DOCSLIB.ORG

Structure Launch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

表面↑天 山折り 山折り 中に折り込む面 裏表紙 表紙 ▼ ▼ High Technologies Comparison of JEM-EUSO with the largest ground observatories - AGASA HiRes Auger Telescope Array JEM-EUSO are Supporting JEM EUSO International University of Tokyo International Organization University of Tokyo University of Utah Consortium and University of Utah Consortium International Location Yamanashi, Japan Utah, USA Argentina Utah, USA Space Station Fresnel Lens #2 Electronics Fluorescence Ground Array + Ground Array + Fluorescence Type of Detectors Ground Array Precision Fresnel lens Ground Telescope Fluorescence Ground Telescope Fluorescence Ground Telescope Space Telescope launch expected Period of operations 1990–2004 1997–2006 2005– 2007– Support of Focal Surface Structure in 2013 Iris Effective aperture 150 500 ~7,000 760 125,000 (km2·sr) Focal Surface Detectors Yield of EHE events 1, observed less than 1, 50 (expected), 350 – 1,700 10 (expected) (No./year) experiments terminated experiments terminated 3 (observed) (expected) Fresnel Lens Mission Operation of JEM-EUSO Fresnel lens #1 Realizing a wide field-of-view Altitude about 400km Number of pixels of the focal surface about 0.2 million and light-weight Observation latitude and longitude N51°– S51° × all longitudes Resolution of the ground about 0.8km The JEM-EUSO telescope uses Fresnel lenses. A Fresnel lens is Filed of view 60° Duty cycle 12–25% a semi-flat lens having circular grooves that eliminate the Aperture (ground area size) 0.2 million km² Mission duration 3 (+2) years large mass of a standard convective or concave lens. A thin Diameter of telescope 2.5m Total mass ~1.9 ton and light Fresnel lens is necessary for use in space, 2.26m Two double-sided Fresnel lens and tructure performing the optical functions in the same way as a thick Optical system Power usage < 1kW S a high-precision Fresnel lens and heavy lens. JEM-EUSO uses two curved double-sided Focal Surface Fresnel lenses of UV-transmitting plastic and one International Partners micro-grating Fresnel lens. This design allows the best RIKEN Konan Univ. Fukui Tech. Univ. Aoyama Gakuin Univ. Saitama Univ. NIRS Univ. Tokyo Detectors efficiency for the widest field-of-view. The size of the Japan Tohoku Univ. ICRR, Univ. Tokyo KEK Chiba Univ. NAOJ ISAS/JAXA Kanazawa Univ. Nagoya Univ. triple-lens is 2.5-m diameter, composed of the central 1.5-m STE Lab., Nagoya Univ. Yukawa Inst., Kyoto Univ. Kyoto Univ. Kobe Univ. Kinki Univ. Hiroshima Univ. 6,000 photomultipliers part and the circular outer annular lenses. Hokkaido Univ Tokyo Inst. Tech. The focal surface is curved with a USA NASA/MSFC UAH LBL, UCB UCLA Vanderbilt Univ. Univ. Arizona. diameter of 2.26m. About 6,000 1-inch square multianode photomul- t France APC-Paris 7 LAL, IN2P3-CNRS tiplier tubes (PMTs) detect the light Focal Surface from the different locations in the It consists of 164 modules, and the total number of Germany MPI Munich Univ. Tuebingen MPI Bonn Univ. Erlangen LMU&MPQ earth’s atmosphere. Earlier PMTs had PMTs is 5,904. a limited photo-sensitive area of only 2.5m Univ. Florence Univ. Naples Univ. Palermo Univ. Rome “Tor Vergata” Univ. Turin 45%. JEM-EUSO and Hamamatsu Italy INOA/CNR IASF-PA/INAF IFSI-TO/INAF INFN Photonics jointly developed PMTs to have a higher effective area of 85%. Mexico ICN-UNAM BUAP UMSNH t Republic Light-sensing module of Korea Ehwa W. Univ. Yonsei Univ. Covering a focal surface of 2.26m diameter with 5,904 t SINP MSU Dubna JINR PMTs, each PMT having 6 × 6 Central lens and annular lenses configuration enable a lens size Russia =36 photo-sensitive units. larger than can be manufactured on a single machine. Switzerland Neuchatel, CSEM IACETH New Astronomy using Earth’s Atmosphere as a Gigantic Observatory Spain Univ. Alcalá Launch Poland IPJ Podlasie Univ. Kielce Univ. Jagiellonian Univ. JAXA’s Space Station Transfer Slovakia Inst. Experimental Physics, KOSICE Vehicle (HTV) carries JEM-EUSO t Photomultipliers HTV will be launched by a H-IIB rocket (JAXA) JEM-EUSO Collaboration The PMT surface has 85% active area, having 6 × 6 and autonomously carry JEM-EUSO to ISS. Computational Astrophysics Laboratory, RIKEN pixels with a total area of Robotic arms of ISS will deploy JEM-EUSO at 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan 26.2 mm square. JEM module of “Kibo.” Tel : +81-48-467-9417 Fax : +81-48-467-4078 t Space Station Transfer Vehicle (HTV) approaching ISS ©JAXA E-mail : [email protected] URL : http://jemeuso.riken.jp/ July 2009 ↓地 谷折り 谷折り 表紙裏 中面↑天 中に折り込む面 ▽ ▽ Extreme Universe Space Observatory onboard Japanese Experiment Module Japan Experiment Module Aperture exceeds AGASA's “Kibo” (JEM) enesis AGASA JEM-EUSO eap by over 1,000 times G 20 L Highest energy above 10 eV A very large area for observation is necessary to observe the rare observed in the world International Space Station (ISS) highest-energy