score.

74 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 75 EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM SCORE REQUIREMENTS Institution Minimum Score

University of Michigan 7.0 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.5 in each Please note that the scores below reflect admissions requirements posted online at the time of section) publication and are subject to change. Acceptance of examinations and the minimum required (or 6.5 (Graduate) recommended) scores can also vary among faculty and programs within an institution. University of Southern 7.0 (Undergraduate) Institution Minimum Score California 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program)

Baruch College, City 6.5 (Undergraduate) University of Texas at 6.5 (Undergraduate and graduate) University of New York 7.0 (Graduate – Zicklin School of Business) Austin

Boston College 7.5 (Undergraduate) University of Toronto 6.5 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.0 in each 7.0-7.5 (Graduate, varies by program) section) 7.0-7.5 (Graduate, varies by program) Columbia University 7.0 (Undergraduate) 7.0-7.5 (Graduate, varies by program) University of 6.0 (Undergraduate) Washington 6.5 (Graduate, being phased out in 2016-17) Michigan State 6.5 (Undergraduate) University 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program) Washington State 6.5 (Undergraduate) University 7.0 (Graduate) New York University 7.5 (Undergraduate) 7.0 (Graduate) York University 6.5-7.5 (Undergraduate and graduate, varies by program)

Northeastern University 6.5 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.0 in each section) 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program) THE PEARSON TEST OF ENGLISH: ACADEMIC

Seattle Pacific University 6.5 (Undergraduate) Pearson has a number of English language assessments available, including PTE General and PTE 7.0 (Graduate) Academic. The Pearson Test of English: Academic, or PTE A, was created in 2009 and has quickly become a major player, as over 6,000 institutions accepted it the day of its release. Based on data Texas A&M University 7.0 (Undergraduate) collected from over 10,000 individuals with over 120 native languages, Pearson developed a fully 6.0 (Graduate) computerized scoring system, which is the only evaluator used to grade all sections, including speaking and writing. PTE A also integrates the use of skills, with each section requiring multiple University of British 6.5 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.0 in each competencies. Content is academic, including material from both native and non-native speakers Columbia section) 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program) of English.

University of California, 7.0 (Undergraduate and graduate) Los Angeles

University of 6.0 (Undergraduate) Massachusetts, Boston 6.0-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program)

76 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 77 EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM SCORE REQUIREMENTS Institution Minimum Score

University of Michigan 7.0 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.5 in each Please note that the scores below reflect admissions requirements posted online at the time of section) publication and are subject to change. Acceptance of examinations and the minimum required (or 6.5 (Graduate) recommended) scores can also vary among faculty and programs within an institution. University of Southern 7.0 (Undergraduate) Institution Minimum Score California 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program)

Baruch College, City 6.5 (Undergraduate) University of Texas at 6.5 (Undergraduate and graduate) University of New York 7.0 (Graduate – Zicklin School of Business) Austin

Boston College 7.5 (Undergraduate) University of Toronto 6.5 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.0 in each 7.0-7.5 (Graduate, varies by program) section) 7.0-7.5 (Graduate, varies by program) Columbia University 7.0 (Undergraduate) 7.0-7.5 (Graduate, varies by program) University of 6.0 (Undergraduate) Washington 6.5 (Graduate, being phased out in 2016-17) Michigan State 6.5 (Undergraduate) University 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program) Washington State 6.5 (Undergraduate) University 7.0 (Graduate) New York University 7.5 (Undergraduate) 7.0 (Graduate) York University 6.5-7.5 (Undergraduate and graduate, varies by program)

Northeastern University 6.5 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.0 in each section) 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program) THE PEARSON TEST OF ENGLISH: ACADEMIC

Seattle Pacific University 6.5 (Undergraduate) Pearson has a number of English language assessments available, including PTE General and PTE 7.0 (Graduate) Academic. The Pearson Test of English: Academic, or PTE A, was created in 2009 and has quickly become a major player, as over 6,000 institutions accepted it the day of its release. Based on data Texas A&M University 7.0 (Undergraduate) collected from over 10,000 individuals with over 120 native languages, Pearson developed a fully 6.0 (Graduate) computerized scoring system, which is the only evaluator used to grade all sections, including speaking and writing. PTE A also integrates the use of skills, with each section requiring multiple University of British 6.5 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 6.0 in each competencies. Content is academic, including material from both native and non-native speakers Columbia section) 6.5-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program) of English.

