DOCSLIB.ORG

Selections from the Correspondence of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Selections from the Correspondence of The .. SELECTIONS FROM THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FIRST LORD ACTON ~ 1 'I A FRIEND sends me La l·'lanare LibCrale of Ghent for August 21st, with this article marked in heavy blue pencil. I publish it without any comment whatever. ," "CATHOLIC TOLERANCE /~ / }' :?£, "The punishment of death for heretics. ' "Fr. Lcpicia, professor of theology at the College of Prop- . aganda in Rome, is the author of a text-book in common use by the future priests who study at Rome. The book is entitled: Ooncerning the Stability ana the Proorese 01 Dogma. It was reissued with augmentations in 1910. A new edition has just appeared, bearing the approbation of high Church authorities. And here is what one reads on page 103: "'Q. Can heretics be tolerated, and if so, on what condi- tions?' "'A. As soon as one proclaims in public a heretical doc- trine, and tries to corrupt others by words or example, he can not only be excommunicated (to speak abstractly) but he ought to be killed, in all justice, to the end that he may not corrupt I a very great number by contamination. For a bad man is worse than a wild beast, and he docs more harm, as Aristotle says t (Ethic8 I, vil, in fine). So as it is not evil to kill a noxious beast of the forest, it is good to take away the life of a heretic who denies divine truth and hinders the salvation of others.' "And on page 200 this sentence is to be found: "'To the Church returns, in truth, the right of pronouncing sentence of death against heretics.' Who then can say that the Roman Catholic Church is becoming more tolerant? Nunc erudimini/" '00.-- __ > _ i, ~-..... --~.. ,.... / SELECTIONS FROM THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FIRST LORD ACTON EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, LITT.D. HONORARY FELLOW OF S. CATRARJ:\E'S COLLEGE, CA"BRlDGE AND REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A. FEI.LOW AND SENIOR TUTOR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CA~JjItIDGE VOL. I CORRESPONDENCE WITH CARDINAL NEWMAN, LADY BLENNERHASSETT W. E. GLADSTONE AND OTHERS LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, ~EW YORK BOMBAY. CALCUTTA. A~D :MADRAS PREFATORY NOTE THANKS are due to the owners of many letters in this volume. In particular we desire to thank the repre- sentatives of Mr. Gladstone, Cardinals Newman and Manning, Dean Church, Mrs. Drew, Lady Renouf, Lady Blennerhassett. This volume is only an instalment. Acton's letters to Dollinger are the most important that he wrote. Of these we made a selection some years ago. This will be published as soon as the translator is ready. We would add that the selection is our own choice, and that the views expressed in the Introduction must be taken as our own interpretation. We desire,to take full responsibility for our choice. J. N. F. R. V. L. I TABLE OF CONTENTS rAGK INTRODUCTION. lX I. EARLY LETTERS . I II. ECCLESIASTICAL CORRESPONDENCE- A.-NEWMAN, DOLLINGER, DUPANLOUP. 31 B.-THE VATICAN COUNCIL AND THE VATICAN DECREES 84 III. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE- A.-MR. GLADSTONE IS8 (a) Budgets 1S8 (6) University Education 162 (c) Acton's Peerage 169 (d) Acton and Office 170 (~) British Museum 173 (f) Ireland 175 (g) Foreign Affairs 188 (h) Liddon 196 (t) Dean Church 201 (k) I Robert Elsmere' 206 (I) Old Testament Criticism 218 (m) Bishop Butler 223 (n) Mr. Gladstone's Romanes Lecture . 227 (0) Acton's Library 232 yil viiI LORD ACTON'S CORRESPO~DENCE 'ACIf A.-MR. GLADSTONE (contituml)- (p) Women's Suffrage • (q) Mr. Gladstone's Retirement (r) Mr. Gladstone's Biography. (s) The Naval Estimates of 189<4 245 (t) Anglican Orders and Reunion 252 (u) Miscellaneous 254 B.-LADY BLENNERHASSETT- (a) Madame de Stael 268 (0) TaJleyrand • 283 (c) George Eliot. 288 (d) MisceJlaneous 293 c. -MISCELLANEOUS 302 INDEX 317 ERRATA Page 100, note, for "Is Healthful Reunion Possible? II l'eQ4/. "Is Healthful Reunion Impossible? " Page 276, line rr , JOT" qui .. read" que." INTRODUCTION OUT of a large mass of letters we have chosen those which throw most light on Acton's development. We do not offer, them as affording a complete account. Indeed, two volumes of Acton's letters have already appeared. Light is thrown on many of the topics here discussed in the letters to Mrs. Drew, and also in those to Richard Simpson and others, which Cardinal Gasquet has published in the volume, Loyd Acton and his Circle. This book begins, naturally, with the letters of early youth. _ Some of these were needed in order to show what were Acton's surroundings and education. At Oscott he was not happy. Nor was his sojo~m in Edinburgh-with a few uncongenial companions much more satisfying. In later life he used to say, "I never had any contempor- aries." This lack we can trace at an early age. Always Acton suffered from want of the "give and take" of English school life. In all societies in' which he moved he remained a somewhat aloof figure. Dollinger captured him from the first. The friendship \ remained unbroken until the. death of the elder man. Latterly, at least, Acton