events. The University of Tokyo’s Institute for Cosmic Ray Research has just constructed the “Telescope Array” experiment, with an area of 760 km², in Utah, USA, as the successor to AGASA. The 400km Supernova explosion ©NASA et al. Gamma ray burst ©BeppoSAX Team Pulsar ©NASA et al. JEM-EUSO tilted mode Thousands of charged particles bombard the Earth at every 1 m² each largest array currently in existence, with an area of 3,500 km², started second. They are called cosmic rays. Their flux decreases with increasing t in 2005 in Argentina, is the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO). (Pierre particle energy. Arriving cosmic rays with energies above 4 × 10¹⁹ eV are JEM-EUSO will be deployed Auger is the name of a French scientist who first discovered air JEM-EUSO at “Kibo” (JEM) of ISS, orbiting expected to be extremely suppressed by losses due to collisions with earth every 90-miniutes at showers 70 years ago). Ground-based observatories are limited to microwaves throughout the universe. about 400-km in altitude. observe the northern, or the southern sky, but not both. AGASA 10km After the discovery of an event of 10²⁰ eV* in 1962 by Linsley, a dozen The ground detectors of these large observatories have nearly Auger 50km new events were observed in 1990s by the Akeno-Giant-Air-Shower-Array reached the maximum extent possible on earth. A remote-sensing (AGASA) from the University of Tokyo and Fly’s Eye/Hi-Res experiment space observatory, JEM-EUSO, makes a giant leap in the observational area size, to 100,000 – 500,000 km² (more than a from the University of Utah. The origin of these highest energy particles is thousand times AGASA) by having a vantage point 400 km in the sky and having a wide field-of-view of 60°. The ISS flies unknown and fascinating, and attracts considerable scientific interests. Watch over both northern and southern hemispheres. A uniform all-sky observation by a single device allows us to search for *10²⁰eV : 16 Joules of energy that can heat 1 cc of water by About 4°C Capture ultraviolet rays correlations with all known objects. Radio galaxy ©NRAO t Source candidates of extremely high energy particles include unknown stellar bodies from an air shower Cosmic rays impinging on earth’s atmosphere collide with the atmospheric nuclei and generate numerous electrons, mesons and Is relativity limited? gamma rays. The secondary particles produce a further generation of Outcome from JEM-EUSO space telescope particles, along their pass in the atmosphere. The whole “track” of the hallenge Are there unknown objects and mechanisms? uzzle event is called an “Air Shower.” A high energy cosmic event at 10²⁰ eV C P generates 100 billion particles, that strike the ground within a 3 km The expected suppression of the highest energy particles was The fact that particles with energies significantly above the radius. Astronomy by Charged Particles in Universe theoretically predicted by Greisen, Zatsepin and Kuz’min (GZK GZK-cutoff energies have been observed challenges our An electron in an air shower excites nitrogen molecules in Low energy charged particles are bent by magnetic fields in intergalactic and galactic space. cutoff) on the basis of the fact that the universe is filled with understanding of physics and astrophysics. There may be atmosphere, which instantaneously emit numerous ultraviolet The directional information of their origin is lost. However, the highest energy particles are the cosmic microwave background (CMB) - the most significant sources of the highest energy particles near our fluorescence photons along the track. JEM-EUSO captures this light by barely bent, and so retain their information of the direction to the origin. In this way, highest prominent remnant of the Big-Bang. Highest energy cosmic galaxy within 50Mpc. Sources could include the well-known remote-sensing, and images the motion of the track every few energy particles qualify as cosmic messengers for astronomy, alongside visible light, X-rays, rays collide with the CMB and lose energy within a distance of brightest radio-galaxies (Centaur-A and Virgo M-87), or could micro-seconds (millionths of a second) as an extremely high-speed and Infrared light. 150 million light-years (50 Mega parsec) of their passages, until be unknown objects. If none of the events point toward any digital video camera. The rise and fall of light signal intensity along a Various origins that could generate high energy particles have been postulated: their energies are reduced to 4 × 10¹⁹ eV (so long as Einstein’s known objects, then a bizarre doubt in special relativity or downward air-shower trajectory records the energy and the incoming candidates include supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, pulsars, and recent Special Relativity is valid at any energy and everywhere in the other fundamental physics principles may be invoked.
Recommended publications
  • Annual Report of S.P