University of California, 7.0 (Undergraduate and graduate) Los Angeles

University of 6.0 (Undergraduate) Massachusetts, Boston 6.0-7.0 (Graduate, varies by program)

76 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 77 OVERVIEW Section Tasks Duration

Writing Students write one essay of approximately 200-300 words. Established 2009 A situation or issue is presented, then students must choose Administrator Pearson PLC positions and defend them. Students must also read a passage Test Centers Worldwide and then summarize it in a single sentence. Format Computer-based with microphone 77-93 minutes Registration Online or by phone at least 24 hours before the exam date Speaking Students use a microphone headset to introduce themselves, Duration Approximately 3 hours read aloud, repeat a sentence, describe an image (charts, graphs), Cost Price varies by location worldwide, ranging from $150-300 USD. summarize a lecture, summarize a paragraph, and answer a short Dates As many as 363 sittings per year question. If a student pauses for more than three seconds, the Result Turnaround 5 days after the test recording stops and no more can be added to the answer. Delivery Online only Validity Period 2 years Website www.pearsonpte.com SCORING

TEST SECTIONS Scale 10-90 Overall Score Average of section scores, categorized by skill and subskill The PTE A is divided into three sections. Speaking and writing are a combined unit. Scoring Increments of 1 Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Section Tasks Duration Grading Each section is graded against the Global Scale of English, a measurement scheme for English language proficiency developed by Reading Students read five texts of varying length and answer multiple- 32-41 Pearson. For Academic English, a score of: choice questions requiring idea connection, inference/conclusion, minutes 76-90 represents proficient (mastery) level, and reading for tone skills, among others. Paragraphs must also 43-75 represents independent level and be reordered and word choice is tested through fill-in sections. 10-42 represents basic level. Text boxes with sentences may appear in random order on the Note: Pearson’s November 2012 Academic Score Guide reports that, UK screen, giving the student the task of sorting. universities typically require a minimum score between 51 and 61 for admission for undergraduate studies, and 57 and 67 for postgraduate Listening Students listen to audio or video recordings, filling in missing 45-57 words, writing what they heard verbatim, and/or answering minutes studies. comprehension questions. The tested skills are similar to the Reports Reports provide the overall score, along with the marks for subskills reading section. Accents from multiple English-speaking countries comprising 2 main categories. These are Enabling Skills (which includes are used, and there is a wide of question styles and such areas as fluency, grammar, and vocabulary) and Communicative formats. Skills (which covers such areas as listening, reading, speaking and writing). Note: The speaking section of the examination contains a short, unscored task in which the students must briefly introduce themselves and give some personal information of their choice. A recording of this response is also made available to score report recipients.

78 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 79 OVERVIEW Section Tasks Duration

Writing Students write one essay of approximately 200-300 words. Established 2009 A situation or issue is presented, then students must choose Administrator Pearson PLC positions and defend them. Students must also read a passage Test Centers Worldwide and then summarize it in a single sentence. Format Computer-based with microphone 77-93 minutes Registration Online or by phone at least 24 hours before the exam date Speaking Students use a microphone headset to introduce themselves, Duration Approximately 3 hours read aloud, repeat a sentence, describe an image (charts, graphs), Cost Price varies by location worldwide, ranging from $150-300 USD. summarize a lecture, summarize a paragraph, and answer a short Dates As many as 363 sittings per year question. If a student pauses for more than three seconds, the Result Turnaround 5 days after the test recording stops and no more can be added to the answer. Delivery Online only Validity Period 2 years Website www.pearsonpte.com SCORING

