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Analysis of Differences in Lifestyle and Tattoo Culture Acceptance Between Taiwan and China International Journal of Affective Engineering Vol.13 No.2 pp.115-125 (2014) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Analysis of Differences in Lifestyle and Tattoo Culture Acceptance Between Taiwan and China Shu-Ping CHIU*, Jui-Che TU*, Chuan-Ying HSU** and Li-Wen CHUANG*** * Graduate School of Design Doctoral Program, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, No.672, Demin Rd., Nanzi Dist., Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan ** Department of Business Administration Da-Yeh University. No.168, Xuefu Rd., Dacun Township, Changhua County 515, Taiwan *** Graduate School of Management, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, No.2, Jhuoyue Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan Abstract: Five continents of the world all have a record of tattoo culture. According to historical records, tattoo is originated from a kind of punishment that leaves indelible markings on criminals. In Taiwan, tattoo converts from a status symbol of tribal society into a label of middle and lower-level social class, and gives the public a negative impression of social marginalization. This study aims to investigate Taiwan and China youth perceptions of tattoo under their different lifestyles and cultures. Results finding: In terms of life- style, young people in Taiwan spend most time in surfing the net , while China youth spend most time in further education. It is inferred that such phenomenon is caused by long-term effects of different media culture and political systems. China youth acceptance of traditional tattoo totem is significantly higher than Taiwan. But Taiwan’s acceptance of tattoo culture is significantly higher than China; China is relatively conservative. Keywords: Tattoo, negative impression, sub-culture artistic expression interpersonal relationship and groups identities; and the 1. INTRODUCTION representation of tattoos and bodies based on the filed of tattoos [3]. Her research results indicate tattoo has the According to literature records, Before 1880, tattoos following important meanings: the individualized style is were mostly made on criminals, sailors and the laboring represented; the emotion leads off; increases the friend; class [1]. Tattoo became welcome among the upper class and the health acts on one’s own. Tattoo has gradually in late 19th century. The development of electronic tattoo- combined with popular culture and become the token of ing machine was one of the reasons. The invention of this adolescents’ expressing individuality, acting cool and machine accelerated the speed of tattooing, alleviated the controlling over their bodies and stress on display of self- pains, made the colors and shadows more refined, brought ideology. This kind of alternative sub-culture and art about better-quality paintings and coloring and design makes the body become a canvas for imprinting ego. diversified and more delicate [2]. Since being introduced Especially popular with adolescents. from Polynesia in 18th century, western tattoo has been Taiwan and mainland China are of the same language has been re-defined between higher-level class and lower- and the same race. Influences of political factors result in level class repetitively. cross-Straits gap for 40 years. Different political ideas Due to cultural differences and changes in the times and affect people’s thinking mode, change their lifestyles, and lifestyle, historical position of tattoo is understood differ- thus form unique culture. However, tattoo related research ently, sometimes divine but sometimes vulgar. For the issues mostly focus on investigation into tattooing behavior, rich, tattoo is aimed at deepening impression and design social psychology or a single region but rarely compare of tattoo conveys special class information; while for the Taiwan and mainland China’s identity of tattoo culture working class, tattoo is for expression and statement and under different political systems, life patterns and cultures. design of tattoo is originated from personal experience or Therefore, this study aims to determine whether young feature [2]. Therefore, tattoo originally symbolizes differ- people from these two areas have same identity of tattoo ent meanings such as superstition, penalty, loyalty, racial culture after 40-year cultural gap and Taiwan government’s sign and spiritual token. permission to visit relatives in mainland China. In “A study on tattoo as subculture in teenagers”. Tsai Thus, aim of this study: (1) analyze and generalize the (2006) conducts a qualitative research and focuses on historical development of tattoo through literature three sections: the construction of self-identity; collection; (2) Use quantitative research to analyze Received 2013.05.08 Copyright © 2013 Japan Society of Kansei Engineering. Accepted 2013.09.20 115 All Rights Reserved. International Journal of Affective Engineering Vol.13 No.2 differences in identity of tattoo culture between Taiwan and China population variables and different life style; (3) Discusses tattooed and untattooed people’s views of tattoo culture, so as to know the evolving condition and trend analysis of tattoo culture. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Figure 1: There’s obvious black Figure 2: Moko of New 2.1 Development of tattoo culture mark on the arm of female Zealand Exact time of origination of tattoo is unknown, but mummy of 2500 years ago tattoo totem design is seen in Egyptian mummies, which indicates the long history of tattoo. As a culture of Ancient represents people themselves and often adopts geometri- Egypt, tattoo has been full of many mysterious symbolic cal shapes, dots and lines [1]. implications to date but neglects pluralistic social inter- Japan is an Asian country which inherits tattoo culture pretations (Fig. 1). Daubing paints may be original and promotes its development. Japanese tattoo also has illustration of bodily decoration. Primitives use strip or its own position. Tattoo art has a long history in Japan. circle color to imitate animals’ behaviors as camouflage Early-times Japanese residents-the Ainu-have a custom for hunting or scare off enemies; when they find they have of tattooing. In different eras, Japanese society holds to color repeatedly, they utilize human wisdom to devise a different viewpoints of tattoo. Japan once accepted permanent effect method: making the pigments penetrated tattooing but also once declared it was illegal. During into skin. Bowls with traces of red and black paints, Edo period (1603-1868), tattoo art became a part of “needles” made from antlers and other broken bones, and Yamato-e culture and prostitutes utilized tattoo to elevate even several small statues with strong implication of their charm at that time. (Fig. 3) tattoo have been discovered in grottos worldwide. In 1720, tattoo began to be used as a punishment Among the mummies 3000 to 4000 years old, patterns of inflicted on criminal to replace penalty of cutting off nose horses appeared on the textiles or skins as if they had been or ear. There’re mainly two kinds of patterns tattooed in staying by their masters during lifetime. Some data criminal’s body: ring-like figure on the arm or text carved discover that, in Southeast Asia, doctors and Buddhist on the forehead. This punishing method lasted 150 years monks make tattoo on believers, so that beyond -natural until it was abolished by Meiji government in 1870. power can protect them and others who approach them can Most of the tattooed are warriors who have no special skill keep kind-hearted. Tattoo is also used as a religious mark after abolition of the samurai class and become outlaws. by early Christendom. Moreover, some medial astrologers Therefore, Japanese people feel fearful of tattoo and such tattoo cosmology symbols on their bodies, hoping that influence still exists nowadays. astrology can change their fates. Greece, Roman and Celts Japanese tattoo has distinctive artistic form and is called use tattoo as a sign of criminals or properties. Horimono. Horimono, which tattoos hero image on the Although tracing the history of tattoo is quite difficult whole body with bright colors, is generated as affected by and causes of tattoo are diversified, it’s certain that English introduction of translated Chinese classical novels into word “tattoo” is originated from tour in Britain in 18th Japan. For example, 108 heroes in “Tales of the Marshes”, century (Polynesia). Polynesians use “tatau /ta-tu” to ghosts series, Buddha series, figures of Three Kingdoms, describe the behavior of making indelible paints penetrat- and Dragon & Phoenix series are quite popular in Japan ed into skin. In “South Sea Islands Travel Notes” published and become a permanent style of Japanese tattoo. “Tattoo in 1769, James Cook introduced this word to English- covering on shoulders, chest and upper arm” is the most speaking countries. Later, this word was spread to typical tattoo style in Japan and extremely common there. European-language-speaking countries, including France Numerous Japanese choose this method of tattooing [4]. and Spain. At the same time, a kind of specified tattoo art (Fig. 4) called moko was developed in New Zealand. (Fig. 2) Under the trend of following western civilization, Meiji Tattoo is common in ancient civilization and aborigines’ government issued law to prohibit tattooing because they culture, regardless of the West or East and Brazil, Africa thought tattoo was a barbaric behavior of primitive tribe. or Japan. Tattoo is usually a decoration, ritual or a kind of During the first half of 20th century, injunction against identity.
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