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Chrysippus's Dog As a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition
Chrysippus’s Dog as a Case Study in Non-Linguistic Cognition Michael Rescorla Abstract: I critique an ancient argument for the possibility of non-linguistic deductive inference. The argument, attributed to Chrysippus, describes a dog whose behavior supposedly reflects disjunctive syllogistic reasoning. Drawing on contemporary robotics, I urge that we can equally well explain the dog’s behavior by citing probabilistic reasoning over cognitive maps. I then critique various experimentally-based arguments from scientific psychology that echo Chrysippus’s anecdotal presentation. §1. Language and thought Do non-linguistic creatures think? Debate over this question tends to calcify into two extreme doctrines. The first, espoused by Descartes, regards language as necessary for cognition. Modern proponents include Brandom (1994, pp. 145-157), Davidson (1984, pp. 155-170), McDowell (1996), and Sellars (1963, pp. 177-189). Cartesians may grant that ascribing cognitive activity to non-linguistic creatures is instrumentally useful, but they regard such ascriptions as strictly speaking false. The second extreme doctrine, espoused by Gassendi, Hume, and Locke, maintains that linguistic and non-linguistic cognition are fundamentally the same. Modern proponents include Fodor (2003), Peacocke (1997), Stalnaker (1984), and many others. Proponents may grant that non- linguistic creatures entertain a narrower range of thoughts than us, but they deny any principled difference in kind.1 2 An intermediate position holds that non-linguistic creatures display cognitive activity of a fundamentally different kind than human thought. Hobbes and Leibniz favored this intermediate position. Modern advocates include Bermudez (2003), Carruthers (2002, 2004), Dummett (1993, pp. 147-149), Malcolm (1972), and Putnam (1992, pp. 28-30). -
Augustine on Knowledge
Augustine on Knowledge Divine Illumination as an Argument Against Scepticism ANITA VAN DER BOS RMA: RELIGION & CULTURE Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Research Master Thesis s2217473, April 2017 FIRST SUPERVISOR: dr. M. Van Dijk SECOND SUPERVISOR: dr. dr. F.L. Roig Lanzillotta 1 2 Content Augustine on Knowledge ........................................................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 4 Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7 The life of Saint Augustine ................................................................................................................... 9 The influence of the Contra Academicos .......................................................................................... 13 Note on the quotations ........................................................................................................................ 14 1. Scepticism ........................................................................................................................................ -
A Brief Guide to Philo Other Books by Kenneth Schenck from Westminster John Knox Press
A Brief Guide to Philo Other books by Kenneth Schenck from Westminster John Knox Press Understanding the Book of Hebrews A BRIEF GUIDE TO PHILO Kenneth Schenck WESTMINSTER |C»iNKNOXmESS W[K UMTeVfiJLE • KENTUCKY © 2005 Kenneth Schenck AU rights reserved. No ^art of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic Or mechanical, including photocopyii^ recording, or by any infor• mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Westminster John Knox Press, 100 Witherspoon Street, Louisville, Kentucl^r 40202-1396. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are die authors. Scripture quotations marked NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Divi• sion of Christian Education of the National G)uncil of the Churches of Christ in die U.S A, and are used by permission. Scripture quotations marked RSV are fix)m the Revised Standard Version of die Bible, copyright © 1946,1952,1971, and 1973 by die Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S A, and are used by permission. Book design by Sharon Adams Cover design by Mark Abrams First edition Pubhshed by Westminster John Knox Press Louisville, Kentucky This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Instimte Z39.48 standard. © PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 — 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Catalogiiig-in-Publication Data Schenck, Kenneth A brief guide to Philo / Kenneth Schenck— 1st ed. -