    Annual Report of S.P

    ANNUAL REPORT OF S.P. KOROLEV ROCKET AND SPACE PUBLIC CORPORATION ENERGIA FOR 2019 This Annual Report of S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Public Corporation Energia (RSC Energia) was prepared based upon its performance in 2019 with due regard for the requirements stated in the Russian Federation Government Decree of December 31, 2010 No. 1214 “On Improvement of the Procedure to Control Open Joint-Stock Companies whose Stock is in Federal Ownership and Federal State Unitary Enterprises”, and in accordance with the Regulations “On Information Disclosure by the Issuers of Outstanding Securities” No. 454-P approved by the Bank of Russia on December 30, 2014 Accuracy of the data contained in this Annual Report, including the Report on the interested-party transactions effected by RSC Energia in 2019, was confirmed by RSC Energia’s Auditing Committee Report as of 01.06.2020. This Annual Report was preliminary approved by RSC Energia’s Board of Directors on August 24, 2020 (Minutes No. 31). This Annual Report was approved at RSC Energia’s General Shareholders’ Meeting on September 28, 2020 (Minutes No 40 of 01.10.2020). 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT RSC ENERGIA ............................. 6 1.1. Company background .........................................................................................................................6 1.2. Period of the Company operation in the industry ...............................................................................6 1.3. Information about the purchase and sale contracts for participating interests, equities, shares of business partnerships and companies concluded by the Company in 2019 ..............................................7 1.4. Information about the holding structure and the organizations involved ...........................................8 2. PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF RSC ENERGIA OPERATION ........................ 11 2.1.
  • Johannes Kepler“ Erfolgreich Raumfahrtaktivitäten Zuständig