TEST SECTIONS Scale 10-90 Overall Score Average of section scores, categorized by skill and subskill The PTE A is divided into three sections. Speaking and writing are a combined unit. Scoring Increments of 1 Weighting All sections are weighted equally. Section Tasks Duration Grading Each section is graded against the Global Scale of English, a measurement scheme for English language proficiency developed by Reading Students read five texts of varying length and answer multiple- 32-41 Pearson. For Academic English, a score of: choice questions requiring idea connection, inference/conclusion, minutes 76-90 represents proficient (mastery) level, and reading for tone skills, among others. Paragraphs must also 43-75 represents independent level and be reordered and word choice is tested through fill-in sections. 10-42 represents basic level. Text boxes with sentences may appear in random order on the Note: Pearson’s November 2012 Academic Score Guide reports that, UK screen, giving the student the task of sorting. universities typically require a minimum score between 51 and 61 for admission for undergraduate studies, and 57 and 67 for postgraduate Listening Students listen to audio or video recordings, filling in missing 45-57 words, writing what they heard verbatim, and/or answering minutes studies. comprehension questions. The tested skills are similar to the Reports Reports provide the overall score, along with the marks for subskills reading section. Accents from multiple English-speaking countries comprising 2 main categories. These are Enabling Skills (which includes are used, and there is a wide variety of question styles and such areas as fluency, grammar, and vocabulary) and Communicative formats. Skills (which covers such areas as listening, reading, speaking and writing). Note: The speaking section of the examination contains a short, unscored task in which the students must briefly introduce themselves and give some personal information of their choice. A recording of this response is also made available to score report recipients.

78 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 79 Sample Institutional Score Report for PTE Academic EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM SCORE REQUIREMENTS

Please note that the scores below reflect admissions requirements posted online at the time of publication and are subject to change. Acceptance of examinations and the minimum required (or Pearson University PTE Academic Business recommended) scores can also vary among faculty and programs within an institution. Institution Score Report Management Test Taker, Example Institution Minimum Score Example Test Taker

Test Taker ID: Baruch College, City 70 (Graduate – Zicklin School of Business) University of New York Date of Birth: Country of Citizenship: Country of Residence: Boston College * Not applicable Gender: Email :

Registration ID: Columbia University 69 (Graduate – Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science) Test Date: Test Centre Country: Test Centre ID: Michigan State 53 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 48 in each section) First-Time Test Taker: University 53-70 (Graduate, varies by program) Report Issue Date: Scores Valid Until: New York University 70 (Undergraduate) Overall Score: 56

The Overall Score for the PTE Academic is based on the test taker’s performance on all items in the test. The scores for Communicative Skills and Enabling Skills are based on the test taker’s performance on only those items that pertain to these Northeastern University 62 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 62 in each section) skills specifically. As many items contribute to more than one Communicative or Enabling Skill, the Overall Score cannot be computed directly from the Communicative Skill scores or from the Enabling Skill scores. The graph below indicates this test 53-68 (Graduate, varies by program) taker’s Communicative Skills and Enabling Skills relative to his or her Overall Score.

When comparing the Overall Score and the scores for Communicative Skills and Enabling Skills, please be aware that there is some imprecision in all measurement, depending on a variety of factors. For more information on interpreting PTE Academic scores, please refer to Interpreting the PTE Academic Score Report which is available at www.pearsonpte.com/pteacademic/scores. Seattle Pacific University 56 (Undergraduate) Skills Profile

Overall Score Texas A&M University 68 (Undergraduate) Communicative Skills Communicative Skills 53 (Graduate) Listening 51 Listening Reading 69 Reading Speaking 47 Speaking University of British 65 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 60 in each section) Writing 74 Writing Columbia 65-70 (Graduate, varies by program) Enabling Skills Enabling Skills Grammar 70 Grammar Oral Fluency 37 Oral Fluency University of California, * Not applicable Pronunciation 47 Pronunciation Los Angeles 61 Spelling Vocabulary 74 Vocabulary Written 61 Written Discourse University of 53-61 (Graduate, varies by program)

10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 Massachusetts, Boston Score Scale University of Michigan 68 (Undergraduate, with equally strong scores in each

ALWAYS LEARNING PEARSON section)

University of Southern 68 (Undergraduate) California ** (Graduate, on case-by-case basis)

80 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 81 Sample Institutional Score Report for PTE Academic EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM SCORE REQUIREMENTS

Please note that the scores below reflect admissions requirements posted online at the time of publication and are subject to change. Acceptance of examinations and the minimum required (or Pearson University PTE Academic Business recommended) scores can also vary among faculty and programs within an institution. Institution Score Report Management Test Taker, Example Institution Minimum Score Example Test Taker

