DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Platonic and Stoic Passions in Philo of Alexandria Kerns, Loren Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Platonic and Stoic Passions in Philo of Alexandria Title: Author: Loren Kerns The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ You are free to: Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Kings College London Platonic and Stoic Passions in Philo of Alexandria A Dissertation submitted to The School of Arts and Humanities In Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Theology and Religious Studies By Loren Kerns London, United Kingdom July 2012 Copyright by Loren Kerns, 2012 All rights reserved. Abstract Philo of Alexandria forged his theory of the soul and its passions while expositing the meaning of Torah. Though writing as a Jewish teacher and disciple of Moses, his biblical reflections display a strong orientation toward Middle-Platonic philosophy. On the topic of the soul and its passions, however, Philo also exhibits significant Stoic influence. The introduction notes Philo’s apparent incompatible use of both the complex Platonic and the monistic Stoic psychological models. After assessing the degree to which Philo understood 'passion' to be a type of Stoic impulse or opinion (chapter one), chapter two demonstrates that Philo consistently drew upon the Stoics’ depiction of all passions as irrational, excessive, and unnatural. Though Philo also joined the Stoics in condemning the passions and championing their extirpation, he is unique, even among the Stoics, in the extent and degree to which he emphasized their blameworthiness. Chapters three and four examine Philo's Stoicizing treatment of the tripartite and bipartite Platonic elements in his psychology, including Plato’s chariot metaphor and variants. In each of these areas, Philo’s key deviations are noted. Chapter four concludes by demonstrating that Philo arranged the Stoic and Platonic accounts of the soul and its passions within a biblical and spiritual narrative of spiritual progress that moves from Stoic fool to Platonic progressing soul and finally arriving at the ideal of the apatheiac Stoic sage. The outlook summarizes the results and suggests lines of further research. 3 Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is in many ways a lonely process, but it is not a solitary one. I would never have finished this project without the support of many people. First, I want to thank my colleagues at George Fox Evangelical Seminary for their encouragement to pursue a dissertation in the first place. In this regard, thanks goes, above all, to Dr. Daniel Brunner, my Master’s Thesis advisor as well as to Dr. Steve Delamarter, Dr. R. Larry Shelton, and Dr. MaryKate Morse. Second, I want to thank Dr. Jules Glanzer and Dr. Chuck Conniry for their support as my Deans. It would have been nearly impossible to do the work necessary without the time and flexibility that they accorded to me. Second, I want to thank my dissertation advisor, Dr. Markus Vinzent, for his guidance. I would not have explored Philo without his encouragement. Markus not only taught me the nuts and bolts of post-graduate research, he even inspired me to love the process! Though I relied upon his expert academic supervision along the way, I count sharing a cup of espresso or meals with his family to be among some of my treasured memories. Finally, I would not have been able to complete this long journey without the support of my family. My parents, Martin and Shirley Kerns, and my in-laws, Darrel and Annie Snyder, helped in more ways than I can count. They shaped me to become the person that I am, offered financial support, and spent countless hours with my children. I also want to thank my children: Libby, Molly, Chloe, and Wesely. Each of them made significant sacrifices along the way, often without their knowledge of it. Indeed, Chloe and Wesley have never known life without ‘daddy in school’! Above all, I want to thank my wife Tiffany for her wholehearted support throughout the dissertation journey. Without her support, I certainly would not have succeeded. Though God has granted me many blessings in Christ, I count each of the people named above to be among the foremost. 4 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 5 Illustrations ............................................................................................................ 7 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 8 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 13 Philo’s complicated approach to the soul and its passions .............................. 15 History of research .......................................................................................... 18 Plan of the dissertation .................................................................................... 24 Section 1: Stoic passions ..................................................................................... 26 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 1: What is a passion? ......................................................................... 27 Philo’s definition of ‘passion’ ..................................................................... 27 The passions as a species of impulse ........................................................... 31 The passions as opinions or judgments ....................................................... 62 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 2: The characteristics of passion ........................................................ 81 Irrational and excessive ............................................................................... 82 Unnatural ..................................................................................................... 99 Blameworthy ............................................................................................. 113 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 126 Section 2: Platonic features and alternatives ..................................................... 127 Chapter 3: The Platonic tripartite model for the soul .................................... 127 Plato’s tripartite metaphor in Philo ............................................................ 127 Plato’s three parts of the soul as distinct ‘agent-like’ elements ................ 136 ‘The rational part’ of the soul .................................................................... 144 ‘The appetitive part’ of the soul ................................................................ 155
Recommended publications
  • Emotions, Demons, and Moral Ability