    Johannes Kepler“ Erfolgreich Raumfahrtaktivitäten Zuständig

    Aktuelles aus dem DLR Raumfahrtmanagement I Topics from DLR Space Administration I Heft 2/2011 Mai 2011 I Issue 2/2011 May 2011 I Nr.15 newsLecounttterDown Das DLR im Überblick DLR at a glance Das DLR ist das nationale Forschungszentrum der Bundesrepu- DLR is Germany´s national research centre for aeronautics and blik Deutschland für Luft- und Raumfahrt. Seine umfangreichen space. Its extensive research and development work in Aero- Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten in Luftfahrt, Raumfahrt, nautics, Space, Energy, Transport and Security is integrated into Energie, Verkehr und Sicherheit sind in nationale und internati- national and international cooperative ventures. As Germany´s onale Kooperationen eingebunden. Über die eigene Forschung space agency, DLR has been given responsibility for the forward Raumfahrtsysteme hinaus ist das DLR als Raumfahrt-Agentur im Auftrag der Bun- planning and the implementation of the German space pro- desregierung für die Planung und Umsetzung der deutschen gramme by the German federal government as well as for the Mission „Johannes Kepler“ erfolgreich Raumfahrtaktivitäten zuständig. Zudem fungiert das DLR als international representation of German interests. Furthermore, Dachorganisation für den national größten Projektträger. Germany’s largest project-management agency is also part of DLR. Space Flight Systems In den 15 Standorten Köln (Sitz des Vorstands), Augsburg, Ber- Approximately 6,900 people are employed at 15 locations in Mission ‘Johannes Kepler‘ Proceeded Successfully lin, Bonn, Braunschweig, Bremen, Göttingen, Hamburg, Lam- Germany: Cologne (headquarters), Augsburg, Berlin, Bonn, Heft 2/2011 Mai 2011 I Issue 2/2011 May 2011 poldshausen, Neustrelitz, Oberpfaffenhofen, Stade, Stuttgart, Braunschweig, Bremen, Goettingen, Hamburg, Lampoldshausen, Seite 6 / page 6 Trauen und Weilheim beschäftigt das DLR circa 6.900 Mitarbei- Neustrelitz, Oberpfaffenhofen, Stade, Stuttgart, Trauen, and terinnen und Mitarbeiter.
  • Understanding Socio-Technical Issues Affecting the Current Microgravity Research Marketplace

    Understanding Socio-Technical Issues Affecting the Current Microgravity Research Marketplace

    Understanding Socio-Technical Issues Affecting the Current Microgravity Research Marketplace The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Joseph, Christine and Danielle Wood. "Understanding Socio- Technical Issues Affecting the Current Microgravity Research Marketplace." 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 2019, Big Sky, Montana, USA, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, June 2019. © 2019 IEEE As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2019.8742202 Publisher Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Version Author's final manuscript Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131219 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Understanding Socio-Technical Issues Affecting the Current Microgravity Research Marketplace Christine Joseph Danielle Wood Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge, MA 02139 Cambridge, MA 02139 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— For decades, the International Space Station (ISS) 1. INTRODUCTION has operated as a bastion of international cooperation and a unique testbed for microgravity research. Beyond enabling For anyone who is a teenager in October 2019, the insights into human physiology in space, the ISS has served as a International Space Station has been in operation and hosted microgravity platform for numerous science experiments. In humans for the entirety of that person’s life. The platform has recent years, private industry has also been affiliating with hosted a diverse spectrum of microgravity, human space NASA and international partners to offer transportation, exploration, technology demonstration, and education related logistics management, and payload demands.
  • STS-135: the Final Mission Dedicated to the Courageous Men and Women Who Have Devoted Their Lives to the Space Shuttle Program and the Pursuit of Space Exploration

    STS-135: the Final Mission Dedicated to the Courageous Men and Women Who Have Devoted Their Lives to the Space Shuttle Program and the Pursuit of Space Exploration

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration STS-135: The Final Mission Dedicated to the courageous men and women who have devoted their lives to the Space Shuttle Program and the pursuit of space exploration PRESS KIT/JULY 2011 www.nasa.gov 2 011 2009 2008 2007 2003 2002 2001 1999 1998 1996 1994 1992 1991 1990 1989 STS-1: The First Mission 1985 1981 CONTENTS Section Page SPACE SHUTTLE HISTORY ...................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 SPACE SHUTTLE CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 2 THE SPACE SHUTTLE ERA BEGINS ....................................................................................................... 7 NASA REBOUNDS INTO SPACE ............................................................................................................ 14 FROM MIR TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION .......................................................................... 20 STATION ASSEMBLY COMPLETED AFTER COLUMBIA ........................................................................... 25 MISSION CONTROL ROSES EXPRESS THANKS, SUPPORT .................................................................... 30 SPACE SHUTTLE PROGRAM’S KEY STATISTICS (THRU STS-134) ........................................................ 32 THE ORBITER FLEET ............................................................................................................................
  • The International Space Station (ISS) Is an Experiment in the Design, Development, and Assembly of an Orbital Space Facility. It

    The International Space Station (ISS) Is an Experiment in the Design, Development, and Assembly of an Orbital Space Facility. It