KEIMPE ALGRA 155-184.Qxd
Ο Ζήνων ο Κιτιέας και η Στωική κοσμολογία: μερικές σημειώσεις και δυο συγκεκριμένες περιπτώσεις. KEIMPE ALGRA Η έκταση και η φύση της συμβολής του Ζήνωνα στη Στωική φυσική και κοσμολογία είναι δύσκολο να θεμελιωθούν. Η ανακοίνωση αυτή μελετά μερικά από τα σχετικά προβλήματα. Η χρήση της ονομαστικής ετικέτας "Ζήνων" από τις αρχαίες μας πηγές δε θα πρέπει πάντα να αξιολογείται επιφανειακά, και η απόδοση καθώς και η διευθέτηση του υλικού του Hans Von Arnim στο Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta (SVF) δε θα πρέπει να γίνεται αποδεκτή χωρίς κριτική, για λόγους που περιγράφονται σ’ αυτή την εργασία. Παρέχονται δύο συγκεκριμένες περιπτώσεις αποσπασμάτων, οι οποίες, με μια πιο προσεκτική ματιά, δε θα πρέπει να αποδοθούν στο Ζήνωνα. Τελικά, υποστηρίζεται ότι ο Ζήνων δεν ήταν παραγωγικός συγγραφέας σε θέματα φυσικής, και ότι έτυχε στους διαδόχους του ( σε μερικούς από αυτούς) – πιο συγκεκριμένα στον Σφαίρο, στον Κλεάνθη και στον Χρύσιππο – να επεξεργαστούν περαιτέρω και να συγκροτήσουν λεπτομερειακά την φυσική κοσμοεικόνα της Στωικής σχολής. Αυτό σημαίνει πως υπάρχουν περιθώρια ανάπτυξης της φυσικής και της κοσμολογίας στα πλαίσια του αρχαίου Στωικισμού, και πως, συνακόλουθα, είναι ζωτικής σημασίας να διακρίνουμε πιο ξεκάθαρα, απ’ ότι συνήθως, τι πρέπει με ασφάλεια να αποδοθεί στο Ζήνωνα και ότι τέτοιου είδους "κοινά στωικά" δόγματα πρέπεί μόνο πιθανά, ή μερικά, να ανιχνευτούν σ΄αυτόν. Zeno of Citium and Stoic Cosmology: some notes and two case studies KEIMPE ALGRA 1 Zeno of Citium, as indeed the early Stoics in general, conceived of philosophy as consisting of three interrelated parts: logic, physics and ethics.1 But although Zeno’s foundational work covered all three areas, he appears to have had his preferences. -
ARISTOXENUS of TARENTUM Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities
ARISTOXENUS OF TARENTUM Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities Series Editor: David C. Mirhady Advisory Board: William W. Fortenbaugh Dimitri Gutas Pamela M. Huby Timothy C. Powers Eckart Schütrumpf On Stoic and Peripatetic Ethics: The Work of Arius Didymus I Theophrastus of Eresus: On His Life and Work II Theophrastean Studies: On Natural Science, Physics and Metaphysics, Ethics, Religion and Rhetoric III Cicero’s Knowledge of the Peripatos IV 7KHRSKUDVWXV+LV3V\FKRORJLFDO'R[RJUDSKLFDODQG6FLHQWLÀF Writings V Peripatetic Rhetoric after Aristotle VI The Passionate Intellect: Essays on the Transformation of Classical Traditions presented to Professor I.G. Kidd VII Theophrastus: Reappraising the Sources VIII Demetrius of Phalerum: Text, Translation and Discussion IX Dicaearchus of Messana: Text, Translation and Discussion X Eudemus of Rhodes XI Lyco of Troas and Hieronymus of Rhodes XII Aristo of Ceos: Text, Translation and Discussion XIII Heraclides of Pontus: Text and Translation XIV Heraclides of Pontus: Discussion XV Strato of Lampsacus: Text, Translation and Discussion XVI ARISTO XENUS OF TARENTUM DISCUSSION RUTGERS UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN CLASSICAL HUMANITIES VOLUMEXVU EDITED BY eARL A. HUFFMAN First published 2012 by Transaction Publishers Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2012 by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. -
Bibliography
Comp. by: C. Vijayakumar Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 0002195881 Date:30/10/ 14 Time:14:12:02 Filepath://ppdys1122/BgPr/OUP_CAP/IN/Process/ 0002195881.3d243 OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – REVISES, 30/10/2014, SPi Bibliography Accattino, P. (1985). Alessandro di Afrodisia e Aristotele di Mitelene. Elenchos 6, 67–74. Ackrill, J. L. (1962). Critical Notice: Die Aristotelische Syllogistik. By Gün- ther Patzig. Mind, 71, 107–17. Ackrill, J. L. (1963). Aristotle: Categories and De Interpretatione. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ackrill, J. L. (1997). Essays on Plato and Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Adamson, P. (2005). On Knowledge of Particulars. Proceedings of the Aris- totelian Society, 105, 257–78. Adamson, P. (2007a). Knowledge of Universals and Particulars in the Bagh- dad School. Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 18, 141–64. Adamson, P. (2007b). Al-Kindī. New York: Oxford University Press. Adamson, P., Baltussen, H., and Stone, M. W. F. (eds). (2004). Philosophy, Science and Exegesis in Greek, Arabic, and Latin Commentaries. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. Adamson, P., and Taylor, R. C. (eds). (2005). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Algra, K. A., van der Horst, P. W., and Runia, D. T. (eds). (1996). Polyhistor: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ancient Philosophy Presented to Jaap Mansfeld on his Sixtieth Birthday. Leiden: Brill. Allen, J. (2005). The Stoics on the Origin of Language and the Foundations of Etymology. In D. Frede and B. Inwood (eds), Language and Learning: Philosophy of Language in the Hellenistic Age, pp. 14–35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Allen, R. -
The University of Western Ontario Department of Philosophy Comprehensive Exam Reading List Early Modern Philosophy (1580-1800)
The University of Western Ontario Department of Philosophy Comprehensive Exam Reading List Early Modern Philosophy (1580-1800) Michael Montaigne. “Apology for Raymond Sebond.” Translated by Roger Ariew and Marjorie Grene. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2003. [164] Rene Descartes. Meditations on First Philosophy and The Second and Fourth Sets of Objections and Replies. Volume 2 of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Translated by John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. [133] Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan. Edited by Edwin Curley. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994. Parts I and II. [239] Baruch Spinoza. The Ethics. In Baruch Spinoza: Ethics, Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect and Selected Letters. Translated by Samuel Shirley. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1992. Parts I and II. [70] Nicolas Malebranche. Search after Truth. In Nicolas Malebranche: Philosophical Selections. Edited by Steven Nadler. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1992. [144] G.W. Leibniz. “Primary Truths,” “Discourse on Metaphysics,” “The Correspondence with Arnauld” and “The Principles of Nature and Grace.” In G.W. Leibniz: Philosophical Essays. Translated by Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1989. [65] John Locke. An Essay concerning Human Understanding. Edited by Kenneth Winkler. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1996. II.i-xxxiii, III.iii and vi, and IV.i-iv and xi- xvi. [217] John Locke. Two Treaties of Government. Edited by Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960. Second Treatise. [161] The British Moralists (Shaftesbury, Mandeville, Hutcheson, and Butler). The British Moralists 1650-1800. Volume 1, Hobbes – Gay. Edited by D.D. Raphael. Pp. 169- 188, 229-236, 261-299, and 325-364. [73] Pierre Bayle. -
Ancient Greek Physicians
Ancient Greek physicians Abascantus Acesias Acron Acumenus Adamantius Aegimus Aelianus Meccius Aelius Promotus Aeschines (physician) Aeschrion of Pergamon Agapetus (physician) Agathinus Agnodice Alcmaeon of Croton Alexander of Tralles Alexander Philalethes Epipodius and Alexander Alexias Alexion Alexippus Amentes Ammonius Lithotomos Anaxilaus Andreas (physician) Androcydes (physician) Andromachus Andromachus (physician) Andron (physician) Andronicus (physician) Anicia Anonymus Londinensis Antaeus (physician) Antigenes Antigonus (physician) Antiochis Antiochus (physician) Antiochus Philometor Antipater (1st-century BC physician) Antipater (2nd-century physician) Antiphanes of Delos Antonius (herbalist) Antyllus Apollodorus (physician) Apollonides (physician) Apollonides of Cos Apollonios of Kition Apollonius (physician) Archigenes Aretaeus of Cappadocia Aristogenes (physician) Aristoxenus (physician) Asclepiades of Bithynia Asclepiades Pharmacion Aspasia the Physician Athenaeus of Attalia Athryilatus B Bacchius of Tanagra Bolus of Mendes C Calliphon of Croton Chrysippus of Cnidos Claudius Agathemerus Criton of Heraclea Ctesias D Damocrates Democedes Demosthenes Philalethes Dexippus of Cos Dieuches Diocles of Carystus Pedanius Dioscorides Diphilus (physician) Draco (physician) E Epicles Erasistratus Eudemus (physician) Eudoxus of Cnidus Euphorbus (physician) Euryphon Evenor G Galen Glaucias (physician, 3rd century BC) Glaucias (physician, 4th century BC) -
