Status Update of Human Exploration Within the United States

Revision A 15 October 2005

Mr. A.C. Charania Senior Futurist SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI)

Note: Observations are only current as of presentation date. This presentation is only provided for educational purposes. All images are copyright of their respective owners.

SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 1 Vision for Space Exploration

SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 2 Sun, Mercury, Venus Sun-Earth L1 , L2

High Earth Orbit

Earth-Moon L1, L2

Earth

Low Earth Orbit Moon Earth’s Neighborhood Accessible Planetary Surfaces Mars and Asteroids

Outer Planets and beyond

Base Image source: Gary L. Martin, Space Architect, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “NASA’s Strategy for Human and Robotic Exploration”, June 10, 2003

Destinations: Transportation Links and Infrastructure Segments SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 3 THE FUNDAMENTAL GOAL OF THIS VISION IS TO ADVANCE U.S. SCIENTIFIC, SECURITY, AND ECONOMIC INTEREST THROUGH A ROBUST SPACE EXPLORATION PROGRAM

Implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic program to explore the system and beyond

Extend human presence across the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon by the year 2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations;

Develop the innovative technologies, knowledge, and infrastructures both to explore and to support decisions about the destinations for human exploration; and

Promote international and commercial participation in exploration to further U.S. scientific, security, and economic interests.

National Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 4 Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) Outline-UNDER REVISION SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 5 Building Blocks of the Vision-UNDER REVISION SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 6 The ESAS is a 90-day study that examined many of the larger questions associated with the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) - From NASA HQ’s Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation - Provide the analytical support for a number of key near-term decisions for NASA, the White House, and Congress

Some of the topics the ESAS is reviewing include the requirements for returning to the Moon and extending human exploration to Mars, as well as possibilities for accelerating the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)

This team completed its main work in late Summer 2005 and will start presenting findings to the public

Focus areas - Complete assessment of the top-level Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) requirements and plans to enable the CEV to provide crew transport to the ISS and to accelerate the development of the CEV and crew launch system to reduce the gap between Shuttle retirement and CEV IOC. - Definition of top-level requirements and configurations for crew and cargo launch systems to support the lunar and Mars exploration programs. - Development of a reference lunar exploration architecture concept to support sustained human and robotic lunar exploration operations. - Identification of key technologies required to enable and significantly enhance these reference exploration systems and reprioritization of near-term and far-term technology investments.

THE REVISION - NASA HQ Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 7 The International Space Station (ISS) And Its Future

SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 8 The Current International Space Station (ISS) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 9 15 Elements on Orbit About 50% of ISS Configuration

9 at KSC for Launch P3/P4 Truss S6 Truss P5 Truss Node 2 S3/S4 Truss JEM-PS (Pressurized Section) Cupola

9 in European Columbus Lab (Development Complete) Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator - Canada hand (Development Complete) Centrifuge Accommodation Module (CAM) Node 3 JEM – EF & ES (Exposed Facility) JEM – ES (Exposed Section) Russian Science Power Module (SPM) Russian Research Module -1 Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM)

Source: International Space Station, Introduction and ISS Familiarization, Caris “Skip” Hatfield, Manager, Program Integration Office, April 25, 2005 ISS: Now and to Core Complete (33 Major Elements to Completion) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 10 Source: International Space Station, Introduction and ISS Familiarization, Caris “Skip” Hatfield, Manager, Program Integration Office, April 25, 2005

ISS Elements: NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 11 Consolidated Launch Manifest Assembly Launch Flights and ISS Assembly Sequence Date Flight Vehicle Element(s) Under review ULF2 U.S. Orbiter Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) •Utilization and Logistics Flight Assembly Launch •Crew Rotation Date Flight Vehicle Element(s) Under review ATV1 European Automated Transfer Vehicle No earlier than ULF1.1 Discovery Return to Flight March 2006 STS-121 test mission Under review 1E U.S. Orbiter European Laboratory - Columbus Module •Utilization and Under review UF-3 U.S. Orbiter Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Logistics Flight •Crew Rotation

Under review 12A U.S. Orbiter Second port truss Under review UF-4 U.S. Orbiter Spacelab Pallet carrying "Canada Hand" STS-115 segment (ITS (Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator) P3/P4) •Extended Duration Orbiter Pallet •Solar array set and batteries Under review UF-5 U.S. Orbiter Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) •Crew Rotation

