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Referendum Skotlandia Terhadap Britania Raya Tahun 2014

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Referendum Skotlandia Terhadap Britania Raya Tahun 2014 Referendum Skotlandia terhadap Britania Raya Tahun 2014 Sandi Saputra.1 Alumni Program Studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, IISIP Jakarta Abstrak Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui upaya-upaya Scottish National Party (SNP) dalam memperjuangkan referendum Skotlandia terhadap Britania Raya tahun 2014. Metode Penelitian: Kualitatif Deskriptif. Hasil Penelitian: Hubungan Skotlandia dengan Britania Raya sebagai persekutuan dimulai pada tahun 1707 melalui Act of Union 1707. Britania Raya terdiri dari empat bangsa yaitu Inggris, Irlandia Utara, Skotlandia dan Wales. SNP berdiri pada tahun 1934 sebagai partai dengan aliran nasionalis dan meraih kekuasaan di eksekutif dari tahun 2007 sejak pemerintahan Skotlandia kembali berdiri pada tahun 1998. Penelitian ini dikaji dari sudut pandang konstruktivisme dengan norma insternasional self-determination. SNP bertindak dipengaruhi oleh norma self-determination yang membentuk identitas SNP yaitu nasionalisme. Kemudian identitas itu membentuk kepentingan SNP untuk memisahkan Skotlandia dari Britania Raya. Untuk mencapai kepentingan tersebut SNP melakukan empat upaya yaitu mengajukan proposal perubahan Scotland Act 1998 ke pemerintah Britania Raya, mengajukan proposal penyelenggaraan referendum ke parlemen Skotlandia, framing issues kemerdekaan Skotlandia dan kampanye pemisahan skotlandia dari Britania Raya. Namun, SNP gagal mencapai kepentingannya dengan hasil hanya 44.7% yang mendukung SNP dalam referendum pada tanggal 14 September 2014. Dengan demikian referendum ini bukanlah realitas sosial yang given namun hasil dari konstruksi SNP. The aim of this research is to know the efforts of Scottish National Party (SNP) in struggling for a Scottish referendum against United Kingdom in 2014. Research Method: Qualitative Descriptive. Research result: Scotland’s relationship with the United Kingdom as the Alliance began in 1707 through the Act of Union 1707. The United Kingdom consists of four nations, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The SNP was established in 1934 as the party with the nationalist streams and grabbed power in the Executive of the Scottish Government since 2007 which re- established in 1998. This research examined from the perspective of Constructivism with the international norm self-determination. SNP Act affected by a norm of self-determination that form the identity of the SNP which is nationalism. Then it forms the identity of interests the SNP to separate Scotland from the United Kingdom. To achieve the interests, SNP had four attempts, proposed changes in Scotland Act 1998 to the Government of the United Kingdom, proposed a referendum to the Scottish Parliament, in framing issues of Scottish independence and campaign to separate Scottish from the United Kingdom. However, the SNP failed to reach their interests with the results only 44.7% who support the SNP in a referendum on September 14, 2014. Thus, this referendum is not a given social reality but the result of the construction of the SNP. Key words: United Kingdom, Scotland, SNP, Constructivism, Self-determination, Self-government, Referendum 1 Alamat: Kampus IISIP Jakarta Jl.Raya Lenteng Agung No.32 Jakarta Selatan 12610. Tel. 021-7806223, 7806224. Fax.021-7817630 Januari 2017 JURNAL ISIP Sandi Saputra Referendum Skotlandia 2014 25 Pendahuluan Britania Raya melalui Act of Union 1707 yang Pemerintahan merupakan wadah bagi politisi saat ini terdiri dari Inggris, Irlandia Utara, Wales untuk bertindak secara sah berdasarkan konstitusi dan Skotlandia dengan nama resmi The United untuk keberlangsungan negara dan bangsa yang Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland disebut dengan kedaulatan (Locke, 1823). Sistem (Wormald, 2005). Referendum ini terjadi pada pemerintahan dalam perjalannya terdapat empat masa pemerintahan Scottish National Party kelompok besar, paling awal adalah monarki, (SNP) yang berdiri sejak tahun 1934 dengan kemudian pemerintahan diktator fasisme pada ideologi nasionalisme (Aberdeen SNP, 2016). era perang dunia kedua disusul oleh komunisme SNP dalam perkembangannya berafliasi yang sangat populer pada masa perang dingin dan dengan European Free Alliance (EFA) dengan kemudian yang terakhir adalah demokrasi sebagai ideologi nasionalisme-regionalisme. SNP evolusi terakhir sistem pemerintahan manusia mengadopsi norma yang ada di dalam EFA (Fukuyama, 1992). secara resmi yaitu self-determination pada tahun Di dalam demokrasi hak yang paling utama 1989 (EFA, 2006). Norma self-determination adalah mengenai hak asasi manusia, sebagai ciri adalah hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri, utama dalam negara demokrasi sehingga menjadi yang pertama kali muncul di dalam struktur nilai-nilai universal