The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department Classics and Religious Studies July 2007 The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle Thomas Nelson Winter University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classics Commons Winter, Thomas Nelson, "The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle" (2007). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 68. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Th e Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle Th omas N. Winter Lincoln, Nebraska • 2007 Translator’s Preface. Who Wrote the Mechanical Problems in the Aristotelian Corpus? When I was translating the Mechanical Problems, which I did from the TLG Greek text, I was still in the fundamentalist authorship mode: that it survives in the corpus of Aristotle was then for me prima facie Th is paper will: evidence that Aristotle was the author. And at many places I found in- 1) off er the plainest evidence yet that it is not Aristotle, and — 1 dications that the date of the work was apt for Aristotle. But eventually, 2) name an author. I saw a join in Vitruvius, as in the brief summary below, “Who Wrote Th at it is not Aristotle does not, so far, rest on evidence. -
University of Groningen De Babyloniaca Van Berossos Van
University of Groningen De Babyloniaca van Berossos van Babylon de Breucker, Geert Eduard Eveline IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2012 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): de Breucker, G. E. E. (2012). De Babyloniaca van Berossos van Babylon: inleiding, editie en commentaar. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 02-10-2021 englIsh summary The Babyloniaca of Berossos is an important as well as fascinating work, as it bridges two cultural milieus: Babylonian and Greek. -
Chapter Two Democritus and the Different Limits to Divisibility
CHAPTER TWO DEMOCRITUS AND THE DIFFERENT LIMITS TO DIVISIBILITY § 0. Introduction In the previous chapter I tried to give an extensive analysis of the reasoning in and behind the first arguments in the history of philosophy in which problems of continuity and infinite divisibility emerged. The impact of these arguments must have been enormous. Designed to show that rationally speaking one was better off with an Eleatic universe without plurality and without motion, Zeno’s paradoxes were a challenge to everyone who wanted to salvage at least those two basic features of the world of common sense. On the other hand, sceptics, for whatever reason weary of common sense, could employ Zeno-style arguments to keep up the pressure. The most notable representative of the latter group is Gorgias, who in his book On not-being or On nature referred to ‘Zeno’s argument’, presumably in a demonstration that what is without body and does not have parts, is not. It is possible that this followed an earlier argument of his that whatever is one, must be without body.1 We recognize here what Aristotle calls Zeno’s principle, that what does not have bulk or size, is not. Also in the following we meet familiar Zenonian themes: Further, if it moves and shifts [as] one, what is, is divided, not being continuous, and there [it is] not something. Hence, if it moves everywhere, it is divided everywhere. But if that is the case, then everywhere it is not. For it is there deprived of being, he says, where it is divided, instead of ‘void’ using ‘being divided’.2 Gorgias is talking here about the situation that there is motion within what is. -
Ancient Fragments Containing What Remains of the Writings of Sanchoniatho, Berossus, Abydenus, Megasthenes, and Manetho
AN C IENT F RAGMENTS C O N TAI NI N G WH AT R EMAI NS OF TH E WR I TINGS OF SANC H O NIATHO B ER SUS A Y ENUS , O S , B D , MEGASTHE E E H N S AND M T O . , AN ALSO TI—IR H E R METIC C R EED T HE O LD C H RO IC LE , N , THE LATERC U LU S O F E R TO STH E ES A N , TH E TY R I LS AN ANNA , TH E O R AC LES O F Z O RO ST E R A , AND TH E PE RIPLU S O F H ANN O . I R ES . B Y . P. C O Y , Q B R G F EL L O W O F C AI U S C O L L EGE , C AM I D E LO NDON W I L L I AM PI C K E R I N G . MDCCCXXV III . P C R E F A E . IN presenting this collection of ANC IE NT F R AG M t o the m t wha t ENTS world , so e explana ion of is comprehended under that title is n ot altogether t unnecessary . We are accus omed t o regard the t th e k t Hebrew scrip ures , and Gree and La in t the t d t uit : wri ings, as only cer ain recor s of an iq y et t t n y here have been o her la guages , in which have been written the annals and the histories of t t o her countries .