Under review 12A.1 U.S. Orbiter Third port truss Under review UF-4.1 U.S. Orbiter EXPRESS Pallet STS-116 segment (ITS P5) •S3 Attached P/L •SPACEHAB single cargo Under review UF-6 U.S. Orbiter Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) module •Crew Rotation •Logistics and Supplies Under review 1J/A U.S. Orbiter Japanese Experiment Module Experiment Logistics Module (JEM ELM PS) Under review 13A U.S. Orbiter Second starboard •EXPRESS Pallet STS-117 truss segment (ITS S3/S4) Under review 1J U.S. Orbiter Kibo Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) •Solar array set •Japanese Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS) and batteries Under review ULF3 U.S. Orbiter Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) Under review 13A.1 U.S. Orbiter SPACEHAB •Utilization and Logistics Flight STS-118 Single Cargo •Crew Rotation Module •Third starboard November 2006 3R Russian (UDM) truss segment (ITS S5) Under review 9A.1 U.S. Orbiter (SPP) solar •Logistics and arrays with truss Supplies •Multi Purpose Module (MTsM)

Under review 15A U.S. Orbiter Fourth starboard Under review UF-7 U.S. Orbiter Centrifuge Accommodation Module STS-119 truss segment (CAM) (ITS S6) •Crew Rotation •Solar Array set Under review 2J/A U.S. Orbiter Japanese Experiment Module Exposed and Batteries Facility (JEM EF) •Japanese Experiment Logistics Module - Under review 10A U.S. Orbiter U.S. Node 2 Exposed Section (ELM-ES) STS-120 •Additional Science Power Platform (SPP) solar arrays ISS U.S. Core Complete after 10A Under review ULF5 U.S. Orbiter Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) •Utilization and Logistics Flight •Crew Rotation Note: Additional Progress, Soyuz, H-II Transfer Vehicle and Automated Transfer Vehicle flights for crew transport, logistics and resupply are not listed. Under review HTV-1 U.S. Orbiter Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle

Source: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/future/, 26 September 2005 Under review 14A U.S. Orbiter Cupola •EXPRESS Pallet •Extended Duration Orbiter Pallet

Notes: Additional Progress, Soyuz, H-II Transfer Vehicle and Automated Transfer Vehicle flights for crew transport, Current ISS Launch Manifest logistics and resupply are not listed. SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 12 “The loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia has made us acutely aware that one of the major impediments in fully utilizing the Space Station's capabilities is that we need a more robust logistics capability for crew and cargo than the United States or our international partners have readily available or on the drawing board. For this reason, we plan to leverage our nation's commercial space industry to meet NASA's needs for ISS cargo logistics and possibly crew support.” (Source: Opening Statement by Michael Griffin at a House Science Committee Hearing on The Future of NASA, Tuesday, June 28, 2005)

Possible reduction of total Shuttle flights before 2010 from 23-30 flights to 10-18

NASA and other USG agencies addressing Iran Nonproliferation Act (INA) of 2000

Additional commercial purchases for ISS support - For crew transport, logistics, and resupply - Beyond Progress, Soyuz, Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle, and European Automated Transfer Vehicles

NASA is also currently examining alternative configurations for the ISS - May 2005, NASA initiated the Shuttle/Station Configuration Options Team (SSCOT) - This team is conducting a 60-day study of the configuration options for the ISS and assessing the related number of flights needed by the Space Shuttle before it retires no later than the year 2010 - Scope include ISS assembly, operations, and use and considers such factors as international partner commitments, research utilization, cost, and ISS sustainability. - This team is expected to complete its work in June/July, with those results integrated into the ongoing Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS)

International Space Station (ISS) Support After 2010 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 13 Science Power Module (SPM)

Docking Compartment (DC) 1

Zarya Control Module P1 Truss ULC2 Zvezda Service Module SO Truss Segment ULC1 PMA 1 S1 Truss Segment Port SM MMOD Shields Segment Photovoltaic AMS Arrays Port MT/ CETA Research Module (RM)* S3/4 Truss Rails Segment P6 Truss Multipurpose Laboratory Segment Module (MLM) *

Express Pallets Starboard MT/ CETA Rails P5 Truss S6 Truss Segment Segment ESP-3

P3/4 Truss Segment S5 Truss Segment Canadarm2 ESP-4 Starboard Photovoltaic Arrays SPDM

Mobile Remote Servicer Base System (MBS), Mobile JEM ELM-PS Transporter (MT), (MSS) Z1 Truss Segment JEM RMS & Exposed Facility ESP-2 Airlock PMA 3 Node 1 Cupola U.S. Lab ESP-1 JEM PM Node 3 Elements Currently on Orbit Columbus Node 2 PMA 2 CAM

Elements Pending US Shuttle Launch •RM and MLM are included in Russian plans and launched on Russian vehicles Elements Pending Russian Launch

Source: International Space Station, Introduction and ISS Familiarization, Caris “Skip” Hatfield, Manager, Program Integration Office, April 25, 2005