    Emotions, Demons, and Moral Ability

    Chapter 2 Emotions, Demons, and Moral Ability This chapter deals with TriTrac’s relationship to ancient theories of emotions (πάθη) and cognition. What role do emotions play within the mechanisms of the mind? In ancient time, emotions were not only thought to be a cognitive matter, but very much a bodily matter, too;1 they were also closely intertwined with ethics and morality.2 As the famous philosopher-physician Galen stated plainly, the doctrine of virtues was thought to follow necessarily from the doc- trine of the emotions.3 Nonetheless, early Christian attitudes to emotions has been a somewhat neglected topic4 until fairly recently,5 while TriTrac’s rela- tion to ancient theories on emotions remains to be explored, especially from the perspective of their importance for ethical considerations. In this chapter, we explore the role that emotion, or passion,6 plays in TriTrac from the per- spective of ancient debates concerning the composition of the human mind and the cognitive apparatus. We also have reason to explore the connection between ancient theories of emotions and demonology. But first, a short look 1 See, for example, Carlin A. Barton, Roman Honor: The Fire in the Bones (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 1–4; Sorabji, Emotion, 17–29. 2 See, for example, John T. Fitzgerald, “The Passions and Moral Progress: An Introduction”, in Passions and Moral Progress in Greco-Roman Thought, ed. John T. Fitzgerald (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 1–25. 3 Galen, On the Opinions of Hippocrates and Plato V.6.1. For a work that recognizes the central importance of the body for early Christian social structures, although the focus on cognition and emotions is not discussed to any great extent, see Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
  • Citations in Classics and Ancient History

    Citations in Classics and Ancient History

    Citations in Classics and Ancient History The most common style in use in the field of Classical Studies is the author-date style, also known as Chicago 2, but MLA is also quite common and perfectly acceptable. Quick guides for each of MLA and Chicago 2 are readily available as PDF downloads. The Chicago Manual of Style Online offers a guide on their web-page: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html The Modern Language Association (MLA) does not, but many educational institutions post an MLA guide for free access. While a specific citation style should be followed carefully, none take into account the specific practices of Classical Studies. They are all (Chicago, MLA and others) perfectly suitable for citing most resources, but should not be followed for citing ancient Greek and Latin primary source material, including primary sources in translation. Citing Primary Sources: Every ancient text has its own unique system for locating content by numbers. For example, Homer's Iliad is divided into 24 Books (what we might now call chapters) and the lines of each Book are numbered from line 1. Herodotus' Histories is divided into nine Books and each of these Books is divided into Chapters and each chapter into line numbers. The purpose of such a system is that the Iliad, or any primary source, can be cited in any language and from any publication and always refer to the same passage. That is why we do not cite Herodotus page 66. Page 66 in what publication, in what edition? Very early in your textbook, Apodexis Historia, a passage from Herodotus is reproduced.
  • From Ancient Greece to Byzantium

    From Ancient Greece to Byzantium

    Proceedings of the European Control Conference 2007 TuA07.4 Kos, Greece, July 2-5, 2007 Technology and Autonomous Mechanisms in the Mediterranean: From Ancient Greece to Byzantium K. P. Valavanis, G. J. Vachtsevanos, P. J. Antsaklis Abstract – The paper aims at presenting each period are then provided followed by technology and automation advances in the accomplishments in automatic control and the ancient Greek World, offering evidence that transition from the ancient Greek world to the Greco- feedback control as a discipline dates back more Roman era and the Byzantium. than twenty five centuries. II. CHRONOLOGICAL MAP OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION It is worth noting that there was an initial phase of The paper objective is to present historical evidence imported influences in the development of ancient of achievements in science, technology and the Greek technology that reached the Greek states from making of automation in the ancient Greek world until the East (Persia, Babylon and Mesopotamia) and th the era of Byzantium and that the main driving force practiced by the Greeks up until the 6 century B.C. It behind Greek science [16] - [18] has been curiosity and was at the time of Thales of Miletus (circa 585 B.C.), desire for knowledge followed by the study of nature. when a very significant change occurred. A new and When focusing on the discipline of feedback control, exclusively Greek activity began to dominate any James Watt’s Flyball Governor (1769) may be inherited technology, called science. In subsequent considered as one of the earliest feedback control centuries, technology itself became more productive, devices of the modern era.
  • Dispassionate Passions