Test Taker ID: Baruch College, City 70 (Graduate – Zicklin School of Business) University of New York Date of Birth: Country of Citizenship: Country of Residence: Boston College * Not applicable Gender: Email Address:

Registration ID: Columbia University 69 (Graduate – Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science) Test Date: Test Centre Country: Test Centre ID: Michigan State 53 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 48 in each section) First-Time Test Taker: University 53-70 (Graduate, varies by program) Report Issue Date: Scores Valid Until: New York University 70 (Undergraduate) Overall Score: 56

The Overall Score for the PTE Academic is based on the test taker’s performance on all items in the test. The scores for Communicative Skills and Enabling Skills are based on the test taker’s performance on only those items that pertain to these Northeastern University 62 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 62 in each section) skills specifically. As many items contribute to more than one Communicative or Enabling Skill, the Overall Score cannot be computed directly from the Communicative Skill scores or from the Enabling Skill scores. The graph below indicates this test 53-68 (Graduate, varies by program) taker’s Communicative Skills and Enabling Skills relative to his or her Overall Score.

When comparing the Overall Score and the scores for Communicative Skills and Enabling Skills, please be aware that there is some imprecision in all measurement, depending on a variety of factors. For more information on interpreting PTE Academic scores, please refer to Interpreting the PTE Academic Score Report which is available at www.pearsonpte.com/pteacademic/scores. Seattle Pacific University 56 (Undergraduate) Skills Profile

Overall Score Texas A&M University 68 (Undergraduate) Communicative Skills Communicative Skills 53 (Graduate) Listening 51 Listening Reading 69 Reading Speaking 47 Speaking University of British 65 (Undergraduate, with a minimum of 60 in each section) Writing 74 Writing Columbia 65-70 (Graduate, varies by program) Enabling Skills Enabling Skills Grammar 70 Grammar Oral Fluency 37 Oral Fluency University of California, * Not applicable Pronunciation 47 Pronunciation Los Angeles Spelling 61 Spelling Vocabulary 74 Vocabulary Written Discourse 61 Written Discourse University of 53-61 (Graduate, varies by program)

10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 Massachusetts, Boston Score Scale University of Michigan 68 (Undergraduate, with equally strong scores in each

ALWAYS LEARNING PEARSON section)

University of Southern 68 (Undergraduate) California ** (Graduate, on case-by-case basis)

80 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 81 Institution Minimum Score CONCORDANCE TABLES

University of Texas at * Not applicable The charts below show how the scores among the tests might compare, as proposed by Austin Educational Testing Service (ETS) and Pearson, respectively. It is important to that these comparisons are suggestions only and that each institution should be guided by its own policies for University of Toronto * Not applicable establishing admissions criteria.

University of 65 (Graduate – School of Environmental and Forest Table 1 Washington )

TOEFL Washington State * Not applicable 0-31 32-34 35-45 46-59 60-78 79-93 94-101 102-109 110-114 115-117 118-120 University iBT

York University * Not applicable IELTS 0-4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

Source: OVERVIEW OF 3 LEADING ENGLISH LANGUAGE EXAMS https://www.ets.org/toefl/institutions/scores/compare/

Related Research Findings: TOEFL IELTS PTE https://www.ets.org/s/toefl/pdf/linking_toefl_ibt_scores_to_ielts_scores.pdf iBT Academic Academic Table 2

3-4 exams/month 3-4 exams/month Flexible on fixed dates on fixed dates PTE ACADEMIC 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 Accepted by 9000+ Accepted by 9000+ Accepted by 6000+ universities globally universities globally universities globally No data IELTS 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 available Results in 10 Days Results in 13 Days Results in 5 Days

Delivery online Delivery online No data Delivery online TOEFL iBT or by mail or by mail available 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Source: Writing responses are typed, with Speaking is tested in person, 20 types of questions; all answers, http://pearsonpte.com/institutions/scores/ speaking tasks recorded via face-to-face. The other sections including speaking and writing, microphone headset. are done on paper or by are scored by computer. computer*. Related Research Findings: http://pearsonpte.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PTEA_Score_Guide.pdf Written and spoken sections have Writing questions require Scored test content is academic; academic and personal content, defending an argument and one unscored spoken response scored by raters. describing a graph or chart. is sent to institutions.