yang bisa diterima oleh semua internasional melalui ide Woodrow Wilson, masyarakat dunia (Lewis & Skutsch, 2001; kemudian secara resmi terdapat di dalam piagam Bauman, 2000; Sen, 1999). Peran dari masyarakat PBB (United Nations, 1945). dalam negara demokratis dewasa ini salah satunya SNP menguasai eksekutif sejak tahun 2007, adalah mengenai referendum dalam menentukan kemudian tahun 2011 kembali berkuasa dengan suatu kebijakan atau sikap pemerintah yang mendapatkan suara mayoritas di parlemen krusial (Schwartzberg, 2007; Schumpeter, 2003). (Herbert, et al., 2007, 2011). Sehingga ada peran Menurut Şen (2015) referendum adalah : besar SNP dalam referendum Skotlandia terhadap “Referendums is their legitimating power: Britania Raya pada tahun 2014. allowing the people to express their consent in the process of determination of a politica Tinjauan Teoritik unit. Referendums are popular consultations Penelitian ini fokus terhadap upaya SNP pertaining to territorial modifications, the dalam memperjuangkan referendum Skotlandia independence of states, the self-determination terhadap Britania Raya tahun 2014. SNP sebagai of a community or adhesion of a state to a kelompok yang memiliki ideologi nasionalisme supranational organisation…”. melakukan interaksi dengan struktur internasional Berdasarkan penjelasan Şen di atas dan regional yang mempengaruhi pandangannya referendum adalah kekuatan yang sah untuk terhadap struktur sub-regional hubungan antara memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat dalam Skotlandia dengan persekutuan Britania Raya. menentukan keputusan politik. Penyelenggaraan Pengaruh tersebut yaitu diterimanya norma self- referendum meliputi penentuan mengenai determination menjadi pemahaman bersama SNP terirorial, kemerdekaan atau pemisahan negara, (shared meaning) sehingga membentuk identitas penentuan (self-determination) keikutsertaan SNP yang kemudian menentukan kepentingannya dalam organisasi internasional (Şen, 2015). yang berujung dengan referendum Skotlandia Referendum dalam implementasinya terhadap Britania Raya pada tahun 2014. Hal ini digunakan oleh Skotlandia terhadap Britania dilihat sebagai realitas sosial yang tidaklah given Raya pada tahun 2014 dengan hasil 44.7% namun sebagai hasil dari konstruksi SNP. Terori mendukung pemisahan Skotlandia dari Britania yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini adalah Raya sehingga pemisahan ini gagal (McKirdy, konstruktivisme dengan konsep Norm life cycle Smith-Spark, & Robertson, 2014). Integrasi dan identitas serta kepentingan. Skotlandia dengan Inggris yang membentuk Pandangan yang kontras konstruktivisme 26 Januari 2017 JURNAL ISIP Sandi Saputra menurut Wendt (2001) bahwa neorealisme melihat perannya penting bukan hanya sebagai pelaksana struktur internasional sebagai distribusi kekuatan melainkan menentukan terbentuknya sebuah materi, karena neorealis melihat dari sudut struktur (Steans et al, 2010). Dengan demikian pandang material gain. Neoliberalisme melihat struktur dan agen saling mempengaruhi, hal bahwa struktur internasional adalah sebagai ini terjadi dalam referendum Skotlandia bahwa kekuatan yang di dukung oleh institusi, karena struktur tersebut memperngaruhi SNP dalam perspektif neoliberalisme berdasarkan material membentuk identitas dan menjalankan tujuannya dan superstruktur, sedangkan konstruktivisme di dalam struktur hubungan Skotlandia dengan melihat bahwa struktur sistem internasional persekutuan Britania Raya yang termanifestasi di adalah distribusi dari ide-ide yang ada di dalam dalam manifesto partai. Berbeda halnya dengan struktur tersebut. agen di dalam strukturalis, yang bertindak sebagai Di dalam konstruktivisme tingkah laku pelaksana, struktur sendiri telah terbangun agen atau aktor sangat dipengaruhi oleh norma (Dunne, Kurki, & Smith., 2013). internasional, sehingga mendorong agen tersebut untuk bertindak, karena kesadaran 1. Norm Life Cycle agen tersebut terhadap kondisi mereka di Untuk membuat norma internasional dalam struktur masyarakat (Sikkink, 1998). diterima di level domestik menurut Finnemore Prinsip fundamental dari konstruktivisme dan Sikkink, norma tersebut akan melalui tiga yang pertama tentang tindakan masyarakat tahap, terdapat aktor yang terlibat serta motivasi didasarkan pada pemahaman. Kedua, pemahaman yang diyakini dan dimiliki oleh agen tersebut. muncul berdasarkan konstruksi oleh agen, Proses ini disebut dengan “Life cycle norm” dalam penelitian ini direpresentasikan oleh SNP (lihat Bagan 1). yang merupakan kelompok individu. Struktur Stage 1: Origins or emergence of norms. di dalam pandangan konstruktivisme untuk Generalisasi dari berbagai hal tersebut menjadi menggambarkan mengenai hubungan sosial ada dua macam elemen dari tahap satu yaitu norm dan shared meaning (Burchill, et al., 2005). entrepreneurs dan organizational platforms ide Selanjutnya pemahaman tersebut memunculkan tersebut didistribusikan dengan
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