    The International Space Station (ISS) is an experiment in the design, development, and assembly of an orbital space facility. It serves as a elements habitat for its crew, a command post for orbital operations, and a port for the rendezvous and berthing of smaller orbiting vehicles. It functions as an orbital microgravity and life sciences laboratory, a test bed for new technologies in areas like life support and robotics, and a platform for astronomical and Earth observations. PMA 2 berthed on Node 1 serves as a primary docking port for the Space Shuttle. The U.S. Lab Module Destiny provides research and habitation accommodations. Node 2 is to the left; the truss is mounted atop the U.S. Lab; Node 1, Unity, is to the right; Node 3 and the Cupola are below and to the right. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION GUIDE ELEMENTS 23 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN EVOLUTION Architecture Design Evolution Why does the ISS look the way it does ? The design evolved over more than a decade. The modularity and size of the U.S., Japanese, and European elements were dictated by the use of the Space Shuttle as the primary launch vehicle and by the requirement to make system components maintainable and replaceable over a lifetime of many years. When the Russians joined the program in 1993, their architecture was based largely on the Mir and Salyut stations they had built earlier. Russian space vehicle design philosophy has always emphasized automated operation and remote control. The design of the interior of the U.S., European, and Japanese elements was dictated by four specific principles: modularity, maintainability, reconfigurability, and accessibility.
  • Status Update of Human Exploration Within the United States

    Status Update of Human Exploration Within the United States

    Status Update of Human Exploration Within the United States Revision A 15 October 2005 Mr. A.C. Charania Senior Futurist SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) Note: Observations are only current as of presentation date. This presentation is only provided for educational purposes. All images are copyright of their respective owners. SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 1 Vision for Space Exploration SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 2 Sun, Mercury, Venus Sun-Earth L1 , L2 High Earth Orbit Earth-Moon L1, L2 Earth Low Earth Orbit Moon Earth’s Neighborhood Accessible Planetary Surfaces Mars and Asteroids Outer Planets and beyond Base Image source: Gary L. Martin, Space Architect, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “NASA’s Strategy for Human and Robotic Exploration”, June 10, 2003 Destinations: Transportation Links and Infrastructure Segments SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 3 THE FUNDAMENTAL GOAL OF THIS VISION IS TO ADVANCE U.S. SCIENTIFIC, SECURITY, AND ECONOMIC INTEREST THROUGH A ROBUST SPACE EXPLORATION PROGRAM Implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the solar system and beyond Extend human presence across the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon by the year 2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations; Develop the innovative technologies, knowledge, and infrastructures both to explore and to support decisions about the destinations for human exploration; and Promote international and commercial participation in exploration to further U.S. scientific, security, and economic interests. National Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 4 Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) Outline-UNDER REVISION SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc.
  • JEM-EUSO Extreme Universe Space Observatory Onboard Japanese Experiment Module

    JEM-EUSO Extreme Universe Space Observatory Onboard Japanese Experiment Module

    JEM-EUSO Extreme Universe Space Observatory onboard Japanese Experiment Module Report on the Phase A Study JEM-EUSO Collaboration December 2008 JEM-EUSO: Extreme Universe Space Observatory onboard Japanese Experiment Module - ii - Report on the Phase A Study (Purple Book) JEM-EUSO Collaboration JEM-EUSO is a collaborating effort of 170 members from 12 countries and 62 institutes (list updated on December 2008): Japan: T. Ebisuzaki, H. Omori, K. Maekawa, Y. Hachisu, K. Katahira, M. Mizutani, Y. Kawasaki, Y. Takizawa, S. Wada, K. Kawai, H. Mase, K. Shinozaki, T. Ogawa (RIKEN), F. Kajino, M. Sakata, Y. Yamamoto, F. Sato, N. Ebizuka, T. Yamamoto (Konan Univ.), M. Nagano, Y. Miyazaki (Fukui Univ. of Technology), T. Shibata, N. Sakaki (Aoyama Gakuin Univ.), N. Inoue (Saitama Univ.), Y. Uchibori (National Institute of Radiological Sciences), K. Nomoto (Tokyo Univ.), Y. Takahashi (Tohoku Univ.), M. Takeda (ICRR), H. Shimizu, Y. Arai, Y. Kurihara, J. Fujimoto (KEK), S. Yoshida, K. Mase (Chiba Univ.) , Y. Mizumoto, J. Watanabe, S. Inoue, K. Asano, T. Kajino (NAOJ), H. Ikeda, M. Suzuki, H. Yano (ISAS/JAXA), T. Murakami, D. Yonetoku (Kanazawa Univ.), N. Sugiyama (Nagoya Univ.), Y. Itow (STE, Nagoya Univ.), S. Nagataki (Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto Univ.), A. Saito (Graduate School of Science, Faculty of Science, Kyoto Univ.), S. Abe, M. Nagata (Kobe Univ.), M. Chikawa (Kinki Univ.), F. Tajima (Hiroshima Univ.), M. Sato (Hokkaido Univ.) USA: J. H. Adams, S. Mitchell, M.J. Christl, J. Watts Jr., A. English, R. Young (MSFC/NASA) , Y. Takahashi, D. Gregory, M. Bonamente, V. Connaughton, K. Pitalo, J. Hadaway, J.
  • Espinsights the Global Space Activity Monitor