    Dispassionate Passions

    c Peter King, in Reason and Emotion in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy DISPASSIONATE PASSIONS I want to trace the Hellenistic origins and mediæval career of the idea that there can be emotions that do not have the disagreeable baggage with which ordinary emotions travel — emotions that are neither turbulent nor disruptive, emotions that lack any somatic component, emotions that are the product of reason rather than opposed to it: in a word, dispassionate passions of the soul. The mediæval motivation behind the idea of dispassionate passions is not far to seek. It is a fundamental article of faith that immaterial beings such as God and His angels, as well as postmortem human souls, enjoy bodiless bliss in Heaven as the highest state of which they are capable. Hence the transports of delight experienced there must be independent of the body; they are the final fulfillment of rational nature, not its annulment, and they contribute to a stable and settled state of eternal blessedness. Yet while the mediæval motivation for adopting dispassionate passions seems clear, such reasons of faith do not apply to the Stoics. More pressing, the doctrine itself stands in need of clarification. How could passions be dispassionate, emotions unemotional, feelings unfelt? Our sources for early and middle Stoicism permit us to have a clear view of the main outlines of the doctrine of dispassionate passions in the Hellenis- tic period, though not about the motivation behind it, despite its being one of the aspects of Stoicism heavily criticized in Antiquity (§). Mediæval philoso- phers tried to transplant the doctrine of dispassionate passions from its Stoic origins to different philosophical environments: Augustine into Platonism (§), Aquinas into Aristotelianism (§).
  • Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011)

    Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011)

    Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 27 | 2014 Varia Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) Angelos Chaniotis Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/2266 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.2266 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 November 2014 Number of pages: 321-378 ISBN: 978-2-87562-055-2 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Angelos Chaniotis, « Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) », Kernos [Online], 27 | 2014, Online since 01 October 2016, connection on 15 September 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/kernos/2266 This text was automatically generated on 15 September 2020. Kernos Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) 1 Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion 2011 (EBGR 2011) Angelos Chaniotis 1 The 24th issue of the Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion presents epigraphic publications of 2011 and additions to earlier issues (publications of 2006–2010). Publications that could not be considered here, for reasons of space, will be presented in EBGR 2012. They include two of the most important books of 2011: N. PAPAZARKADAS’ Sacred and Public Land in Ancient Athens, Oxford 2011 and H.S. VERSNEL’s Coping with the Gods: Wayward Readings in Greek Theology, Leiden 2011. 2 A series of new important corpora is included in this issue. Two new IG volumes present the inscriptions of Eastern Lokris (119) and the first part of the inscriptions of Kos (21); the latter corpus is of great significance for the study of Greek religion, as it contains a large number of cult regulations; among the new texts, we single out the ‘sacred law of the tribe of the Elpanoridai’ in Halasarna.
  • But Were They Talking About Emotions? Affectus, Affectio and the History of Emotions

    But Were They Talking About Emotions? Affectus, Affectio and the History of Emotions

    Haskell, Y., Champion, M., Ruys, J., & Garrod, R. (2016). But were they talking about emotions? Affectus, affectio and the history of emotions. Rivista Storica Italiana, CXXVIII(II), 521-543. http://www.edizioniesi.it/rivistastoricaitaliana/index.php?id=2016 Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via ESI at http://www.edizioniesi.it/rivistastoricaitaliana/data/uploads/indici/2016_2.pdf. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ But Were They Talking about Emotions? Affectus, affectio and the History of Emotions It is well recognized that a history of emotions must account for the fact that the term ‘emotions’ is itself a modern construction.1 The question arises then, if medieval and early modern people talked about a concept that is recognizably similar to our ‘emotions’ (although this itself may be in dispute), what terminology did they use to describe these affective states that were partly volitional, partly cognitive, and (for some at least) necessarily physiological? Attention has centred on the Latin terms affectus (pl. affectūs) and affectio (pl.
  • Captain Cook's Antimony Cup, Vesalius, VII, 2, 62 - 64, 2001