ISS Technical Configuration: Approved by the ISS Partnership in January 2005 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 14 Source: NASAWatch.com

NASA ESAS: ISS Completion Options (26 Flights versus 16 Flights) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 15 ISS Assembly ISS Assembly Complete 35,000 3 ISS Crew 6 ISS Crew 6 ISS Crew

U.S. - Russian Bilateral Obligations 30,000 External Utilization 25,000

20,000

Internal Utilization

Mass (Kg)Mass 15,000 Commercial Cargo Services

External Maintenance 10,000

Internal Maintenance and EVA Hardware Baseline Capability 5,000

Crew Supplies, Water, and Gas

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Year Matt Scheutz & Neil Lemmons / SABER SAI •Assembly Hardware is not included •Accommodation masses are not included •Crew rotation mass not included

Source: ISS Commercial Cargo Service:Requirements & Constraints Summary, ISS Commercial Cargo Service, Industry Day Conference, April 25, 2005, Valin Thorn - ISS Strategic Planning & Requirements Office ISS Cargo Supply/Delivery Balance with Shuttle Retirement SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 16 Background on NASA’s Recent Exploration Studies

SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 17 Source: Orlando Sentinel

Sample Lunar Architecture Elements SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 18 The Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) is NASA's proposed series of human spaceflight spacecraft, intended to succeed the space shuttle system. Together with the Earth Departure Stage (EDS), the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM), and the associated launch infrastructure, the CEV is one of the elements of Project Constellation - Draft Statement of Work for the CEV: December 9, 2004; Final RFP issued: March 1, 2005 - Bidder’s response: May 2, 2005; Selection announcement: June 13, 2005

Two industry-led consortiums to each receive a $28 million contract to come up with a complete design for the CEV and its launch vehicle by early 2006 - Northrop Grumman associated with Boeing as subcontractor associated with Alenia Spazio, ARES Corporation, Draper Laboratory, and United Space Alliance - Lockheed Martin associated with EADS SPACE Transportation, United Space Alliance, Honeywell, Orbital Sciences, Hamilton Sundstrand, and Wyle Laboratories

NASA had planned to have a suborbital or an Earth orbit fly-off called Flight Application of Spacecraft Technologies (FAST) between two teams' CEV designs before September 1, 2008 - However, NASA Administrator Michael Griffin has indicated that NASA will select one contractor for the CEV in 2006 to permit an earlier date for the start of CEV operations (impact of Exploration Systems Architecture Study) - “Following these awards a "Call for Improvements" (CFI) based on the results of the Exploration Systems Architecture Study will be issued to the selected contractor(s). CFI proposals will be evaluated for a final down-select decision to a single contractor expected in early 2006.” (Source: http://exploration.nasa.gov/acquisition/cev_procurement3.html)

Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 19 Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Possibilities SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 20 Source: AIAA Space 2005 AIAA-2005-6667, Long Beach, CA 30-13 August 2005

Breadth of Space Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 21 Source: AIAA Space 2005 AIAA-2005-6666, Long Beach, CA 30-13 August 2005

Sample Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle (Side-Mount) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 22 Source: AIAA Space 2005 AIAA-2005-6666, Long Beach, CA 30-13 August 2005

Sample Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle (In-Line) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 23 Source: AIAA Space 2005 AIAA-2005-6667, Long Beach, CA 30-13 August 2005

Sample CEV Launch Vehicle-SRB Based SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 24 In September 2004, NASA made eleven Concept Exploration and Refinement (CE&R) contract awards - Human lunar exploration architecture studies and Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) preliminary concepts - Lead organizations included both traditional large aerospace companies and smaller aerospace firms. Suggestions for how the commercial sector (including new and/or smaller firms could contribute) - Place commercial propellant depots in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to be available to architecture elements (lunar architecture elements could be launched dry and refuel in orbit) - Commercial industry get domain over ISS resupply after Space Shuttle retirement where NASA would only purchase the service given an abbreviated set of requirements - Open an alternative, non-traditional path for CEV development where there would be one large traditional prime supplier (after a down-select process) but also allow a path for the involvement of a non-traditional supplier. This has been suggested by one of the CE&R contractors Transformational Space (tSpace), an association of non-traditional aerospace suppliers including Scaled Composites (builders of SpaceShipOne)

Source: http://exploration.nasa.gov/documents/cer_reports.html

NASA Concept Exploration and Refinement (CE&R) Studies SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 25 Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS)

SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 26 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 27 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 28 Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Concept SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 29 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 30 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 31 CEV in Possible Support of ISS SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 32 Crew Launch Vehicle SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 33 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 34 Cargo Launch Vehicle SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 35 “Single Train” Departing for the Moon After Earth-Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 36 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 37 Lunar Surface Activities (starting in 2018, 4 people x 7 days x 2 missions per year) SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 38 Lunar Ascent SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 39 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 40 SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 41 Source: NASAWatch.com

NASA ESAS: Budget Reference SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 42 The New Space Community

SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 43 SpaceShipOne and The X-Prize SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 44 Current Launch Capabilities SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 45 1) They aren’t rocket scientists.