    Espinsights the Global Space Activity Monitor

    ESPInsights The Global Space Activity Monitor Issue 5 January-March 2020 CONTENTS FOCUS ..................................................................................................................... 1 The COVID-19 pandemic crisis: the point of view of space ...................................................... 1 SPACE POLICY AND PROGRAMMES .................................................................................... 3 EUROPE ................................................................................................................. 3 Lift-off for ESA Sun-exploring spacecraft ....................................................................... 3 ESA priorities for 2020 ............................................................................................. 3 ExoMars 2022 ........................................................................................................ 3 Airbus’ Bartolomeo Platform headed toward the ISS .......................................................... 3 A European Coordination Committee for the Lunar Gateway ................................................ 4 ESA awards contract to drill and analyse lunar subsoil ........................................................ 4 EU Commission invests in space .................................................................................. 4 Galileo’s Return Link Service is operational .................................................................... 4 Quality control contract on Earth Observation data ..........................................................
  • La Stazione Spaziale Internazionale

    La Stazione Spaziale Internazionale

    Stazione Spaziale Internazionale - Wikipedia http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_Spaziale_Internazionale Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. Stazione Spaziale Internazionale (ISS) La Stazione Spaziale Internazionale (in lingua inglese International Space Station o ISS) rappresenta un avamposto permanente della presenza umana nello spazio, è abitata continuativamente dal 2 novembre 2000 da almeno 2 astronauti. L'equipaggio, da allora, è stato sostituito più volte, con cadenza semestrale. Segue i programmi Skylab (statunitense) e Mir (russo) ed è un progetto congiunto di cinque agenzie spaziali. Indice 1 Descrizione La Stazione Spaziale Internazionale fotografata dopo la 2 Origine della stazione separazione 3 Attuale stato dell'assemblaggio dello Space Shuttle Discovery,nel corso della missione 3.1 Il disastro del Columbia e il cambio del piano di STS-119 costruzione 3.1.1 L'incidente e le sue conseguenze 3.1.2 Cambio del piano di costruzione 3.1.3 Stato attuale 3.2 Moduli pressurizzati già lanciati 3.2.1 Pressurized Multipurpose Module - 2010 3.2.2 Multipurpose Laboratory Module — 2011 3.3 Elementi non pressurizzati 3.4 Elementi cancellati o in fase di eliminazione 4 Sistemi principali della ISS 4.1 Alimentazione 4.2 Supporto vitale 4.3 Controllo dell'assetto e dell'altitudine Stemma delle Stazione Spaziale Internazionale 5 Ricerche scientifiche 5.1 Laboratori scientifici Statistiche 5.2 Programmi di ricerca Equipaggio: 6 27 maggio 2009 6 Scopi della ISS 7 Partecipazione al progetto Lancio: 1998-2011 7.1 Italia Perigeo: 352,8 km 7.2 Centri Spaziali Apogeo: 354,2 km Periodo 8 Note 91,61 min 9 Voci correlate orbitale: 10 Altri progetti Inclinazione: 51,64° Orbite al 11 Collegamenti esterni 15,72 giorno: Altitudine persa 100 m circa al giorno: Giorni in al 1 gennaio orbita 4056[1] 2010 La stazione spaziale si trova in una orbita attorno alla Terra dal lancio: ad un'altitudine di circa 350 km, in quella che viene Rivoluzioni 57 309[1] " normalmente definita LEO (low Earth orbit, orbita dal lancio: terrestre bassa).
  • Functional Cargo Block (FGB) Zarya (Sunrise) and Russian Research Modules NASA/Khrunichev Production Center