    Captain Cook's Antimony Cup, Vesalius, VII, 2, 62 - 64, 2001

    Vol. VII, Nr 2 December 2001 Official journal of the International Society for the History of Medicine Vesalius Revue officielle de la Societe Internationale d'Histoire de la Medecine Acta Internationalia Historiae Medicinae EDITORS - EDITEURS EDITORIAL BOARD Thierry Appelboom COMITE DE REDACTION Editorial John Cule John Blair Athanasios Diamandopoulos ASSOCIATE EDITORS Gary Ferngren EDITEURS ASSOCIES A perusal of the proposed programme for the 38th John Ford Chester Burns International Congress on the History of Medicine, to Alain Lellouch Samuel Kottek be held in Istanbul between 1-6 September 2002, Alfredo Musajo-Somma Regis Olry Jean-Pierre Tricot YnezViole O'Neill gives much food for thought in these troubled times. Bruce Parker The programme includes an invitation to come to the MANAGING EDITOR John Pearn Congress, extended by its President, Professor Nil COORDINATION Robin Price Diana Gasparon Hans Schadewaldt Sari. In this she described Istanbul as a gateway Alain Segal between the East and West, a city that has attracted REVIEW EDiTOR Michel Thiery David Wright many people for centuries. Sue Weir Image conjured up by the words East and West, have ADDRESS -ADRESSE JOURNAL SUBSCRIPTION changed markedly in the last two or three months of Secretariat "Vesalius" ABONNEMENT A LA REVUE Medical Museum this year. Such images at present include all the 808 route de Lennik 2 issues per year - 2 numeros par an horrors of modern and of old fashioned violence. With Annual rate : 50 Eur B - 1070 Brussels, Belgium such visions, we need the perspective that history can Phone : 32 / 2 / 555.34.31 Each issue : 25 Eur Fax : 32 / 2 / 555.34.71 Free to ISHM members offer to reassure us that, in more favourable circum­ e-mail: dgasparo© ulb.ac.be stances, different cultures can interact in a positive rather than a destructive way.
  • Fisiología Y Ética

    Fisiología Y Ética

    UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID Fisiología y ética Fundamentos fisiológicos de la psicología moral en Galeno de Pérgamo Liliana Cecilia Molina González Investigación dirigida por el Prof. Dr. Alfredo Marcos Martínez 2012 D OCTORADO EN LÓGICA Y FILOSOFÍA DE LA CIENCIA Para los pequeños enormes, Antonio y Violeta, para su padre, en ellos. [2] Contenido Abreviaturas usadas 5 Introducción 7 Cap. 1. El platonismo matizado de Galeno 21 1. Medicina y retórica 27 1.1. Cármides 27 1.2. Gorgias 35 1.3. Fedro 41 2. Dualismo, inmortalidad y tripartición 46 2.1. Dualismo e inmortalidad 46 2.2. Tripartición e inmortalidad 61 3. El platonismo matizado de Galeno 66 3.1. La formación del médico y las pautas metodológicas de la investigación 67 3.2. Ventajas de un modelo tripartito del alma 76 Cap. 2. El modelo médico-filosófico de Galeno sobre el alma y la crítica de Crisipo en De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis (PHP) 82 1. Contexto de discusión en PHP: el debate sobre la sede del hêgemonikon 107 1.1. Exigencias epistemológicas e investigación anatomo-fisiológica 110 2. Dos modelos de alma divergentes 123 2.1. Entendiendo a Crisipo 123 2.1.1. El modelo de Crisipo sobre el alma según los testimonios de PHP 134 2.2. Entendiendo a Galeno 150 3. Conclusiones 169 Cap. 3. Filosofía moral y Dietética. Las facultades del alma siguen los temperamentos del cuerpo (QAM) 175 1. Las tesis 193 2. Fundamentación 218 2.1. Antecedentes 218 [3] 2.2. La propuesta de Galeno. Presupuestos que justifican la identificación entre krâsis y facultades del alma 224 2.2.1.
  • Mechanical Miracles: Automata in Ancient Greek Religion

    Mechanical Miracles: Automata in Ancient Greek Religion

    Mechanical Miracles: Automata in Ancient Greek Religion Tatiana Bur A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Faculty of Arts, University of Sydney Supervisor: Professor Eric Csapo March, 2016 Statement of Originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Tatiana Bur, March 2016. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... 1 A NOTE TO THE READER ................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 3 PART I: THINKING ABOUT AUTOMATION .......................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1/ ELIMINATING THE BLOCAGE: ANCIENT AUTOMATA IN MODERN SCHOLARSHIP ................. 10 CHAPTER 2/ INVENTING AUTOMATION: AUTOMATA IN THE ANCIENT GREEK IMAGINATION ................. 24 PART II: AUTOMATA IN CONTEXT ................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3/ PROCESSIONAL AUTOMATA ................................................................................