2) They may be “super-sized”.

3) They won’t really care where you put your spaceport.

4) They shouldn’t be expected to meet stringent physical requirements.

5) They don’t like surprises and expect perfection.

6) They aren’t overly concerned with price or safety.

7) They’re short on time.

8) They’ll likely be men over 50.

9) They will come from around the globe.

10) They’re nothing like the tourists that show up at Disney parks.

Source: Jane Reifert, President of Incredible Adventures, Inc., “Confessions of a Space Tourism Operator”, www.space.com/news/050513_tourism_confessions.html, Leonard David, Space.com, 13 May 2005.

10-point “Profile of a Space Tourist” SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 46 So it is a real dilemma - it is a real dichotomy: how do we engage competition and position ourselves to take advantage of the successes and accept the failures which inevitable occur in that environment while, at the same time, meeting the goals and objectives that we have as managers? What I've come to, after considerable thinking (with some discussion and modifications to come) - for NASA: the best way to do that is to utilize the market that is offered by the International Space Station and its requirements to supply crew and cargo as the years unfold.

So, there will - and there must - be a government-derived capability to service the space station even after the shuttle is retired. But because there must be such a capability does not imply to us that that is the way we would most prefer - to have cargo and crew logistics requirements for the station satisfied. What I would like to do is be able to buy those services from industry…There is a line in our budget called "ISS Crew and Cargo". It is not overly well-funded right now - a couple of hundred million dollars…We plan to use that to get us started on that process.

[You can] expect to see the government looking to "make a deal" in a commercial sense. Again, rather than issuing a prime contract focused on process and on very detailed specifications on "how to do" things, [you should] look for a deal-making arrangement where we tell you what it is we want the requested services or good to be able to perform. For those of you that have spent any time in the world of communication satellites - look for that to be the model rather than the CEV procurement.

[You should] look for us to conduct such a competitive procurement - and [you should] look for us to pick a "leader" with whom we will get started - and also to fund a couple of "followers" at the study level in case the leader falls off the track. Because, the leader is only going to continue to get his money if progress continues to be met. We will set up verifiable milestones, agreed upon in the deal, the way that any commercial deal would be done…[You should] look for us to conduct our contracting on a fixed price basis…In exchange for that [you should] look to be required to provide a commitment to sell at a specified price if I provide a commitment to buy - at a specified number…There won't be balloon payments at the end and there won't be "get well" arrangements if you screw up. On the other hand, there will be fairly substantial rewards for people who can deliver.

Source: Mike Griffin Reveals His Commercialization Vision for NASA: Parts 1 and 2, NASA Administrator Mike Griffin Remarks to the Space Transportation Association, Washington, D.C., Tuesday, June 21, 2005, http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=1034, http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=1035, www.nasa.gov/pdf/119275main_ Griffin_STA_21_June_2005.pdf

Recent Quotes from the NASA Administrator SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 47 “Emerging” Space SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 48 Falcon Launch Vehicle by SpaceX SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 49 SpaceX Falcon Launch Manifest (ref. 10/14/05)

Launch Customer Vehicle Departure Point Date

US Defense Dept Q4 2005 Falcon 1 Kwajalein (DARPA)

US Defense Dept Q4 2005 Falcon 1 Vandenberg (OSD/NRL)

Malaysia Q2 2006 Falcon 1 Kwajalein (ATSB)

US Q2 2007 Falcon 9 Kwajalein Government

Bigelow Q1 2008 Falcon 9 Kwajalein Aerospace

US Q2 2008 Falcon 1 Vandenberg Commercial

MDA Corp. Q3 2008 Falcon 1 Vandenberg

Swedish Q4 2008 Falcon 1 Vandenberg Space Corp.

$100 million US Air Force Falcon 1 TBD contract thru 2010

Source: www.spacex.com Falcon by SpaceX Evolution and Current Launch Manifest SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 50 Bigelow Aerospace SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 51 Contact Information

Business Address: SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) 1200 Ashwood Parkway Suite 506 Atlanta, GA 30338 U.S.A.

Phone: 770-379-8000 Fax: 770-379-8001

Internet: WWW: www.sei.aero E-mail: [email protected]

Senior Futurist: Mr. A.C. Charania Phone: 770-379-8006 E-mail: [email protected]

Contact Information SpaceWorks Engineering, Inc. (SEI) www.sei.aero 52