    Functional Cargo Block (FGB) Zarya (Sunrise) and Russian Research Modules NASA/Khrunichev Production Center

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Functional Cargo Block (FGB) Zarya (Sunrise) and Russian Research Modules NASA/Khrunichev Production Center ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The FGB was the first element of the International Space Station, built in Russia under Service a U.S. contract. During the early stages of ISS assembly, the FGB was self-contained, Progress Module FGB To U.S. and providing power, communications, and attitude control functions. The FGB module International Modules is now used primarily for storage and propulsion. The FGB was based on the modules of Mir. The Russian Multipurpose Modules planned for the ISS will be based on the Multi-Purpose FGB-2, a spare developed as a backup to the FGB. The Russian Research Module may Research Laboratory be based on the FGB design. Module { } 20 28 2 30 Micrometeorite 27 Protection { 16 Soyuz 25 16 Primary 22 6 Propellant Propulsion " # Nadir Docking 11 Port Tanks System 31 24 12 " $ 26 14 30 13 3 Attitude #" Androgynous 15 "' "( " " " ! " " Control Peripheral Docking Engines 23 System and # ( #! #!! #!' Forward Axial # $ # & #!( Docking Port 29 Thermal "! "" "# "$ "% "& #!! #!" #!& Control Radiator #! ## #% #' # # ! Kurs Rendezvous 1 Antenna 20 9 18 23 Attitude Control #" #$ #& #( # # # # % # ' #! 5 Engines 8 19 32 4 10 1 7 21 1 Air Ducts 20 Lights 26 Removable Fire Extinguisher 17 2 Communications Panel 21 Nadir Docking Port 27 Power Outlet 3 Caution and Warning 22 Onboard Documentation 28 Pressurized Valve Unit Systems Panel 23 Onboard Network Receptacle
  • Orbital-Hub DLR Vision 2025

    Orbital-Hub DLR Vision 2025

    DLR, July 2015 Orbital-Hub DLR Vision 2025 DLR Institute of Space Systems System Analysis Space Segment Bremen, July 2015 International Context Motivation for For decades the International Space Station ISS has demonstrated not only long-term New LEO-Platform Considerations international cooperation between 14 partner governments but also a significant engineering and programmatic achievement mostly as a compromise of budget, pol- All Space Station partners agree to utilise the orbital research facility until at least itics, administration and technological feasibility. Most ISS technologies are based on 2020. NASA, Roscosmos and CSA announced a desire to support the extension of the Mir and other previous experience. Due to high safety standards required for human ISS until 2024. Whether this is politically, technologically and financially feasible for spaceflight activities, these technologies are often conservative and new developments all partners is unknown. But still, there is a common understanding that a platform require patience and waiving ‘state-of-the-art’ technologies. A paradigm shift to more in LEO is a basic requirement for science, Earth observation and monitoring and even innovation and risk acceptance can be observed in the development of new markets potentially for the next steps to the Moon or Mars. If the current ISS seems to be too by shifting responsibilities to private entities and broadening research disciplines, expensive we have to think about ways to make it cheaper. In general, a transition demanding faster access by users and including new launcher1 and experiment facili- to a new concept without a critical loss of know-how amounts to 10 to 15 years.
  • Energiya BURAN the Soviet Space Shuttle.Pdf

    Energiya BURAN the Soviet Space Shuttle.Pdf

    Energiya±Buran The Soviet Space Shuttle Bart Hendrickx and Bert Vis Energiya±Buran The Soviet Space Shuttle Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Mr Bart Hendrickx Mr Bert Vis Russian Space Historian Space¯ight Historian Mortsel Den Haag Belgium The Netherlands SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, M.Sc., B.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN978-0-387-69848-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2007929116 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Ooedhpjmbhe ........................................ xiii Foreword (translation of Ooedhpjmbhe)........................ xv Authors' preface ....................................... xvii Acknowledgments ...................................... xix List of ®gures ........................................ xxi 1 The roots of Buran .................................