  • The Seven Sages.Pdf

    Document belonging to the Greek Mythology Link, a web site created by Carlos Parada, author of Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology Characters • Places • Topics • Images • Bibliography • PDF Editions About • Copyright © 1997 Carlos Parada and Maicar Förlag. The Seven Sages of Greece Search the GML advanced Sections in this Page Introduction: The Labyrinth of Wisdom The Seven Sages of Greece Thales Solon Chilon Pittacus Bias "… wisdom is a form of goodness, and is not scientific knowledge but Cleobulus another kind of cognition." (Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics 1246b, 35). Periander Anacharsis Myson Epimenides Pherecydes Table: Lists of the Seven Sages Notes and Sources of Quotations Introduction: The Labyrinth of Wisdom For a god wisdom is perhaps a divine meal to be swallowed at one gulp without need of mastication, and that would be the end of the story. The deities are known for their simplicity. The matter of human wisdom, however, could fill all archives on earth without ever exhausting itself. Humanity is notorious for its complexity. And men proudly say "Good things are difficult." But is wisdom a labyrinth, or "thinking makes it so"? And when did the saga of human wisdom begin and with whom? The Poet When humans contemplated Dawn for the first time, wisdom was the treasure of the poet alone. Of all men he was the wisest, for the gods had chosen his soul as receptacle of their confidences. Thus filled with inspiration divine, the poet knew better than any other man the secrets of the world. And since Apollo found more pleasure in leading the Muses than in warming his tripod, neither the inspiration of the Pythia nor that of seers could match the poet's wisdom.
  • A Short History of Greek Mathematics

    A Short History of Greek Mathematics

    Cambridge Library Co ll e C t i o n Books of enduring scholarly value Classics From the Renaissance to the nineteenth century, Latin and Greek were compulsory subjects in almost all European universities, and most early modern scholars published their research and conducted international correspondence in Latin. Latin had continued in use in Western Europe long after the fall of the Roman empire as the lingua franca of the educated classes and of law, diplomacy, religion and university teaching. The flight of Greek scholars to the West after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 gave impetus to the study of ancient Greek literature and the Greek New Testament. Eventually, just as nineteenth-century reforms of university curricula were beginning to erode this ascendancy, developments in textual criticism and linguistic analysis, and new ways of studying ancient societies, especially archaeology, led to renewed enthusiasm for the Classics. This collection offers works of criticism, interpretation and synthesis by the outstanding scholars of the nineteenth century. A Short History of Greek Mathematics James Gow’s Short History of Greek Mathematics (1884) provided the first full account of the subject available in English, and it today remains a clear and thorough guide to early arithmetic and geometry. Beginning with the origins of the numerical system and proceeding through the theorems of Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes and many others, the Short History offers in-depth analysis and useful translations of individual texts as well as a broad historical overview of the development of mathematics. Parts I and II concern Greek arithmetic, including the origin of alphabetic numerals and the nomenclature for operations; Part III constitutes a complete history of Greek geometry, from its earliest precursors in Egypt and Babylon through to the innovations of the Ionic, Sophistic, and Academic schools and their followers.
  • Preprint N°500

    Preprint N°500

    2020 Preprint N°500 From Hesiod to Saussure, from Hippocrates to Jevons: An Introduction to the History of Scientific Thought between Iran and the Atlantic Jens Høyrup ROSKILDE UNIVERSITY MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR Section for philosophy WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE and science studies Berlin FROM HESIOD TO SAUSSURE, FROM HIPPOCRATES TO JEVONS An introduction to the history of scientific thought between Iran and the Atlantic Jens Høyrup Preprint, April 2020 ©2020 Jens Høyrup In memory of Alex Novikoff whose Climbing Our Family Tree introduced me to scientific thinking at the age of six I promise nothing complete; because any human thing supposed to be complete, must for that reason infallibly be faulty Herman Melville, Moby Dick Jens Høyrup Section for Philosophy and Science Studies Roskilde University P.O. Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark [email protected] http://ruc.dk/~jensh/ Greek alphabet V GREEK ALPHABET As a pretext for training the use of a dictionary of ancient Greek, the following pages contain a few words written in Greek letters. The four columns below show the corresponding alphabet – first the Greek minuscule, then the corresponding majuscule, then the name, and finally the approximate phonetic value (which does not always coincide with the phonetic value in modern Greek). αΑalpha a βΒBeta b γΓGamma g ( before γ, κ and χ; γγ thus as ng in English anger, γκ as nk in ink) δΔDelta d εΕEpsilon e (short) ζΖZeta z (i.e., voiced s) ηΗEta e¯ (long) θΘTheta þ (unvoiced th; originally t’) ιΙIota i (as i in English if or e in be, may thus be short or long) κΚKappa k λΛLambda l µΜMu m νΝNu n ξΞKsi ks οΟOmikron o (short) πΠPi p ρΡRho r (transcribed rh in initial posi- tion) σΣSigma s ςΣSigma s (used in final position) τΤTau t υΥYpsilon y (as German ü) φΦPhi f (originally p’) χΧKhi χ (as ch in German Ich; orig- inally k’) ψΨPsi ps ωΩOmega o¯ (long) The following double vowels may be taken note of: VI Greek alphabet αυ au ευ eu ου u (as English oo) Vowels in the initial position are marked by one of the two aspiration marks and .