was aware of an increasing gulf between himself and his teacher. These letters take Acton to Munich. One letter, that to his stepfather, Lord Gran- ville, sets out his own plans for the future. It will be useful. to all who desire to appreciate the peculiar affinities and exclusions QfActon's mental life. Passing from these early letters, we were faced with the problem of arranging the material, which is very diverse, Ix \ x LORD ACTON'S CORRESPONDENCE and does not represent all seasons equally. We thought it unwise to keep a purely chronological order. Instead, we have preferred an arrangement under topical headings. These are grouped into two main classes-ecclesiastical and general. Some overlapping has been inevitable. But we hope that something like a clear picture will impress itself. All this has been the more difficult, that letters of Acton appear in biographies previously published, more especially in Mr. Lathbury's two volumes of the Ecclesiastical Corre- spondence of Mr. Gladstone, and in Wilfrid Ward's Life of John Henry Newman. Many readers will need no further introduction. Yet, since Acton has been often misunderstood, we may be par- doned for proceeding a little farther in the way of interpre- tation. These letters afford evidence of the mingling in Acton of political and religious interests with those of the enthusiastic scholar and with a certain flair for getting to know about people. Incidentally they witness to the beginning and the gradual growth of the intimacy with Gladstone. We see, too, how great and how long continued was his influence on him. We see Mr. Gladstone sending him writing after writing, in order to have the knowledge and judgment of the younger man at his disposal: and the minute and elaborate criticisms which resulted. The key to the development and to some of the limita- tions of Acton lies in his association with Dollinger. The letter to Lord Granville, beginning on page 23. shows how deep and vital was that influence at the most impressionable period of a boy's life. This influence did not cease when tutelage was over. but grew for 'a long time in intensity. waning a little after I870. The same letter shows that thus early was Acton clear about his purpose. He would follow knowledge, but the pursuit must have a practical end. The notion of Acton as a dry-as-dust is ludicrous. INTRODUCTION xi Elsewhere he prides himself on his elaborate study of politi- cal thought. The principles which he had adopted at Munich form a criterion for all his later judgments, and determined his course alike in religious and in political con- troversies. This is not to say that he underwent no further development. Even in theology his critical bent developed more as years went by. There was a subtlety of mind which was reflected in the subtlety of his later style, so unlike the pedestrian English of his earlier days. It is possible that the Acton of the eighties and the nineties would not have seemed intelligible to the enthusiastic knight-errant of the Church, who thought in 1860 to win the whole world to a synthesis of learning, Liberalism, and Catholicism. This mayor may not be. What is certain is the unity of the main thoughts which governed Acton. That thought is the idea of freedom as an absolute end for all men. Freedom is not to Acton one among many human goods to be balanced with others by the politician. Rather it is the governing principle of true statesmanship, the determining element in political thought, the criterion of all constitutions. This sense that freedom is a spiritual principle made for Acton a religion of politics. He felt that he was divided by a gulf from men who might put wealth or social comfort, or power, or efficiency, or even intelligence, as of superior or even concurrent importance. With such principles, it was natural that Acton should dislike Bismarck, condemn Carlyle's cult of strong men, and regard Prussian domination with something more than mistrust. It It is the greatest danger which remains to be encountered by the Anglo-Saxon race," were his prophetic words at a Cambridge Iecture.! Yet we should get a one- 1 Lectures on Modern History, p. 289. The whole passage should be consulted for its prescient judgment of the danger involved in the rise of Prussia. xii LORD ACTON'S CORRESPONDENCE sided picture if we think of Acton as mainly haunted by the dangers of monarchical militarism.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sedevacantists and Una Cum Masses
