Nature and Natural Phenomena in Thomas Mann's Fiction
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NATURE AND NATURAL PHENCMENA IN THCM\S IVANN'S FICTIŒsF a dissertation by GEOFFREY PETER MCMULLIN of University College London presented for the Degree of Ph. D in the University of London. May 19 97 - 1 ProQuest Number: 10046162 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10046162 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 SYNOPSIS The thesis examines (a) the way in which Thomas Mann presents natural phenomena in his fiction, the stylistic devices which he uses in their depiction and the symbolic values which he attaches to various natural phenomena at various times; (b) the place of Nature as concept in his fiction, the changing value of the concept and its relation to other major concepts in Thomas Mann's thinking as expressed in his fiction. It seeks to show that Thomas Mann had an outstanding talent for the portrayal of natural phenomena, and that - particularly in the fiction of his early and middle periods, that is, up to and including De r Zauberberg - he made extensive use of this talent and wrote many passages of outstanding descriptive writing, especially of landscape, the sea and dogs. These descriptions are almost all in some sense impressionistic and resonant with symbolic significance. Thomas Mann's depiction of young children is also considered because for Thomas Mann very young children had qualities of spontaneity, malleability and vulnerability which distinguish them from adults and make them closer to nature. In general natural phenomena are presented as beautiful and un threatening, even when, as with the snow in Der Zauberberg or the sea in Tonio Kroger, they are potentially lethal. They share with young, pre-social, pre-pubertal children the qualities of innocent vitality, of undivided selfhood. Nature as concept has varying connotations. In the early work it tends to be equated by the protagonists with Life, and this is seen as being a ruthless force which is inimical to artistic and moral sensibility . In Buddenbrooks nature is implicitly identified with a more fruitful, life-enhancing sort of love than in his earliest work. Indeed natural phenomena symbolise relief and release from the pain of life, that is from the struggle of commercial and social competition. From Der Zauberberg onwards Nature is increasingly equated with the whole of material creation and is perceived as the essential substrate from which Man with his sovereign attributes of intellect and creativity grows. - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Synopsis..........................................................................................................................................2 Preface.............................................................................................................................................4 Chapter 1, Introduction...........................................................................................7 Chapter 2, The shorter fiction.....................................................................18 Chapter 3, Buddenbrooks ..........................................................................................60 Chapter 4, Konigliche Ho he it ...........................................................................9 2 Chapter 5, De r Zauberberg ......................................................................................110 Chapter 6, Lotte in Weimar ...................................................................................139 Chapter 7, Joseph un d seine Br tide r ...........................................................146 Chapter 8, Doktor Faustus ......................................................................................160 Chapter 9, De r Erwahlte ............................................................................................175 Chapter 10, Bekenntnisse des Hochs tapi ers Felix Kru11. 189 Chapter 11, Taking Stock 1 . Pre amb le ................................................................................................................200 2. Nature as Concept.....................................................................................201 3. Natural Phenomena.....................................................................................205 a. Presentation...........................................................................................205 b. Symbolic Values ..................................................................................215 (i) Inorganic Nature and Landscape........................216 (ii) Animal Nature...........................................................................218 (iii) Young Children........................................................................220 4. Conclusions.......................................................................................................223 Acknowledgmen ts......................................................................................................................229 References......................................................................................................................................230 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................238 - 3 - NATURE AND NATURAL PHENOMENA IN THOMAS MANN'S FICTION PREFACE As I shall endeavour to show in the coming pages, the secondary literature concerned with Thomas Mann and nature tends to be sparse. Few commentators have paid attention to his powers of natural description. Where nature has been the subject of scholarly attention it is treated primarily as a concept, part of the complex, shifting dualism of Geist and Leben that informs the whole of Mann's work. In this thesis I want initially to show that the fiction often fully and richly acknowledges the presence of the natural world. In order to establish this I shall offer an overview of the complete fictional oeuvre. At the risk of what one might call compila tory overkill' I shall examine the works in chronological order to discover what they have to say about nature and natural phenomena. I hope that the result, with its necessary resort to extensive verbatim quotation, will not prove wearisome and that the ensuing dissertation will be found to have illuminated an aspect of Thomas Mann's art that has hitherto gone largely unremarked and unappreciated. I shall also attempt to show that even those passages which describe natural phenomena in their own right are never mere' descriptions, but that they illustrate and illuminate the argument of the work in which they figure. They do this because, with very rare exceptions, such descriptive passages are focussed by the perceiving self of the human subject (whether one of the characters of the fiction or the narrator or both). Time and time again nature is thus imbued with psychological significance and, most often, with philosophical import also. While, therefore, I do wish to emphasize the extent to which Thomas Mann acknowledges the materiality of - 4 - nature, I wish to show too how this realisation of the material natural world subserves the larger thematic purposes of his fiction. Perhaps I may be allowed to prefigure the argument by highlighting one example which particularly illustrates the points I am trying to make. Der Zauberberg has attracted a vast amo un t of critical attention. Mu ch of it has been directed to the philosophical, political and psychological implications of the work. Very little attention has been paid to the wealth of natural description in the novel nor to the vividness of the descriptive passages. In my discussion I shall refer to a passage which occurs at the beginning of the section Forschungen depicting the snow-covered landscape as seen by Hans Castorp from his balcony at night. Abends gar, wenn der fast ge runde t e Mond erschien, verzauberte sich die Welt und ward wunderbar. Kr i s t a 11 i s che s Geflimrner, diamant-^nes Glitzern herrschte we it und breit. Sehr weiB und schwarz standen die Walder. Die dem Monde fernen Himme1sgegenden lagen dunkel, mit S t e r n en be s t i ck t. Sch a r f e, g en au e und intensive Schatten, die wirklicher und bedeutender schienen als die Dinge s e 1 b s t , f i e 1 en von den Ha u s e rn , den B à urn en , den Te 1 eg r aplvtMjt angen auf die b 1 i t zende Flache. Es hatte sieben oder acht Grad Frost ein paar Stunden nach Sonnenun t e rgang. In eisige Reinheit schien die Welt gebann t , i h r e natiirliche Un s aube rke i t zugedeck t und erstarrt im Tr a um e i ne s ph an t a s t i s chen Tode s z aube r s. (Ill, 372) This seems to me a truly memorable piece of writing, not only in virtue of the physical vividness, the detailed at tent iveness to the particularities of the landscape and the play of light and shade, but also because of the philosophical/psycho logical reverberations of the passage. Specifically the reference to the unearthly transposition of shadow and substance prefigures passages which occur in the final chapter of the novel and states