* IELTS was first offered via computer in 2016 in a select number of countries.

82 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 83 Institution Minimum Score CONCORDANCE TABLES

University of Texas at * Not applicable The charts below show how the scores among the tests might compare, as proposed by Austin Educational Testing Service (ETS) and Pearson, respectively. It is important to stress that these comparisons are suggestions only and that each institution should be guided by its own policies for University of Toronto * Not applicable establishing admissions criteria.

University of 65 (Graduate – School of Environmental and Forest Table 1 Washington Sciences)

TOEFL Washington State * Not applicable 0-31 32-34 35-45 46-59 60-78 79-93 94-101 102-109 110-114 115-117 118-120 University iBT

York University * Not applicable IELTS 0-4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

Source: OVERVIEW OF 3 LEADING ENGLISH LANGUAGE EXAMS https://www.ets.org/toefl/institutions/scores/compare/

Related Research Findings: TOEFL IELTS PTE https://www.ets.org/s/toefl/pdf/linking_toefl_ibt_scores_to_ielts_scores.pdf iBT Academic Academic Table 2

3-4 exams/month 3-4 exams/month Flexible on fixed dates on fixed dates PTE ACADEMIC 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 Accepted by 9000+ Accepted by 9000+ Accepted by 6000+ universities globally universities globally universities globally No data IELTS 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 available Results in 10 Days Results in 13 Days Results in 5 Days

Delivery online Delivery online No data Delivery online TOEFL iBT or by mail or by mail available 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Source: Writing responses are typed, with Speaking is tested in person, 20 types of questions; all answers, http://pearsonpte.com/institutions/scores/ speaking tasks recorded via face-to-face. The other sections including speaking and writing, microphone headset. are done on paper or by are scored by computer. computer*. Related Research Findings: http://pearsonpte.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PTEA_Score_Guide.pdf Written and spoken sections have Writing questions require Scored test content is academic; academic and personal content, defending an argument and one unscored spoken response scored by human raters. describing a graph or chart. is sent to institutions.

* IELTS was first offered via computer in 2016 in a select number of countries.

82 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 83 OTHER TESTS TOEIC

In addition to TOEFL, IELTS and PTE, there are many other English proficiency tests offered by a Name Test of English for International Communication range of organizations, each with their own philosophy of quantifying language aptitude. Their use Organization Educational Testing Service (ETS) in academic admissions varies, as does their focus. This section will provide a brief overview of a Focus Certifying English aptitude within an international, professional setting selection of these tests. Description This test assesses everyday English language skills that are found in an international workplace. It comes in two formats which are taken CPE/CAE independently. Listening and Reading lasts 2 ½ hours, whereas Speaking and Writing lasts 80 minutes. Name Cambridge English: Proficiency and Cambridge English: Advanced Acceptance Can be found worldwide, most popular in Asia for work purposes Organization Cambridge English Language Assessment Scoring For Listening and Reading, each of the two sections is scored between 5 Focus Certifying general English aptitude for employment, and and 495, with a total score ranging from 10-990. For Speaking and academia Writing, only individual scores are reported for each of the two sections, Description These tests are part of a ladder of tests by Cambridge, where CPE is the between 0 and 200. There is no overall score listed. highest and CAE is just below. Tests can be computer- or paper-based, Website www.ets.org/toeic except the speaking section, which is face-to-face. The CPE and CAE each lasts 4 hours and tests the four main skills with other subskills. Acceptance Can be found worldwide, most widely accepted in MELAB Scoring CPE scores range from 80-230 on the Cambridge English Scale, a universal grading scheme used for all Cambridge English examinations. Name Michigan English Language Assessment Battery CAE scores range from 160-210 on the Cambridge English Scale. Organization Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments (CAMLA), a joint venture Website www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams/proficiency between Cambridge English Language Assessment and University of www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams/advanced Michigan Focus Certifying English aptitude primarily for university admission Description This test focuses on real-life English in four domains: personal, public, iTEP Academic occupational and educational. Educational content is the most prominent. Writing, reading and listening are mandatory, together lasting Name International Test of English Proficiency - Academic 2 ½ hours. A 15-minute one-on-one “live” speaking test is optional. Organization Boston Educational Services Acceptance Accepted by a number of institutions in , the UK and US Focus Certifying English aptitude for university admission Scoring The final score has a range from 0-99. Speaking is scored separately from Description iTEP Academic comes from a suite of exams and is presented as a faster 1-4. and cheaper alternative. iTEP Academic-Core lasts 60 minutes Website http://cambridgemichigan.org/test-takers/tests/melab and assesses grammar, listening and reading. iTEP Academic-Plus lasts 90 minutes and assesses speaking and writing, in addition to the skills tested in Core. All skills are examined via computer, with the speaking section recorded via microphone. Acceptance Accepted in a few countries, mostly found in the US Scoring iTEP Academic scores range from 0 (beginner) to 6 (mastery). Website http://www.itepexam.com