    Dedicated to Patrick Henry Omlor The Grain of Incense: Sedevacantists and Una Cum Masses — Rev. Anthony Cekada — www.traditionalmass.org Should we assist at traditional Masses offered “together with Thy servant Benedict, our Pope”? articulate any theological reasons or arguments for “Do not allow your tongue to give utterance to what your heart knows is not true.… To say Amen is to what he does. subscribe to the truth.” He has read or heard the stories of countless early — St. Augustine, on the Canon martyrs who chose horrible deaths, rather than offer even one grain of incense in tribute to the false, ecu- “Our charity is untruthful because it is not severe; menical religion of the Roman emperor. So better to and it is unpersuasive, because it is not truthful… Where there is no hatred of heresy, there is no holi- avoid altogether the Masses of priests who, through ness.” the una cum, offer a grain of incense to the heresiarch — Father Faber, The Precious Blood Ratzinger and his false ecumenical religion… In many parts of the world, however, the only tra- IN OUR LIVES as traditional Catholics, we make many ditional Latin Mass available may be one offered by a judgments that must inevitably produce logical conse- priest (Motu, SSPX or independent) who puts the false quences in our actual religious practice. The earliest pope’s name in the Canon. Faced with choosing this or that I remember making occurred at about age 14. Gui- nothing, a sedevacantist is then sometimes tempted to tar songs at Mass, I concluded, were irreverent.
    [Show full text]
  • Jerome's Women Creating Identity and Fashioning Scholars
    Jerome’s Women Creating Identity and Fashioning Scholars Judith Margaret Nichols, M.LITT., B.A., GRAD.DIP.TESL. This Thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Australia School of Humanities Classics and Ancient History 2014 i Preface Jerome’s writings first came to my attention as an undergraduate. I was attracted by the vividness of his writing but puzzled that the female recipients of his correspondence tolerated such a vain, irascible and misogynistic mentor. I took my initial, tentative thesis to Dr Neil O’Sullivan, Discipline Chair of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Western Australia and Dr Michael Champion who listened patiently and encouraged me to persevere with a doctoral thesis. I am grateful to both men for their advice and suggestions in shaping this work. Dr O’Sullivan’s command of the classics pointed me in new and interesting directions. Dr Champion was extremely forbearing in listening to every new idea, commenting helpfully on successive drafts and making mentoring sessions enjoyable. I would also like to acknowledge the loving support of my husband, Tony, and our four adult children who have encouraged me and accepted my preoccupation without reproach. The translations in the thesis are my own, except where otherwise acknowledged. Translations of certain commentators have been included as reference points to my own and I have indicated where my interpretations differ from theirs. The standard unpunctuated Vulgate is among the texts that I regard as significant. ii iii Abstract This thesis studies the creation of identities and the role women play in Jerome’s socio-political, scholarly and eschatologically-oriented theology for Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tragic Muse, by Henry James 1
    The Tragic Muse, by Henry James 1 The Tragic Muse, by Henry James The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Tragic Muse, by Henry James This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Tragic Muse Author: Henry James Release Date: December 10, 2006 [eBook #20085] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 The Tragic Muse, by Henry James 2 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TRAGIC MUSE*** E-text prepared by Chuck Greif, R. Cedron, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team Europe (http://dp.rastko.net/) THE TRAGIC MUSE by HENRY JAMES MacMillan and Co., Limited St. Martin's Street, London 1921 PREFACE I profess a certain vagueness of remembrance in respect to the origin and growth of The Tragic Muse, which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly again, beginning January 1889 and running on, inordinately, several months beyond its proper twelve. If it be ever of interest and profit to put one's finger on the productive germ of a work of art, and if in fact a lucid account of any such work involves that prime identification, I can but look on the present fiction as a poor fatherless and motherless, a sort of unregistered and unacknowledged birth. I fail to recover my precious first moment of consciousness of the idea to which it was to give form; to recognise in it--as I like to do in general--the effect of some particular sharp impression or concussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Planning and Textbooks in French Primary Education During the Third Republic
    Rewriting the Nation: Language Planning and Textbooks in French Primary Education During the Third Republic By Celine L Maillard A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2019 Reading Committee: Douglas P Collins, Chair Maya A Smith Susan Gaylard Ana Fernandez Dobao Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of French and Italian Studies College of Arts and Sciences ©Copyright 2019 Céline L Maillard University of Washington Abstract Rewriting the Nation: Language Planning and Textbooks in French Primary Education During the Third Republic Celine L Maillard Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Douglas P Collins Department of French and Italian Studies This research investigates the rewriting of the nation in France during the Third Republic and the role played by primary schools in the process of identity formation. Le Tour de la France par deux enfants, a textbook written in 1877 by Augustine Fouillée, is our entry point to illustrate the strategies used in manufacturing French identity. We also analyze other texts: political speeches from the revolutionary era and from the Third Republic, as well as testimonies from both students and teachers written during the twentieth century. Bringing together close readings and research from various fields – history, linguistics, sociology, and philosophy – we use an interdisciplinary approach to shed light on language and national identity formation. Our findings underscore the connections between French primary education and national identity. Our analysis also contends that national identity in France during the Third Republic was an artificial construction and demonstrates how otherness was put in the service of populism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ocean in the Atlantic: British Experience and Imagination in an Imperial Sea, Ca
    The Ocean in the Atlantic: British Experience and Imagination in an Imperial Sea, ca. 1600-1800 Heather Rose Weidner Chino Hills, California BA, Swarthmore College, 2000 MA, University of Virginia, 2002 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Virginia May, 2014 i Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Abbreviations vi Images vii 1. Introduction: Maritime, Anxious, Godly, and Sociable 1 2. Sing a Song of Shipwrecks 28 3. Between Wind and Water 95 4. Wrecked 166 5. To Aid Poor Sailors 238 6. Conclusion: God speed the barge 303 Appendix 1 315 Appendix 2 322 Bibliography 323 ii Abstract For Britons in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, “the Atlantic” was not a field of study -- it was an ocean. In this dissertation I argue for an environmentally minded Atlantic history, one that is conscious of the ocean as both a cultural and a physical presence. The ocean shaped an early modern Atlantic vernacular that was at its essence maritime, godly, anxious and sociable. The ocean was a conduit to empire, so anything Britons imagined about the oceans, they imagined about their empire as well. Britons could never fully master their empire because they could never master the ocean; it was source of anxiety for even the wealthiest merchants. The fear of extremity – of wreck and ruin – kept those who crossed the ocean focused on the three most valuable Atlantic commodities: a sound reputation, accurate information, and the mercy of God.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of Melancholy by Democritus Junior
    THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY WHAT IT IS WITH ALL THE KINDS, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PROGNOSTICS, AND SEVERAL CURES OF IT IN THREE PARTITIONS; WITH THEIR SEVERAL SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MEDICINALLY, HISTORICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP BY DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR [ROBERT BURTON] WITH A SATIRICAL PREFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSE PART 2 – The Cure of Melancholy Published by the Ex-classics Project, 2009 http://www.exclassics.com Public Domain CONTENTS THE SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION............................................................... 4 THE SECOND PARTITION. THE CURE OF MELANCHOLY. .............................................. 13 THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. Unlawful Cures rejected.......................... 13 MEMB. II. Lawful Cures, first from God. .................................................................................... 16 MEMB. III. Whether it be lawful to seek to Saints for Aid in this Disease. ................................ 18 MEMB. IV. SUBSECT. I.--Physician, Patient, Physic. ............................................................... 21 SUBSECT. II.--Concerning the Patient........................................................................................ 23 SUBSECT. III.--Concerning Physic............................................................................................. 26 SECT. II. MEMB. I....................................................................................................................... 27 SUBSECT. I.--Diet rectified in substance...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ludwig.Wittgenstein.-.Philosophical.Investigations.Pdf
    PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS By LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN Translated by G. E. M. ANSCOMBE BASIL BLACKWELL TRANSLATOR'S NOTE Copyright © Basil Blackwell Ltd 1958 MY acknowledgments are due to the following, who either checked First published 1953 Second edition 1958 the translation or allowed me to consult them about German and Reprint of English text alone 1963 Austrian usage or read the translation through and helped me to Third edition of English and German text with index 1967 improve the English: Mr. R. Rhees, Professor G. H. von Wright, Reprint of English text with index 1968, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, Mr. P. Geach, Mr. G. Kreisel, Miss L. Labowsky, Mr. D. Paul, Miss I. 1981, 1986 Murdoch. Basil Blackwell Ltd 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JF, UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be NOTE TO SECOND EDITION reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or THE text has been revised for the new edition. A large number of otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. small changes have been made in the English text. The following passages have been significantly altered: Except in the United States of America, this book is sold to the In Part I: §§ 108, 109, 116, 189, 193, 251, 284, 352, 360, 393,418, condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re- 426, 442, 456, 493, 520, 556, 582, 591, 644, 690, 692.