84 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 85 TOEIC

Name Test of English for International Communication Organization Educational Testing Service (ETS) Focus Certifying English aptitude within an international, professional setting Description This test assesses everyday English language skills that are found in an international workplace. It comes in two formats which are taken independently. Listening and Reading lasts 2 ½ hours, whereas Speaking and Writing lasts 80 minutes. Acceptance Can be found worldwide, most popular in Asia for work purposes Scoring For Listening and Reading, each of the two sections is scored between 5 and 495, with a total score ranging from 10-990. For Speaking and Writing, only individual scores are reported for each of the two sections, between 0 and 200. There is no overall score listed. Website www.ets.org/toeic

MELAB

Name Michigan English Language Assessment Battery Organization Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments (CAMLA), a joint venture between Cambridge English Language Assessment and University of Michigan Focus Certifying English aptitude primarily for university admission Description This test focuses on real-life English in four domains: personal, public, occupational and educational. Educational content is the most prominent. Writing, reading and listening are mandatory, together lasting 2 ½ hours. A 15-minute one-on-one “live” speaking test is optional. Acceptance Accepted by a number of institutions in Canada, the UK and US Scoring The final score hasa range from 0-99. Speaking is scored separately from 1-4. Website http://cambridgemichigan.org/test-takers/tests/melab

Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] IERF Index of Languages | 85 Notes:

86 | IERF Index of Languages Accessed from the IERF Vault | Contact: [email protected] Index of Languages About IERF

IERF is pleased to present the Index of Languages as the newest addition to International Education Research Foundation (IERF) was established as a not-for-profit, public-benefit agency This helpful guide provides the primary languages of instruction for over 200 countries and territories around and is the oldest credentials evaluation service not only in the U.S., but also in the world. Inez Sepmeyer and the world. It highlights not only the medium of instruction at the secondary and postsecondary levels Ted Sharp, who were admissions officers at UCLA and California State University Northridge, respectively, identifies the official language(s) of these regions. recognized the need for assistance in the placement of international students and professionals. In 1969, IERF as a response to the requests that we receive from many of our institutional users. was founded. officers, to help assess English language proficiency. Since then, our mission has been to research and disseminate information on world educational systems. Using this information in our credentials evaluation reports, we help facilitate the integration of individuals educated I would like to acknowledge and thank those IERF ev outside the United States into the U.S. educational environment and work force. gratitude also goes to the editors for their hard work,

Other Publications in The New Country Index Series Editors: Emily Tse • The New Country Index - Volume I (2004): includes educational profiles of 70 countries around the world. Available for purchase from Random House.

Contributors: • The New Country Index - Volume II (2011): includes 82 country profiles not found in Volume I. An An Available for purchase from IERF. Anastasia Harper Ksenia Kozhukhovskay • Index of Secondary Credentials (2010): identifies the secondary credentials of nearly 200 countries Dawid Kwapien as well as provides samples of academic records. Also available from IERF. John McGrath Andrej Molchan • Index of Educational Terms (2012): provides educational glossaries from 10 major languages around John Navarrette the world, including Arabic, Chinese and Russian. Available from IERF. Melody Ojeda • Index of Academic Calendars and Dates (2015): identifies the academic calendars of nearly 100 countries, as well as how to convert different calendar systems. Available from IERF.

Finally, I would also like to express my appreciation to our colleagues in international education who responded to our requests for information.

Susan Bedil Executive Director 2017

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