    [Show full text]
  • A Hip-Hop Copying Paradigm for All of Us
    Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Pace Law Faculty Publications School of Law 2011 No Bitin’ Allowed: A Hip-Hop Copying Paradigm for All of Us Horace E. Anderson Jr. Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty Part of the Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons, and the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Horace E. Anderson, Jr., No Bitin’ Allowed: A Hip-Hop Copying Paradigm for All of Us, 20 Tex. Intell. Prop. L.J. 115 (2011), http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/818/. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. No Bitin' Allowed: A Hip-Hop Copying Paradigm for All of Us Horace E. Anderson, Jr: I. History and Purpose of Copyright Act's Regulation of Copying ..................................................................................... 119 II. Impact of Technology ................................................................... 126 A. The Act of Copying and Attitudes Toward Copying ........... 126 B. Suggestions from the Literature for Bridging the Gap ......... 127 III. Potential Influence of Norms-Based Approaches to Regulation of Copying ................................................................. 129 IV. The Hip-Hop Imitation Paradigm ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alan Sillitoe the LONELINESS of the LONG- DISTANCE RUNNER
    Alan Sillitoe THE LONELINESS OF THE LONG- DISTANCE RUNNER Published in 1960 The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner Uncle Ernest Mr. Raynor the School-teacher The Fishing-boat Picture Noah's Ark On Saturday Afternoon The Match The Disgrace of Jim Scarfedale The Decline and Fall of Frankie Buller The Loneliness of the Long-Distance Runner AS soon as I got to Borstal they made me a long-distance cross-country runner. I suppose they thought I was just the build for it because I was long and skinny for my age (and still am) and in any case I didn't mind it much, to tell you the truth, because running had always been made much of in our family, especially running away from the police. I've always been a good runner, quick and with a big stride as well, the only trouble being that no matter how fast I run, and I did a very fair lick even though I do say so myself, it didn't stop me getting caught by the cops after that bakery job. You might think it a bit rare, having long-distance crosscountry runners in Borstal, thinking that the first thing a long-distance cross-country runner would do when they set him loose at them fields and woods would be to run as far away from the place as he could get on a bellyful of Borstal slumgullion--but you're wrong, and I'll tell you why. The first thing is that them bastards over us aren't as daft as they most of the time look, and for another thing I'm not so daft as I would look if I tried to make a break for it on my longdistance running, because to abscond and then get caught is nothing but a mug's game, and I'm not falling for it.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Warren Powellis
    WELCOME to the Fifteenth Annual Last Frontier Theatre Conference. We at Prince William Sound Community College are very proud of this event, and hopefully by the end of the week you will see why. I started coming to Valdez (for the Conference) in 1995, its third year, and it became an annual pilgrimage for me. I quit jobs to make it here. I ran up credit cards. I did whatever it took for me to get to spend the week here. I crashed on the floor at the college, survived off the food at receptions, and worked on whatever anyone asked me to. No one was more important to me in those early years than Michael Warren Powell, the first coordinator of the Play Lab. I remember being in awe of how insightful the responding panel was critiquing plays that were all (in my opinion) pretty problematic. Michael and the other panelists became my idols. Which made it all the more important to me when one day I was hanging out with friends at the picnic tables in the middle of the park strip and we saw Michael walking our direction. He came up and engaged us in conversation, and we became friends. He let us know that he considered us his peers. In the late 90s, I decided that, of all the people I had met, there was no one whose life I wanted to emulate more than Michael’s. I made producing new work and nurturing playwrights my focus, and the answer to most of my questions can be found in the answer to the question “What would Michael do?” I am very excited to have him back with us this year.
    [Show full text]
  • Blanqui’S Note Nov
    Biliana Kassabova History of Political Thought Workshop December 4, 2017 Blanqui’s note Nov. 23, 1848 Blanqui between Myth and Archives: Revolution, Dictatorship, and Education This piece, very much a work in progress, aims to make sense of the revolutionary ideas and actions of Louis-Auguste Blanqui. It complicates our ideas of political thought regarding revolution in the nineteenth century, by arguing that the binary of centralized versus popular revolution needs to be revised. It is part of a larger project on concepts of revolutionary leadership in France from the French Revolution of 1789 until the Paris Commune of 1871. Within this historical trajectory, Blanqui is an interpreter of 18th century ideas into 19th century contexts, a political thinker and actor who plays a key role in the various reformulations of the revolutionary tradition. 1848 does not enjoy a stellar reputation among historians of France. The revolution of February that year saw the overthrow of the last king of France, followed by the establishment of a new French republic. This republic, however, lasted for only three years, brought little and short-lived social change, remained rather conservative, though was also laden with bitter parliamentary strife, and ended through a coup d’état that inaugurated a new authoritarian régime, a Second Empire with Napoleon III at its head. To add insult to injury, even the attempts at establishing a viable parliamentary republican system were famously seen by political observers and participants from 2 almost all parts of the political spectrum as derivative, incompetent, and worse yet – laughable. “There have been more mischievous revolutionaries than those of 1848, but I doubt if there have been any stupider,”1 quipped Alexis de Tocqueville in his posthumously published Recollections.
    [Show full text]
  • Harvard Theological Review King John and the Norman Church
    Harvard Theological Review http://journals.cambridge.org/HTR Additional services for Harvard Theological Review: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here King John and the Norman Church Sidney R. Packard Harvard Theological Review / Volume 15 / Issue 01 / January 1922, pp 15 - 40 DOI: 10.1017/S0017816000001383, Published online: 03 November 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0017816000001383 How to cite this article: Sidney R. Packard (1922). King John and the Norman Church. Harvard Theological Review, 15, pp 15-40 doi:10.1017/ S0017816000001383 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/HTR, IP address: 61.129.42.30 on 03 May 2015 KING JOHN AND THE NORMAN CHURCH SIDNEY R. PACKARD SMITH COLLEGE No one has ever really doubted the oft-asserted theory that no part of the middle ages can be studied apart from the Chris- tian Church. All-embracing in its influence from the fall of Rome to the Reformation, it is generally conceded to have reached its zenith during the pontificate of Innocent III, not only because of the perfection of its organization at that time but also by reason of its readiness under his leadership to take issue with any or all of the secular powers of Europe over a variety of questions which, in only too many instances, had little obvious connection with the Christian faith. Its ambi- tions were large but, by methods which were sometimes un- scrupulous, they were almost always realized. At the beginning of the thirteenth century, northwestern Europe was still deeply engrossed in the century-old struggle between France and England for the control of the English lands in France.
    [Show full text]